Artículos de revistas: "Murcielago site (Costa Rica)"

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Laurencio, David y Lee A. Fitzgerald. "Environmental correlates of herpetofaunal diversity in Costa Rica". Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, n.º 5 (30 de julio de 2010): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000222.

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Abstract:Disentangling local and historical factors that determine species diversity patterns at multiple spatial scales is fundamental to elucidating processes that govern ecological communities. Here we investigated how environmental correlates may influence diversity at local and regional scales. Primarily utilizing published species lists, amphibian and reptile alpha and beta diversity were assessed at 17 well-surveyed sites distributed among ecoregions throughout Costa Rica. The degree to which regional species diversity patterns were related to environmental variables and geographic distance was determined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Mantel tests. Amphibian alpha diversity was highest in lowland Pacific sites (mean = 43.3 species) and lowest at the high elevation site (9 species). Reptile alpha diversity values were high for both lowland Atlantic (mean = 69.5 species) and lowland Pacific (mean = 67 species) sites and lowest for the high elevation site (8 species). We found high species turnover between local sites and ecoregions, demonstrating the importance of beta diversity in the determination of regional diversity. For both amphibians and reptiles, beta diversity was highest between the high-elevation site and all others, and lowest among lowland sites within the same ecoregion. The effect of geographic distance on beta diversity was minor. Ecologically significant climatic variables related to rain, temperature, sunshine and insolation were found to be important determinants of local and regional diversity for both amphibians and reptiles in Costa Rica.

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Morera-Chacón, Brayan H. y Víctor J. Acosta-Chaves. "Anfibios del bosque nuboso de El Silencio de Los Ángeles, San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica". Pensamiento Actual 19, n.º 33 (10 de noviembre de 2019): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/pa.v19i33.39637.

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We present the list of amphibians for the El Silencio de Los Ángeles Cloud Forest (Villa Blanca Hotel and Reserve) in San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica, Central America. We performed nocturnal visual and acoustic surveys in the trail system, mainly from 2013 to 2014. We also received data from the local guides up to 2019. We compared the similarity of amphibian richness of our site against other premontane reserves in Costa Rica with a cluster analysis (Jaccard index, single linkage). We recorded 26 species distributed in 16 genera, eight families and two orders. Notrotiton gamezi was the only threatened species detected. The El Silencio de los Ángeles Cloud Forest site is around 80 % similar to San Lorencito River Station and 55% to Nectandra Reserve. Containing 12% of the Costa Rica’s amphibian richness, this premontane woodland should be considered among the most important clouded forest in Central Costa Rica for amphibian conservation.

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Sardeshpande, Mallika y Douglas MacMillan. "Sea turtles support sustainable livelihoods at Ostional, Costa Rica". Oryx 53, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001855.

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AbstractOstional in Costa Rica is the second largest nesting site of the olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, which is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. In Ostional the local community helps maintain the nesting site and collects olive ridley eggs for consumption and trade within Costa Rica. Since its inception in 1987 the egg harvesting project has integrated sea turtle conservation with community development. We assessed the current status of this project in terms of community awareness, dependency, involvement and perceptions, using a household survey and semi-structured interviews with key informants. We also compared some of our findings with those of previous studies at the site, finding that the project has fewer dependents, primary livelihood activities have shifted towards tourism and hospitality, and respondents are more aware about environmental conservation and stewardship. We map outcomes of the project with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, and suggest that further capacity building for research and tourism could contribute towards sustaining the turtle population, local livelihoods, and the community-based conservation institution.

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Quilter, Jeffrey y Aida Blanco Vargas. "Monumental Architecture and Social Organization at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica". Journal of Field Archaeology 22, n.º 2 (1995): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530322.

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Quilter, Jeffrey y Aida Blanco Vargas. "Monumental Architecture and Social Organization at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica". Journal of Field Archaeology 22, n.º 2 (enero de 1995): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/009346995791547895.

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Nordmoe, Eric D., Annette E. Sieg, Paul R. Sotherland, James R. Spotila, Frank V. Paladino y Richard D. Reina. "Nest site fidelity of leatherback turtles at Playa Grande, Costa Rica". Animal Behaviour 68, n.º 2 (agosto de 2004): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.07.015.

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Jiménez, Randall y Gilbert Alvarado. "Craugastor escoces (Anura: Craugastoridae) reappears after 30 years: rediscovery of an “extinct” Neotropical frog". Amphibia-Reptilia 38, n.º 2 (2017): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003102.

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We report the rediscovery of a declared extinct frog,Craugastor escoces, at the edge of a protected forest in the Juan Castro Blanco National Park, Alajuela, Costa Rica. This species, which is endemic to Costa Rica, had not been observed since 1986. The rediscovery of this species comes after 30 years without being seen and 12 years of being declared extinct. The site where we found the species is located in the west of the central mountain region of Costa Rica, which is >15 km away from its known distribution. Our finding adds another species to the list of the few rediscovered frogs declared extinct. Knowing thatC. escocescan still be found triggers the need for conservation strategies to help the species survive.

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Mitchell, Denis y René Tinawi. "Structural damage due to the April 22, 1991, Costa Rican earthquake". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1992): 586–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-069.

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Examples of structural damage, investigated during a site visit following the April 22, 1991, Costa Rican earthquake, are presented. Some aspects of the seismic zoning and the seismicity of Costa Rica are discussed. Severe damage to schools, residential dwellings, a hospital, hotels, and roadways is reported. Damage and collapse of bridges due to severe ground movements, pile failures, failure of restrainers, loss of support, and embankment failures are illustrated. Damage to industrial facilities, including examples of failures of cylindrical storage tanks, due to severe sloshing and buckling is highlighted. Key words: seismic design, earthquake, Costa Rica, buildings, bridges, codes, industrial facilities, storage tanks.

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Gutierrez-Sanabria, Diego Rolando. "SELECCIÓN DE HOJAS DE Carludovica palmata COMO REFUGIO POR EL MURCIELAGO TOLDERO Dermanura watsoni EN LA ESTACIÓN BIOLÓGICA PIRO, PENÍNSULA DE OSA, COSTA RICA". Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical 5, n.º 1 (29 de enero de 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18636/bioneotropical.v5i1.190.

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Boinski, Sue, Katharine Jack, Craig Lamarsh y Jessica A. Coltrane. "Squirrel monkeys in Costa Rica: drifting to extinction". Oryx 32, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.00017.x.

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Central American squirrel monkeys Saimiri oerstedii are limited to Costa Rica and Panama, and have never been abundant. The Costa Rican population is now decimated. Based on our survey of squirrel monkeys throughout a large portion of the Costa Rican range of this species in 1996, we can confirm that at least 1246 squirrel monkeys remain in 26 spatially dispersed localities. Despite probable undercounts of squirrel monkeys within sites and potentially missed localities, the total population size should be considered far below a size that would provide longterm genetic viability. Deforestation and habitat fragmentation spurred by agricultural and tourism development are the familiar culprits contributing to this decline. Our strong recommendation is that future conservation efforts be targeted at the level of each specific locality, perhaps recruiting local, national and international sponsors. A focused strategy would allow management efforts to be tailored to the circumstances specific to each site and thus allocate scarce resources more efficiently.

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Baltodano-Goulding, Rafael. "Probabilistic geotechnical designs in rural road infrastructure in Costa Rica". MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703020.

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Rural road infrastructure normally lacks information to perform rigorous geotechnical designs, due especially, to budgeting restrictions. Three different transportation projects in rural areas in Costa Rica are presented, where a probabilistic approach was followed. The statistical parameters selected from previous research can be used as local literature values to perform probabilistic geotechnical designs and analyses when there is not enough data to execute a statistical analysis in a project. Moreover, these values could be used to better understand values obtained from geotechnical site exploration and possible regional tendencies. It is possible to conduct probabilistic geotechnical design even when a project does not include a throughout site exploration, like in low-budget projects. Probabilistic design for rural road projects can be a useful tool in the pursuit of optimal and efficient designs where soil behavior is better understood.

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Koronkiewicz, Thomas J., Mark K. Sogge, Charles Van Riper y Eben H. Paxton. "TERRITORIALITY, SITE FIDELITY, AND SURVIVORSHIP OF WILLOW FLYCATCHERS WINTERING IN COSTA RICA". Condor 108, n.º 3 (2006): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[558:tsfaso]2.0.co;2.

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Blaisdell-Sloan, Kira. "Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica". Journal of Latin American Anthropology 9, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2008): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlca.2004.9.2.491.

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Mora, Mauricio M., Philippe Lesage, Bernard Valette, Guillermo E. Alvarado, Carlos Leandro, Jean-Philippe Métaxian y Jacques Dorel. "Shallow velocity structure and seismic site effects at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 152, n.º 1-2 (abril de 2006): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.013.

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Koronkiewicz, Thomas J., Mark K. Sogge, Charles Van Riper y Eben H. Paxton. "Territoriality, Site Fidelity, and Survivorship of Willow Flycatchers Wintering in Costa Rica". Condor 108, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2006): 558–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.558.

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AbstractWe studied wintering Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) in two seasonal freshwater wetland habitats in northwestern Costa Rica during five boreal winters, to determine habitat occupancy, overwinter and between-year site and territory fidelity, and the degree to which the sexes maintain and defend winter territories. Both males and females used agonistic displays, song, and other vocalizations to maintain and defend mutually exclusive winter territories. Males were generally more abundant than females, but this varied by site and year. There was no significant difference in male and female territory size, nor any indication of sexual habitat segregation. Similarity in morphology and aggressiveness between the sexes may account for the lack of habitat segregation and the ability of females to maintain territories at wintering sites. Each year, 80%–92% of banded flycatchers that were present in midwinter remained at the site until late winter; of these, 86%–100% of individuals maintained the same territories throughout the entire period. We also observed nonterritorial floaters that subsequently established and held winter territories. Between-year site fidelity averaged 68%, and almost all returning birds established territories with boundaries similar to the previous year. Between-year apparent survivorship estimates ranged annually from 54%–72%, with no difference between sites but weak support for higher survivorship of males compared to females. Values for winter site and territory fidelity were generally higher than those reported for other species and for Willow Flycatchers on the breeding grounds; between-year survivorship estimates were similar to those reported for breeding flycatchers.

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Baltodano-Goulding, Rafael. "Unsaturated seepage analysis at the Guayabo National Archaeological Monument, Costa Rica". E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501026.

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The Guayabo National Archaeological Monument is considered one of the most important historical and political ceremonial centers of pre-Columbian Costa Rica, Central America, and it depicts the ingenuity and the quality of life of Costa Rica´s inhabitants between 800 BC and AD 1400. This site was named International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Evaluation of the unsaturated flow at the Northwestern slope using a two-dimensional model was performed. It was determined from field and modeling that at a relatively shallow depth the soil is relatively impermeable; thus, producing a large amount of run-off that tends to deteriorate the archaeological structures, and induce landslides. As part of the site investigation, exploratory borings were performed, and piezometers were installed in the upper, middle, and bottom parts of the slope. A series of laboratory testing was also performed to obtain index soil and permeability properties. The soil-water characteristic used to develop the K-Curve was also obtained. Additionally, a groundwater model was created using the geotechnical model and a water balance analysis for the area, where different scenarios of recharge and precipitation were analyzed taking into consideration the observed data. The volume of slope run-off through towards the archaeological site was estimated and the areas where it emerges, as well as the field groundwater.

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Quirós-Arias, Lilliam. "ourism, natural protected areas, conservation, land management, Costa Rica". Revista Geográfica de América Central 1, n.º 58E (30 de junio de 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rgac.58-2.5.

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Ever since the 1980s, conservation-related tourism has been particularly important in Costa Rica. The interest in enjoying and being part of nature brought a signifcant change to how tourism is practiced. The country hosts a great wealth of natural and cultural resources, as well as rural landscapes characterized by protected areas and surrounded by natural landscapes and local communities. This document reviews the experience of Santa Rosa National Park, located in the Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG)—an area with emerging tourism development and natural attractions as its main resource. The participation and integration of local communities are part of recent concerns. Our methodology includes a review of secondary information and frst-person interviews with townspeople. Moreover, information was gathered on-site through different visits to the area of study. The ACG is one of the protected areas that hosts important resources for research; however, increasing conservation in neighboring areas and incorporating the local community still represents a challenge.

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Martino, Amanda, Matthew E. Rhodes, Rosa León-Zayas, Isabella E. Valente, Jennifer F. Biddle y Christopher H. House. "Microbial Diversity in Sub-Seafloor Sediments from the Costa Rica Margin". Geosciences 9, n.º 5 (13 de mayo de 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050218.

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The exploration of the deep biosphere continues to reveal a great diversity of microorganisms, many of which remain poorly understood. This study provides a first look at the microbial community composition of the Costa Rica Margin sub-seafloor from two sites on the upper plate of the subduction zone, between the Cocos and Caribbean plates. Despite being in close geographical proximity, with similar lithologies, both sites show distinctions in the relative abundance of the archaeal domain and major microbial phyla, assessed using a pair of universal primers and supported by the sequencing of six metagenomes. Elusimicrobia, Chloroflexi, Aerophobetes, Actinobacteria, Lokiarchaeota, and Atribacteria were dominant phyla at Site 1378, and Bathyarchaeota, Chloroflexi, Hadesarchaeota, Aerophobetes, Elusimicrobia, and Lokiarchaeota were dominant at Site 1379. Correlations of microbial taxa with geochemistry were examined and notable relationships were seen with ammonia, sulfate, and depth. With deep sediments, there is always a concern that drilling technologies impact analyses due to contamination of the sediments via drilling fluid. Here, we use analysis of the drilling fluid in conjunction with the sediment analysis, to assess the level of contamination and remove any problematic sequences. In the majority of samples, we find the level of drilling fluid contamination, negligible.

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Epler, John H. "An annotated preliminary list of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Zurquí, Costa Rica". CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, n.º 30 (21 de abril de 2017): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i30.2240.

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An annotated list of the species of Chironomidae found at a four-hectare site, mostly cloud forest, in Costa Rica is presented. A total of 137 species, 98 of them undescribed, in 63 genera (17 apparently new), were found.

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Burger, Joanna y Michael Gochfeld. "Burrow Site Selection by Black Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) at Palo Verde, Costa Rica". Journal of Herpetology 25, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1991): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564765.

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Murillo-Herrera, Mauricio. "Cobble Stones and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica (review)". Americas 63, n.º 1 (2006): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2006.0126.

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Feldman, Robert H., Alfonso Villalobos-Pérez y Roberto G. Rodríguez. "Workplace Smoking Cessation in Costa Rica: Pilot Study Findings". Workplace Health & Safety 68, n.º 11 (25 de marzo de 2020): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920907933.

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Background: In Costa Rica, the leading cause of preventable death is smoking. Adults spend one third of their lives at work making the workplace an optimal site for smoking cessation interventions. Therefore, we developed a workplace smoking cessation pilot program among Costa Rican Justice Department government employees based on key Costa Rican values and best practices. Methods: First, focus groups were conducted among exsmokers and smokers. Participants in the focus groups and in the subsequent smoking cessation pilot study were invited to take part in the study through flyers, information sheets, and announcements from the Justice Department. The focus groups revealed that social factors were fundamental to quitting. Therefore, based on these results two programs (14 participants) were conducted consisting of seven sessions encouraging employees to utilize their family and exsmokers. Data were collected before and after the seven sessions on smoking behavior, social influence, and other factors. Findings: Five of 14 (36%) quit smoking. None of the quitters lived with a smoker, as compared with 56% of nonquitters who lived with a smoker. Also, quitters were less likely to have friends (40% vs. 67%) and coworkers (20% vs. 33%) who smoked compared with nonquitters. Conclusion/Application to Practice: Workplace smoking cessation programs should help smokers to increase their social contacts with nonsmokers/exsmokers. Smoking cessation programs should assess not only smoking patterns, but also social contacts, such as family, friends, and coworkers. Based on these assessments, smokers should be encouraged to seek-out nonsmokers/exsmokers to assist them in quitting.

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Marín, Pablo, José Manuel Mora, Lucia I. López, José Alberto Pérez Arrieta, Miguel A. Rodríguez, Alison Vega Cambronero y Ignacio Arias. "New records on the distribution and habitat of the northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis (Mammalia, Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) in Costa Rica". Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, n.º 3 (27 de agosto de 2021): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e67969.

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The northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis, is a rare and elusive species. It ranges from southern Mexico to northern South America. It has been detected in several types of habitats, but appears to prefer Tropical and Subtropical broadleaf forests. In Costa Rica, this species is difficult to observe and there are only eight records reported in the scientific literature. To search records of this armadillo, we used camera traps in north-western Costa Rica and visited several additional localities in the centre and the Caribbean lowlands of the country. We also examined and assessed records of this species from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. We added four new locality records for C. centralis in Costa Rica, based on photos from camera traps and field observations. We found only three localities (five records) in GBIF additional to the eight reported in literature. Habitat in these new Costa Rican localities reported here varied from mature dense forest (one site) to semi-urban areas (two sites). Additionally, two individuals were detected in secondary forest patches, one of them adjacent to mature riparian forest. Given the species’ scarcity, much additional information still is required to ground protection actions in a scientific framework.

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Hill, Carole. "Levels of Training and Research: Community Health Development in Costa Rica". Practicing Anthropology 9, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1987): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.9.2.047q4817p03p1842.

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An international program for research and training was initiated by my department in Costa Rica in 1982. The program's main objectives are: (1) through problem-solving research, to discover health problems in coastal communities in the Limon Province and, (2) through collaboration with health officials to work toward solving these health problems. The original purpose of the program was to provide students with an international applied field experience in the area of applied medical anthropology. Over the past three years, however, it has expanded to provide a training site for graduate students to become involved in community development issues other than health.

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Blaisdell-Sloan, Kira. "Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica:Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica". Journal of Latin American Anthropology 9, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2004): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlat.2004.9.2.491.

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Moya, A., V. Schmidt, C. Segura, I. Boschini y K. Atakan. "Empirical evaluation of site effects in the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica". Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 20, n.º 1-4 (octubre de 2000): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-7261(00)00049-x.

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Sheets, Payson. "Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica. Jeffrey Quilter". Journal of Anthropological Research 60, n.º 3 (octubre de 2004): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.60.3.3630764.

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Neeman, Noga, Ingo S. Wehrtmann y Federico Bolaños. "Selección del sitio de anidación de individuos de tortuga baula (Dermochelys coriacea, Testudines: Dermochelyidae) en Tortuguero, Costa Caribe de Costa Rica". Revista de Biología Tropical 63, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2015): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v63i2.14654.

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Nest site selection for individual leatherback sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, is a matter of dispute. Some authors suggest that a female will tend to randomly scatter her nests to optimize clutch survival at a highly dynamic beach, while others suggest that some site fidelity exists. It is also possible that both strategies exist, depending on the characteristics of each nesting beach, with stable beaches leading to repeating nest site selections and unstable beaches leading to nest scattering. To determine the strategy of the Tortuguero population of D. coriacea, female site preference and repetition were determined by studying whether females repeat their nest zone choices between successive attempts and whether this leads to a correlation in hatching and emergence success of subsequent nests. Nesting data from 1997 to 2008 was used. Perpendicular to the coastline, open sand was preferred in general, regardless of initial choice. This shows a tendency to scatter nests and is consistent with the fact that all vertical zones had a high variability in hatching and emergence success. It is also consistent with nest success not being easily predictable, as shown by the lack of correlation in success of subsequent nesting attempts. Along the coastline, turtles showed a preference for the middle part of the studied section of beach, both at a population level and as a tendency to repeat their initial choice. Interestingly, this zone has the most artificial lights, which leads to slightly lower nest success (though not significantly so) and hatchling disorientation. This finding merits further study for a possibly maladaptive trait and shows the need for increased control of artificial nesting on this beach.

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Castillo Poveda, Manuel Alejandro. "Arqueografía del sitio arqueológico Vista al Cerro (A-516 VC) La Fortuna de San Carlos (Centro-Norte de Costa Rica), esbozos de un contexto funerario en la fase Arenal (500 a.C-500 d. C) = Archeographia of the Archaeological Site Vista del Cerro..." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología, n.º 10 (4 de diciembre de 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfi.10.2017.18809.

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El presente artículo plantea como objetivo la caracterización del sitio arqueológico Vista del Cerro (A-516VC), con base en los resultados obtenidos de diversas excavaciones como análisis de evidencia precolombina, se presentara un acercamiento al entendimiento de las poblaciones precolombinas que ocuparon dicha zona, como de sus expresiones funerarias de la región Centro-Norte de Costa Rica en 500 a.C-500 d. C.This article presents as objective the characterization of the archeological site Vista del Cerro (A-516VC), based on the results obtained from different excavations as an analysis of pre-Columbian evidence, it presents an approach to the understanding of the pre-Columbian populations that occupied the zone, as well as the funerary expressions of the Central-North region of Costa Rica in 500 BC-500 AD. C.

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Whitfield, SM, G. Alvarado-Barboza, JG Abarca, H. Zumbado-Ulate, RR Jimenez y J. Kerby. "Ranavirus is widespread in Costa Rica and co-occurs with threatened amphibians". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 144 (8 de abril de 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03576.

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Amphibians are globally threatened by emerging infectious diseases, and ranaviruses are among the most concerning pathogens to threaten species in the wild. We sampled for ranaviruses in wild amphibians at 8 sites in Costa Rica, spanning broad climatic zones and taxonomic associations. Seven of these sites are inhabited by highly threatened amphibian species that persist at low global population sizes after population declines due to amphibian chytridiomycosis. One of the surveyed sites is occupied by an introduced amphibian species, which is relatively rare in Central America but may be an important pathway for long-distance transport of ranaviruses. We detected ranavirus using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 16.3% of the 243 individuals and among 5 of our 8 sites, but not at the site with the introduced species. Infection prevalence varied among species and sites, but not with mean annual temperature or mean annual precipitation. Infection intensity did not vary with species, site, temperature, or precipitation. Our results show that ranavirus infection is spatially widespread in Costa Rica, affecting a broad range of host species, and occurs across climatic zones—though we encountered no mortality or morbidity in our sampled species. Ranaviruses are known to cause intermittent mass mortality in amphibian populations, and the threatened species sampled here are likely vulnerable to population impacts from emerging ranaviruses. Therefore, we believe the potential impacts of ranaviruses on amphibian populations in tropical regions have likely been underestimated, and that they should be viewed as a potential major stressor to threatened amphibians in tropical regions.

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López-Garro, Andrés, Ilena Zanella, Frank Martínez, Geiner Golfín-Duarte y Maikel Pérez-Montero. "La pesca ilegal en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica". Revista de Biología Tropical 64, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2016): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i1.23454.

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Isla del Coco National Park (ICNP), Costa Rica, is renowned for its large aggregations of pelagic species, especially sharks (Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae), billfish (Istiophoridae) and tuna (Scombridae). The high abundance of these sought after species, attracts commercial fishing vessels that enter the protected waters of the Park. Illegal fisheries thus represent one of the biggest threats to the ecological integrity of this World Heritage Site. The ICNP dedicates important resources to protection and control via regular surveillance patrols, along the 12 nautical miles that have Marine Protected Area (MPA) status. During 2012, 2013 and between January and August 2014, 405 surveillance patrols within the MPA found 108 fishing lines, more than 13 000 hooks, seized more than 500 km of fishing line and 257 pelagic individuals. The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was the most abundant species, representing more than 72.3 % of the total catch; seized individuals had a mean total length of 153.35±23.19 cm (Min=90 cm; Max=190 cm); which indicates that most individuals were adults. Analysis of monthly CPUE showed that the highest relative abundance of illegally caught T. albacores was between May and August of each year, with a mean relative abundance of 26.13±54.71, 11.63±23.79, 13.71±24.52 tunas per 1 000 hooks in 2012, 2013, 2014, respectively. This species had a high survival rate (nearly 80 % of the individuals found on the lines were still alive), probably due to the short fishing lines used by illegal fishermen, combined with the swift intervention of rangers. The CPUE of T. albacares found in this study is greater than records in Costa Rica’s Exclusive Economic Zone (0.74 and 0.44 per 1 000 hooks respectively). These results highlight the importance of ICNP as an aggregation site for T. albacares and the need for its effective protection. It is important that ranger intervention continue to be as rapid and effective as possible, in order to decrease the impact of illegal fishing on the marine biodiversity of the ICNP. <div> </div>

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32

Barton, David N. y Susana Mourato. "Transferring the benefits of avoided health effects from water pollution between Portugal and Costa Rica". Environment and Development Economics 8, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2003): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0300184.

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Two very similar contingent valuation surveys eliciting willingness-to-pay (WTP) to avoid eye irritation, gastroenteritis, and coughing episodes due to seawater pollution were conducted on visitors to beaches in Portugal and Costa Rica. Various forms of the hypothesis regarding the transfer of mean WTP between the two countries were rejected, as was the hypothesis that model parameters were drawn from the same pooled sample across countries for three different illness episodes. When compared to on-site studies in Costa Rica, benefit transfer from Portugal leads to errors typically of the order of 100 per cent. Adjusting WTP for declared income or other easily accessible socio-demographic variables does not reduce transfer error. This study shows that transfer of health benefit estimates can be potentially quite unhealthy for policy analysis, questioning whether the time and resource savings are justified in this particular transfer context.

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33

MONRO, A. K., D. SANTAMARÍA-AGUILAR, F. GONZÁLEZ, O. CHACÓN, D. SOLANO, A. RODRÍGUEZ, N. ZAMORA, E. FEDELE y M. CORREA. "A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama". Phytotaxa 322, n.º 1 (22 de septiembre de 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.322.1.1.

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La Amistad International Park is a World Heritage Site, which comprises 401,000 ha of mainly upland continuous natural vegetation straddling the Costa Rica and Panama border. We present a first checklist of vascular plant diversity for the park and a brief discussion of how this diversity is distributed by elevation and vegetation type together with a superficial assessment of floristic affinities. The checklist recognises 3,046 vascular plant species, 26 of which are lycopods, 433 are ferns and 2,586 are seed plants. Of these, 16 are new records for Costa Rica and 39 are for the flora of Panama; 14 represent undescribed or new species to science and 73 are endemic to La Amistad or its buffer zone. For each species we document its presence within the Park by citing herbarium specimens and the associated elevational range, together with their global distribution, extinction risk assessments where undertaken, whether the taxon is exotic.

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34

Choe, Jae C. y Robert M. Timm. "Roosting site selection by Artibeus watsoni (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) on Anthurium ravenii (Araceae) in Costa Rica". Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, n.º 3 (agosto de 1985): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000316.

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ABSTRACTArtibeus watsoni (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) was found in Costa Rica to alter the shape of 11 species of broad-leafed plants in the families Araceae, Cyclanthaceae, Maran-taceae, Musaceae, and Palmae to form diurnal roost sites. The plant most commonly used for tent construction was Anthurium ravenii (Araceae). Bats create a tent on A. ravenii by severing the basal 2 to 5 lateral nerves at a distance of 5 to 10 mm from the midrib; the entire margin of the leaf then collapses downward to form a pyramid-shaped tent. The number of altered leaves per plant ranges from 1 to 4 with a mean of 2.1. A. watsoni appears to be selecting leaves of medium size and low within the plant. The size, shape, and location of leaves selected is consistent with the hypothesis that tent construction provides bats with roost sites that will be available to them for a long period of time and provides protection from both predators and the elements, thus conveying a selective advantage to the bats.

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35

Mora, Mauricio M., Philippe Lesage, Jacques Dorel, Pierre-Yves Bard, Jean-Philippe Métaxian, Guillermo E. Alvarado y Carlos Leandro. "Study of seismic site effects using H/V spectral ratios at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica". Geophysical Research Letters 28, n.º 15 (1 de agosto de 2001): 2991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013049.

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36

Horn, Sally P. "Postglacial Vegetation and Fire History in the Chirripó Páramo of Costa Rica". Quaternary Research 40, n.º 1 (julio de 1993): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1061.

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AbstractPollen and charcoal analysis of a 5.6-m sediment core from Lago de las Morrenas (9°29′N, 83°29′W; 3480 m) provides evidence of postglacial vegetation and fire history in the highlands of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. The site is presently surrounded by treeless páramo vegetation and apparently has been so since deglaciation about 10,000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra suggest no pronounced changes in vegetation since ice retreat. Fires set by people or lightning have burned the páramo repeatedly, with fire activity probably highest during the late Holocene, but these fires have not carved páramo from forest. Pollen percentages for Gramineae and other páramo taxa decline upward, whereas percentages for certain subalpine, lower montane, and lowland forest taxa increase slightly; these changes may reflect the impact of prehistoric human activity or slight upslope migrations of forest taxa owing to climatic warming. There is no clear evidence of higher timberlines during the mid-Holocene.

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37

Chaves, Jose Pereira y Luis M. Sierra Sierra. "ESTRATEGIA DE MANEJO DE LOS RECURSOS MARINOS Y COSTEROS EN ISLA UVITA, LIMÓN, COSTA RICA". Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras 1 (21 de diciembre de 2009): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/revmar.1.7.

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El presente trabajo se realizó en la Isla Uvita, declarada Monumento Nacional en 1985, ubicada en el litoral Caribe de Costa Rica. Esta zona se caracteriza por tener una gran riqueza de sus recursos marinos y costeros. El propósito fundamental fue ofrecer diversas acciones de conservación, manejo y desarrollo sostenible en dicha área, promoviendo la coordinación y participación de todos los sectores claves. Se hace referencia a la necesidad de ejecutar una estrategia de manejo que promueva la estabilidad de los recursos marinocosteros del sitio insular, para fortalecer tanto la riqueza particular como para establecer normas educativas y científicas que promuevan las condiciones adecuadas para el desarrollo sostenible. Isla Uvita presenta problemas de conservación y manejo, debido a la ausencia de una entidad administrativa que controle y norme los usos. Se conoció la percepción social del limonense mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario tipo encuesta y además se desarrolló un taller, en el sitio. Con base en la percepción social, la mayoría opinó que se deben controlar las actividades dentro de la isla, estableciendo controles de vigilancia, reconocen que este sitio lo debe manejar MINAET y JAPDEVA, apoyado por la Municipalidad de Limón, la cual ha de adquirir el compromiso de conservación. La estrategia de manejo hace énfasis en seis líneas estratégicas, como la organización institucional, protección, zonificación, educación y capacitación, monitoreo e investigación y recreación. The Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica is known for its marine resource diversity, and is where the Uvita Island Insular System is located. This site was declared a National Monument in 1985, and chosen as the site for the present study, which had the main objective of offering an adequate managing tool to perform several conservation and sustainable development actions on the Island, to promote the coordination and participation of all stakeholders. The study clearly identified the need for developing a management strategy to promote pertinent conservation actions at the site, to strengthen not only its particular diversity, but also to establish educational and scientific regulations to encourage the adequate conditions for the sustainable development of the Island. Currently, the Island faces conservation and management problems due to the lack of an administrator to control and regulate the use of the site. In order to learn about the perception of the local people, a survey type questionnaire was administered and a workshop held at the site. Based on the results of the survey, the majority of the local people thought that the Island activities should be regulated and vigilance controls established. It was also well recognized that government institutions, such as MINAE and JAPDEVA, should manage the site with the support of the local government, which should acquire a commitment towards conservation. ºThe study proposed a management strategy for the Island, placing emphasis on six lines of action: institutional organization, protection, zoning, education and training, monitoring, and research and recreation.

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38

Sheets, Payson, Kenneth Hirth, Fred Lange, Fred Stross, Frank Asaro y Helen Michel. "Obsidian Sources and Elemental Analyses of Artifacts in Southern Mesoamerica and the Northern Intermediate Area". American Antiquity 55, n.º 1 (enero de 1990): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281500.

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Obsidian sources, and the proportions of those sources represented in site collections, are known poorly in the southeast mesoamerican periphery. The Honduran sources of La Esperanza and Güinope are described and “fingerprinted” chemically, and their utilization is explored in selected sites in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Although prehistoric Nicaraguans and Costa Ricans used obsidian from sources as far away as Honduras and Guatemala, most of their cutting tools were made from local materials, using informal manufacturing techniques. The analytical results indicate two sources of new types of obsidian have yet to be found; they may lie in western Nicaragua.

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39

Murillo, O., M. D. V. de Resende, Y. Badilla y J. P. Gamboa. "Genotype by environment interaction and teak (Tectona grandis L.) selection in Costa Rica". Silvae Genetica 68, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2019): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2019-0020.

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Abstract A teak progeny trial was established with four replicates at different sites along the northern Pacific region of Costa Rica. The trials followed a randomized block design, with 28 open pollinated families and 36 seedlings per family per site. Data from 7 years-old trees was analyzed both for each test location separately and for all locations combined. High individual heritability was found for diameter, which translates to higher breeding potential. The all locations combined analysis showed high genetic variation, with individual heritabilities reaching up to 22 %. Genotype by Environment (GxE) interactions explained only 2.5 % of total phenotypic variation. The genetic correlation (rg) among all four sites was 0.69. Hence, it is concluded that GxE interactions are not problematic for breeding purposes since they are not complex in nature. This teak breeding population showed strong genetic stability and performed well in most environments in the study area. The Hojancha location showed high genetic correlation with all other sites; therefore, it should be chosen for future testing and selection of elite genotypes. Selection of the 20 best individuals, allowing for up to two individuals per family, would result in a 1.78 cm (11 %) gain in diameter. Furthermore, based on this selection the inbreeding coefficient (F) in the offspring would only reach 2.9 %, while the expected effective population size (Ne) would be16.97 individuals. This selection scheme could reduce rotation age by almost two years, since the diameter goal of 40 cm would be reached earlier than the usual 20 years cycle. The results suggest that the progeny trial can be maintained as a single breeding population, suitable for planting in any site along the Northern Pacific region of Costa Rica.

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40

Ngo, H. T., J. Gibbs, T. Griswold y L. Packer. "Evaluating bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity using Malaise traps in coffee landscapes of Costa Rica". Canadian Entomologist 145, n.º 4 (21 de mayo de 2013): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.16.

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AbstractEven though Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica Linnaeus, Rubiaceae) can self-pollinate, bees are important pollinators, without which there is lower fruit quality and yield. We studied bee diversity in coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica during two coffee flowering seasons (2005 and 2006). Malaise traps were used as a passive sampling method to collect bees during coffee blooms. We collected 1012 bee individuals from three different site types: nonagricultural fields and shaded and unshaded coffee farms. Unshaded coffee farms had significantly higher species richness (S) and number of bee individuals (n) than did the shaded coffee farms and nonagricultural sites. Overall bee diversity did not differ among site types but evenness (J′) was significantly lower in unshaded coffee farms. Using a more detailed community analysis, there was a significant association between functional groups and habitat type with more species and individuals of small-bodied ground-nesting bees (Lasioglossum (Dialictus) Robertson) associated with unshaded coffee farms. A large proportion (49%) of bees collected were of this subgenus, which was never before reported as common in coffee agroecosystems. Further studies should establish whether Dialictus is important in coffee pollination. We propose strategies involving conservation of native bees through simple habitat management for small-scale coffee farms that may improve crop quality and quantity.

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41

MacGown, Joseph A. y James K. Wetterer. "Geographic Spread ofGnamptogenys triangularis(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/571430.

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Gnamptogenys triangularis(Mayr), native to the forests of South and Central America, is a predatory ant that feeds on millipedes. In its native range, this species is known from Buenos Aires, Argentina (38.1°S) in the south to Costa Rica (10.4°N) in the north, with records from eight countries in South America (all except Chile, French Guiana, and Paraguay), and the two southernmost countries of Central America (Panama and Costa Rica). The first records ofG. triangularisoutside its native range came from Florida beginning in 1985 (six sites: 25.5°–30.4°N) and Alabama in 1996 (one site: 30.4°N). Here we present the first records ofG. triangularisfrom Mississippi, dating from 2002–2010 (five sites: 30.5°–31.2°N). Based on its South American range, it appears thatG. triangularishas the potential to spread to forests throughout much of the southeastern USA. There are no documented impacts ofG. triangularis,and it seems unlikely that this species will ever become a major pest.

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42

Fortin, Will F. J., W. Steven Holbrook y Raymond W. Schmitt. "Mapping turbulent diffusivity associated with oceanic internal lee waves offshore Costa Rica". Ocean Science 12, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2016): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-601-2016.

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Abstract. Breaking internal waves play a primary role in maintaining the meridional overturning circulation. Oceanic lee waves are known to be a significant contributor to diapycnal mixing associated with internal wave dissipation, but direct measurement is difficult with standard oceanographic sampling methods due to the limited spatial extent of standing lee waves. Here, we present an analysis of oceanic internal lee waves observed offshore eastern Costa Rica using seismic imaging and estimate the turbulent diffusivity via a new seismic slope spectrum method that extracts diffusivities directly from seismic images, using tracked reflections only to scale diffusivity values. The result provides estimates of turbulent diffusivities throughout the water column at scales of a few hundred meters laterally and 10 m vertically. Synthetic tests demonstrate the method's ability to resolve turbulent structures and reproduce accurate diffusivities. A turbulence map of our seismic section in the western Caribbean shows elevated turbulent diffusivities near rough seafloor topography as well as in the mid-water column where observed lee wave propagation terminates. Mid-water column hotspots of turbulent diffusivity show levels 5 times higher than surrounding waters and 50 times greater than typical open-ocean diffusivities. This site has steady currents that make it an exceptionally accessible laboratory for the study of lee-wave generation, propagation, and decay.

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43

Fortin, W. F. J., W. S. Holbrook y R. W. Schmitt. "Mapping turbulent diffusivity associated with oceanic internal lee waves offshore Costa Rica". Ocean Science Discussions 12, n.º 4 (14 de julio de 2015): 1433–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1433-2015.

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Abstract. Breaking internal waves play a primary role in maintaining the meridional overturning circulation. Oceanic lee waves are known to be a significant contributor to diapycnal mixing associated with internal wave dissipation, but direct measurement is difficult with standard oceanographic sampling methods due to the limited spatial extent of standing lee waves. Here, we present an analysis of oceanic internal lee waves observed offshore eastern Costa Rica using seismic imaging and estimate the turbulent diffusivity via a new seismic slope spectrum method that extracts diffusivities directly from seismic images, using tracked reflections only to scale diffusivity values. The result provides estimates of turbulent diffusivities throughout the water column at scales of a few hundred meters laterally and 10 m vertically. Synthetic tests demonstrate the method's ability to resolve turbulent structures and reproduce accurate diffusivities. A turbulence map of our seismic section in the western Caribbean shows elevated turbulent diffusivities near rough seafloor topography as well as in the mid-water column where observed lee wave propagation terminates. Mid-water column hotspots of turbulent diffusivity show levels five times higher than surrounding waters and fifty times greater than typical open-ocean diffusivities. This site has steady currents that make it an exceptionally accessible laboratory for the study of lee-wave generation, propagation and decay.

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44

Maynard, Lauren D., Ariana Ananda, Maria Fernanda Sides, Hannah Burk y Susan R. Whitehead. "Dietary resource overlap among three species of frugivorous bat in Costa Rica". Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, n.º 4 (3 de mayo de 2019): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000129.

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AbstractThe maintenance of biodiversity in tropical forests is thought to be dependent on fine-scale mechanisms of niche partitioning that allow species to coexist. This study examined whether three species of short-tailed fruit bat that co-occur at a lowland tropical forest site in Costa Rica (Carollia castanea, C. perspicillata, C. sowelli) avoid inter- and intraspecific competition through dietary specialization on species in the genus Piper. First, dietary composition was examined using faecal samples (N = 210), which yielded three main findings: (1) bat species and sexes vary in overall reliance on fruits of Piper, with a higher percentage of seeds of Piper detected in the diets of C. castanea (98.2%) and females (91.5%); (2) adults and juveniles partition species of Piper by habitat, with a lower percentage of mid- to late-successional species of Piper detected in adults (20.8%); and (3) overall, there is a strong dietary overlap among and within the three species of Carollia. Second, controlled choice experiments were conducted with individual bats (N = 123) to examine preferences for different species of Piper. These results indicated few differences in Piper preference based on bat species, sex, age class or reproductive status, suggesting preference is not the primary mechanism shaping the observed differences in dietary composition. Overall, the dietary composition and preference similarities suggest there is strong competition both among and within the three species of Carollia for food resources.

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45

Idris, A. M., G. Rivas-Platero, I. Torres-Jerez y J. K. Brown. "First Report of Sinaloa Tomato Leaf Curl Geminivirus in Costa Rica". Plant Disease 83, n.º 3 (marzo de 1999): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.303c.

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In October 1998, geminivirus-like symptoms were widespread in tomato plantings near Turrialba, Costa Rica. Isolates from several fields were experimentally transmitted to tomato seedlings with whiteflies from a Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) colony maintained at CATIE, which resulted in interveinal chlorosis and leaf curling symptoms indistinguishable from those observed in the field. Total DNA was extracted from leaves of 16 of these experimentally inoculated plants and assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of begomovirus DNA with the degenerate primers AV324 and AC889 (2) to amplify the core region of the coat protein gene (core Cp). PCR yielded the expected size core Cp fragment (576 bp) from 16 of 16 samples. The core Cp fragments of six samples were cloned and sequenced. A comparison of the core Cp sequences with reference begomovirus sequences indicated all Costa Rican isolates were >95% identical to Sinaloa tomato leaf curl geminivirus reported in 1994 from Sinaloa, Mexico (STLCV-SINALOA). Virus identity was confirmed by multiple sequence alignments of the viral coat protein gene (Cp) and the common region (CR) sequences of A and B components (CR-A and CR-B), respectively, with analogous reference begomovirus sequences. Cp and CRs were obtained by PCR, and amplicons were cloned and sequenced as described (1). The Cp open reading frame (ORF; 756 nucleotides) (AF110515) identified within the A component amplicon shared 92.9% sequence identity with STLCV-SINALOA Cp (AF040635). The CR sequences of the A (AF1150516) and B (AF110517) components (163 nucleotides) shared 98.2% sequence identity with each other, suggesting that they were amplified from the cognate A and B components of the same virus. Further, the CR-A and CR-B components contained the same putative Rep binding site, TGGGGT-AA-TGGGGT, which was also identical to that of STLCV-SINALOA. The mean percent divergences between viral Cp and CR amplicons (n = 6+) ranged from 98 to 100%. Collectively, STLCV-like symptoms in tomato, >92% identity between viral Cp sequences, and identical CR iterons indicate that the Costa Rican tomato virus is STLCV, or a closely related strain. This is the first report of an STLCV-like begomovirus in tomato in Costa Rica (STLCV-CR). References: (1) A. M. Idris and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 88:648, 1998. (2) S. D. Wyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996.

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46

Acosta-Chaves, Víctor-J., Víctor Madrigal-Elizondo, Gerardo Chaves, Brayan Morera-Chacón, Adrián García-Rodríguez y Federico Bolaños. "Shifts in the diversity of an amphibian community from a premontane forest of San Ramón, Costa Rica". Revista de Biología Tropical 67, n.º 2SUPL (14 de mayo de 2019): S259—S273. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37240.

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Biological communities are experiencing rapid shifts of composition in Neotropical ecosystems due to several factors causing population declines. However, emerging evidence has provided insights on the adaptive potential of multiple species to respond to illnesses and environmental pressures. In Costa Rica, the decline of amphibian populations is a remarkable example of these changes. Here we provide evidence of variation in the amphibian richness of a premontane forest of San Ramón (Costa Rica) across a ~30 year period. We also quantified changes in the composition and abundance of the leaf-litter frog community occurring in the same premontane forest, by comparing diversity data with a difference of ~18 years. We evaluated the similarity of species richness from 1980s to 2010s based on several sources, and the dissimilarity of species diversity in the site comparing 28 standardized surveys from 1994-1995 and 2011-2012. We compared the relative abundance of some frogs that inhabit the leaf-litter layer between these same periods. Our results show that there is more similarity in amphibian richness between 1980s and 2010s (~ 52 %) than between 1980s and 1990s (~ 40 %). The richness of leaf-litter anurans was ~ 65 % similar between 1990s and 2010s. The diversity of leaf-litter anuran was clearly different between 1994-1995 and 2011-2012, and it was clustered among those periods. We determined that the amphibian community in this premontane forest drastically changed: many species have disappeared, or gradually declined through the decades (e.g. Pristimantis ridens, P. cruentus, Craugastor bransfordii) as in other well studied localities of Costa Rica, while some few species flourished after being almost absent from the site in the 1990s (e.g. Craugastor crassidigitus, Lithobates warszewistchii). Currently dominant species such as C. crassidigitus would be using developed resistance against Bd-fungus as an advantage (apparent competition) in the premontane forest where the disease is more virulent than in lowlands. Our analysis supports the hypothesis of individualized responses of anuran populations under distinct site and elevations. We suggest to continue monitoring the amphibian communities of premontane tropical forests to understand how this ecosystem gradually resist and adapts to this catastrophic time of biodiversity loss.

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47

Farrell, Tracy A. y Jeffrey L. Marion. "Identifying and assessing ecotourism visitor impacts at eight protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize". Environmental Conservation 28, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2001): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000224.

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Protected area visitation is an important component of ecotourism, and as such, must be sustainable. However, protected area visitation may degrade natural resources, particularly in areas of concentrated visitor activities like trails and recreation sites. This is an important concern in ecotourism destinations such as Belize and Costa Rica, because they actively promote ecotourism and emphasize the pristine qualities of their natural resources. Research on visitor impacts to protected areas has many potential applications in protected area management, though it has not been widely applied in Central and South America. This study targeted this deficiency through manager interviews and evaluations of alternative impact assessment procedures at eight protected areas in Belize and Costa Rica. Impact assessment procedures included qualitative condition class systems, ratings systems, and measurement-based systems applied to trails and recreation sites. The resulting data characterize manager perceptions of impact problems, document trail and recreation site impacts, and provide examples of inexpensive, efficient and effective rapid impact assessment procedures. Interview subjects reported a variety of impacts affecting trails, recreation sites, wildlife, water, attraction features and other resources. Standardized assessment procedures were developed and applied to record trail and recreation site impacts. Impacts affecting the study areas included trail proliferation, erosion and widening, muddiness on trails, vegetation cover loss, soil and root exposure, and tree damage on recreation sites. The findings also illustrate the types of assessment data yielded by several alternative methods and demonstrate their utility to protected area managers. The need for additional rapid assessment procedures for wildlife, water, attraction feature and other resource impacts was also identified.

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Stoner, Kathryn E. "Differential habitat use and reproductive patterns of frugivorous bats in tropical dry forest of northwestern Costa Rica". Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2001): 1626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-105.

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To determine if frugivorous bats in tropical dry forest differentially use a particular habitat and if this use is related to their reproductive patterns, I monitored populations from one site from January 1994 to January 1997 in Parque Nacional Palo Verde in northwestern Costa Rica. Abundance, reproductive condition, sex ratio, age-classes, and recapture data were compared across seasons and years. During 56 nights of sampling, 13 species of frugivores and 5 nectarivores were captured (N = 998). Carollia perspicillata, Artibeus jamaicensis, and Sturnira lilium were significantly more abundant in 1994 than in 1995 or 1996. Carollia perspicillata and A. jamaicensis were captured year-round, but there were peaks of abundance in the dry season and the middle of the rainy season. Sixteen percent of 244 adult female C. perspicillata and 20% of 87 A. jamaicensis were reproductive, principally in February through June. Forty-three percent of 28 adult female S. lilium were reproductive from February to June and in October and December. Fifty-four percent of 26 adult female Centurio senex were reproductive between December 1995 and February 1996. Few subadults were captured at this site. Sex ratios were significantly different across seasons for C. perspicillata and A. jamaicensis. Seventy-three C. perspicillata were recaptured and 25 (34%) of these were recaptured after more than 4 months. The results of this study indicate that the abundance of some tropical frugivorous bats varies between years and (or) over seasons at a particular site within tropical dry forest.

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49

Rojas-Barrantes, Martín y Mario Fernández-Arce. "Volcanic Deposits and Volcanic Hazard in Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica". Journal of Geography and Geology 8, n.º 2 (4 de junio de 2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n2p111.

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The present research aims to investigate more precisely about the geology of the Eastern region of the Santo Domingo County. Santo Domingo is part of the structural plateau in the center of Costa Rica, which is located at the foot of the Cordillera Volcánica Central (CVF) [Central Volcanic Front] and is covered by volcanic deposits. On this plateau, called Central Valley, is the highest percentage of the population of the country and therefore, a large sector of the Costa Rican population is exposed to volcanic eruptions of the volcanoes in the CVF. For existing the national system for risk management and a law that demands actions to local authorities to prevent and mitigate disaster, it is necessary to identify the threats that exist in the cantons (counties) of Costa Rica. This will serve to take the prevention and mitigation actions necessary to reduce the impact of volcanic eruptions in the area of Santo Domingo.The research method consisted of review and analysis of previous works through literature research, data collection and analysis of boreholes from records of water-supply wells and open pits, and field work to better know the geology of the area. The results indicate that there are deposits of powerful volcanic eruptions of pyroclastic fall deposits (volcanic ash and lapilli) that mostly form clayey soils and lahars deposits that practically covers the entire territory. Underlying these deposits there is a pyroclastic flow deposit (ignimbrite), followed by lapilli tephra (a layer of pumice of at least 2 meters thick) that mark a change in the volcanic activity. Such pyroclastic flow is overlaid by an igneous presumably sub-volcanic activity of andesites interlayered with ancient tuffs, with a considerable thickness of over 350 meters according with borehole data and the exposure recognition on Pará river study sites. According to site locations (P1 to P23) of volcaniclastic deposits, there is evidence of an important environmental impact caused by the last eruptions of the CVF volcanoes. The real and current volcanic threat to the population of the County is the fall-out of ash emitted from the Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes. From local observations along the Virilla and Pará rivers sections, there is no evidence of younger pyroclastic flows overlying the volcanic sequence.

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Calvo-Alvarado, Julio, César Jiménez-Rodríguez, Ana Calvo-Obando, Mário Marcos do Espírito-Santo y Thiago Gonçalves-Silva. "Interception of Rainfall in Successional Tropical Dry Forests in Brazil and Costa Rica". Geosciences 8, n.º 12 (14 de diciembre de 2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120486.

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Tropical dry forests (TDF) are endangered ecosystems characterized by a matrix of successional forest patches with structural differences across the Neotropics. Until now, there have been few studies that analyze the partitioning of rainfall by forest interception in TDF. To contribute to the understanding of the TDF impact on the hydrological dynamic at the ecosystem and landscape levels, a rainfall interception study was conducted in Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica (SRNP) and in Mata Seca State Park in Brazil (MSSP). In each site, three plots per successional stage were studied. The successional stages were early, intermediate, and late. In each plot the rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow were monitored during one rainy season. The relationship between gross rainfall and water fluxes was evaluated using linear regression models. In general, net rainfall oscillated from 79.3% to 85.4% of gross rainfall in all the plots in MSSP without any trend related to forest succession, due to the effect of a high density of lianas in the intermediate and late stage plots. In SRNP, there was a clear trend of net rainfall among successional stages: 87.5% (early), 73.0% (intermediate), and 63.4% (late). Net rainfall correlated negatively only with plant area index in SRNP (r = −0.755, p < 0.05). This study highlights the need to study rainfall interception in successional stages to estimate net rainfall that reaches the soil. This would provide better hydrological information to understand water balance and water fluxes at the level of forest ecosystems and landscapes.

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