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1
Birgersson, Magdalena y Christel Norberg. "Nasaleringsvärde för Nasometer hos svensktalande 13- och 18-åringar". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-64268.
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Bakgrund Nasometer är ett datorbaserat instrument som procentuellt mäter andel ljudenergi som vid tal kommer ut via näsan. Nasometern är det främst använda instrumentet vid instrumentell nasalitetsbedömning. I användningen av Nasometer behövs normalvärden från personer med typisk resonansutveckling. Normalvärden för svenska språket finns för flera åldersgrupper, men inte för tonåringar. Syfte Ta fram normalvärden för Nasometer hos svensktalande 13- respektive 18-åringar, studera värdenas spridning samt analysera könsskillnader inom respektive åldersgrupp. Metod Deltagarna bestod av två grupper; 39 deltagare i åldern 12 - 13 år och 48 deltagare i åldern 18-19 år. Alla deltagarna hade svenska som modersmål samt typisk tal- och språkutveckling. Talmaterialet bestod av ord och meningar med endast orala fonem samt nasala meningar innehållande hög andel nasala fonem. Normalvärden för Nasometer samlades sedan in genom inspelning. Resultat Medelvärdena gällande 13-åringar var för orala ord 13,6 % (SD 8,7), orala meningar 11,4 % (SD 6,2) och nasala meningar 60,2 % (SD 12,0). 18-åringars medelvärden var för orala meningar 14,0 % (SD 5,5) och nasala meningar 57,5 % (SD 6,2). Det fanns signifikanta könsskillnader endast för 18-åringar, dock uppvisade flickor/kvinnor deskriptivt något högre medelvärde inom båda grupperna. Slutsatser Medelvärdena visade stor spridning inom grupperna, speciellt för 13-åringar. Medelvärdena i båda åldersgrupperna i föreliggande studie ligger dock inom spannet för typisk nasalitet, vilket visar att normalvariationen av medelvärde är stor.Background The Nasometer is a data-based instrument that measures the amount of acoustic energy from the nose during speech and is the most common instrument for nasalance assessments. To use the Nasometer clinically, normative scores are needed from people with typical resonance development. There are normative scores in Swedish for several age groups, except for teenagers. Aim Collect normative nasalance scores with the Nasometer among two Swedish age groups, study the scores spread and analyze gender differences within the groups. Method Two groups of participants; 39 participants 12-13 years and 48 participants 18-19 years. All participants used Swedish as their native language and had typical speech- and language development. The speech material consisted of oral word and sentences containing only oral phonemes and nasal sentences containing a high amount of nasal phonemes. Normative scores for the Nasometer were then collected by recording. Results Means for the younger group were for oral words 13,6 % (SD 8,7), oral sentences 11,4 % (SD 6,2) and nasal sentences 60,2 % (SD 12,0). Means for the older group were for oral sentences 14,0 % (SD 5,5) and nasal sentences 57,5 % (SD 6,2). Only in the older group there was a significant gender difference but females showed higher descriptive scores in both groups. Conclusions Means showed great spread within both groups. The means are though within the range for typical nasality. This implicates great variation of means among normal speakers.
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Littorin, Elin y Clara Holmén. "SVenskt Artikulations- och NasalitetsTEst, SVANTE– en normering och bedömning av svenska 10-åringars tal". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90924.
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SVenskt Artikulations- och NasalitetsTEst, SVANTE, är ett perceptuellt test avsett för bedömning av artikulation och nasalitet hos individer med talavvikelser relaterade till strukturella och/eller funktionella avvikelser i munhåla och svalg. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att göra en normering av SVANTE i åldersgruppen 10 år. Syftet var även att undersöka hur typiskt utvecklade 10-åriga barn, utan några strukturella eller funktionella avvikelser i munhåla och svalg, presterar avseende artikulation och nasalitet. I normeringsgruppen ingick 30 barn: 16 flickor och 14 pojkar. Medelåldern var 9:6 år. En bedömning av barnens förståelighet, velofarynxfunktion, artikulation, klang samt förekomst av nasalitet gjordes. Normeringen visar att barn i 10-årsåldern har god förståelighet och velofarynxfunktion. Resultatet tyder även på att barn i 10-årsåldern har få artikulations-, nasalitets- och klangavvikelser.
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Tronnier, Mechtild. "Nasals and nasalisation in speech production with special emphasis on methodology and Osaka Japanese /". Lund : Lund University Press, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=nxZZAAAAMAAJ.
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Rooney, Edmund Joseph. "Nasality in automatic speaker verification". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19268.
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This thesis examines the suitability of nasal resonance patterns as a means of authenticating speakers' identities in an automatic speaker verification system. The inadequacy of traditional methods of ascertaining identity in commerce and industry - the possession of keys or PIN numbers, for example - has prompted researchers to look at attributes which are inseparable from the person who possesses them ('biometric' features: that is, features which are part of a person's physical make-up, or aspects of their performance of a task). The use of speech in this application has received much attention, despite its inherent variability. Much of the research uses whole-word templates (text-dependent) or long-term statistical measures (text-independent), but a third approach - segmental analysis - has also proved useful, because it concentrates on features of speech which are known to be highly speaker-dependent. The nasal cavities in particular are known to vary considerably from speaker to speaker, and to be relatively fixed in their size and shape. The acoustic analysis of nasality is complicated by the manner of its production, however, which introduces anti-resonances or transfer function zeros into the spectrum. This renders the most popular analysis technique, Linear Predictive Coding, inherently inaccurate, since it assumes a vocal tract transfer function which has all poles (resonances) and no zeros. In this thesis, the potential of nasality is re-examined using a relatively new but established technique, cepstral decomposition, which allows accurate estimation of both pole and zero frequencies. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated on both synthetic speech and nasal stops, and a modification is introduced to reduce the detrimental effects of overestimation of the all-zero model order. A review of acoustic, anatomical and phonetic aspects of nasality suggests that while nasality does not offer an invariant acoustic marker of identity (the nasal tract proving extremely variable and its contribution to the spectrum depending extensively on the rest of the vocal tract), it still offers the most favourable phonetic environment for the purposes of speaker verification. The velar nasal stop is chosen for study, since its spectrum shows the greatest dependence on unalterable nasal tract characteristics and the greatest resistance to changes elsewhere in the vocal tract (e.g. lingual coarticulation).
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Chen, Marilyn Y. (Marilyn Yun-Fei). "Acoustic correlates of nasality in speech". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11180.
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Zečević, Anto. "Ein sprachgestütztes Trainingssystem zur Evaluierung der Nasalität". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10790754.
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Nasukawa, Kuniya. "A unified approach to nasality and voicing". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324562.
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Chevrier, Natacha. "Analyse de la phonologie du bribri (chibcha) dans une perspective typologique : nasalité et géminée modulée". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2033/document.
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Le bribri est une langue chibcha parlée au Costa Rica (Amérique Centrale). Les langues chibcha représentent la principale famille de l’Aire Intermédiaire (Constenla 1991), qui relie la Mesoamérique aux zones amazonienne et andine. Ce sont cependant toutes des langues en danger, encore relativement peu décrites.Cette thèse est une analyse de la phonologie du bribri (Schlabach 1974 ; Wilson 1974 ; Constenla 1981 ; Jara 2004), problématisée autour de ses caractéristiques typologiques :(i) Le système nasal : le bribri fait partie des rares langues du monde dans lesquelles la nasalité n’est pas distinctive pour les consonnes. Les consonnes nasales présentes dans l’output sont le résultat d’harmonies nasales (Cohn 1993 ; Walker 1998, 2001) et d’hypervoisement par abaissement du voile du palais (Iverson & Salmons 1996 ; Solé 2009). Alors que le premier processus avait en partie été décrit pour le bribri (Wilson 1970 ; Constenla 1982, 1985 ; Tohsaku 1987), le second n’avait pas encore été identifié.(ii) La consonne /tk/ : une unité distinctive, combinant deux lieux, sans pour autant être une consonne doublement articulée, contrairement à ce qui avait précédemment été décrit (Lehmann 1920 ; Schlabach 1974 ; Wilson 1974 ; Constenla 1981 ; Jara 2004). Je propose de l’analyser comme une géminée modulée (contour segment, Sagey 1990).La présente étude s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux qui considèrent que les structures phonologiques doivent être expliquées par des contraintes phonétiques, comme les travaux précurseurs d’Ohala (1975, 1981, 1983). J’utilise plus particulièrement le modèle de la Phonologie Articulatoire (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1989). Les analyses s’appuient sur des données acoustiques, récoltées dans deux communautés bribri entre 2012 et 2014 (Bajo Coen - Coroma et Amubre).En plus d’une démarche typologique et phonétique, j’adopte une approche dialectale et diachronique, afin de mieux appréhender le système phonologique de la langueBribri is a Chibchan language spoken in Costa Rica (Central America). Chibchan languages form the main family of the Intermediate Area (Constenla 1991), which links Mesoamerica to the Amazonian and the Andean regions. All of them are endangered and are still under described.This dissertation provides an analysis of Bribri phonology (Schlabach 1974; Wilson 1974; Constenla 1981; Jara 2004) problematized according to its typological characteristics:(i) The nasal system: Bribri is among the few languages in the world to lack distinctive nasal consonants. The nasal consonants present in the output result from nasal harmony (Cohn 1993; Walker 1998, 2001) and hypervoicing through velopharyngeal opening (Iverson & Salmons 1996; Solé 2009). While the first process has been partially described for Bribri (Wilson 1970; Constenla 1982, 1985; Tohsaku 1987), the second has not been individuated in the language.(ii) The consonant /tk/: the consonant /tk/ is a distinctive unit which combines two places of articulation. Contrary to what has been previously described (Lehmann 1920; Schlabach 1974; Wilson 1974; Constenla 1981; Jara 2004), it is not a doubly articulated consonant. I propose to analyse it as a contour geminate consonant (based on the concept of contour segment, Sagey 1990).Following Ohala’s pioneering work (1975, 1981, 1983), this work is based on the assumption that phonological structures must be explained by phonetic constraints. More specifically, I use the Articulatory Phonology frame (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1989). The analysis is based on acoustic data collected among two Bribri communities, between 2012 and 2014 (Bajo Coen - Coroma and Amubre).Along the typological and phonetic approach, I have adopted a dialectal and diachronical point of view to better capture the phonological system of the language
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Pulleyblank, Doug. "Patterns of Feature Cooccurrence: The Case of Nasality". Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227258.
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It is widely acknowledged that certain feature combinations are more likely to occur than others. For example, the feature of nasality is much more likely to appear on segments that are voiced than on segments that are voiceless (see discussion below). Several properties of such combinatorial restrictions are important, including the following: (i) the motivation or source of such restrictions, (ii) their cross-linguistic variability, (iii) their language -internal strength, (iv) the manners in which they manifest themselves. This paper examines certain aspects of the phonology of nasal segments that bear on these issues. The paper focusses on the phenomenon of nasal opacity, where opacity is used to refer to the arresting of a process of feature propagation. When some feature (in this paper, nasality) is transmitted throughout some domain, the presence of certain opaque segments interrupts such a transmission. It is shown that in a wide range of cases involving nasality, the class of opaque segments is systematically defined. Blocking is not due to the lexical idiosyncracy of particular segments; the class of blockers is defined in terms of particular phonological features. This property raises two important issues. On the one hand, how can the possible classes of blockers be characterised in terms of their feature composition? On the other hand, by what mechanism do the opaque elements actually accomplish blocking. In the following sections, I first discuss certain cross-linguistic generalisations concerning cooccurrence restrictions involving nasality; I go on to demonstrate that the types of cooccurrence restrictions governing segmental inventories also define typical classes of opaque segments; finally, it is demonstrated that the actual mechanism for accomplishing the blocking of feature transmission involves feature cooccurrence restrictions in a central way.
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Von, Berg Shelley. "The effect of vowels on nasalance measures and nasality judgments /". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2002. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3060378.
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Allord, Molly Elizabeth. "Effects of vowel type on reliability of perceptual ratings of nasality /". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433086.
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Brkan, Altijana. "Étude comparative des phénomènes de coarticulation nasale en anglais américain, bosnien, français, norvégien et ourdou". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA012/document.
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Cette thèse concerne la comparaison des stratégies de coarticulation nasale sur les voyelles dans deux langues possédant des voyelles nasales phonologiques (français et ourdou) et trois langues ne possédant pas de voyelles nasales phonologiques (l’anglais américain, le bosnien et le norvégien). Pour évaluer le degré de nasalité produit, nous avons utilisé un accéléromètre piézoélectrique (AP) (non invasive et transportable). Cinq locuteurs natifs par langue ont enregistré un corpus de logatomes (CVNC et un ensemble de mots et de phrases. Cette thèse montre que (1) une différence inter-langues de stratégies existe, confirmant ainsi un fait déjà connu, (2) l’existence d’un contraste phonologique entre voyelles nasales et voyelles orales n’a pas d’influence prévisible sur la propagation de la nasalité, confirmant ainsi un fait déjà connu, (3) un modèle d’anticipation de nasalité peut être plus adéquat pour une langue que pour une autre, (4) les auditeurs francophones ne distinguent pas entre plusieurs degrés de nasalisation contextuelle, mais il existe une corrélation entre la quantité de vibrations issue de l’AP et la perception du degré de nasalisation pour les auditeurs de l’ourdou. L’intérêt de cette étude est que la comparaison de phénomènes de coarticulation nasale des voyelles dans les cinq langues a été faite avec la même instrumentation, dans les mêmes conditions. Un autre intérêt est de montrer l’intérêt de la méthode choisieThis thesis concerns the comparison of the phenomena of nasal coarticulation of vowels in two languages that have phonological nasal vowels (French and Urdu) and three languages that don’t have phonological nasal vowels (American English, Bosnian and Norwegian). To evaluate the degree of nasality, we used a piezoelectric accelerometer (PA) (non invasive and transportable). Five native speakers of each language recorded the corpus of logatomes CVNC, words and sentences. This thesis shows that : (1) an inter-language difference exists with respect to nasal coarticulation strategies, confirming an already known fact, (2) the existence or absence of a phonological contrast between nasal vowels and oral vowels in a language does not necessarily have a predictable influence on the propagation of nasality, confirming an already known fact, (3) one model of anticipation of nasality may be more suitable for one language, while for another language another model may be more suitable. (4) the french auditors don’t disinguish between several degrees of contextual nasalization but there is a correlation between the quantity of vibration from the AP and the perception of the degree of nasality for the auditors of urdu. The interest of this study is that the comparison of the nasal coarticulation phenomena of vowels in the five languages was made with the same instrumentations under the same conditions. Another interest is to show the interest of the chosen method
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Norlander, Rickard y Máté Szekér. "Pole-zero modelling of speech for use in nasality based speaker recognition". Thesis, KTH, Matematik (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118352.
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In this bachelor thesis we performed a comparison between different methods of fitting pole-zero filters to data, and their usefulness for nasality-based speaker recognition in particular. It is believed that nasality has low intra-speaker variation and high inter-speaker variation, and that polezero filters are good at capturing the nasal characteristics. We describe to the extent possible, the theory underpinning the various methods, and then compare them in various ways. We used simulated speech data, to see to what extent the methods provided good estimates of the true filters, when noise had been introduced afterwards. Another way we compared the methods was to determine how well they perform with respect to classifying real speech data, when various features had been extracted with help from the computed filters. Our results were that the all-pole method was superior to the other methods that we considered, at speaker recognition on nasal phonemes, contradicting our hypothesis.I detta kandidatexamensarbete unders¨okte vi olika metoder f¨or att skatta pole-zero filter utifr°an givna data och metodernas anv¨andbarhet i nasalitetbaserad talarigenk¨anning. Vi f¨ormodar att nasalitet har l°ag variation ¨over en och samma talare, samtidigt som den varierar markant fr°an talare till talare. Vi f¨ormodar vidare att pole-zero filter ¨ar l¨ampade f¨or att beskriva nasalitet. Vi beskriver i m¨ojligaste m°an teorin bakom de olika metoderna och j¨amf¨or sedan dessa p°a olika s¨att. Vi anv¨ander bland annat simulerade talsignaler med p°alagt brus f¨or att unders¨oka metodernas robusthet. Vi j¨amf¨or sedan metoderna genom att se hur v¨al de klassifierar talare utifr°an olika features som vi ber¨aknat fr°an filterna. V°ara resultat var att metoden f¨or att skatta all-pole filter var ¨overl¨agsen p°a att klassifiera talare utifr°an nasala fonem, och mots¨ager allts°a v°ar ursprungliga hypotes.
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Campelo, André. "SINGING PORTUGUESE NASAL VOWELS: PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING NASALITY IN BRAZILIAN ART SONGS". UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/89.
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The articulation of Portuguese nasalized vowels poses some articulatory problems accompanied by negative acoustic effects for the performance of Brazilian art songs. The main objective was to find strategies that permit the singer to conciliate an idiomatic pronunciation of these vowels with a well-balanced resonance, a desirable quality in classical singing. In order to devise these strategies, the author examined sources dealing with nasalized vowels from varied perspectives: acoustic properties of vowel nasalization, phonetic and phonological aspects ofBrazilian Portuguese (BP), historical views on nasality in singing, and recent vocal pedagogy research. In addition to the overall loss of sonority, the main effect of nasalization is felt mainly in the first formant (F1) region of oral vowels, due to the introduction of nasal formants and antiformants, and to shifts in the tongue posture. Several sources report the existence of a nasality contour in BP, by which a nasalized vowel starts with an oral phase and transitions gradually to a nasal phase. The author concludes that the basic approach to sing nasalized vowels in BP is (1) to find the tongue posture corresponding to the oral vowel congener (the “core vowel”), and (2) to adjust the nasality contour in such a way that the oral portion remains prominent in order to keep the resonance balance consistent during the emission of the vowel. Once the core vowel is determined, standard vowel modification choices can be made according to voice type and the musical context in which the vowel is being sung. Some challenging excerpts from Brazilian art songs are examined, with suggestions for the application of the discussed strategies.
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Borel, Stéphanie. "Perception auditive, visuelle et audiovisuelle des voyelles nasales par les adultes devenus sourds. Lecture labiale, implant cochléaire, implant du tronc cérébral". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA016/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur la perception visuelle, auditive et audiovisuelle des voyelles nasales [ɑ̃] (« lent »),[ɔ̃] (« long ») et [ɛ̃] (« lin ») par des adultes devenus sourds, implantés cochléaires et implantés dutronc cérébral. L’étude sur la perception visuelle des voyelles, auprès de 22 adultes devenus sourds,redéfinit les sosies labiaux des voyelles nasales et propose une mise à jour de la classification desvisèmes. Trois études sur l’identification auditive des voyelles nasales auprès de 82, 15 et 10 adultesimplantés cochléaires mettent en évidence leur difficulté à reconnaitre les trois voyelles nasales, qu’ilsperçoivent comme des voyelles orales. Les analyses acoustiques et perceptives suggèrent que lesadultes implantés cochléaires s’appuient sur les informations fréquentielles des deux premiers picsspectraux mais négligent les informations d’intensité relative de ces pics. D’après l’étude menéeauprès de 13 adultes implantés du tronc cérébral, des informations acoustiques linguistiques sonttransmises par l’implant du tronc cérébral mais la fusion entre les informations auditives et visuellespourrait être optimisée pour l’identification des voyelles. Enfin, une enquête auprès de 179orthophonistes pointe le besoin d’une information sur la définition phonétique articulatoire actualiséedes voyelles [ɑ̃] et [ɛ̃]This thesis focuses on the visual, auditory and auditory-visual perception of french nasal vowels [ɑ̃](« lent »), [ɔ̃] (« long ») and [ɛ̃] (« lin ») by Cochlear Implant (CI) and Auditory Brainstem Implant(ABI) adults users. The study on visual perception of vowels, with 22 deafened adults, redefines thelip configuration of french nasal vowels and provides an update of the classification of vocalic visualphonemes. Three studies on auditory identification of nasal vowels with 82, 15 and 10 CI usershighlight their difficulty in recognizing the three nasal vowels, which they perceive as oral vowels.Acoustic and perceptual analyzes suggest that adults with CI rely on frequency informations of thefirst two spectral peaks but miss the informations of relative intensity of these peaks. The study with13 ABI users show that some linguistic acoustic cues are transmitted by the ABI but the fusion ofauditory and visual features could be optimized for the identification of vowels. Finally, a survey of179 Speech Language and Hearing Therapists show the need of an update on the phonetic articulationof french nasal vowels [ɑ̃] and [ɛ̃]
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Lee, Su-ying Alice. "Perceptual and instrumental analysis of hypernasality /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30397108.
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Lee, Kar-yan Kanei. "Rating hypernasality speaker and listener language effect /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholors Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38279253.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2005."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2005." Also available in print.
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Chen, Pak-wei Danny. "Spectral correlates of hypernasality in consonants". Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholors Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38279113.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2005."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2005." Also available in print.
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Chun, Chun Joyce. "The relationship between nasalance, nasality and intelligibility in Cantonese children with cleft palate". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209855.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1999."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, 14th May, 1999." Also available in print.
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Lee, Su-ying Alice y 李雪瑩. "Perceptual and instrumental analysis of hypernasality". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014905.
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Brancamp, Tami Urbani. "Correspondence between nasalance scores and nasality ratings with equal appearing intervals and direct magnitude estimation scaling methods". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3307133.
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Ploch, Stefan. "Nasals on my mind : the phonetic and the cognitive approach to the phonology of nasality". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28526/.
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This thesis compares two approaches to the phonology of nasality and consists therefore of two main parts: the phonetic approach, which is discussed in part 1, and the cognitive approach (part 2). This is to say that this thesis investigates how the Language Acquisition Device employs nasality to define vocalic or consonantal systems of contrast, on the one hand, and phonotactic constraints and phonological processes, on the other. Ultimately, the phonetic approach is rejected, while the cognitive view is argued to be the more empirical one. Part 1, which deals with the phonetic approach, has three chapters. In chapter 1, I show after a brief introduction to Popper's evolutionary view of research and empiricism, that the assumption that the phonologial behaviour of nasality or any other phonetically defined notion is phonetically motivated or grounded (the 'Phonetic Hypothesis', 'PH') is flawed. Chapter 2 investigates feature theories, e.g. underspecification and feature geometry, and discusses the metatheoretical problems these framework have due to the assumption of the PH. This demonstrates that phonological processes involving 'nasality' cannot be explained by the employment of features. In Chapter 3,1 look at the commonly held view that there is a phonetically motivated phonologically relevant link between nasality and vocalic height or consonantal place of articulation (the 'Heightmyth', 'HM'). Part 2 of this thesis shows in four chapters how a cognitive account avoids the metatheoretical problems of the phonetic approach. In addition, it introduces a new proposal in relation to the acquisitional role of phonology: Chapter 4 provides an introduction to Government Phonology ('GP') and, more specifically, to GP's subtheories dealing with melody: (Revised) Element Theory and the Theory of Generative Constraints. This chapter demonstrates that there are languages with phonetically oral vowels which can phonetically nasalise following oral consonants. In chapter 5, I put forward evidence for the merger of Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud's L- and N-element into one new element (new) L. The main advantages of such a move are that it helps to keep overgeneration down and that it provides the basis for a integrated account for the cross-linguistically attested phenomena of nasality-induced voicing, Dahl's and Meinhof's Law. Chapter 6 investigates Quebec French nasal vowels, Montpelier VN-sequences and English NC-clusters and proposes a unified account for them. This analysis includes a cognitive explanation of the French version of the Heightmyth, i.e. for the observation that French vowels may not be high. Finally, in chapter 7, I demonstrate that the view that the PH is mistaken points to a new insight: Acoustic cues do not only contain much phonologically useless packaging in addition to phonologically relevant material, but also underdetermine the phonological representation. In other words, acoustic cues do not always contain all the information necessary to determine the internal representation of a segment. This is due to a phenomenon I have labelled 'acoustic cue overlap'. I can show for a number of Turkic vowel systems that they could not be acquired without the help of phonological processes (I- and U-harmony). Similarly, even though phonetically defined cues like 'voiced' or 'voiceless' for segments do not contain much useful information in relation to the phonological behaviour of the segments involved, there is cross-linguistic evidence for my claim that many consonant systems (including those exhibiting voiced-voiceless contrasts) could not be acquired without the helping, i.e. disambiguating, hand of phonology. All in all, the cognitive approach to phonology will not only be shown to be more empirical than the phonetic approach but also to be much more insightful. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).
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Trigo, Ferré Rosario Lorenza. "On the phonological derivation and behavior of nasal glides". Cambridge, MA : Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology : Distributed by MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21731293.html.
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Dwyer, Claire. "The effect of increasing speaking rate on acoustic and perceptual measures of nasality in hearing impaired speakers". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1413.
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Nasality is a common resonance disorder present in the speech of severely hearing impaired individuals (Hudgins, 1934). The likely cause has been attributed to structural or functional abnormalities of the velopharyngeal mechanism as well as deviations in pitch and loudness. In addition, hearing impaired individuals speak at a slower rate than normal hearing individuals which has been shown to exacerbate the presence of nasality in their speech (Colton & Cooker, 1968). The purpose of this study was to determine whether deliberate increases in speaking rate would serve to decrease the amount of nasality in the speech of severely hearing impaired individuals. The participants were 11 severe to profoundly hearing impaired students, ranging in age from 12 to 19 years (mean = 16 years). Each participant provided a baseline speech sample (R1) followed by three training sessions during which participants were trained to increase their speaking rate. Following the training sessions, a second speech sample was obtained (R2). Acoustic and perceptual analysis pf the speech samples obtained at R1 and R2 were undertaken. The acoustic analysis focused on changes in first and second formant frequency bandwidth (BW1 & BW2). The perceptual analysis involved 21 naïve listeners rating the speech samples (at R1 & R2) for perceived nasality. Findings indicated a significant increase in speaking rate at R2. In addition, a significantly narrower BW2 frequency and lower perceptual rating score was obtained at R2 across all participants, suggesting a considerable decrease in nasality as speaking rate increases. The influences of speaking rate changes on the functioning of the velopharyngeal mechanism are discussed. In addition, the clinical implications of the findings are explored.
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Radzhadzhi, Musiiwa Aaron. "Nasal assimilation and related processes in Tshivenda : a linear and non-linear phonological analysis". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52949.
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Thesis (MA)--University of South Africa, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on nasal strengthening and nasal assimilation processes in Tshivenda. Two phonological models are applied in order to present credible descriptions and explanations of these phenomena. After having described the core components of, respectively, the classical Transformational Generative (TG) model of Chomsky & Halle (1968), and the more contemporary feature Geometry (FG) model, analyses of the phenomena are presented. It appears as if the TG model can handle the idiosyncrasies of the language more elegantly, with a sustained high level of credibility. The FG model is unable to render the same results.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op nasaalversterking en nasaalassimilasie in Tshivenda. Twee fonologiese modelle word aangewend om hierdie verskynsels te beskryf en te verklaar. Die klassieke versie van liniêre fonologie, die sogenaamde SPE model van Chomsky en Halle (1968) is eerste aan die orde gestel. Daar is gevind dat dit tot In groot mate daarin slaag om die onderskeie prosesse te verklaar. Nadat die kernkomponente van die sogenaamde FG model verduidelik is, is hierdie modelook toegepas. Verskeie gebreke in die toepassing van hierdie model het na vore gekom. Ten slotte word bevind dat die klassieke TG model die verskynsels meer omvattend kan hanteer as die FG model.
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Huynh, Yin-sau Christine. "Training perceptual rating of hypernasality with co-existing speech disorders". Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2007. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B42005036.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2007."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-27). Also available in print.
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Pereira, V. J. "The effect of maxillary advancement on speech, nasality and velopharyngeal function in cleft lip and palate". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1354828/.
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10-50% of individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) may undergo maxillary osteotomy in adolescence. The surgery can impact on speech including articulation, resonance and velopharyngeal function. A systematic review of the literature using levels of evidence and power calculations was undertaken. This showed that the evidence base at present for CLP is weak or non-existent due to poor speech and study methodology. The aims of the PhD were to examine the impact of the surgery on speech and to identify valid predictors of acquired velopharyngeal deterioration post-operatively. The prospective study recruited a consecutive series of CLP patients undergoing maxillary osteotomy within the North Thames Regional Cleft Service (UK) and two control groups: a non-CLP group undergoing the surgery and normal controls. CLP patients were seen for perceptual speech assessments, speech acoustics, nasometry, lateral videofluoroscopy, nasendoscopy and pressure-flow. The data were analyzed using perceptual clinical ratings and/or specialized computer software. Reliability studies for all outcomes were undertaken. Statistical analyses using SPSS included within- and between-subject analyses of variance, planned comparisons to look at differences across time points, and correlational analyses. Several multiple regression models were tested to identify valid predictors of acquired velopharyngeal deterioration. The main findings of the study indicate that maxillary osteotomy affects CLP and non-CLP patients differently. In CLP, the surgery has a positive impact on articulation but affects resonance and velopharyngeal function negatively. Although /s/ improves, it is not normalized even a year post-operatively. Results also indicate that resonance changes at 3-months post-operatively appear to be permanent. Initial multiple regression analyses identified pre-operative closure ratio and proportion of palate contacting the posterior pharyngeal wall as valid predictors of hypernasality at 12-months post-operatively. A speech care pathway for patients with cleft lip and palate undergoing advancement surgery, encompassing key elements of assessment, review and management, is proposed.
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WANG, TSAE TZY. "Etude phonologique et experimentale comparee des occlusives du chinois, du francais et de l'anglo-americain analyse oscillographique du vot et de la nasalite". Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR20009.
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Cette etude repose sur les comparaisons phonologique et phonetique des occlusives orales et nasales du chinois, du francais et de l'anglo-americain. En premier lieu, nous comparons le systeme phonologique des trois langues. Sachant qu'en chinois, sur le plan phonologique, les occlusives s'opposent par l'aspiration : /p, ph, t, th k, kh/ ; en francais et en angloamericain, elles s'opposent par la sonorite : /p, b, t, d, k, g/. Partant de cette base phonologique, nous examinons tout d'abord les differences phonetiques a l'aide du vot. Puis, nous comparons les caracteristiques de nasalite sur des traces oscillographiques traites par ordinateur. Les observations conduisant a quelques remarques concernant la nasalisation spontanee des voyelles en chinois. Un des objectifs de cette etude est d'aider les etudiants chinois, francais et americains, lors de leur apprentissage d'une de ces trois langues comme langue etrangere, a etre conscients de la divergence entre les occlusivesThis study concerns a phonologic and phonetic comparison of chinese, french and american english oral and nasal stop consonants. First of all, we compare the phonologic system in these three languages. As we know, on the phonological level, stops in chinese are contrasted by aspiration : /p, ph, t, th, k, kh/; in french as in american english, they are contrasted by voicing : /p, b, t, d, k, g/. Based on this phonological information, we examine the phonetic differences of stops using vot and nasal differences by observing their nasality on the oscillograms. These observations will lead to some interesting remarks on spontaneous nasalization of chinese vowels. On of the purpose of this study is to help chinese, french et american students, learning one of these three languages as a foreign language, to be aware of the differences between various stops
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Dattilo, Kristin Louise. "The effects of articulation errors on perceived nasality in speakers with repaired cleft lip and/or palate". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3067.
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The purpose of this study was to further investigate the effects of articulation errors on perceptual ratings of nasality in speakers with repaired cleft palates, specifically looking at the effect of varying magnitudes of articulation errors and education on perception of nasality. A group of expert listeners, speech-language pathologists with significant clinical experience in the area of cleft palate and resonance disorders, first rated the articulatory proficiency and nasality of a number of utterances produced by children with repaired cleft palates, on separate 6-point scales. Their ratings were then used to categorize stimuli into a three-by-three matrix (mild, moderate, severe) using articulation deficit and nasality as the two dimensions of interest. Untrained listeners (undergraduates and graduate students in a speech-language pathology training program) were then asked to rate the level of nasality on a 1 (normal) to 6 (severe) scale. Listener group ratings were compared to each other and to the expert listeners. Significant differences (p=0.004) were found between the undergraduate and graduate students' ratings when compared to the expert listeners. Graduates, had lower inter- and intra-rater reliability compared to the undergraduates. For both undergraduates and graduates, the difference between their ratings and those of the expert listeners was significantly lower for stimuli with mild articulation errors compared to those with moderate (p<0.0001) and severe (p<0.0001) articulation errors. No significant differences (p=0.416) were found between difference scores for stimuli with moderate versus severe articulation errors. The results were interpreted to suggest that the magnitude, and perhaps type, of articulation errors affects perceived nasality, and that there are group differences between perceptual nasality ratings. These findings support the importance of articulation therapy for children with repaired cleft palates to both decrease articulation errors and decrease perceived nasality. Further, this study highlights the need for including awareness of this interaction in the training of speech-language pathologists in order for the “gold standard” of perceptual judgements to remain a valid and reliable measure.
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Maepa, Mafotha Charles. "Nasal strengthening in Northern Sotho". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52348.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the phonological process of Nasal Strengthening in Northern Sotho. It sets out to employ two phonological models to describe the phenomenon in order to determine which model presents the most credible explanation for the phenomenon. The core elements of a classical linear model, the so called SPE model of Transformational Generative (TG) phonology is described and applied to the phenomenon. It is indicated that a number of phonological rules are actually involved in the process as a whole. It is argued that the following rules are in fact involved in the generation of appropriate phonetic outputs: a strengthening rule, a homorganic nasal assimilation rule and a nasal deletion rule. The previously inexplicable /k'/ insertion rule is shown to be nothing more than part of a more general process of glottal stop strengthening. This is indeed a new view with respect to the traditional stance on "vowel strengthening." Although the majority of the sound changes may be accounted for within a TG model, the formalism of the strengthening rule itself unfortunately does not reflect any phonetic explanation for the phenomenon. A second, non-linear, phonological model, i.e. a Feature Geometry model (FG) is described and applied to the same phenomenon. It appears that although the more contemporary FG model presents innovative ideas on the structure of phonological representations and processes, it can not account for the strengthening of voiced fricatives at all. At the most this model seems to be able only to account for voiceless fricatives being strengthened to voiced obstruents. It is clear that none of the models can present a complete and credible account of Nasal Strengthening in Northern Sotho.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie focus op die proses van Nasaalversterking in Noord Sotho. Twee fonologiese modelle word gebruik in die analise van die verskynsel ten einde te bepaal welke model die mees geskik is om 'n geloofwaardige verklaring aan te bied. Die hoofelemente van 'n lineere Transformasioneel Generatiewe (TG) model word beskryf en toegepas in Noord Sotho. Daar word aangetoon dat die proses uit 'n verskeidenheid verwante prosesse bestaan en daar word geargumenteer dat die volgende reels almal 'n rol speel: "n verstekingsreel, 'n homorgane assimilasiereel en 'n nasaaldelesiereel. 'n Vorige onverklaarbare Ik.'/ invoegingsreel word geherinterpreteer as 'n glottale stop versterkingsreel wat nuwe verduidelikings bied vir die sg versterking van vokale. Alhoewel die meeste van die klankwisselinge verantwoord kan word binne 'n TG model, bied die format van die versterkingsreel ongelukkig geen fonetiese motivering vir die proses aan me. 'n Tweede model, die sg Kenmerkgeometrie (KG), is vervolgens beskryf en toegepas. Dit het heel gou geblyk dat hierdie model, ten spyte van baie innovasies, nie in staat is om die versterking van sternhebbende frikatiewe te verantwoord nie. Dit kon slegs 'n sinvolle beskrywing van die versterking van stemlose frikatiewe moontlik maak. Uit hierdie studie blyk dit dat nie een van die twee modelle wat aangewend is 'n volledige en geloofwaardige beskrywing van die verskynsel van Nasaalversterking in Noord Sotho kan aanbied nie.
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Perna, Nicholas K. "Effects of Nasalance on the Acoustics of the Tenor Passaggio and Head Voice". Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/88.
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PERNA, NICHOLAS (D.M.A., Vocal Pedagogy and Performance) Effects of Nasalance on the Acoustical Properties of the (May 2008) Tenor Passaggio and Head Voice Abstract of a doctoral essay at the University of Miami. Doctoral essay supervised by Professor David Alt and Professor Rachel L. Lebon. No. of pages in text. (73) This study aims to measure the effect that nasality has on the acoustical properties of the tenor passaggio and head voice. Not to be confused with forward resonance, nasality here will be defined as nasalance, the reading of a Nasometer, or the percentage of nasal and oral airflow during phonation. A previous study by Peer Birch et. al. has shown that professional tenors used higher percentages of nasalance through their passaggio. They hypothesized that tenors used nasalance to make slight timbral adjustments as they ascended through passaggio. Other well respected authors including Richard Miller and William McIver have claimed that teaching registration issues is the most important component of training young tenors. It seemed logical to measure the acoustic effects of nasalance on the tenor passaggio and head voice. Eight professional operatic tenors participated as subjects performing numerous vocal exercises that demonstrated various registration events. These examples were recorded and analyzed using a Nasometer and Voce Vista Pro Software. Tenors did generally show an increase of nasalance during an ascending B-flat major scale on the vowels [i] and [u]. Perhaps the most revealing result was that six of seven tenors showed at least a 5-10% increase in nasalance on the note after their primary register transition on the vowel of [a]. It is suggested that this phenomenon receive further empirical scrutiny, because, if true, pedagogues could use nasalance as a tool for helping a young tenor ascend through his passaggio.
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Costa, Consuelo de Paiva Godinho. "Apyngwa rupigwa : nasalização em Nhandewa-Guarani". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/268994.
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Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'AngelisTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Os processos de nasalização em línguas Guarani têm sido objeto de interesse da Fonologia há várias décadas, já tendo sido tratados em diferentes abordagens e modelos teóricos. Apesar disso, nenhuma das interpretações sugeridas encontrou aceitação irrestrita entre os estudiosos dessas línguas. Esta tese aborda os processos de nasalização no Nhandewa-Guarani, a língua falada por uma parcialidade Guarani que habita o Estado de São Paulo e o norte do Estado do Paraná, no Brasil meridional, e pretende contribuir à busca por uma interpretação abrangente e conclusiva desses processos nas mencionadas línguas. Além disso, ao tentar abarcar, com o mesmo aparato explicativo, fenômenos de nasalização de outras línguas da família Tupi-Guarani, como o Tapirapé, pretendo romper o círculo que tem separado a análise de fenômenos das línguas Guarani daquela de outras línguas da mesma família e, ao mesmo tempo, romper a barreira que parece existir para uma aceitação de que fenômenos de harmonização nasal também ocorrem no 'ramo Tupi¿ daquela família lingüística
Abstract: The nasalization process in the Guarani languages has been object of the Phonology interest by several decades. This process has been treated by different approaches and theoretical models. Although, none interpretation proposed was unrestrictedly accepted among the scholars of these languages. This work approaches the nasalization process in the Nhandewa-Guarani, language spoken by the Guarani people living in São Paulo and in the north region of Paraná, Southern Brazil. This work intends to contribute to the quest of a productive and conclusive interpretation for the process in these languages. Furthermore, in attempting to include, with the same explanatory apparatus, the nasalization phenomena of the others languages of the Tupi-Guarani family, such as Tapirapé, I intend to break the circle which has separated the analysis of the phenomena of the Guarani languages from those of the others languages in the same family, and, at same time, to break down the obstacle that seems to exist concerning to the acceptation that nasal harmony phenomena also occurs in the 'Tupi branch¿ of that linguistic family
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Delvaux, Véronique. "Contrôle et connaissance phonétique: les voyelles nasales du français". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211385.
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Niu, Xiaochuan. "Measurement, analysis, and detection of nasalization in speech". Full text open access at:, 2008. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,623.
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Tourville, José. "Licensing and the representation of floating nasals". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39274.
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It is commonly agreed that phonological elements must be prosodically licensed in order to be interpreted phonetically (cf. Ito, 1986). The licensing of segments is generally assumed to follow from the Universal Association Conventions. The licensing of phonological units smaller than the segment, however, has not been fully addressed. There is no agreement on the exact licensing mechanisms at play and on what constitutes a proper anchor for the initial association of floating subsegmentals. This thesis proposes a principled account of subsegmental licensing within the theory of segmental structure known as feature geometry, as modified by Piggott (to appear). It is shown that the manifestation of nasality in Maukaka, Koyaga, Jula, and Terena result from the way licensing operates. It is argued that, universally, floating subsegmental units are licensed through mapping, which associates a unit to an available position. It is also proposed that whenever there is no proper position for the mapping of a subsegmental element, this element may be licensed by Chomsky-adjunction. This type of adjunction has played a role in syllabification but not in the organization of feature.
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Santos, Tatiana Belmonte dos. "Descrição da nasalidade no município de barreirinha, comunidade do Andirá, no Amazonas". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2393.
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Previous issue date: 2013-01-21Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The nasality in Portuguese is a rich topic of study in linguistic aspects. The aim of this essay is to describe the nasality in the speech of native residents of Barreirinha, in the Community of Freguesia do Andirá, located north of the city of Parintins and east of the state of Pará, 331 km from the capital of Amazonas, Manaus. Through a diachronic study of nasality from Latin to the modern Portuguese, it is possible to identify its emergence and its transformations throughout history. Some aspects of nasality in archaic Portuguese, especially the variation that existed in Lisbon-Coimbra, described by Bueno (1967), works out as an aid to understanding the phenomenon that has been registered in the Community of Andirá. This phenomenon comes from the oral sound production of vowels in phonological environments, where, for the usual conventions of Portuguese phonology, should suffer slight nasalization, for example, the vowel /a/ in the word santo. Among the other objectives of this study, we highlight the quantification of the phenomenon investigated and registered in the Community, and the set up of hypotheses that may explain its occurrence. It was used as a parameter for identification and verification of the phenomenon in question, descriptions of nasality in Phonetics and Phonology of Portuguese. This is a qualitative and quantitative study, which follows the parameters of the theory social variationist theory. Data collection was performed in the Freguesia do Andirá through an interview to 18 (eighteen) informants, being 06 (six) men and 06 (six) women, from 03 (three) different age groups, young people, adults and elderly, whom were natives and residents of the Community. The corpus included 69 (sixty-nine) words. The data were analyzed lighted by the Experimental Phonetics, using the Praat software, through which we obtained experimental tools to record the phenomenon. And yet, we followed the patterns of the variationist sociolinguistics to analyze the data in terms of the variations gender/sex, age and education level. The data analysis indicated the discovery of a variation of nasality in Barreirinha, which resembles the variation occurring in the archaic Portuguese, and also pointed to an ongoing transformation of the phenomenon, considering the analyzed sociolinguistic variables
A nasalidade na língua portuguesa é um tema de estudo rico em aspectos linguísticos. O objetivo desta dissertação é descrever a nasalidade na fala dos moradores nativos do Município de Barreirinha, na Comunidade de Freguesia do Andirá, localizada ao norte do município de Parintins e a leste do estado do Pará, a 331 km da capital do Amazonas, a cidade de Manaus. Através de um estudo diacrônico da nasalidade do latim até o português moderno, é possível identificar o seu surgimento e as suas transformações no decorrer da História. Alguns aspectos da nasalidade no português arcaico, em especial a variação que existia em Lisboa- -Coimbra, descrita por Bueno (1967), servem de auxílio para a compreensão do fenômeno registrado na Comunidade do Andirá. Este fenômeno trata-se da produção de som oral de vogais em ambientes fonológicos, onde, por convenções usuais da fonologia da língua portuguesa, deveriam sofrer leve nasalização, como, por exemplo, a vogal /a/ na palavra santo. Dentre os demais objetivos deste trabalho, destacam-se a quantificação do fenômeno registrado na Comunidade investigada e o levantamento de hipóteses que possam explicar a sua ocorrência. Foram utilizadas, como parâmetro para a identificação e constatação do fenômeno em questão, as descrições da nasalidade na Fonética e na Fonologia da língua portuguesa. Este é um trabalho quali-quantitativo, que segue os parâmetros da teoria sociovariacionista. A coleta de dados foi realizada em Freguesia do Andirá, através de entrevista a 18 (dezoito) informantes, sendo 06 (seis) homens e 06 (seis) mulheres, de 03 (três) grupos etários distintos, jovens, adultos e idosos, os quais eram nativos e moradores da Comunidade. O corpus contemplou 69 (sessenta e nove) palavras. Os dados foram analisados à luz da Fonética Experimental, com a utilização do Software Praat, através do qual obtivemos as ferramentas de registro experimental do fenômeno. E, ainda, seguimos a sociolinguística variacionista para analisar os dados nos âmbitos das variações gênero/sexo, idade e escolaridade. A análise dos dados coletados indicou a constatação de uma variação de nasalidade em Barreirinha, que se assemelha à variação ocorrente no português arcaico, e, ainda, apontou para um processo de transformação do fenômeno, considerando-se as variáveis sociolinguísticas analisadas
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Guerra, Thaís Alves. "Nasalância na presença e ausência da fricativa faríngea". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/61/61132/tde-12012015-153859/.
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Objetivos: Estabelecer um banco de amostras de fala constituído por gravações representativas do uso de articulação compensatória do tipo (FF), da presença de hipernasalidade e da ausência de hipernasalidade; identificar valores de nasalância (média e desvio padrão) em amostras de fala estudadas; e comparar os valores de nasalância nas diferentes amostras de fala. Método: Um total de 1680 amostras de fala foram fornecidas por 19 indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina (FLP) operada, com ou sem disfunção velofaringea (DVF) e por cinco indivíduos sem DVF e sem histórico de FLP. Os participantes repetiram um conjunto de 14 frases (13 constituídas de sons de alta pressão e uma constituída de um som de baixa pressão), enquanto os sinais de áudio e nasalância foram capturados simultaneamente. Os sinais de áudio foram editados e foram julgados por três juízas experientes por consenso. Após julgamento as amostras foram reagrupadas em quatro grupos distintos: G1 incluiu 255 amostras de fala julgadas como representativas de hipernasalidade (hiper); G2 incluiu 130 amostras de fala julgadas como representativas do uso de FF e hipernasalidade; G3 incluiu 280 amostras de fala julgadas como representativas de fala típica (sem FF e sem hiper) em falantes com histórico de FLP; G4 incluiu 175 amostras de fala julgadas como representativas de fala típicas (sem FF e sem hiper) em falantes sem histórico de FLP. Resultados: Os julgamentos aferidos por consenso pelas três juízas permitiram a identificação de amostras representativas do uso de FF e da presença e ausência de hipernasalidade. As amostras julgadas e redistribuídas nos quatro grupos de interesse permitiram o cálculo dos valores de nasalância para cada grupo e foi realizado estatística inferencial utilizando o teste Kruskal-Wallis para testar a hipótese de que a presença de FF, associada ou não à hipernasalidade, nas amostras de fala de interesse, altera os resultados de nasalância. Quando houve diferença estatisticamente significante foi aplicado o teste Dunn\'s para comparar os grupos aos pares. Após a análise estatística inferencial realizada observa-se que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com alteração de fala (G1 e G2) e aqueles sem alteração (G3 e G4). A diferença entre o grupo com hipernasalidade (G1) e o grupo com FF (G2) não foi significante Conclusão: O uso de FF não influenciou significativamente os valores de nasalância para a amostra estudada, refutando a hipótese estipulada.Objective: This study had the objectives of establishing a data bank of speech recordings representative of use of pharyngeal fricative compensatory articulation (PF); presence and absence of hypernasality; identifying nasalance values (mean and standard deviation for the samples studied; and comparing nasalance finding among the different speech samples established. Method: A total of 1680 speech samples were recorded from 19 individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP), 11 with velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) and 8 without VPD, and from 5 individuals without history of CLP. The participants repeated a series of 14 phrases (13 with high pressure consonants and 1 with a low pressure consonant), while audio and nasometric data was simultaneously recorded. The audio signals captures were edited and rated by 3 experienced judges with 100% agreement. After the ratings the samples were distributed into 4 groups (G): G1 included 255 samples rated as representative of presence of hypernasality; G2 included 130 samples rated as representative of use of PF and hypernasality; G3 included 280 samples rated as representative of normal speech (without PF and without hypernasality) for speakers with history of cleft palate; G4 included 175 samples rated as representative of normal speech (without PF and without hypernasality) for speakers without history of cleft palate. Results: The ratings established with agreement by the 3 judges during auditory-perceptual analysis of the recordings responded to objectives this study which proposed to establish samples representative of use of PF and of presence and absence of hypernasality. The samples rated by the judges were distributed into the four groups of interest for calculation of the nasalance scores, The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used to test the hypothesis that presence of PF, with or without hypernasality significantly would affect nasalance scores. When significant difference was found Dunns test was used to compared data in group pairs. After inferential statistics we observed that a significant difference was found between nasalance scores for groups G1 and G2 (samples representative of speech errors) with groups G3 and G4 (samples representative of normal speech). The difference between the group with hypernasality (G1) and the group with PF (G2) was not significant. Conclusion: The use of PF did not significantly influence nasalance values for the studied sample, refuting the proposed hypothesis.
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Olivier, Iolanda. "Duurverskynsels by enkelvoudige nasale en komplekse nasaalverbindings in Xhosa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52246.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this assignment durational features in singular nasals and complex nasal combinations in Xhosa are studied. The focus is on durational differences between single nasals, nasals in combination with consonants and nasal combinations featuring a morpheme boundary. Nouns were selected with these INCI-combinations in various syllable positions in a word. Data from one mother-tongue speaker were analysed and statistically processed and internally compared. It was found that the duration of a singular /m/ and /n/ preceding a morpheme boundary was longer than the corresponding nasal in a final syllable without an intervening morpheme boundary. When an obstruent appears in conjunction with a labial and alveolar nasal, the total duration of these INCI-combinations are longer than those of the singular /m/ and /n/. The presence of a morpheme boundary after complex nasals seemingly has no influence on the duration of the nasal or on the rest of the segments in the syllable. The duration of the syllabic /m/ is longer than that of the singular labial /m/. As secondary findings sequential aspects of nasals are discussed. In this study theoretical arguments are offered where possible in support of the above mentioned results.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie werkstuk word duurverskynsels by enkelvoudige nasale en komplekse nasaalverbindings in Xhosa bestudeer. Daar word gefokus op die duurverskillle tussen enkelvoudige nasale, nasale in kombinasie met konsonante en nasaalverbindings waar 'n morfeemgrens voorkom. Naamwoorde is gesoek met die INK/-kombinasies in die laaste sillabeposisie, voorfinale en enige sillabeposisie vorentoe in die woord. Die data van een moedertaalspreker is ontleed en statisties verwerk. Die resultate hiervan is ook onderling met mekaar vergelyk. Daar is onder meer bevind dat die duur van 'n enkelvoudige /m/ en /n/ relatief langer is voor 'n morfeemgrens as die ooreenstemmende nasaal in 'n finale sillabe sonder 'n morfeemgrens. Wanneer 'n stopklank saam met 'n labiale en alveolere nasaal verskyn, is die totale duur van die INK/-kombinasies langer as die enkelvoudige /m/ en /n/ s'n. Die teenwoordigheid van 'n morfeemgrens na komplekse nasale het skynbaar geen invloed op die duur van die nasaal en of die res van die segmente in die sillabe nie. Die sillabiese /m/ se duur is langer as die enkelvoudige labiale /m/. In die sekondere bevindinge word sekere opeenvolgings van die nasaal bespreek. In hierdie studie word, waar moontlik, sekere teoretiese argumente aangebied vir onder meer bogenoemde resultate.
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D'Angelis, Wilmar 1957. "Traços de modo e modos de traçar geometricas : linguas Macro-Je & teoria fonologica". [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270651.
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Orientador: Eleonora Cavalcante AlbanoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O presente trabalho trata das possibilidades e dos limites de alguns dos mais difundidos modelos fonológicos correntes (a saber, fonologias não-lineares baseadas em traços autossegmentalizados e hierarquicamente relacionados) e da fronteira onde hoje se discutem os destinos da teoria fonológica e se experimenta a construção de modelos baseados em gestos, perseguidores de um arcabouço dinâmico para o modelamento teórico do(s) componente(s) fonético-fonológico das línguas. Para tanto, exploram-se os limites da representação autossegmental e das geometrias de traços no tratamento de fatos atestados no Kaingang, uma língua indígena da família Jê, e que também têm sido relatados, em maior ou menor extensão, em outras línguas brasileiras filiadas ao tronco Macro-Jê. ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The present thesis deals with the possibilities and limits of some of the most widespread current phonological models (i.e. non-linear phonologies based on autosegmentalization and hierarchically related features) and explores the frontiers of phonological theory, reflecting on its destiny and investigating new approaches such as the use of gesture dynamics for the theoretical modelling of the phonetic-phonological componentes) of languages. To this end, the limits of the autosegmental representations and those of the feature geometries are explored on the treating of facts from Kaingang, an indigenous language of the Je family; similar processes have also been reported to some extent in other Brazilian languages of the Macro-Je stock. ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística
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Ferreira, Daniele Baraldi de Paula. "Nasalidade e nasalância após palatoplastia primária". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/61/61132/tde-29062011-112713/.
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Objetivo: Verificar os resultados de nasalidade da fala após a palatoplastia primária, por meio de avaliação perceptiva combinada à avaliação nasométrica. Modelo: Estudo clínico prospectivo. Local de Execução: Laboratório de Fisiologia do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Método: Análise da nasalidade da fala realizada em 73 indivíduos com fissura de palato±lábio, com 10 anos de idade, em média, submetidos à palatoplastia primária em um único tempo cirúrgico pela técnica de von Langenbeck. Para a avaliação perceptiva, a nasalidade foi classificada por 3 juízes utilizando-se uma escala de 4 pontos (1=hipernasalidade ausente, 2=leve, 3=moderada e 4=grave), a partir de amostras de fala registradas em um sistema de áudio e vídeo. O grau de concordância inter e intrajuízes foi verificado por meio do coeficiente de Kappa. Um escore final para a nasalidade (média dos juízes) foi estabelecido para cada indivíduo. Na avaliação instrumental da nasalidade, determinou-se a nasalância da fala por meio de um nasômetro 6200-3 IBM, Kay Elemetrics, utilizando-se o valor de corte de 27%. A comparação entre os resultados dos dois métodos, no que se refere à proporção de casos com ausência e presença de hipernasalidade foi verificada por meio do teste de McNemar (p<0,05). Resultados: Na avaliação perceptiva, ausência de hipernasalidade foi verificada em 70% (51) dos casos, 26% (19) apresentaram hipernasalidade leve, 3% (2) moderada e 1% (1), grave. Concordância interjuízes discreta a substancial foi verificada na classificação da nasalidade. Na análise da concordância intrajuízes, o grau variou de quase perfeito a perfeito. À avaliação nasométrica, 78% (57) dos sujeitos apresentaram valores de nasalância sugestivos de ausência de hipernasalidade, enquanto que os demais 22% (16) apresentaram valores de nasalância aumentados (>27%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as proporções de sujeitos com presença e ausência da hipernasalidade obtidas pelos dois métodos. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos por meio da avaliação perceptiva combinada à nasométrica permitiram concluir que a palatoplastia primária foi efetiva em eliminar a hipernasalidade em parcela significante dos indivíduos analisados.Objective: To verify speech nasality after primary palatoplasty by means of perceptual and nasometric assessment. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Method: Analysis of speech nasality in 73 cleft palate±lip subjects, with 10 years of age, on average, who underwent one-stage primary palatoplasty by von Langenbeck technique. For perceptual assessment, nasality was classified by 3 judges using a 4-point scale (1=hypernasality absent, 2=mild, 3=moderate and 4=severe), based on speech samples recorded in audio and video system. Inter and intra-judge agreement was verified using Kappa coefficient. A final nasality score (mean of the judges) was established for each subject. In the instrumental assessment of nasality, nasalance scores were provided by a nasometer, model 6200-3 IBM, Kay Elemetrics, using the cutoff score of 27%. Comparison between the results of both methods, with regard to proportion of cases with absence and presence of hypernasality was verified by the McNemar test (p<0.05). Results: Perceptually, absence of hypernasality was verified in 70% (51) of cases, 26% (19) presented mild hypernasality, 3% (2) moderate and 1% (1), severe. Kappa coefficient showed fair to substantial inter-judge agreement. Intra-judge agreement ranged from almost perfect to perfect. Nasometric assessment found 78% (57) of cases with normal nasalance scores, indicating absence of hypernasality, whereas the remaining 22% (16) presented increased scores (>27%). There was no statistically significant difference between the proportion of subjects with presence and absence of hypernasality provided by both methods. Conclusion: The results obtained by perceptual and nasometric assessment indicated that primary palatoplasty was effective in eliminating hypernasality in a significant number of the subjects analyzed.
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Serrurier, Antoine. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle des organes de la parole à partir d'images IRM pour la production de nasales - Caractérisation articulatori-acoustique des mouvements du voile du palais". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156977.
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Ce travail a pour objectif la caractérisation articulatori-acoustique de la nasalité: nature des mouvements du port vélopharyngé, caractéristiques acoustiques liées. La construction d'un modèle articulatoire linéaire 3D monosujet du conduit nasal à partir d'images IRM et CT a fait émerger deux degrés de liberté parmi les mouvements du voile du palais et de la paroi nasopharyngée. Le premier, prédominant, correspond à un mouvement conjoint vertical oblique du voile et horizontal de la paroi pharyngée, traduisant l'effet de sphincter du port vélopharyngé, et le second à un petit mouvement horizontal du voile seul, modifiant sensiblement l'aire de couplage nasal. L'espace des mouvements du modèle décrit exactement celui d'un point du voile obtenu par articulographie électromagnétique. Les fonctions d'aire réalistes du conduit nasal déduites du modèle ont permis de déterminer les fonctions de transfert acoustiques de sept voyelles et l'influence acoustique des mouvements du voile.
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Prunet, Jean-François. "Spreading and locality domains in phonology". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74017.
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Oliveira, Debora Natalia de. "Resultados de fala do tratamento oferecido de rotina a crianças com fissura de palato isolada em unidade hospitalar especializada: avaliação da nasalidade e da nasalância aos 5 anos de idade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/61/61132/tde-13062017-104826/.
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Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados de fala do tratamento cirúrgico da fissura de palato isolada oferecido de rotina no HRAC-USP, por meio de avaliação perceptivo-auditiva e nasométrica, em crianças de 5 anos de idade. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo conduzido em 27 crianças com fissura de palato isolada operada, de uma amostra total de 52 crianças recrutadas, em um período de 9 meses, com idade variando entre 4:8 a 5:6 anos, de ambos os sexos. Variáveis como idade na cirurgia primária, tipo de cirurgia, cirurgião, terapia fonoaudiológica pós-operatória não foram controladas. A avaliação perceptivo-auditiva foi realizada utilizando gravação audiovisual durante a produção de três contextos de fala: conversa espontânea (CE), recontagem de estória (RE) e nomeação de figuras ou produção de vocábulos (NF). As gravações foram avaliadas por três fonoaudiólogos com experiência na área quanto a hipernasalidade, utilizando escala de 4 pontos (0=ausente, 1=leve, 2=moderado, 3=grave), e, emissão de ar nasal (EAN), fraca pressão intraoral (FPI) e erros articulatórios ativos (EAA), classificados como ausentes ou presentes. Concluída esta etapa, os juízes foram solicitados a emitir uma impressão global sobre a hipernasalidade (IGH), utilizando a mesma escala de 0 a 3. A concordância intra e interjuízes foi determinada para os escores de hipernasalidade das três amostras e para a IGH. A avaliação da nasalância foi realizada utilizando um nasômetro II-6450 (Kay Pentax), na produção de sílabas, vocábulos e sentenças. Os valores de nasalância foram comparados com valores normativos e a correlação entre a nasalância e nasalidade foi calculada para os vocábulos. A significância dos achados foi determinada para um nível de 5%. Resultados: Na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva da CE, observou-se, na maior parcela das crianças, ausência de hipernasalidade (70%) e, ausência de EAN (83%), FPI (83%) e EAA (74%). O mesmo foi observado para RE (65%; 78%; 83%; 65%) e NF (70%; 74%; 83%; 65%), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significante entre os escores atribuídos às quatro características de fala em CE, RE e NF. A concordância intra e interjuízes no julgamento da hipernasalidade foi, em sua maioria, quase perfeita ou perfeita nas três amostras e, também, na IGH. Na nasometria, foi de 62%, a porcentagem de valores sugestivos de ausência de hipernasalidade em sentenças orais (nasalância <27%). Na comparação com valores normativos os valores de nasalância no grupo com fissura do presente estudo foram significantemente maiores nas sílabas /pa/, /sa/, /la/ e /li/ e nas sentenças orais e nasais. A correlação entre nasalidade e nasalância foi de 74%. Conclusão: A avaliação perceptiva da fala mostrou que o tratamento de rotina oferecido pelo HRAC-USP foi efetivo na eliminação da hipernasalidade em cerca de 65 a 70% das crianças com fissura de palato isolada, mesmo considerando que importantes variáveis não tenham sido controladas no presente estudo. Os resultados foram confirmados na avaliação nasométrica. Os dados relatados podem ser utilizados como referência para estudos utilizando variáveis bem controladas.Purpose: To evaluate the speech results of the surgical treatment of palatal clefting routinely performed in a specialized hospital unit, through perceptual and nasometric evaluation in children at 5 years of age. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 27 children with isolated cleft palate previously repaired from a total sample of 52 children recruited in a 9 months time window, aged 4:8 to 5:6 years, of both genders. Variables such as age at primary surgery, type of surgery, surgeon, postoperative speech therapy were not controlled. The perceptual evaluation was performed using audiovisual recordings during the production three speech samples: spontaneous conversation (SC), story recounting (SR) and words production (WP). Recordings were evaluated by three experienced speech pathologists regarding severity of hypernasality, using a 4-point scale (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe), nasal air emission (NAE), intraoral pressure (IOP) and active articulatory errors (AAE), classified as absent or present. At the end, the judges were asked to give an overall impression about hypernasality (OIH) also using the scale from 0 to 3. The intra- and interjudge agreement was determined for the hypernasality scores of the three speech samples and for OIH. Nasalance was assessed by using a KayPentax Nasometer II-6450 during the production of syllables, words and sentences. Nasalance values were compared with normative data and the correlation between nasality and nasalance was calculated for WP sample. The significance of diferences was determined at a level of 5%. Results: At the SC perceptual assessment, absence of hypernasality was observed in 70% of the children and absence of NAE in 83%, IOP in 83% and AAE in 74%. For SR, the rates were 65%, 78%, 83%, 65% and for NF, 70%, 74%, 83%, 65%, respectively. No significant differences were found among the scores attributed to the four speech characteristics in SC, SR and WP samples. Intra- and interjudge agreement for hypernasality scores was found to be mostly near perfect or perfect for all three samples and also for OIH. At nasometry, normal nasalance scores (<27%), suggesting absence of hypernasality in oral sentences were seen in 62% of the children. Compared to normative values from literature, nasalance scores were significantly higher for syllables /pa/, /sa/, /la/ and /li/ and also for oral and nasal sentences. The correlation between nasality and nasalance scores was 74%. Conclusion: Perceptual assessment of speech showed that the routine care was effective in eliminating hypernasality in about 65% to 70% of the children with isolated cleft palate, even though confounding variables were not controlled in the present study. Results were confirmed by nasometric assessment. The data obtained may be used as reference for studies using well-controlled variables.
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Salanova, Andres Pablo. "A nasalidade em Mebengokre e Apinaye : o limite do vozeamento soante". [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270926.
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Orientador: Maria Bernadete Marques AbaurreDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta tese tem uma dupla finalidade. Em primeiro lugar, ela se propõe a descrição dos sistemas fonológicos de duas línguas Jê setentrionais bastante próximas entre si: Mebengokre (língua das nações Xikrin e Kayapó) e Apinayé (língua da nação homônima). Em segundo, propõe-se a discutir de maneira critica a própria noção de sistema fonológico, mostrando como certos fatos que nos estudos descritivos são normalmente tratados como "processos fonológicos" divorciados do sistema (pensado às vezes como mero inventário), dizem respeito às oposições constitutivas do sistema fonológico. Para exemplificar estas idéias, nos detemos em certos processos que envolvem nasalidade e vozeamento nestas línguas. Uma das diferenças mais nítidas entre a fonologia do Mebengokre e a do Apinayé diz respeito ao comportamento das consoantes "nasais": no primeiro sistema, as consoantes nasais contrastam claramente com oclusivas sonoras. Em Apinayé, ao contrário, consoantes plenamente nasais e consoantes oclusivas sonoras com contornos nasalizados estão em distribuição complementar. Em um primeiro momento, argumentamos que representar as consoantes de contorno como tendo especificação de [nasal] nos leva a certos constrangimentos (a nasalidade teria, nestes segmentos, comportamento absolutamente "passivo", recuando inclusive diante de [-nasal], e por isso optamos por uma representação na qual a nasalidade pode ser um epifenômeno da implementação do vozeamento soante. Alguns fatos do Apinayé, no entanto, sugerem que, pelo menos os segmentos de coda não podem ser caracterizados simplesmente como "soantes não especificados para nasalidade": um destes fatos é a permanência de uma transição nasal breve entre segmentos orais após o desligamento de uma destas consoantes. Esta tese dá continuidade a algumas das reflexões colocadas por primeira vez em D'Angelis (1998) em relação a outras línguas do tronco Macro-Jê. A discussão sobre a noção de sistema fonológico se inspira no estruturalismo do Círculo Lingüístico de Praga; desenvolvimentos posteriores são pensados sempre à luz das intuições de Trubetzkoy (1939). Entre as reflexões mais recentes em tomo da representação das nasais, levamos em conta aqui principalmente os trabalhos de SteIiade (1993) e Piggott (1992)
Abstract: This thesis has a double purpose. In the first place, it endeavors to describe the phonological systems of two closely related Norther Jê languages: Mebengokre (the language of the Kayapó and Xikrin nations), and Apinayé (the language of the homonymous nation). In the second place, it intends to discuss ritically the notion of phonological system, showing the way in which certain facts that are normally treated in descriptive studies as "phonological processes", divorced from the system (which is often thought of as a mere inventory) , are directly relevant to the oppositions that constitute the phonological system. To exemplify these ideas, we devote our attention to certain processes that involve nasality and voicing in these two languages. Une of the clearest differences between the phonology of Mebengokre and Apinayé regards the behavior of so-called "nasal" consonants: in the first system, nasal consonants clearly contrast with voiced stops. In Apinayé, on the other hand, fully nasal consonants and voiced stops with nasalized contours are in complementary distribution. We argue initially that to represent the contour segments as being specified for the feature [nasal] leads us to an untenable situation: nasality would exhibit, in these segments, a completely passive behavior, retreating even next to [-nasal]; for this reason we opt for a representation in which. nasality could be thought of as an epiphenomenon of the implementation of sonorant voicing. Some facts of the Apinayé language nevertheless suggest that at least coda segments cannot be characterized simply as "sonorants unspecified for nasality": one of these facts is the permanence of a brief nasal transition between oral segments after the delinking of one of these coda consonants. This thesis takes up some ofthe points initially raised by D'Angelis (1998) in relation to other languages in the Macro-Jê stock. The discussion about the notion of phonological system is mainly inspired in the structuralist paradigm of the Prague Linguistic Circle; later developments are always put thought in the light ofTrubetzkoy's (1939) intuitions. Among the more recent reflections regarding the representation of nasals, we here take into account mainly the works of Steriade (1993) and Piggott (1992)
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística
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Souza, Maira Cristina Quirino de. "Características espectrais da nasalidade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-17012005-111725/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as características espectrais de sons vocálicos quando pronunciada de maneira oral e nasal. A vogal escolhida é o /a/ sustentado por oferecer menor carga acústica para o sistema glotal. A avaliação qualitativa das diferenças entre estas vogais foi analisada através do espectro vocálico. A quantificação das diferenças foi efetuada através de parâmetros acústicos da voz nominalmente a suavidade espectral. Os resultados encontrados demostraram que o espectro vocálico é um determinador de nasalidade eficiente por apresentar vales em freqüências características. Uma futura quantificação destes vales certamente auxiliará os especialistas da área de voz a avaliar a nasalidade contida na vozIn this work oral and nasal voices are compared through their spectral characteristics. The chosen vowel is the sustained /a/ due to its lower acoustic load to the glottal system. The differences between both vowels have been qualitatively evaluated through their spectral. These differences were quantified by the acoustic parameter of the voice namely the spectral flatness. Results show that the vowel spectrum is very effective determine nasality in the voice due to the valley that happens in the spectrum. A quantification of this valley will certainly help voice specialists to evaluate nasality in the voice
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Maturo, Denise Silva. "Nasalância em indivíduos com deformidades dentofaciais e a influência da cirurgia ortognática". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17151/tde-06042018-153310/.
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A nasalidade da fala sofre influência de fatores como tamanho e formato da cavidade oral e da configuração da cavidade nasal. Nas deformidades dentofaciais são encontradas alterações no crescimento dos ossos da mandíbula e/ou maxila, estruturas diretamente relacionadas a estas cavidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da deformidade dentofacial e o efeito da cirurgia ortognática nos escores de nasalância, em um acompanhamento de 6 meses de pós-operatório. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foram triados 146 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 anos, alfabetizados, sem distinção de raça e nível socioeconômico. Foram selecionados 91 indivíduos, sendo 53 com deformidades dentofaciais (23 classe II, idade média 27,4 anos; e 31 classe III, idade média 27,2 anos) e 37 sem deformidade dentofacial (grupo controle, idade média 25,3 anos). Os sujeitos foram submetidos inicialmente a uma entrevista e a uma avaliação miofuncional orofacial, em seguida, foi avaliado o fluxo aéreo nasal, por meio do espelho Milimetrado de Altmann®, e realizada a nasometria utilizando o Nasômetro II modelo 6400 (KayPENTAX, New Jersey - USA), durante a leitura de 10 frases padronizadas, do português brasileiro. Nos sujeitos com deformidades dentofaciais estes procedimentos foram repetidos em 3 períodos distintos do pós-operatório (P.O. I, II e III). Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes ANOVA two-way (p<0,05), para analisar o efeito da cirurgia nos escores de nasalância, e t de Student (p<0,05), para identificar em qual período ocorreu. No período pré-operatório os valores médios e os desvios-padrão dos escores de nasalância dos indivíduos controles e com deformidades dentofaciais classe II e III foram, respectivamente, 48.1% (5.9), 48.9% (6.7) e 45.4% (9.7) para o texto nasal e 12.0% (5.3), 14.9% (7.0) e 10.6% (5.4) para o texto oral, valores dentro dos padrões de normalidade para indivíduos brasileiros; a análise desses dados não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Quanto ao efeito da cirurgia ortognática nos escores de nasalância houve diferença estatisticamente significante para os fatores tempo-grupo no texto 6 oral, diferença evidenciada entre os períodos pré-operatório e P.O. III. Diante dos achados, pode-se concluir que o tipo de deformidade dentofacial pareceu não influenciar os escores de nasalância, já a cirurgia ortognática provocou efeito nesses escores, dentro de um período de 6 meses, porém sem alterar as características da nasalidade da fala, visto que os escores de nasalância se mantiveram dentro dos padrões de normalidade.Factors such as size and shape of the oral cavity and the nasal cavity configuration may influence nasalance scores. In dentofacial deformities the abnormal growth of jaw and maxillary bones is directly related with changes in these cavities. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of dentofacial deformity and the effect of orthognathic surgery on nasalance scores, during a 6-month post-operative followup. In order to develop this study, 146 individuals of both sexes, over 18 years older, literate, without distinction of race and socioeconomic status, were screened. Ninetyone individuals were selected, which 53 had dentofacial deformities (23 class II, mean age 27.4 years, and 31 class III, mean age 27.2 years) and 37 without dentofacial deformity (control group, mean age 25.3 years). The subjects were submitted to an interview and an orofacial myofunctional evaluation, then the nasal airflow was evaluated through the Altmann® graded mirror, and the nasometry was acquired with Nasometer II model 6400 (KayPENTAX, New Jersey - USA ) device, based on reading of 10 sentences standardized, from Brazilian Portuguese. In subjects with dentofacial deformities these procedures were repeated in 3 different postoperative periods (P.O. I, II and III). To analyze the surgery effect on nasalance scores it was used ANOVA two-way test (p<0.05) and Student\'s t test (p<0.05) was used to identify which period it occurred. In the preoperative period, the mean values and the standard deviations of the nasalance scores of the control group and groups with class II and III dentofacial deformities were, respectively, 48.1% (5.9), 48.9% (6.7) and 45.4% (9.7) for the nasal text and 12.0% (5.3), 14.9% (7.0) and 10.6% (5.4) for the oral text, values within normality standards for Brazilian individuals; analyzing these data no significant difference between the groups were found. About effect of orthognathic surgery on nasalance scores it was found a significant difference in time-group factor for the oral text and comparing the mean nasalance scores in the different periods, the difference was evidenced between the preoperative and PO III periods. Considering the findings, it can be concluded that the type of dentofacial 8 deformity did not appear to influence the nasalance scores, whereas the orthognathic surgery had an effect on these scores within a period of 6 months, but did not changing the nasality characteristics of the speech, because groups had scores within the normal range.
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Balduino, Amanda Macedo. "A nasalidade no português de STP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-03072018-123304/.
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O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e analisar a nasalidade vocálica do português de São Tomé (PST) e do português do Príncipe (PP). O PST e o PP são variedades da língua portuguesa faladas em São Tomé e Príncipe (STP) que demonstram características linguísticas próprias e estão em uma situação cotidiana de contato linguístico com as línguas autóctones também faladas no arquipélago (GONÇALVES, 2010; CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2013; BRAGA, 2018). Considerando tais conjunturas e sabendo que as variedades de STP necessitam ainda de uma maior investigação linguística, buscamos: (i) descrever e sugerir uma análise fonológica para a nasalidade tautossilábica contrastiva no PST e no PP; (ii) investigar a presença da nasalidade heterossilábica em PST e em PP, propondo uma análise fonológica para os processos, e (iii) confrontar os mesmos fenômenos com estudos análogos sobre o português europeu (PE) e o português brasileiro (PB), e sobre o santome (ST) e o lungIe (LI), línguas nacionais. Adotando como abordagem metodológica a fonologia de laboratório (ALBANO, 2017), o corpus para análise foi constituído a partir de gravações em São Tomé e em Príncipe. No total, o conjunto de dados é formado por 1684 itens lexicais (822 para o PST e 822 para o PP). Os dados podiam conter (i) nasalidade tautossilábica contrastiva; (ii) possibilidade de nasalidade heterossilábica e (iii) nasalidade em fronteira de palavra. As palavras foram gravadas em frases-veículos como Eu falo X baixinho e Eu falo X, onde X era substituído pelo item-alvo. Por meio da contraposição dos pares, extraiu-se, através do software Praat (BOERSMA & WEENICK, 2015), a duração dos segmentos-alvo, isto é, mensuramos e contrapomos as vogais orais (V) com as vogais nasalizadas tautossilábicas (VN). A análise dos dados, baseada em critérios fonológicos segmentais e suprassegmentais, indicou que VN é, em média, 48% mais longa em relação à V no PST e 56% no PP. Assumindo o alongamento da vogal nasal como um indício da estrutura bifonêmica da nasalidade contrastiva para o PB (MORAES & WETZELS 1992), o alongamento médio identificado nas duas variedades nos remete à interpretação bifonêmica /VN/ desse processo. Assim, VN seria alongada por ser o resultado do apagamento da consoante /N/ em coda silábica segmental seguido pelo espraiamento do traço [+nasal] para a vogal antecedente na camada CV, o qual mantém a unidade temporal silábica (GOLDSMITH, 1976; CLEMENTS & KEYSER, 1983). Por fim, ao passo que o processo de nasalidade heterossilábica em átonas não foi identificado nos dados analisados, a nasalidade heterossilábica em tônicas demonstrou caráter opcional. Tal comportamento aproxima as variedades estudas ao santome e lungIe e assinala um comportamento estrutural inerente ao PST e ao PP, dermacando-as como variedades singulares, distintas do PE e do PB. Palavras-chave: Nasalidade.The aim of this study is to describe and analyse the vocalic nasality of the Portuguese spoken in São Tomé (PST) and of the Portuguese spoken in Príncipe (PP). PST and PP are Portuguese language varieties from São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) presenting particular linguistic caracteristics (GONÇALVES, 2010; CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2013; BRAGA, 2018). Considering the linguistic contact context into which PST and PP are inserted and knowing the requirement of a wider linguistic investigation dedicated to these varieties, we intend to (i) describe and propose a phonological analysis of tautosyllabic contrastive nasality in PST and PP; (ii) investigate the presence of heterosyllabic nasality and then suggest a phonological analysis for these processes, and (iii) compare the results with the same phenomena in Santome and LungIe, autochthonous languages, and with analogous studies on European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We adopted laboratory phonology as methodological approach (OHALA, 1995), and the corpus for analysis was constituted by recordings in STP. In total, the data was composed by 1,684 lexical itens (822 for PST and 822 for PP) which could present (i) tautosyllabic contrastive nasality; (ii) possibility of heterosyllabic nasality and (iii) nasality in boundary words and phrases. The words were recorded inside carrier sentences such as Eu falo X baixinho (I say X lowly) and Eu falo X (I say X), where X was replaced for the target item. By using the software Praat (BOERSMA & WEENICK, 2015), we extracted the duration of oral vowels (V) and tautosyllabic nasal vowels (VN) from minimal pairs which showed this opposition in miliseconds. The data analysis, based on phonological segmental and suprassegmental parameters, indicates that VN is, on average, 48% longer than V in PST and 56% longer in PP. Assuming nasal vowel lengthening as an indication for biphonemic structure for contrastive nasality in PB (MORAES & WETZELS 1992), the lengthening identified in PST and PP allows us to evaluate contrastive nasality also as biphonemic /VN/ in the varieties examined. Thus, V is longer, since it is the result of a deletion of the consonantal coda /N/. This process is followed by the dissemination of the [+nasal] feature into the previous vowel in CV tier, which maintains the syllabic temporal unit because of this phenomenon (GOLDSMITH, 1976; CLEMENTS & KEYSER, 1983). Lastly, heterosyllabic nasality in unstressed lexical itens was not identified in the data examined, and the heterosyllabic nasality in stressed words evidenced an optional character. This performance approximates the studied varieties to Santome and LungIe and indicates a singular structure for PST and PP, confirming them as proper varieties different from PE and PB.
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Narece, Iara Lorca. "Nasalância de crianças com fissura labiopalatina e nasalidade de fala normal: uma comparação dos dialetos mineiro e paulista". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-14022008-111531/.
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A proposta deste estudo foi descrever os escores de nasalância de crianças mineiras e paulistas com nasalidade de fala normal, e comparar os escores de nasalância das crianças dos estados brasileiros de Minas Gerais e de São Paulo. Para isto foram obtidos escores de nasalância de quatro diferentes amostras de fala (\"papai\", \"papai pediu pipoca\", \"bebê\", e \"o bebê babou\") para cada criança. Participaram deste estudo 127 crianças (29 mineiras e 98 paulistas), pacientes do HRAC/USP, com fissura labiopalatina unilateral operada, e classificação perceptivo-auditiva de nasalidade de fala normal. Todas as crianças repetiram as quatro amostras de fala individualmente, e os dados foram coletados e analisados utilizando-se o nasômetro modelo 6200-3, fabricado pela Kay Elemetrics Corporation. A análise estatística foi realizada para investigar a influência da variação dialetal nos escores de nasalância, bem como para investigar a influência de outros falantes nas crianças estudadas e diferenças entre os gêneros. Os resultados indicaram média do escore de nasalância de 14,04% para a palavra \"papai\", de 16,38% para a frase \"papai pediu pipoca\", de 23,08% para a palavra \"bebê\", e de 22,55% para a frase \"o bebê babou\" para as crianças estudadas independentemente de seu estado de origem. Não houve diferença significante na média dos escores de nasalância entre as crianças mineiras e paulistas. Não houve diferença significante na média dos escores de nasalância entre as crianças que não sofreram influência de outros dialetos em sua fala e aqueles que poderiam ter sofrido esta influência. A variável gênero não demonstrou ser um fator que possa influenciar nos valores de nasalância para a população estudada.The purpose of this study was to describe the nasalance scores in children with normal nasality from two different region of Brazil, Minas Gerais and São Paulo states. Mean nasalance scores were obtained for four different speech samples (\"papai\" - father, \"papai pediu pipoca\" - father requested popcorn, \"bebê\" - baby, and \"o bebê babou\" - the baby drooled) for each subject. One hundred twenty seven children (29 mineiras and 98 paulistas) with operated unilateral cleft lip and palate participated this study, all patients from HRAC/USP, with normal perceptual evaluation of nasality. All children repeated each of the four samples individually; and the data were collected and analyzed using the Nasometer model 6200-3 manufactured by Kay Elemetrics Corporation. Statistical analysis were performed in order to investigate the dialectal influence in nasalance scores, as well as to examine the influence of others in the subjects of this study and the differences in gender. The results indicated mean nasalance score of 14,04% for the word \"papai\", of 16,38% for the phrase \"papai pediu pipoca\", of 23,08% for the word \"bebê\", and of 22,55% for the phrase \"o bebê babou\". There was no significant difference in mean nasalance score between subjects from Minas Gerais and from São Paulo. There was no significant difference in mean nasalance score between subjects with and without influence from others dialects. There was no statistically significant effect of gender for the group of children in the present study.
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Raimundo, Giuliana Mattiolli. "Medidas de nasalância em crianças com fissura labiopalatina e fala normal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-30072007-154315/.
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A nasometria constitui um procedimento útil para a identificação dos distúrbios de ressonância causadas pela disfunção velofaríngea. Os estudos da nasalância em indivíduos com fissura de palato ou labiopalatina e fala normal são limitados e ainda não foram descritos dados exclusivamente de crianças. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os valores de nasalância obtidos com o nasômetro de crianças com fissura transforame unilateral reparada, falantes do português brasileiro, que apresentam fala normal. Foram selecionadas para este estudo 46 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idades variando entre 3 e 8 anos (\'X BARRA\' = 4 anos e 11 meses ± 1 ano e 1 mês), matriculados no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Os resultados da nasalância indicaram: para amostras de fala compostas por fonemas orais de alta pressão \'X BARRA\' = 11,65% ± 2,33, para fonemas orais de baixa pressão \'X BARRA\' = 10,56% ± 5,49, para fonemas nasais e orais foi \'X BARRA\' = 36,95% ± 6,64 e para fonemas nasais \'X BARRA\' = 56,75% ± 9,9. Os valores de nasalância variaram de acordo com as amostras e o sexo não interferiu nestes valores. No presente estudo, os valores médios de nasalância das crianças com fissura labiopalatina e fala normal, foram semelhantes aos das crianças normais falantes do português brasileiro descritos na literatura.Nasometry is an useful procedure for the identification of resonance disorders associated to velopharyngeal dysfunction. Studies addressing nasalance values for individuals with cleft lip and palate and normal speech are limited and nasométrica data exclusively based on children have not been reported. This study had the objective of describing nasalance values for children with operated unilateral complete cleft lip and palate, speakers of the brazilian portuguese, with normal speech. Participated in this study 46 children of both gender varying in age between 3 and 8 years (\'X BARRA\' = 4y11m SD = 1y1m), treated at the University of São Paulo Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (USP-HRAC). Findings revealed: mean nasalance score of 11.65% (SD = 2.33) for speech sample involving high pressure oral sounds; mean nasalance score of 10.56% (SD = 5.49,) for speech sample involving low pressure oral sounds; mean nasalance score of 36.95% (SD = 6.64) for speech sample involving oral and nasal sounds; mean nasalance score of 56.75% (SD = 9.9) for speech sample involving nasal sounds. Nasalance values varied according to speech samples with no effect due to gender. These findings agreed with previous data reported for children without cleft with normal speech speakers of brazilian portuguese.
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Hannuch, Sheila Minatti [UNESP]. "A nasalidade no português brasileiro cantado: um estudo sobre a articulação e representação fonética das vogais nasais no canto em diferentes contextos musicais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93755.
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Este trabalho investiga algumas características referentes à nasalidade no canto em português brasileiro, através de um estudo sobre a articulação e representação fonética das vogais nasais neste idioma. O estudo busca auxiliar o intérprete e o professor de canto no reconhecimento e administração destas características de forma a contribuir para uma maior liberdade vocálica e definição do gesto articulatório da nasalidade no canto em português brasileiro. O trabalho consiste na organização de informações coletadas através de referências da área da voz cantada e da linguística, que evidenciam ferramentas para a reflexão sobre uma nova possibilidade de transcrição fonética das vogais nasais para o canto em português brasileiro
This research aims to investigate the nasality in brazilian portuguese as sung, through a study about the articulation and phonetic representations of nasal vowels in this language. The study aims to assist the performer and singing teacher in the recognition and management of these features in order to contribute to greater freedom and definition of the nasality articulatory gesture in Brazilian Portuguese. This work organize information collected through referrals from the area of singing voice and linguistic, showing tools for thinking about a new possibility of phonetic transcription of nasal vowels for singing in Brazilian Portuguese