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1
Cardin, Philippe. "Rentierism and the rentier state : a comparative examination". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69550.
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This thesis proposes to challenge the assumption that a particular mode of politics known as rentierism is common to all rentier states. We assert that the successful emergence of rentierism is dependent on specific factors in the pre-rentier state period. To support our claim we examine and analyze three modern day rentier states; Iran, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. These case studies allow us to demonstrate that the pattern we call rentierism is not common to all rentier states the mode of politics in both Venezuela and Iran differs significantly from that of Saudi Arabia, the literature's embodiment of rentierism. Moreover, analysis and comparison of the pre-rentier state period for all three cases allows us to propose specific pre-rentier state factors which, we suggest, are essential for the successful emergence of rentierism.
2
Roy, Debanjali. "Retail Services : Measurement and Contribution to National Income". Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/133.
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Two models are developed that considers the different services provided by retail firms as an output of the retail industry besides the goods sold. The first model considers that consumers only gain utility from consuming retail goods and services and the second model considers that consumers shop for retail goods and experience a transaction cost, which is determined by the level of services. From both models a measure of retail output and value added is constructed. The models are used to answer the following question. Does the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) accurately capture the value of retail services while calculating the value added of the retail sector? The models are estimated by a Generalized Method of Moments estimation technique using data for the retail industry between 1980 and 2005. The estimate of parameters from both models suggests declining market power over time and scale economies in the retail industry. The BEA measures the retail output on the basis of the gross margin which is total sales less total purchases and does not consider the value of services. We compute value added on the basis of our models. In both models, the values of retail services are included while calculating retail output. Results show that the BEA has underestimated the value added of the retail sector for all years in the study. The degree of underestimation is close in both models and it declines across time.
3
Mirgorodska, V. "National income and its role in social reproduction". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64484.
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The theory of consumption and accumulation is an important component of economic system of views of any society, but in the conditions of transitional economies special novelty of research problems of accumulation and consumption is determined by the new conditions and challenges that are related to the need to develop and implement a strategy for sustainable economic growth.
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Osipenko, G. S., T. N. Korzh y E. K. Ershov. "Dynamics of price-level, national income and cost of money interaction". Thesis, ДИАЙПИ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63865.
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Dynamics of a macroeconomic system in which national income, cost of
money and price-level are in close interaction is studied. Such an interaction
is simulated with the help of discrete dynamic system in R3. The
system has a curve formed by fixed points, which describe a balanced state
of money, goods and service markets. It has been shown that there is a foliation
which is transversal to the curve, each layer being invariant for the
system. There are layers where balanced state can be both stable and unstable.
The system dynamics is changing from layer to layer.
5
Lee, Soo Ann. "Questioning the autonomy of economic thought a normative treatment of national income methodology /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.
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Foran, Robert Jeffery. "Education policy and national income distribution : new evidence from recent cross-country data". FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3340.
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In the mid 19th century, Horace Mann insisted that a broad provision of public schooling should take precedence over the liberal education of an elite group. In that regard, his generation constructed a state sponsored common schooling enterprise to educate the masses. More than 100 years later, the institution of public schooling fails to maintain an image fully representative of the ideals of equity and inclusion.
Critical theory in educational thought associates the dominant practice of functional schooling with maintenance of the status quo, an unequal distribution of financial, political, and social resources. This study examined the empirical basis for the association of public schooling with the status quo using the most recent and comparable cross-country income inequality data. Multiple regression analysis evaluated the possible relationship between national income inequality change over the period 1985-2005 and variables representative of national measures of education supply in the prior decade. The estimated model of income inequality development attempted to quantify the relationship between education supply factors and subsequent income inequality developments by controlling for economic, demographic, and exogenous factors. The sample included all nations with comparable income inequality data over the measurement period, N = 56.
Does public school supply affect national income distribution? The estimated model suggested that an increase in the average years of schooling among the population age 15 years or older, measured over the period 1975-1985, provided a mechanism that resulted in a more equal distribution of income over the period 1985-2005 among low and lower-middle income nations. The model also suggested that income inequality increased less or decreased more in smaller economies and when the percentage of the population agecontrast, this study identified no significant relationship between school supply changes measured over prior periods and income inequality development over the period 1985-2005 among upper-middle and high income nations.
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Castillo, Vera Paula. "Income Inequality in Peru According to 1876 Census". Economía, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117076.
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Inequality is a social phenomenon that exists across all nations; it is a condition which means that not everyone enjoys the same access to resources of all kinds and to certain positions that society values. Despite its importance, in Peru, the analysis of different approaches to inequality was not taken up until the 20th century, since it was only then that data began to be prepared to enable its study. Because detailed analyses of inequality did not exist before the 20th century, the objective of this study is to estimate income inequality in Peru at the end of the 19th century on the basis of the 1876 census, the first population and housing census of the Republican era. This census is considered to be particularly important for its utilization of modern techniques to enumerate the inhabitants of the day.La desigualdad es un fenómeno social que existe en todas las naciones, es una condición que implica que las personas no gocen del mismo acceso a los recursos de todo tipo y a ciertas posiciones que valora la sociedad. A pesar de la importancia, en el Perú, estimaciones sobre diferentes enfoques de la desigualdad fueron abordados a partir del siglo XX debido a que desde aquella época recién se elaboran datos que hicieron posible su estudio. Dado que no existen estimaciones detalladas sobre la desigualdad antes del siglo XX, el objetivo de este estudio es estimar la desigualdad de ingresos en el Perú a finales del siglo XIX tomando como base al censo de 1876, primer censo de población y vivienda de la Época Republicana. Se le considera el más importante por ser el que contó con técnicas modernas para el empadronamiento de los habitantes de aquella época.
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Mash, Richard. "The consequences of international trade price volatility for national income and welfare : theory and evidence". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:24f115c7-bb18-4018-afbb-bc9322dde275.
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The thesis considers the effect of world trade or commodity price volatility on small open economies. It extends the existing literature by including non-tradeable goods and many volatile prices in the model together with consideration of the welfare effects of participation in international risk or capital markets. In addition the thesis systematically addresses the implications of price volatility for resource allocation and presents empirical estimates of the costs and benefits of volatility for a large sample of countries. The most important theme in the analysis is the extent of output flexibility in the face of variable prices. It is shown that price volatility gives rise to high returns to flexibility which suggests that commodity exporting countries should regard price volatility as an opportunity to benefit by being flexible as well as a source of welfare costs. The empirical estimates show that many developing countries have had an inflexible response to changes in world prices over the period 1958-90. Flexibility may improve with the abolition of producer price stabilisation in many countries in the 1980s, a policy reform that is predicted to yield large benefits. These will increase if attempts are also made to improve the functioning of domestic risk and capital markets together with enhanced access to their international equivalents.
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Kimani, Esther Mumbi. "Education and labor market outcomes in South Africa: evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17427.
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Includes bibliographical referencesExisting literature is in agreement on the importance of education in the determination of labor market outcomes. Using data from South Africa's National Income Dynamics Study, this thesis explores this relationship. It does this firstly, by examining the effect of school quality measured by school inputs-pupil-teacher ratio and expenditure per pupil-on educational attainment in South Africa. Following a reduced form production function approach, a partial generalized ordered probit is applied in the analysis. The thesis finds that both pupil-teacher ratio and expenditure per pupil have strong and significant effects on educational attainment of African South Africans. The ratio is more important at lower schooling levels, indicating a 'lagged effect' on educational attainment. A small increase in expenditure has large effects. This suggests declining returns to fiscal investment in education. Alternatively, it could indicate inefficiency in the use of funds, or compensatory funding of poor schools. Secondly, we examine the extent to which wage differences shown among district councils in South Africa can be explained by the magnitude of external returns to education. We use an augmented Mincerian regression to investigate this, considering the effect of district council share of college graduates on workers' wages. The study employs District Council's annual average climate to instrument for the share of district council college graduates. The results show that a 1% increase in a District Council's share of college graduates raises workers' wages by 5-8%. There are also spillovers effects, with college graduates being the beneficiaries. Thirdly, we estimate unemployment duration by gender and by competing risk, that is, exits into employment or economic inactivity. We use the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Cox proportion hazard model in these estimations. The results from both estimators show factors that influence unemployment differ by exits, and their effects vary by gender. The hazard rates show that transition rate into employment is higher for men than for women with similar characteristics. They show that age and race significantly influence employers' choice between educated men and women. However, this bias is less obvious at higher levels of education.
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Amponsah-Dacosta, Edina. "Health systems constraints and facilitators of national immunization programs in low- and middle- income countries". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31311.
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Like most health interventions, National Immunization Programs (NIPs) are embedded within health systems. This means that NIPs and health systems exist in a constant interaction. Vaccine preventable diseases are widely recognized as the chief cause of morbidity, disability and mortality worldwide and NIPs are understood to be one of the most cost-effective interventions against this burden. In low and middle- income countries (LMICs), where the burden of disease is high, NIPs have been reported to perform at suboptimal levels. It has been suggested that this suboptimal performance of NIPs can be associated with the poor state of health systems in LMIC. Despite this, the interaction between NIPs and health systems is poorly understood. In addition to this, systematic evidence on how health systems constraints and facilitators impact on the performance of NIPs in LMICs is scarce. To address this evidence gap, a systematic review study was conducted, that involved an initial scoping review of the evidence-base on NIPs and health systems in LMICs from which a logic model was developed. This logic model was then applied as a guide for a qualitative systematic review aimed at assessing the health systems constraints and facilitators of NIP performance in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings of this review suggest that well-performing NIPs are those that operate within enabling health systems, characterized by the availability of strong political endorsement for vaccines, clear governance structures and effective collaboration with global partners. Despite this, significant health systems constraints persist and include the limited capacity of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa, weak country infrastructure, poor service delivery, inadequate vaccine communication and ineffective community engagement in immunization programs. This systematic review study contributes to our limited understanding of the interaction between NIPs and health systems. In addition, the findings show how system-wide constraints and facilitators impact on the performance of NIPs. These findings have relevance for ongoing health systems strengthening initiatives, especially where NIPs are concerned.
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Chu, Yoosun. "Civic Engagement and Its Relationship with Subjective Well-Being among Low-Income Individuals: A Two-Level Cross-National Analysis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries". Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108100.
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Thesis advisor: Ce ShenCivic engagement, involving people in public processes to achieve common goals, has received increased attention in the past several decades. This renewed interest was triggered by the seeming decline in civic engagement, particularly in the context of Western societies including the U.S. In addition, its potentially positive effects, such as psychological well-being at the individual level, have recently received much attention. Low-income people in developing countries suffer from double discrimination: first, the lack of opportunities to participate in civic matters due to their low socio-economic status (SES) and second, the lack of civil society culture in developing countries. However, less attention has been paid to civic engagement in the context of developing countries and low-income people, in spite of the importance of civic engagement to them. Given the significance of civic engagement for low-income populations in developing countries, this dissertation intends to fill the gaps left by previous scholarship. The following are specific objectives for the study: 1) Paper 1 aims to investigate the construct validity of an instrument to measure civic engagement among low-income populations in developing countries; 2) Paper 2 aims to examine the associations between country-level political and economic determinants and civic engagement among low-income people in developing countries; and 3) Paper 3 aims to examine the effect of civic engagement on subjective well-being through the mediating effect of sense of agency. Using the cross-national data set, the World Values Survey Wave 6 (2010-2014), this study first found that civic engagement among low-income individuals in low- and middle-income countries is defined in three dimensions: electoral behaviors, membership in civic organizations, and cognitive engagement. This result contributes to measurement development of civic engagement, especially among the low-income individuals in the context of developing countries, who have been neglected in policy-making processes. In Paper 2, I found that civic engagement increases in economically disadvantaged environments (low GNI per capita and high Gini coefficient). This finding may reveal the strength that low-income populations have. Lastly, the results of Paper 3 showed that electoral engagement and membership in civic organizations were directly related to well-being, but cognitive engagement had an indirect effect on well-being through a sense of agency. Also, the result of a non-recursive model showed that engagement in electoral behaviors leads to a sense of well-being, not in the reverse direction. The results from Paper 3 may demonstrate the mechanism by which civic engagement is related to well-being
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work
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Gaya, Lerato. "Money does not buy happiness… or does it? An investigation of the relationship between individual income and life satisfaction in the national income dynamics study". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33785.
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On 1 January 2019, South Africa introduced a national minimum wage of R20 per hour. Minimum wages have been said to merely satisfy basic needs and not allow individuals to thrive; thus, not allowing for a decent life. Past research has argued for the importance of living wages, which are defined as a wage level that allows an individual's life satisfaction (or quality of life) to move from negative to positive. Studies exploring the relationship between individual income and life satisfaction have typically assumed a linear relationship between the two variables. However, there is evidence that the relationship may be more complex, following the discovery of non-linear relations (e.g. an S-shaped curve). The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the nature of the relationship between income and life satisfaction in the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), a South African household panel study which gathers various wellbeing related information from a nationally representative sample of citizens. This was done by exploring three research objectives. The first was to assess the nature of the relationship between individual income and life satisfaction. The second was to determine an approximate living wage amount based on individuals' subjective experiences; and the third to determine the longitudinal relationship between income and life satisfaction. For this dissertation, data collected in 2008 (wave 1), 2010 (wave 2), 2012 (wave 3) and 2014 (wave 4) was used to determine the short- and long-term relationship between individual income and life satisfaction. This study did not find the expected S-shaped relationship, nor any other shape of relationship; however, the variance in life satisfaction decreased at greater income levels: There were individuals who were highly satisfied with their lives at each income level, but no individuals were extremely dissatisfied with life from a certain income level onward. Thus, severe life dissatisfaction disappears with higher income, but higher income does not lead to higher life satisfaction. A repeated measures design was utilised to ascertain the longitudinal relationship between income and life satisfaction. No clear systematic pattern emerged in the relationship between income and life satisfaction over time, thus supporting Easterlin's Happiness-Income paradox, which suggests no association between income and life satisfaction over longer periods of time. The dissertation concludes by providing recommendations, limitations and implications of the results for research and practice. For example, the dissertation suggests that policy makers should consider and continue discussions on implementing wage thresholds above the national MW.
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Blanchet, Thomas. "Essays on the Distribution of Income and Wealth : Methods, Estimates and Theory". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0004.
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Cette thèse couvre plusieurs sujets sur la répartition des revenus et des richesses. Dans le premier chapitre, nous développons une nouvelle méthode pour exploiter les tabulations de revenu et de richesse, telle que celle publiée par les autorités fiscales. Nous y définissons les courbes de Pareto généralisées comme la courbe des coefficients de Pareto inversés b(p), où b(p) est le rapport entre le revenu moyen ou la richesse au-dessus du rang p et le p-ième quantile Q(p) (c'est-à-dire b(p)=E[X|X>Q(p)]/Q(p)). Nous les utilisons pour caractériser des distributions entières, y compris les endroits comme le sommet où la lois de Pareto est une bonne description, et les endroits plus bas où elles ne le sont pas. Nous développons une méthode pour reconstruire de manière flexible l'ensemble de la distribution sur la base de données tabulées sur le revenu ou le patrimoine, qui produit courbes de Pareto généralisées lisses et réalistes.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour combiner les données d'enquête et les tabulations fiscales afin de corriger la sous-représentation des plus riches au sommet. Elle détermine de façon endogène un "point de fusion'' entre les données avant de modifier les poids tout au long de la distribution et de remplacer les nouvelles observations au-delà du support original de l'enquête. Nous fournissons des simulations de la méthode et des applications aux données réelles. Les premières démontrent que notre méthode améliore la précision et la stabilité des estimations de la distribution, par rapport à d'autres méthodes de correction d'enquêtes utilisant des données externes, et même en présence d'hypothèses extrêmes. Les applications empiriques montrent que non seulement les niveaux d'inégalité des revenus peuvent changer, mais aussi les tendances.Dans le troisième chapitre, nous estimons la distribution du revenu national dans 38 pays européens entre 1980 et 2017 en combinant enquêtes, données fiscales et comptes nationaux. Nous développons une méthodologie cohérente combinant des méthodes d'apprentissage statistique, de calage non linéaire des enquêtes et la théorie des valeurs extrêmes afin de produire des estimations de l'inégalité des revenus avant et après impôt, comparables d'un pays à l'autre et conformes aux taux de croissance macroéconomiques. Nous constatons que les inégalités se sont creusées dans une majorité de pays européens, en particulier entre 1980 et 2000. Le 1% les plus riches en Europe a augmenté plus de deux fois plus vite que les 50% les plus pauvres et a capturé 18% de la croissance des revenus régionaux.Dans le quatrième chapitre, je décompose la dynamique de la distribution de la richesse à l'aide d'un modèle stochastique dynamique simple qui sépare les effets de la consommation, du revenu du travail, des taux de rendement, de la croissance, de la démographie et du patrimoine. À partir de deux théorèmes de calcul stochastique, je montre que ce modèle est identifié de manière non paramétrique et qu'il peut être estimé à partir de données en coupes répétées. Je l'estime à l'aide des comptes nationaux distributifs des États-Unis depuis 1962. Je trouve que, de l'augmentation de 15pp. de la part de la richesse détenue par les 1% les plus riches observée depuis 1980, environ 7pp. peut être attribuée à l'inégalité croissante des revenus du travail, 6pp. à la hausse des rendements sur le capital (principalement sous forme de plus-values), et 2pp. à la baisse de la croissance. En suivant les paramètres actuels, la part de la richesse des 1% les plus riches atteindrait sa valeur stationnaire d'environ 45% d'ici les années 2040, un niveau similaire à celui du début du XXe siècle. J'utilise ensuite le modèle pour analyser l'effet d'un impôt progressif sur les patrimoines au sommet de la distributionThis thesis covers several topics on the distribution of income and wealth. In the first chapter, we develop a new methodology to exploit tabulations of income and wealth such as the one published by tax authorities. In it, we define generalized Pareto curves as the curve of inverted Pareto coefficients b(p), where b(p) is the ratio between average income or wealth above rank p and the p-th quantile Q(p) (i.e. b(p)=E[X|X>Q(p)]/Q(p)). We use them to characterize entire distributions, including places like the top where power laws are a good description, and places further down where they are not. We develop a method to flexibly recover the entire distribution based on tabulated income or wealth data which produces smooth and realistic shapes of generalized Pareto curves.In the second chapter, we present a new approach to combine survey data with tax tabulations to correct for the underrepresentation of the rich at the top. It endogenously determines a "merging point'' between the datasets before modifying weights along the entire distribution and replacing new observations beyond the survey's original support. We provide simulations of the method and applications to real data. The former demonstrate that our method improves the accuracy and precision of distributional estimates, even under extreme assumptions, and in comparison to other survey correction methods using external data. The empirical applications show that not only can income inequality levels change, but also trends.In the third chapter, we estimate the distribution of national income in thirty-eight European countries between 1980 and 2017 by combining surveys, tax data and national accounts. We develop a unified methodology combining machine learning, nonlinear survey calibration and extreme value theory in order to produce estimates of pre-tax and post-tax income inequality, comparable across countries and consistent with macroeconomic growth rates. We find that inequality has increased in a majority of European countries, especially between 1980 and 2000. The European top 1% grew more than two times faster than the bottom 50% and captured 18% of regional income growth.In the fourth chapter, I decompose the dynamics of the wealth distribution using a simple dynamic stochastic model that separates the effects of consumption, labor income, rates of return, growth, demographics and inheritance. Based on two results of stochastic calculus, I show that this model is nonparametrically identified and can be estimated using only repeated cross-sections of the data. I estimate it using distributional national accounts for the United States since 1962. I find that, out of the 15pp. increase in the top 1% wealth share observed since 1980, about 7pp. can be attributed to rising labor income inequality, 6pp. to rising returns on wealth (mostly in the form of capital gains), and 2pp. to lower growth. Under current parameters, the top 1% wealth share would reach its steady-state value of roughly 45% by the 2040s, a level similar to that of the beginning of the 20th century. I then use the model to analyze the effect of progressive wealth taxation at the top of the distribution
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Smith, Marlene Marie. "Housing finance in Jamaica : the National Housing Trust as a model for providing low-income housing?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70269.
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Chingwalu, Julius. "Fertility differentials in South Africa: effects of race on fertility, evidence from National Income Dynamic Survey". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10264.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-68).
Apartheid policies have been criticised for widening inequalities between population groups in South Africa. They have also been considered to have dictated differentials in demographic parameters. With lack of adequate data on social and economic variables in most demographic surveys including DHS, the use of race as a determinant of fertility seems plausible. With adequate data on social and economic factors, we use the NIDS survey to assess the effects of race on fertility after adequately controlling for social and economic factors. A logistic regression model is applied to assess the chance that a woman aged 20-24 has given birth by age 20 and a woman aged 25-29, by age 25. A linear regression model is also applied on the number of children born to a woman, standardised by age. The results show that the effect of race on fertility is not significant.
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PATEL, LINIA. "THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF INCOME AND EDUCATION USING THE UK NATIONAL AND DIETARY SURVEY (NDNS) DATA". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/816793.
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Diet substantially contributes to socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. High adherence to the dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) has been proved effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as to prevent CVD risk factors in the general population. Little is known about time trends in diet quality and associated inequalities in the United Kingdom (UK). In addition, the causal pathway between education and dietary choices has not been fully explained and the role of income in preventing a healthy diet has not been clarified. This doctorate firstly, aimed to quantify the differences in adherence to the DASH in relation to socioeconomic position (SEP) in the UK and to evaluate recent trends. Secondly, it aimed to quantify the mediating effect of income on the relationship between education and the DASH score in the UK population.
Data used for analysis was obtained from three waves of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS) 2008-2012, 2013-2014 and 2015-2016). The DASH score was calculated based on Fung et al methodology and was calculated using sex-specific quintiles of DASH items. For the first part of the analysis (Paper 2) data analysis included 6435 subjects aged 18 and older who participated in the NDNS. Multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the relationship between the socioeconomic variables and the DASH score. Quantile regression analysis was used to model the median intake of each component as a function of the socioeconomic variable and the survey year. In the second analysis (Paper 3), analysis was done on
4864 subjects aged 18 and older. Counterfactual-based mediation analysis was carried out to decompose the total effect of education on DASH score into average direct effect (ADE) and average causal mediation effect (ACME) mediated by income.
A gradient relationship between the DASH score and all socioeconomic variables emerged with increasing values of the score at higher socioeconomic positions (SEP effect p value: <0.0001 for education, occupation, and income) in the initial analysis. The interaction term between survey year and the socioeconomic variables was not significant showing that the trend was not different across socioeconomic groups (p >0.05). The estimated difference between people with no qualification and those having the highest level of education was -3.59 points (95% CI: -3.91; -3.20). The difference between people engaged in routine occupations and those engaged in high managerial and professional occupations was -3.40 points (95% CI: -3.87; -2.92), and the difference between subjects in the first fifth and last fifth of the household income distribution was -2.73 points (95% CI: -3.16; -2.29). The widest socioeconomic differences emerged for consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and legumes. Mediation analysis indicated that the overall mediating effect of income on the relationship between education and the DASH score was only partial, with an estimated proportion mediated ranging between 6 to 9%. The mediating effect was higher among women (11.6%) and younger people (17.9%).
Findings from this doctorate add an important contribution to the existing literature and more importantly, provide an updated picture of socio-economic inequalities in diet amongst UK adults in context of the whole diet. The results show that overall, the DASH score increased over time, yet the overall score remains low. Moreover,
persistent disparities between individuals with higher versus lower SEP were observed. Additional analysis indicates that low income plays a modest role in explaining educational differences in the UK population. Further research is needed to investigate which other factors may explain differences in diet quality.
In conclusion, findings in this doctorate have substantial implications for public nutrition policy. An immediate implication is the need for public nutrition policies that are individualised to SEP. Targeted interventions for those within the lower SEP need a multi-factorial approach not just focusing on the cost of food but on other factors such as nutrition literacy, attitudes towards healthy eating as well as access to healthy food. Further research is needed to fully investigate which other factors may explain the socioeconomic inequality in the adoption of the DASH diet in UK.
THE THESIS IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED PAPERS
1. Patel,L.Alicandro,G,LaVecchia,C(2018).Low-CalorieBeverageConsumption, Diet Quality and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in British Adults. Nutrients, 10
2. Patel L, Alicandro G, La Vecchia C (2020) Dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and associated socioeconomic inequalities in the United Kingdom. Br J Nutr, 1-24. – AWARDED UK NUTRITION SOCIETY PAPER OF THE MONTH JUNE 2020.
3. Patel L, Bertuccio P, Alicandro G, La Vecchia C (2020). Educational inequality in the dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet in the UK: evaluating the mediating role of income. Br J Nutr, 1-20
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Uy, Sophoat, Hidechika Akashi, Kazumi Taki y Katsuki Ito. "Current Problems in National Hospitals of Phnom Penh : Finance and Health Care". Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7481.
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Richards, Darlington Chikwem. "Military governments and economic development : a case study of Nigeria from 1960-2000". Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2001. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20275/.
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Through a study of the history and performance of successive military regimes, this thesis examines the role of military governments in economic development, particularly the creation of a market-enabling environment in Nigeria. The key question underlying this research is: did the policies formulated and implemented by the different military governments accelerate or decelerate economic, and concomitantly markets developments in Nigeria? Essentially, an evaluation of the military governments (1966-1999), is undertaken to determine the nature of the linkage, if any, between regimes and economic and market development policies. Also evaluated are two civilian governments within the relevant period, and only as a reference point to more effectively identify the military's role in economic development. Regime profile outlines the scope and economic effects of policies; case studies of the individual regimes illustrate the underlying reasons for economic underperformance. Measured in real terms and relative to its contribution to the welfare of the average citizen, the study shows that successive military governments' relative economic development achievements are not commensurate with the magnitude of resources expended. Indeed that the decades of military regimes have not seen, in real terms, any significant improvements in the distribution of national income and wealth. Indications also are that the military structure and its paternalistic policy accommodation account for much of the pervasive corruption found all through the regimes. Also identified is the role of the institutional civil service in policy formulation and implementation.
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Campos, Paniagua Ana Paola. "Cross-national Comparison Examining Breastfeeding and Child Malnutrition among Mexicans:". Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108644.
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Thesis advisor: Summer S. HawkinsThesis advisor: Mireya . Vilar-Compte
Child malnutrition, including overweight and stunting, is a public health concern that affects millions of families worldwide causing short- and long-term health, social and economic inequalities. The global prevalence of child overweight has increased over the past decades in countries across the economic spectrum. In contrast, the prevalence of child stunting has decreased globally yet remains the most prevalent form of child malnutrition commonly affecting children in the most vulnerable conditions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Global initiatives have been adopted in response to the high burden of child malnutrition. In order to support these initiatives, researchers have focused on informing evidence-based, affordable and effective policies and interventions to prevent child malnutrition mostly within the programmatic timeframe of the first 1,000 days, conception through the first 2 years of life, and beyond. Breastfeeding has been identified as one of the key affordable and modifiable maternal health behaviors protecting against child malnutrition. However, the protective effect of breastfeeding on child malnutrition has been discrepant across findings from LMICs and high-income countries (HICs). These inconsistencies may be due to differential contextual factors in LMICs and HICs. Theoretically grounded in the World Health Organization (WHO) conceptual models on social determinants of health and childhood stunting, as well as in the Dahlgren and Whitehead model, and cultural perspectives, the goal of this 3-paper dissertation was to assess the effect of breastfeeding duration and individual, household and area factors on child malnutrition among Mexican children aged 0 to 35 months living in México (a LMIC) and in the US (a HIC). Paper 1, hereon referred to as chapter 2, assessed the association between breastfeeding duration and child overweight while sequentially controlling for individual, household and area factors in Mexican children, and also assessed a 2-level mixed-effects logistic model accounting for households clustered within areas. We curated a subset from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). We found evidence for an association between breastfeeding duration and child overweight, and maternal obesity and offspring high birthweight were consistent risk factors for child overweight across models, suggesting genetic and shared environment influences. Paper 2, hereon referred to as chapter 3, used the same subset but incorporated relevant risk factors for child stunting while using the same analytical approach. We found no evidence for an association between breastfeeding duration and child stunting. However, children who were never breastfed were at higher odds for stunting compared to those breastfed <6 months. Consistent risk factors for child stunting across models were increased child age, being male, child low birthweight, maternal ethnicity (self-identifying as indigenous), maternal short stature, higher count of children aged <5 years per household, and household moderate to severe food insecurity. These findings support the intergenerational effect of early stunting and the burden of food insecurity, perpetuating the cycle of inequalities. Paper 3, hereon referred to as chapter 4, incorporated a binational approach examining the effects of breastfeeding duration and individual and household factors on child malnutrition in Mexican-American children, and then compared results with Mexican children by running separate and pooled analyses. Besides using the ENSANUT 2012 subset, we curated a new dataset using 4 waves of the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) which provided data for Mexican-American children aged 0 to 35 months. ENSANUT variables were recoded to match NHANES subset. We found a protective effect of breastfeeding duration on child overweight among Mexicans and in the pooled dataset. The only consistent risk factor for child overweight among Mexican and Mexican-Americans was high birthweight. Regarding child stunting, we found no evidence for an association with breastfeeding duration but low birthweight was a risk factor across both populations, while being male and living in moderate to severe food insecure households were risk factors only for Mexican children. In general, findings from this chapter coincide with previously described patterns meaning that child stunting was mostly prevalent in LMICs such as México, and that country of residence and cultural perspectives were relevant when examining child malnutrition among Mexican immigrants. Altogether, results advance the knowledge base by providing a comparison of Mexicans sharing a nurturing system while living in 2 different sustaining systems, a LMIC- and HIC-context. Findings provide evidence for shared risk factors for child malnutrition across Mexicans in both countries as well as identifying country-specific factors. While we acknowledge that the cross-sectional design of both surveys, from which we curated our subsets, limit our ability to infer causality, these results have pertinent policy and intervention implications. Pre- and post-natal culturally-sensitive components in policies and interventions need to be aimed towards preventing proximal and distal risk factors for child malnutrition within the first 1,000 days and beyond, including the promotion and support of positive maternal health behaviors such as breastfeeding
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work
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Lepior, Haley A. "Examining the National Representativeness of Low-Income Adults Enrolled in a Cost-Offset Community Supported Agriculture Intervention". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586902876774289.
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Walther, Herbert y Alfred Stiassny. "International Comparisons of Household Saving Rates and Hidden Income". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3737/1/wp148.pdf.
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In this paper, we argue that shadow activities and different levels of marketization of household
production systematically distort international comparisons of aggregate gross household saving rates (HSRs): Higher shares of hidden income increase observed HSRs. Panel data for 18 (24) OECD-countries covering a period of a decade show that gross HSRs are positively related to the degree of corruption(used as a proxy for the propensity to shift economic activities into the shadow) and to the share
of income from property and self employment. At the same time, gross HSRs are negatively related to the female employment rate, the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes, and to the tax wedge. One plausible story behind these phenomena might be that unobserved consumption and wages in the shadow labor market induce an upward bias in observed HSRs and profit shares, while the price level effects of a higher share of indirect taxes and a 'welfare state' effect lower observed HSRs. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Plechanovaite, Samanta y Carolin Strömgren. "National economic performance and alcohol consumption : A study on the Baltic and Nordic countries". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-47204.
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Europe is known for being the continent, in which most alcohol is consumed. The amount consumed varies across the continent and is highest in the Nordic and Baltic countries. The tradition of how alcohol is consumed differs across Europe. Generally, the south of Europe consumes alcohol more frequently, but in smaller quantities. While in the north part of Europe larger quantities are consumed on fewer occasions, this is also referred to as binge drinking. However, this alone is not able to explain the variance in consumption patterns. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the selected national performance measurements on alcohol consumption. The average annual wage, unemployment rate and percentage of GDP spent on health expenditure were chosen based on previous research. The price-setting on alcohol was chosen as a representation of consumption restricting policies. A panel data regression is performed on eight countries from the period 2008 to 2017. The results show that there is a relationship between the dependent variable's health expenditure and price index and the independent variables. More specifically that health expenditure and price indexes have a negative relationship with alcohol consumption. Furthermore, in the last chapter future studies and policies are suggested.
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Nkhoma, Nelly Ruth. "The effects of socio-demographic factors on depression and perceived health status among a cohort of young people (15-24) in South Africa: evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) waves 1-5". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32891.
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Introduction: The prevalence of bad perceived health status and depression, their sociodemographic determinants (education level, employment status, relative household income, race, age and gender) and the modifying effect of depression on PHS have been investigated among a cohort of young adults using data from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) waves 1-5. South Africa is a middle-income country, with very high levels of socioeconomic inequality and a history of apartheid. Both depression and PHS tend to be affected by socio-demographic and environmental factors. Methods: Depression was measured using the CES-D-10 scale and PHS was measured on a 5- point likert scale ranging from excellent to poor. A binary version of PHS was generated which groups the categories excellent, very good and good into good and the categories poor and fair into bad PHS. Descriptive analysis and Mixed Effects Regression analysis were conducted. MER is appropriate for unbalanced panels as this method is robust to irregularly spaced measurements. Results: A high prevalence of depression was found in the study with about 13%-20% of the cohort being depressed at each wave. Surprisingly, a low level of bad PHS has been found in the cohort with less than 5% of the young adults having bad PHS at all waves. Completion of secondary and tertiary education and being employed have been found to significantly lower the odds of being depressed and increase the chances of having good PHS. Africans were significantly more likely to be depressed, as compared to other racial groups. Finally, being depressed was found to reduce the likelihood of good PHS. Discussion: Education level completed and being employed have been found to significantly protect individuals from being depressed and to increase the likelihood of good PHS. In post-apartheid South Africa, the effects of inequalities arising from apartheid social and economic policies are still present with Africans being found more likely to be depressed.
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Moussi, Sopp Louis Romain. "El Serafy User costs and their implications for macroeconomic policy in Africa's mineral rich economies". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29720.
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Many of Africa’s economies are mineral based. Their sustainability and their macroeconomic vulnerability to market fluctuations are accordingly matters of direct concern. This thesis asks how much of the proceeds of mining in such countries can be safely spent each year. Using El Serafy’s approach to the ‘proper’ definition of National Income, it recomputes Net Domestic Product in 11 mineral-based African economies and tests for their macroeconomic sustainability. The study finds a disturbingly poor level of sustainability in several of them; with aggregate expenditures in excess of the levels posited under efficient resource rent management given the El Serafy User cost approach. The study estimates the budget deficit and national debt as a proportion of net national product adjusted for mineral resource depletion in each country and evaluates the outcome by comparison with standard ‘rules of thumb’ concerning ‘acceptable’ fiscal deficits and national debt levels. The outcome reveals that using GDP as an anchor as opposed to an ‘appropriate’ measure that adjust for mineral resource depletion by policy-makers may lead to the implementation of sub-optimal economic policies which are detrimental for sustainable income growth and development. The findings from the study therefore highlight the need for more efficient resource management as well as the development of a ’properly defined‘ national income which corrects for resource depletion to inform sustainable fiscal policy.
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Mwansa, Mumamba Chitumwa. "Reviewing the definition of the natural resource curse and analysing its occurence post-1990". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013243.
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That countries with high natural resource abundance should experience slower economic growth than those with low resource abundance seems contrary to what would be expected, considering the developmental head-start such resources afford. Yet Sachs and Warner (1997) found that economies with a high share of natural resource exports in national income in 1970 tended to experience slower economic growth in the two decades that followed. This finding, that natural resources are a “curse” rather than a blessing, has become generally accepted. This thesis sought to test whether the conclusion drawn from their data – that higher natural resource abundance leads to slower economic growth – is still correct. It sought to test their findings first by correcting for their use of resource intensity (natural resources share of exports) as a proxy for abundance. Using measures of resource abundance for 1995 as a proxy for abundance in previous decades, it was found that higher resource abundance was not associated with lower economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s. This finding is contrary to that of Sachs and Warner (1997, 2001). Secondly, this thesis tested whether the natural resource curse effect was still present for the period 1995–2010. This was done by observing the effect of both resource abundance and resource intensity on economic growth during 1995–2010. In both cases no resource curse effect was found, for this more recent period. The resource curse had disappeared regardless of whether one uses Sachs and Warner’s (1997, 2001) measure of resource intensity or a measure of resource abundance. Natural resources should therefore no longer be considered a “curse”. In explaining the difference for the impact of resource intensity between the 1970-90 period measured by Sachs and Warner (1997, 2001) and the more recent period 1995-2010 it was found that the Dutch Disease effect has decreased significantly since the 1970s and 1980s. This could partly explain why the resource curse has disappeared when measured in terms of resource intensity. Thus it was concluded that the natural resource curse existed in the period 1970-90 only when measured in terms of resource intensity but not when measured relative to resource abundance. The negative effects of natural resources on economic growth have disappeared in terms of both resource intensity and resource abundance in the more recent time period.
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Cheon, Seong-Kwon. "Regional, ethnic and class bases for political cleavages in four east Asian countries /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842518.
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Guo, Yeheng. "Linder's Hypothesis Revisited: A Study on China and 13 Other Countries in Three Different Income Level Groups from 1981 to 2004". Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1149519737.
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Limba, Edwin Mandlakayise. "Barriers Access to Housing Finance by the Low-Income Groups: National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) in South Africa". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30468.
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South Africa (SA) has been experiencing a serious challenge in terms of addressing housing problems and one of the factors is access to finance, mainly by the lower income earners. Government programmes like Financial Linked Individual Subsidy Programme (FLISP) that work through the National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) to provide affordable subsidy finance for housing to households who earn in the range of R3 501 and R15 000 do not make a significant impact necessary to improve access to affordable housing finance. The NHFC has approved and disbursed few and low amounts for FLISP hence questions have been raised as to the challenges that low-income earners experience when accessing affordable housing finance through the NHFC and its role in creating human settlements that is sustainable. The objective is therefore to undertake a descriptive and exploratory study of the FLISP program to enhance understanding of the effectiveness of NHFC in provision of affordable housing financing accessibility by the low-income groups in Johannesburg. The sample of participants was drawn from the beneficiaries of loans and NHFC officials using observations, questionnaires and semi structured individual interviews. The mixed research method is adopted using both the primary and secondary to collect data from NHFC and is analysed by means of descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and frequencies. Data analysis showed that accessibility for housing finance remains an obstacle faced by the low-income households. Convergent mixed method is adopted in the study to understand why the NHFC has been not effective in addressing housing finance for low-income groups. The study found that the major challenges that low-income earners encounter in accessing affordable housing finance range from the deposit amount required, interest rates and affordability in repayments of loans. It is recommended that there should be an enhancement in the housing policy to focus on the low-income groups, also, alternative mechanism such as provision of serviced land and partnerships between government and commercial banks may improve the current conditions.
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Vikström, Peter. "The big picture : a historical national accounts approach to growth, structural change and income distribution in Sweden 1870-1990". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59808.
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One fundamental point of departure for this thesis is the importance of addressing all three basic economic research questions: what is produced, with what and for whom and including them in the discussion regarding long-term macroeconomic performance. This could also be stated as that a consistent historical national accounts approach where both aspects of production and distribution are included can significantly enhance the research on macroeconomic historical issues. Built upon this foundation, the objective of this thesis is twofold. To begin with, the objective includes the broadening of the empirical database of the Swedish historical national accounts (SHNA) with accounts for the process involving the horizontal distribution of income. The second objective of this thesis consists of conducting analyses of the Swedish macroeconomic development using the extended database of the SHNA. An important aspect of the analytical objective involves the exploration of methods that had not widely been applied in Swedish economic historical research. Thus, great emphasis is placed on the methodology used in the analyses of macroeconomic development. These two main objectives forni the disposition of the thesis. The first empirical part consists of work with income accounts in the SHNA. This work has resulted in the establishment of a set of income accounts concurring with the procedure recommended in the contemporary national accounting system. In the second part of the thesis, selected macroeconomic issues are examined using the extended SHNA database. The first analysis consists of a closer examination of the presence of periodization patterns in Swedish growth and structural change. In this chapter an analysis based on structural time series models is applied to the SHNA series. The main results of this chapter is that the time series on growth and structural change reveal a pattern that not unconditionally is consistent with the prevailing periodisation pattern recognised in Swedish economic-historical research. Instead, the development pattern reveals features found in international research. The next analysis is concerned with the role of specific institutions for contributing to the slow-down in growth that occurred from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In this chapter the importance of the corporate tax system, investment funds and the public pension funds for the efficiency of the resource allocation process is examined. The hypothesis that is examined is that these institutional arrangements altered the distribution of income in such a way that the investment allocation was disturbed and thereby leading to inefficiencies that affected long-term growth negatively. This hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence on changes in the income distribution and changes in long-term rates of growth and structural change. Thus, the investigated institutional arrangements to a certain extent had a negative effect on the Swedish economic performance during the 1960s to the 1980s. In the final analytical chapter, the objective is mainly methodological. Here, the focus is on the potential application of CGE-models as a tool for examining Swedish macroeconomic history. A fairly straightforward CGE-model is formulated for the period 1910 to 1930 and estimated using the broadened SHNA. The predictions of the model are evaluated against the actual historical development in order to assess the performance of the model. As the model formulated in this chapter generates accurate prediction of the main macroeconomic indicators, it is subsequently used in a counterfactual analysis of the impact of total factor productivity growth on the overall growth performance. In summary, the thesis demonstrates that much can be achieved in the research on the Swedish macroeconomic development by utilizing new theoretical approaches and applying state of the art analysis methods as a complement to the structural analytical research that has been conducted previously. However, much research is still required, especially on the improvement of the macroeconomic database where one priority is to create detailed and consistent input-output tables and social accounting matrices.digitalisering@umu
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Мотишена, В. В. "Статистичне дослідження макроекономічних показників України". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12544.
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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти статистичного вивчення основних макроекономічних показників України, методи їх розрахунку та аналізу.
Проаналізовано динаміку, процес формування та структуру валового внутрішнього продукту, валового національного доходу та валового національного наявного доходу, вплив зміни структурних елементів на загальний обсяг валового внутрішнього продукту, розраховано інтегральні показники структурних зрушень, а також проведено дослідження галузевої структури, узагальнено зарубіжний досвід у цій сфері.
Запропоновано основні напрями покращення ситуації, яка склалася в країні при формуванні валового внутрішнього продукту: підсилення інтегруючих функцій органів державної статистики в загальному процесі інформаційного відображення суспільних явищ в країні; вдосконалення пропорційності розвитку окремих елементів ВВП;, покращення галузевої структури ВВП задля зростання дохідної частини бюджету.The theoretical aspects of statistical study of the main macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine, methods of their calculation and analysis are considered in the work. The dynamics, process of formation and structure of gross domestic product, gross national income and gross national disposable income, the impact of changes in structural elements on the total gross domestic product, integrated indicators of structural changes, as well as a study of industry structure, generalized foreign experience in this area . The main directions of improving the situation in the country during the formation of gross domestic product are proposed: strengthening the integrative functions of state statistics bodies in the general process of information reflection of social phenomena in the country; improving the proportionality of the development of certain elements of GDP ;, improving the sectoral structure of GDP in order to increase the revenue side of the budget.
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Bruyn-Hundt, Marga. "The economics of unpaid work /". Amsterdam : Thesis Publishers, 1996. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0643/96211527-d.html.
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Denk, Robert. "The quantity theory v. the income expenditures theory using Robert Eisner's adjusted federal budget deficit". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41909.
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Kupamupindi, Takura. "Estimating adult mortality in South Africa using orphanhood and year of death data from the 2008 National Income Dynamics Study". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10793.
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The overall objective of this research is to investigate whether using year of death data to produce estimates of time location is a better approach than the method developed by Brass and Bamgboye (1981) and whether estimates of mortality produced using year of death data are any better than those derived using the conventional orphanhood method.
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Hadi, Bagus P. "The process of public housing development by the National Housing Company in Jakarta, Indonesia". Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722798.
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Indonesia is in its era of development in almost every aspect of human life in which these development are directed and guided by the State Guidelines. One priority under the State Guidelines is housing development, specifically housing development for the low and middle income groups. 'Perumnas' or the National Housing Company is created by the government to take the responsibility of providing and developing affordable housing through a long term loan provided by the Bank Tabungan Negara (the State Savings Bank), with more careful observation to the population growth and its distribution, land use planning in urban and rural areas, job opportunity, health environment, social facility, local building material production, and maintain a balance with the regional development.Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia with its population of more than seven million people has become the primary city in Indonesia and it has been also as a major destination for migrants for jobs opportunities, public services, and information.This study has explored the National Housing Company strategies in dealing with the housing demand and the fast growing population, limited government financial funds, and land availability with special observation to the development of affordable housing in Jakarta; how the National Housing Company financed the housing program includes land and housing development, the methods of building construction, and the method of long term housing payment.Department of Urban Planning
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Etzold, Peter Eric. "National policy approaches to reduce food insecurity in developing market economies". Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9836.
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Gennari, Henrique Salles. "A general system planning methodology (G.S.P.M.) applied to national airport system planning (N.A.S.P.) in middle income and economically active countries (M.I.E.A.C.)". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1989. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16709.
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A General System Planning Methodology (G.S.P.M.) has been proposed in this dissertation with the objective to promote planning practices improvements regardless to the characteristics of the planning context and to the nature of the planning field where it may be applied. The G.S.P.M. is a normative planning methodology based on procedural theory of planning, and it is addressed mainly to the multi-disciplinary planning actors dealing with the multi-objective planning context. The G.S.P.M. has been given a "procedural framework" supported by two Axiomatic Theories, and three objectives of planning have been selected to express simultaneously the G.S.P.M. effectiveness and the aimed Planning Improvement, and they are; Planning Adequacy, Planning Flexibility and Planning Continuity. The National Airport System Planning (N.A.S.P.) has been selected to be the planning field test for the G.S.P.M. and two different planning contexts have been selected to be respectively, the investigation field and the application field for the G.S.P.M. test. A sample of five developed countries have been chosen to represent the investigation field as follows; Norway, U.S.A., United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, and Canada. A sample of four Middle Income and Economically Active Countries(M.I.E.A.C.) have been chosen as the application field, and Brazil has been selected the prime country with three further Brazilian Scenarios designed with the help of Developmental Scenarios Writing to represent that sample. A Multiple Cross System Analysis Matrix(M.C.S.A.M.) has been designed to be an instrument for the G.S.P.M. operational process within the application test in the N.A.S.P. of the two sample of countries. The M.C.S.A.M. is a bidimensional assessment matrix supported by planning theories and operated by multi-disciplinary planning actors to select the preferred aspects of planning which have been used to identify the characteristics of the planning context and planning environment. The M.C.S.A.M. has been designed to select also the preferred planning factors and goals which may represent the potentially most effective planning factors and goals within the given planning context. A Developed Countries Realist N.A.S.P. Methodology Model has been identified within the investigation field which would express the common N.A.S.P. framework within the developed countries, representing the "emphatical understanding" from which we supposed to learn their planning practices. A M.I.E.A.C. N.A.S.P. Realist Methodology Model has been identified within the application field which would express the common N.A.S.P. framework within the M.I.E.A. Countries. This realist model which has been obtained from the Brazilian Scenarios has been also called the Brazilian Planned Scenario N.A.S.P. which is supposed to be the ideal planning context hypothetically designed to improve the actual Brazilian N.A.S.P. practices, as a planning exercise of "predictable understanding". The comparative analyses of the two N.A.S.P. Realist Methodology Models has defined a Tailoring Process of Planning where the adequate planning method can be identified with the appropriate level of technology to the identified planning context.
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Virk, Amrit Kaur. "Expanding health care services for poor populations in developing countries : exploring India's RSBY national health insurance programme for low-income groups". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e65305c-ba60-408a-8c0a-8957767f6596.
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Health is deemed central to a nation’s development. Accordingly, health care reform and expansion are key policy priorities in developing countries. Many such nations are now testing various methods of funding and delivering health care to local disadvantaged populations. Similarly, India launched the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) national health insurance programme for low-income groups in 2008. The RSBY intends preventing catastrophic health-related expenditure by improving recipients’ access to hospital-based care. This thesis is an in-depth qualitative evaluation of the RSBY in Delhi state. It examines the RSBY’s effectiveness in fulfilling its goals and meeting local health care needs. Walt and Gilson’s (1994) actors-content-process-context model informs the research design and an actor-centred “responsive” (Stake 1975) or “constructivist” approach guides data analysis. Three research questions are examined: (i). Why was a health insurance programme launched and why now? Why was this model favoured over alternate methods of service expansion? (ii). Is the RSBY delivered as intended? If not, why? (iii) How does the RSBY affect patients’ access to services? The findings are based on documentary sources, observation of implementation sites and activities and 164 semi-structured interviews with RSBY policymakers, insurers, NGOs, doctors, and patients. The results show improved access to curative and surgical care for RSBY patients. However, RSBY’s focus on hospitalisation and omission of primary and outpatient services had undesired negative effects. The lack of ambulatory facilities led RSBY patients to self-medicate or use dubious quality informal providers. By only allowing inpatient care, the RSBY also seemingly encouraged the substitution of outpatient care with costlier hospitalisations. In effect, the RSBY’s design contributed to cost increases and poor patient outcomes. While more funds and human resources were needed to improve RSBY implementation, the performance of frontline agencies could potentially improve through more stable, longer-term contracts. Similarly, modifying RSBY’s monetary incentives for doctors may lead to better service delivery by them. By evaluating the RSBY’s strong points and shortcomings, this thesis provides key lessons on strengthening policy design and health service delivery in developing countries. Thereby, it makes a broader contribution to understanding the determinants of successful policymaking.
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FORERO, MARIA DEL PILAR BAQUERO. "Communication Technologies, Infrastructure and Institutions as Determinants of Income and Technical Efficiency: Evidence and Implications for National and Supranational Telecommunication Policies". Kyoto University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/158068.
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Mumba, Zulu Joseph. "Integration of national community-based health worker programmes in health systems : Lessons learned from Zambia and other low and middle income countries". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101807.
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Background: To address the huge human resources for health (HRH) crisis that Zambia and other low and middle income countries (LMICs) are experiencing, most LMICs have engaged the services of small scale community-based health worker (CBHW) programmes. However, several challenges affect the CBHWs’ ability to deliver services. Integration of national CBHW programmes into health systems is an emerging innovative strategy for addressing the challenges. Integration is important because it facilitates recognition of CBHWs in the national primary health care system. However, the integration process has not been optimal, and a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that shape the integration process is lacking. This study aimed at addressing this gap by analysing the integration process of national CBHW programmes in health systems in LMICs, with a special emphasis on Zambia. Methodology: This was a qualitative study that used case study and systematic review study designs. The case study focused on Zambia and analysed the integration processes of Community Health Assistants (CHAs) into the health system at district level (Papers I-III). Data collected using key informant interviews, participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were analysed using thematic analysis. The systematic review analysed, using thematic and pathways analysis, the integration process of national CBHWs into health systems in LMICs (Brazil, Ethiopia, India and Pakistan)-(Paper IV). The framework on the integration of health innovations into health systems guided the overall analysis. Results: Factors that facilitated the integration of CHAs into the health system in Zambia included the HRH crisis which triggered the willingness by the Ministry of Health to develop and support implementation of the integration strategy-the CHA strategy. In addition, the attributes of the CHA strategy, such as the perceived competence of CHAs compared to other CBHWs, enhanced the community’s confidence in the CHA services. Involvement of the community in selecting CHAs also increased the community’s sense of programme ownership. However, health system characteristics such as limited support by some support staff, supply shortages as well as limited integration of CHAs into the district governance system affected CHAs’ ability to deliver services. In other LMICs, as in Zambia, the HRH problems necessitated the development of integration strategies. In addition, the perceived relative advantage of national CBHWs with regard to delivering health services compared to the other CBHWs also facilitated the integration process. Furthermore, the involvement of community members and some politicians in programme processes enhanced the perceived legitimacy, credibility and relevance of programmes in other LMICs. Finally, the integration process within the existing health systems enhanced programme compatibility with health system elements such as financing. However, a rapid scale-up process, resistance from other health workers, ineffective incentive structures, and discrimination of CBHWs based on social, gender and economic status inhibited the integration process of national CBHWs into the health systems. Conclusion: Strengthening the integration process requires fully integrating the programme into the district health governance system; being aware of the factors that can influence the integration process such as incentives, supplies and communication systems; clear definition of tasks and work relationships; and adopting a stepwise approach to integration process.
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Thulare, Mpendulo Harold. "The Role of National Land Transport Strategic Framework in enhancing human development, with specific reference to income generation at uMlalazi Local Municipality". Thesis, University of Zululand, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/2004.
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A thesis submitted the to the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand,2018.Literature of the study showed that the transport studies in general that have examined the causality between transport and economic development. The literature revealed that there is a lack of studies that have specifically examined the role of road transport frameworks in enhancing human development. The present study examined the role of the National Land Transport Strategic Framework (NLTSF) in enhancing human development with a specific reference to income generation at uMlalazi Local Municipality. Using the New Public Management as an approach which guided crafting of strategic plans such as transport frameworks, the study examined the role played by strategic frameworks such as NLTSF in enhancing human development. The study adopted a mixed research method approach for collecting and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data. The study used both approaches for the purposes of fully and broadly comprehending the phenomenon studied. Findings of the study revealed that there is a mixed picture about the contribution of road construction projects towards improving the socioeconomic livelihoods of the subjects of the study area. The study concluded that the provision of proper rural road transport infrastructure enhanced income generation capabilities, improved mobility, and, stimulated economic development through the establishment of small local businesses. However, lack of transparency and adherence to fair practices during the recruitment of projects participants, power contest between traditional leaders and councilors and political dynamics in the implementation of projects appeared to be the key challenges. Therefore, the study recommends the evaluation and monitoring of project recruitment procedures and the intensification of cooperative governance between government and civil society.
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Ferrell, Jack Russell. "Economic and governmental factors in political violence: A cross-national analysis and case study of El Salvador". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184879.
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This study analyzes economic and governmental factors in political violence, using both a cross-national quantitative analysis and an historical case study of El Salvador. Since at least the time of Aristotle, political violence has been a concern of social philosophers and social scientists. While it has often been seen primarily as revolutionary, political violence can be reconceptualized to include violent acts for political purposes carried out by an established regime as well as by its opponents. Such a broadening of the concepts facilitates neutral measurements of political violence, such as by death rate per population from domestic political conflict. For convenience, useful theories of political violence may be broken down into two main types. The first type, which may be called inequality theory, postulates some type of inequality, generally economic inequality, as a major cause of political violence. The second type of theory, which may be referred to as collective action theory, generally emphasizes the influence of the political interaction of competing actors. Other theories stress factors such as land inequality and population density. The cross-national analysis of this study found that income inequality and government sanctions were two of the more robust independent variables contributing to political violence. Similarly, the historical case study of El Salvador, particularly a comparison of the outbreaks of political violence occurring in 1932 and in 1979-84, suggests an important role in political violence was played by both income inequality and government sanctions. The findings that both of these variables contribute significantly and simultaneously to political violence implies that inequality theory and collective action theory may be partly compatible with each other. Also, the relationship between income inequality and political violence was found to be much stronger than the relationship between land inequality and political violence. This finding suggests that attempts to prevent political violence solely by addressing land inequality, as in many government land reform programs, will likely fall as long as they do not address the more fundamental factor of income inequality.
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Noah, Tanya. "Financial Literacy in Appalachian Kentucky with a National Comparison". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5109.
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Financial literacy is a national problem; many studies confirmed that Americans have low levels of financial literacy. There is little to no research about financial literacy in Appalachia, and the level of financial literacy was unknown for Appalachian Kentucky. There is a problem deserving attention which can be seen by examination of the 3 key financial indicators. Many researchers found the Appalachian Kentucky region deficient regarding poverty rates, unemployment rates, and personal income rates. The purpose of this study was to develop a baseline level of financial literacy of Appalachian Kentuckians and to compare it to national levels. Becker's theory of human capital served as the theoretical framework of this study. The research questions asked the difference between the levels of financial literacy of Appalachian Kentuckians and Americans. A survey design was used to collect data from residents in an Appalachian Kentucky county (n = 35) that was mathematically average based on the key financial indicators as reported by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The national financial literacy rate was derived from the National Financial Capability Study. A one-sample t test indicated that the financial literacy level of Appalachian Kentuckians is less than the national level. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that financial literacy levels can be predicted either by personal income or poverty. This study offers positive social change by providing a baseline understanding of financial literacy in Appalachian Kentucky to draw more attention to the improvement needs in this area. Improving financial literacy has the potential to improve key financial indicators of the region, and thus, the lives of Appalachian Kentuckians.
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Riedl, Aleksandra y Silvia Rocha-Akis. "Testing the tax competition theory. How elastic are national tax bases in Western Europe?" SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1640/1/document.pdf.
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In this paper, we test one of the fundamental assumptions in the tax competition literature, namely, that a country's taxable income depends on the tax policies pursued in the domestic and in neighbouring countries. Based on a panel of annual data of 14 western European countries spanning the period 1982 to 2004, we show that the common trend in falling corporate income tax (CIT) rates can in part be explained by the existence of fiscal externalities in the form of international resource flows. Our results confirm the presumption put forward in recent empirical tax reaction function studies, that interdependent tax setting behaviour is evidence of tax competition. However, taxable corporate income is shown to react inelastically to domestic and to foreign tax rates. Thus, the observed rise in CIT revenues in Europe between 1982 and 2004 cannot be explained by the trend in falling CIT rates. Moreover, we find that large countries' tax bases are more responsive to neighbouring countries' tax policies, which is in contrast to the classic asymmetric tax competition literature. (author´s abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Arnold, Jill Kathleen. "When mommy and daddy get home the impact of income on parent-child interactions for shift work and nonshift work parent /". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Sikota, Zikhona. "No meaningful participation without effective representation: the case of the Niall Mellon Housing Project in Imizamo Yethu, Hout Bay". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4979.
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Magister Artium - MAAccess to adequate housing is one of the most debated issues in democratic South Africa. The government continues to battle with existing backlogs in the provision of housing and a seemingly increasing demand. At the same time, urban populations take to the streets to register their anger and frustration at the slow progress of service delivery as a whole, including housing and other basic services. Clearly this is an important issue in the country, one that has inspired great public debate and further engagement between the state and the people. Notably, this dissatisfaction endures despite the fact that South Africa’s post-apartheid government discourse on state-society relations has centred on greater participation, especially at local government level, as reflected in the commitment to participatory democracy in the South African constitution. Despite this, in general government housing policy has focused on ensuring the delivery of houses to the people rather than the participatory processes in the provision of housing. The 1994 Housing White Paper took an ‘incremental’ or ‘progressive’ approach to housing, which is a developer driven approach that limits the participation of ordinary citizens in the provision of housing, despite the government’s commitment to enabling participation. The introduction of the People’s Housing Process (PHP) in 1998 (later revised and became the Enhanced People’s Housing Process) was a breakthrough in government’s efforts for the involvement of communities in the housing process. However, even this initiative was criticised for its lack of any meaningful participation, as the contribution of individual residents and communities was limited to the implementation process, while the policy decisions were still in government hands. The revision of this policy and the broadening of the housing policy through Breaking New Ground were meant to encourage community ownership of housing provision and empower them beyond the limitations of the PHP. Notably, the meaning of participation encoded in housing programmes, particularly those such as the PHP, is taken for granted. It is assumed that participation will occur in a straight forward process. However, as this demonstrates, effective participatory processes necessitate particular forms of representation for beneficiaries. Designing an effective participatory mechanism thus requires paying attention to new practices of representation as well as new practices of participation. In the participatory housing processes in particular such representation is essential as the direct participation of communities in decision making might not be feasible at some points in the process, hence, community residents need people that will communicate and make decisions on their behalf in engaging with government. The South African literature on state-society relations is largely silent on the relationship between representation and participatory processes, thus there is limited analysis on local level leaders that become part of these participatory processes. This is the gap that this study explores in relation to housing through a case-study of the role of local community leaders in a People’s Housing Process housing project in Imizamo Yethu, Hout Bay. It aims to understand the significance of the representative role played by local leaders who are not part of the formal democratic system of representation in development participatory processes. In exploring the Niall Mellon Housing Project as a case study, the research illustrates three main points: first, local leaders played a crucial role in the housing project. They initiated and implemented the programme and contributed to the overall success of the project. Indeed it is sensible to assume that organised and legitimate local leaders are essential to development projects as they are able to provide an effective link between government and the community. Second, since these local leaders are not part of the established democratic system of representation, their status is vulnerable to contestation. Local leaders lack the formal authority that usually occurs in representation modes that require explicit authorisation or those formalised as part of the state system of representation. Their position can easily be challenged and their legitimacy questioned. Third, development projects such as the one under investigation also create these kinds of legitimacy crisis. This is due to the competition for scarce government resources introduced by the development projects. Thus, those who feel excluded from the project may retaliate and question the actions of the local leaders. Hence, even though community leaders are useful in this participatory process, the state of their position is vulnerable and their legitimacy can be undermined by the very process that needs their participation.
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Homoródi, Réka y Katarzyna Osmólska. "An analysis of the relationship between Carbon-Dioxide Emissions and Gross Domestic Product For 139 countries within the time period 1985-2004". Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3110.
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The purpose of this dissertation would be to find the relationship between CO2 emission and GDP. We found that in case of the majority of countries the CO2 emission is related to national income and follows an inverted-U shaped curve. In our analysis we used the regression technique on 139 countries within the time period 1985-2004 to model and analyze the mentioned relationship and define the variables, that describe it. As it will be proved, Environmental Kuznets Curve validate the model and our hypothesis confirm other researches, therefore the inverse-u relationship proves to be correct.
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Shariff, Samina. "The Role of Gender Equality and Economic Development in Explaining Female Smoking Rates". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/4.
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Globally female smoking rates are considerably lower than male smoking rates. However, there is great concern regarding female smoking due to the potential for future increases and the associated harm to health. To gain a better understanding regarding female smoking, this study examines the role of gender equality and economic development in explaining the variability in female smoking rates and female-to-male smoking differentials by examining data from 193 World Health Organization member states. Data on the dependent variables, female smoking prevalence rates and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratio, were obtained from the Tobacco Atlas. Data on independent variables i.e., measures of gender equality and gross national income per capita, proxy measure for economic development, were obtained from the 2005 Human Development Report, Central Intelligence Agency, and the World Bank. A composite gender equality index was constructed from the individual measures of gender equality. Multiple regression analysis showed composite gender equality index and gross national income per capita to be significant positive predictors of relative and absolute female smoking rates, with income being a stronger predicator. Individual measures of gender equality failed to show significance with either dependent variable. The results attest to the need for disentangling smoking from the notion of advancement in gender equality and economic development.
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Gazola, Miguel. "Contabilidade tributária: análise dos reflexos decisórios da escolha da empresa de pequeno e médio porte pelo regime de tributação: lucro real, lucro presumido e simples nacional". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1534.
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This research aims to produce a tax planning that can assist in finding an alternative, within legal aspects, to the best or lowest tax burden. Based on this concept, it is necessary to analyze all existing taxation regimes in Brazil and for a better research conclusion, it will be analyzed three companies with distinct branches and areas. Legal entities, within certain rules, will be able to choose from available taxation forms, ie, Taxable Income, National Income Deemed and Simple. Currently taxes in Brazil are very relevant to legal entities cost and expenses composition, regardless the size the company presents itself. Therefore it is necessary to analyze alternatives that would fit better for a given entity, since each tax regime has particular characteristics, are quite different, and will provide advantages or disadvantages for each company given the system chosen. Thus, by the survey raised in the case study, it will be assessed the best taxation way for each type of activity the company plays, being a selling clothes business, an industrial company that manufactures textile products or a services provider in construction
O objetivo desta pesquisa é fazer um Planejamento Tributário que poderá auxiliar na busca de uma alternativa dentro dos aspectos legais à melhor ou à menor carga tributária. A partir desse conceito, é preciso analisar todos os regimes de tributação existentes no Brasil e, para melhor conclusão da pesquisa, serão analisadas três empresas com ramos e áreas distintas. As pessoas jurídicas, dentro de certas regras, poderão optar pelas formas de tributação existentes, ou seja, Lucro Real, Lucro Presumido e Simples Nacional. Atualmente, no Brasil, os tributos são bastante relevantes na composição dos custos e despesas das pessoas jurídicas, independente da empresa ser de pequeno ou médio porte, devendo-se, desse modo, analisar as alternativas, pois cada regime de tributação possui características próprias e bastante diferenciadas, e para determinadas empresas, a escolha do regime de tributação poderá ter vantagens ou desvantagens. Dessa forma, pela pesquisa levantada no estudo comparativo, será avaliada a melhor maneira de tributação para cada tipo de atividade que a empresa desempenha, sendo uma empresa comercial que revende roupas, uma empresa industrial que fabrica papéis e uma empresa de prestação de serviços na área da construção civil
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Nesnídal, Daniel. "Analýza determinantů daně z přidané hodnoty". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194667.
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This master thesis analyses the relationship between state budgetary revenues from indirect taxes, the number of existing indirect tax rates and the level of those taxes. In particular, this thesis strives to investigate whether an increase in the number of indirect tax rates and higher tax rates lead to a measurable increase in the net tax revenue of a given state. The analysis uses tax-related data from 39 European countries collected between 1993 and 2014 and includes a total number of 746 observations. In order to arrive at the estimated results, this thesis uses the general method of moments analysis (GMM) along with the Arellano-Bond estimator. Results obtained through the GMM analysis suggest that, ceteris paribus, the introduction of one additional indirect tax rate leads to a decrease of net tax revenue of the state vis-a-vis its gross domestic product by 1,03 percentage points. The relationship between the level of indirect tax rate and the state's net revenues appears to be non-linear. Specifically, the increase of indirect tax rate by one percentage point appears to be associated with an increase of state's net revenue vis-a-vis its gross domestic product by approximately one percentage point.
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Ntoampe-, Mahlelebe Tsaliko. "The impact of the National Credit Act (NCA) on the profitability of housing microfinance lenders in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80647.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High interest rates on credit products in South Africa are not unusual. This would be beneficial to the South African consumers if the cost of incurring these credit products was lower than the benefit derived from incurring them .This is unfortunately not the case to the majority of the South African population. The unlikelihood of this situation is a direct result of the lack of access to appropriate savings and insurance products to a large number of South Africans. Most South Africans use credit, in the form of microloans to augment their consumption patterns. The majority of South Africans do not have a culture of saving; therefore they use credit as a substitute for the lack of savings when consumption patterns exceed income. Using credit as a substitute for the lack of savings becomes extremely costly for low income earners. The result is a perpetual dependence on credit, lack of accumulation of wealth and a lack of improvement in their standard of living. The perpetual dependence on credit has brought about unscrupulous lenders who take advantage of the low income earners dependency on credit for their daily existence. It is due to such exploitations that the South African government through its Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) intervened to bring normality in the South African credit market. This intervention was done through the promulgation of the National Credit Act (NCA), Act No.34 of 2005. The purpose of this study is to focus on a sub set of the credit providers in South Africa known as housing microfinance (HMF) lenders. The study explores the impact of the National Credit Act in the South African credit industry. The Act’s intentions are elaborated and the reality of the implementation of the Act on the drivers of profitability for the housing microfinance institutions is measured. The finding is that housing microfinance institutions have to restructure their business processes in order to be profitable and sustainable in the ambit of the National Credit Act.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vir menige finansiële produkte in Suid-Afrika is rentekoerse wat wissel tussen 80 en 150 persent is nie ongewoon nie. In ekonomiese terme kan verbruikers slegs voordeel trek uit hierdie hoë rentekoerse as die koste om hierdie krediet te verkry laer is as die voordeel wat voortspruit uit die aangaan van die koste. Hierdie situasie is hoogs onwaarskynlik in die oorgrote meerderheid van gevalle in Suid-Afrika. Die onwaarskynlikheid van hierdie situasie is die direkte gevolg van die gebrek aan toegang tot toepaslike spaar- en versekeringsprodukte vir ‘n groot aantal Suid-Afrikaners. Die meeste Suid-Afrikaners gebruik krediet (naamlik mikrolenings) om hulle verbruikerspatrone aan te vul. Die gebruik van krediet as ‘n plaasvervanger vir spaargeld word uitermate duur vir die lae-inkomste verdiener. Die gevolg is ‘n ewigdurende afhanklikheid van krediet, geen akkumulasie van welvaart nie en ‘n gebrek aan verbetering van lewenstandaard. Die ewigdurende afhanklikheid van krediet het gewetenlose uitleners geskep wat die lae-inkomste verdieners uitbuit wat afhanklik is van krediet vir hul daaglikse bestaan. Dit is as gevolg van hierdie tipe uitbuiting dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering deur sy Departement van Handel en Nywerheid tussenbeide getree het om normaliteit te bring in die Suid-Afrikaanse kredietmark. Hierdie intervensie is gedoen deur die uitvaardiging van die Nasionale Kredietwet, Wet No. 34 van 2005. Die doel van hierdie studie is om te fokus op ‘n onderdeel van die kredietverskaffers in Suid-Afrika bekend as die behuising-mikrofinansiering-uitleners. Die studie ondersoek die impak van die Nasionale Kredietwet in die Suid-Afrikaanse kredietindustrie. Die Wet se oogmerke word uiteengesit en die realiteit van die implementering van die Wet op die drywers van winsgewendheid vir die behuising-mikrofinansiering-instansies word gemeet. Die bevinding is dat behuising-mikrofinansiering-instansies hulle besigheidsprosesse moet herstruktureer ten einde meer winsgewend en volhoubaar te wees binne die strekking van die Nasionale Kredietwet.