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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Natural and Artificial Selection"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 14 de febrero de 2022

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1

Pass, B. C. "ESA's Evolution: Artificial or Natural Selection?" Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 34, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/34.3.108.

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2

Moravčíková, N., M. Simčič, G. Mészáros, J. Sölkner, V. Kukučková, M. Vlček, A. Trakovická, O. Kadlečík y R. Kasarda. "Genomic response to natural selection within alpine cattle breeds". Czech Journal of Animal Science 63, No. 4 (19 de marzo de 2018): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/62/2017-cjas.

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The aim of this study was to analyse the genomic regions that have been target of natural selection with respect to identifying the loci responsible mainly for fitness traits across six alpine cattle breeds. The genome-wide scan for selection signatures was performed using genotyping data from totally 465 animals. After applying data quality control, overall 35 873 single nucleotide polymorphisms were useable for the subsequent analysis. The detection of genomic regions affected by natural selection was carried out using the approach of principal component analysis. The analysis was based on the assumption that markers extremely related to the population structure are also candidates for local adaptation potential of the population. Based on the expected false discovery rate equal to 10% up to 1138 loci were identified as outliers. The strongest signals of selection were found in genomic regions on BTA 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, and 22. Most genes located in the identified regions have been previously associated with immunity system as well as body growth and muscle formation that mainly reflect the pressure of both natural and artificial selection in respect to adaptation of analysed breeds to the local environmental conditions. The results also signalized that those regions represent a correlated selection response in way to maintain the fitness of analysed breeds.

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3

HALDANE, J. "A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection—I". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52, n.º 1-2 (1990): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80010-2.

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4

Haldane, J. B. S. "A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection—I". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52, n.º 1-2 (enero de 1990): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02459574.

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5

Salthe, Stanley N. "Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity". Artificial Life 14, n.º 3 (julio de 2008): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.3.14309.

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Structural complexity characterizes our representations of dissipative structures. As a mechanistic concept, when referred to natural systems it generates perplexity in the face of logically sound models. Natural selection is a simple mechanistic concept, whose logic is well exemplified in genetic algorithms. While biological traits and functions do appear to have been subjected to selective culling, current neo-Darwinian theory is unable to account for the evolution of traits or functions when many of these are taken as the separate objects of independent fitness functions. Soft selection, acting in a phenotypically holistic manner, does model selection acting upon structurally complex systems with many traits and functions, but does not account for the evolution of specific traits or functions. It is further suggested that selection cannot be other than a weak force in the early, generative stages of complex life histories, and that this is a good thing, preserving their generativity. I conclude that natural selection theory by itself cannot account for increases in structural complexity.

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6

Bailey, Michael M., Kevin A. Lachapelle y Michael T. Kinnison. "Ontogenetic selection on hatchery salmon in the wild: natural selection on artificial phenotypes". Evolutionary Applications 3, n.º 4 (27 de enero de 2010): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00115.x.

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7

Prescott, Tony J., Joanna J. Bryson y Anil K. Seth. "Introduction. Modelling natural action selection". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, n.º 1485 (11 de abril de 2007): 1521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2050.

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Action selection is the task of resolving conflicts between competing behavioural alternatives. This theme issue is dedicated to advancing our understanding of the behavioural patterns and neural substrates supporting action selection in animals, including humans. The scope of problems investigated includes: (i) whether biological action selection is optimal (and, if so, what is optimized), (ii) the neural substrates for action selection in the vertebrate brain, (iii) the role of perceptual selection in decision-making, and (iv) the interaction of group and individual action selection. A second aim of this issue is to advance methodological practice with respect to modelling natural action section. A wide variety of computational modelling techniques are therefore employed ranging from formal mathematical approaches through to computational neuroscience, connectionism and agent-based modelling. The research described has broad implications for both natural and artificial sciences. One example, highlighted here, is its application to medical science where models of the neural substrates for action selection are contributing to the understanding of brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

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8

Zheng, Shao‐Ping, Li‐Bo Huang, Zhanhu Sun y Mihail Barboiu. "Self‐Assembled Artificial Ion‐Channels toward Natural Selection of Functions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, n.º 2 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 566–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201915287.

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9

KIRKPATRICK, MARK y THOMAS BATAILLON. "Artificial selection on phenotypically plastic traits". Genetical Research 74, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1999): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672399004115.

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Many phenotypes respond physiologically or developmentally to continuously distributed environmental variables such as temperature and nutritional quality. Information about phenotypic plasticity can be used to improve the efficiency of artificial selection. Here we show that the quantitative genetic theory for ‘infinite-dimensional’ traits such as reaction norms provides a natural framework to accomplish this goal. It is expected to improve selection responses by making more efficient use of information about environmental effects than do conventional methods. The approach is illustrated by deriving an index for mass selection of a phenotypically plastic trait. We suggest that the same approach could be extended directly to more general and efficient breeding schemes, such as those based on general best linear unbiased prediction. Methods for estimating genetic covariance functions are reviewed.

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10

Sanchez, Luis. "Darwin, artificial selection, and poverty:Contemporary implications of a forgotten argument". Politics and the Life Sciences 29, n.º 1 (marzo de 2010): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/29_1_61.

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This paper argues that the processes of evolutionary selection are becoming increasingly artificial, a trend that goes against the belief in a purely natural selection process claimed by Darwin's natural selection theory. Artificial selection is mentioned by Darwin, but it was ignored by Social Darwinists, and it is all but absent in neo-Darwinian thinking. This omission results in an underestimation of probable impacts of artificial selection upon assumed evolutionary processes, and has implications for the ideological uses of Darwin's language, particularly in relation to poverty and other social inequalities. The influence of artificial selection on genotypic and phenotypic adaptations arguably represents a substantial shift in the presumed path of evolution, a shift laden with both biological and political implications.

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11

Ennenga, George R. vB. "Artificial Evolution". Artificial Life 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1997.3.1.51.

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Most of us know about specific biotechnologies but may be less aware of the underlying process. This essay analyzes that process and speculates on its meaning. It introduces the term artificial evolution, here defined as the controlled micromanipulation of genetic information from one generation to the next, where the first variational step is engineered and the second selection step is insured by humankind. This is qualitatively different from natural evolution. The characteristics of this artificial mode of evolution are immediacy, as opposed to Darwin's law of gradualism, transclass descent, unlike Darwin's common descent, identity, as opposed to variety, and an artificial rate of mutational change, as opposed to a natural one. It constitutes evolution out of evolution, and redoubles our ethical responsibility for the future.

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12

Sterrett, Susan G. "Darwin’s analogy between artificial and natural selection: how does it go?" Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 33, n.º 1 (marzo de 2002): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-8486(01)00039-5.

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13

Trbojević, Ivana S., Slađana S. Popović, Vanja V. Milovanović, Dragana D. Predojević, Gordana V. Subakov Simić, Olga S. Jakovljević y Jelena Ž. Krizmanić. "Substrate type selection in diatom based lake water quality assessment". Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, n.º 422 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021022.

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Various studies report contrasting results on the substrate-type effect on diatom community composition, but the particularly important question is whether or not it affects diatom-based assessments of water quality. We investigated whether the substrate type is a significant predictor of the diatom community composition and if it affects lake water quality assessment based on diatom indices. This study took place in Sava Lake (Serbia). We used glass, ceramic, willow and yew tree tiles as artificial substrates for periphyton development, and pebbles from the lake littoral as natural substrate. Results revealed differences in both the diatom community composition and diatom indices values related to the substrates. A distinction was recognized between natural, artificial wooden, and artificial inert substrates. However, the final lake quality assessment based on diatom indices was more or less similar in all substrate types in our study, and depended on value ranges associated with water quality classification and on diatom index choices. Artificial substrates in our study did show potential as an alternative for natural substrate, but further studies are required, particularly in various types of lentic ecosystems to confirm our findings and support artificial substrate employment in lake water quality assessment.

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14

Al-Betar, Mohammed Azmi, Mohammed A. Awadallah, Hossam Faris, Ibrahim Aljarah y Abdelaziz I. Hammouri. "Natural selection methods for Grey Wolf Optimizer". Expert Systems with Applications 113 (diciembre de 2018): 481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.022.

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15

Riegler, Alexander. "Natural or Internal Selection? The Case of Canalization in Complex Evolutionary Systems". Artificial Life 14, n.º 3 (julio de 2008): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.3.14308.

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Using biological examples and theoretical arguments, the case is presented for extending the notion of natural selection to include internal selection in order to account for the evolution of complex systems. It is suggested that we take into consideration internal factors that arise from the hierarchical dynamics of complex systems. In addition to environmental selection, it is argued, decisive constraints are created by the system itself. Canalization is shown to be an indispensable ingredient for evolutionary processes in both biological and artificial complex systems. In artificial life systems canalization is not only an instrument for controlling complexity, it also increases the speed and stability of evolutionary processes.

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16

Rinkus, Rod. "Learning as natural selection in a sensori-motor being". Neural Networks 1 (enero de 1988): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(88)90164-5.

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17

Zhang, Gupeng, Libin Xiong, Xiao Wang, Jianing Dong y Hongbo Duan. "Artificial selection versus natural selection: Which causes the Matthew effect of science funding allocation in China?" Science and Public Policy 47, n.º 3 (3 de mayo de 2020): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa024.

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Abstract To investigate either artificial or natural selection leads to the Matthew effect in the science funding allocation and its consequences, this study retrieves 274,732 publications by Chinese scientists from the Web of Science and examines how the disparity of science funding determines scientists’ research performance. We employ the Negative Binomial Model and other models to regress the publication’s citation times, which measures the research performance, on the number of funding grants and their amounts of currency that the publication receives, which measures the disparity of science funding. The empirical results suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship. However, the optimum number of funding grants far exceeds the actual number that most publications receive, implying that increasing the funding for academic research positively impacts scientists’ research performance. The natural disparity thus plays a major role in distributing the science funding. Additionally, China’s publication-based academic assessment system may be another main cause.

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18

MALIM, MUHAMMAD ROZI y FARIDAH ABDUL HALIM. "IMMUNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS". International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 21, n.º 06 (diciembre de 2012): 1250031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213012500315.

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Artificial immune system is inspired by the natural immune system for solving computational problems. The immunological principles that are primarily used in artificial immune systems are the clonal selection principle, the immune network theory, and the negative selection mechanism. These principles have been applied in anomaly detection, pattern recognition, computer and network security, dynamic environments and learning, robotics, data analysis, optimization, scheduling, and timetabling. This paper describes how these three immunological principles were adapted by previous researchers in their artificial immune system models and algorithms. Finally, the applications of various artificial immune systems to various domains are summarized as a time-line.

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19

Huang, Chao-Li, Cheng-Yu Hung, Yu-Chung Chiang, Chi-Chuan Hwang, Tsai-Wen Hsu, Chi-Chun Huang, Kuo-Hsiang Hung et al. "Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza". Plant Journal 70, n.º 5 (8 de marzo de 2012): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04915.x.

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20

Zeng, Zhao-Bang. "Genotypic distribution at the limits to natural and artificial selection with mutation". Theoretical Population Biology 32, n.º 1 (agosto de 1987): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(87)90042-6.

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21

Ayala, Cristina, Alejandra G. Ramos, Ángel Merlo y Luis Zambrano. "Microhabitat selection of axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum, in artificial and natural aquatic systems". Hydrobiologia 828, n.º 1 (10 de octubre de 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3792-8.

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22

Theunissen, Bert. "Darwin and His Pigeons. The Analogy Between Artificial and Natural Selection Revisited". Journal of the History of Biology 45, n.º 2 (29 de octubre de 2011): 179–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-011-9310-8.

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23

Chuchvaha, Vasyl y Larysa Kryvosheeva. "The methodological aspects of studying of the resistance of fiber flax varieties to fusariosis". Bast and Technical Crops, n.º 7(12) (1 de diciembre de 2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.48096/btc.2019.7(12).54-57.

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A comparative assessment of the resistance of varieties of fiber flax to fusarium in natural and artificial provocative nursery conditions. As a result of the conducted studies, it was concluded that the selection of fiber flax breeding material for resistance to fusariosis in natural conditions is inappropriate. Selection and evaluation of fiber flax breeding material for Fusarium should be carried out in the harsh conditions of an artificial infectious background, with the necessary additional source of infection.

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24

Laland, Kevin, John Odling-Smee y John Endler. "Niche construction, sources of selection and trait coevolution". Interface Focus 7, n.º 5 (18 de agosto de 2017): 20160147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0147.

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Organisms modify and choose components of their local environments. This ‘niche construction’ can alter ecological processes, modify natural selection and contribute to inheritance through ecological legacies. Here, we propose that niche construction initiates and modifies the selection directly affecting the constructor, and on other species, in an orderly, directed and sustained manner. By dependably generating specific environmental states, niche construction co-directs adaptive evolution by imposing a consistent statistical bias on selection. We illustrate how niche construction can generate this evolutionary bias by comparing it with artificial selection. We suggest that it occupies the middle ground between artificial and natural selection. We show how the perspective leads to testable predictions related to: (i) reduced variance in measures of responses to natural selection in the wild; (ii) multiple trait coevolution, including the evolution of sequences of traits and patterns of parallel evolution; and (iii) a positive association between niche construction and biodiversity. More generally, we submit that evolutionary biology would benefit from greater attention to the diverse properties of all sources of selection.

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25

Khan, Tabrej, Mohamed Thariq Bin Hameed Sultan y Ahmad Hamdan Ariffin. "The challenges of natural fiber in manufacturing, material selection, and technology application: A review". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n.º 11 (16 de abril de 2018): 770–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418756762.

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In this review, previous studies about the properties and applications of natural fiber composites in the aerospace and automobile fields will be discussed. Natural fiber composites are a better alternate to the existing artificial fiber composites due to their advantages, e.g. lightweight, cheaper and, most importantly, their environmental aspects and biodegradability. Since ancient times, natural fibers have been used for preparing walls, baskets, ropes, clothes, and many more products. More recently, natural fibers such as jute, kenaf, sisal, hemp, and flax have been used in the engineering production field. Natural fiber composites are used increasingly in the aerospace and automotive industries. Nowadays, natural fiber composites and artificial composites are being compared by researchers to find the most appropriate materials for engineering fields. Researchers are also more focused on natural fibers due to their biodegradability and low production cost. Assessments of the materials used in aircraft parts and panel structures have been made to study the potential of using natural fiber composites instead.

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26

Consuegra, Sofia y Carlos Garcia de Leaniz. "MHC-mediated mate choice increases parasite resistance in salmon". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, n.º 1641 (25 de marzo de 2008): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0066.

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Natural (parasite-driven) and sexual selection are thought to maintain high polymorphism in the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but support for a link between mate choice, MHC variation and increased parasite resistance is circumstantial. We compared MHC diversity and Anisakis loads among anadromous Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) returning to four rivers to spawn, which had originated from natural spawning (parents allowed to mate freely) or artificial crosses (parents deprived from the potential benefits of mate choice). We found that the offspring of artificially bred salmon had higher parasite loads and were almost four times more likely to be infected than free-mating salmon, despite having similar levels of MHC diversity. Moreover, the offspring of wild salmon were more MHC dissimilar than the offspring of artificially crossed salmon, and uninfected fish were more dissimilar for MHC than infected fish. Thus, our results suggest a link between disassortative mating and offspring benefits and indicate that MHC-mediated mate choice and natural (parasite-driven) selection act in combination to maintain MHC diversity, and hence fitness. Therefore, artificial breeding programmes that negate the potential genetic benefits of mate choice may result in inherently inferior offspring, regardless of population size, rearing conditions or genetic diversity.

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27

Downing, Keith y Peter Zvirinsky. "The Simulated Evolution of Biochemical Guilds: Reconciling Gaia Theory and Natural Selection". Artificial Life 5, n.º 4 (octubre de 1999): 291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454699568791.

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Gaia theory, which states that organisms both affect and regulate their environment, poses an interesting problem to Neo-Darwinian evolutionary biologists and provides an exciting set of phenomena for artificial-life investigation. The key challenge is to explain the emergence of biotic communities that are capable, via their implicit coordination, of regulating large-scale biogeochemical factors such as the temperature and chemical composition of the biosphere, but to assume no evolutionary mechanisms beyond contemporary natural selection. Along with providing an introduction to Gaia theory, this article presents simulations of Gaian emergence based on an artificial-life model involving genetic algorithms and guilds of simple metabolizing agents. In these simulations, resource competition leads to guild diversity; the ensemble of guilds then manifests life-sustaining nutrient recycling and exerts distributed control over environmental nutrient ratios. These results illustrate that standard individual-based natural selection is sufficient to explain Gaian self-organization, and they help clarify the relationships between two key metrics of Gaian activity: recycling and regulation.

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28

Edwards, J. H. "The population genetics of Duchenne: natural and artificial selection in Duchenne muscular dystrophy." Journal of Medical Genetics 23, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1986): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.23.6.521.

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29

Egeth, Marc y Robert Kurzban. "Artificial Natural Selection: Can Supplemental Feeding Domesticate Mosquitoes and Control Mosquito-Borne Diseases?" Evolutionary Psychology 10, n.º 3 (julio de 2012): 147470491201000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000315.

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30

Lu, Li, Di Shao, Xianjin Qiu, Liang Sun, Wenhao Yan, Xiangchun Zhou, Lin Yang, Yuqing He, Sibin Yu y Yongzhong Xing. "Natural variation and artificial selection in four genes determine grain shape in rice". New Phytologist 200, n.º 4 (16 de agosto de 2013): 1269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12430.

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31

Izawa, T. "Adaptation of flowering-time by natural and artificial selection in Arabidopsis and rice". Journal of Experimental Botany 58, n.º 12 (13 de julio de 2007): 3091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm159.

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32

Rødven, Rolf, Inkeri Männikkö, Rolf A. Ims, Nigel G. Yoccoz y Ivar Folstad. "Parasite intensity and fur coloration in reindeer calves - contrasting artificial and natural selection". Journal of Animal Ecology 78, n.º 3 (mayo de 2009): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01515.x.

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33

Wasik, B. R., S. F. Liew, D. A. Lilien, A. J. Dinwiddie, H. Noh, H. Cao y A. Monteiro. "Artificial selection for structural color on butterfly wings and comparison with natural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, n.º 33 (4 de agosto de 2014): 12109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402770111.

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34

Galloway, Laura F. y Kevin S. Burgess. "Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive phenology across natural light environments". Journal of Ecology 100, n.º 4 (19 de marzo de 2012): 852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01967.x.

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35

Awadallah, Mohammed A., Mohammed Azmi Al-Betar, Asaju La’aro Bolaji, Emad Mahmoud Alsukhni y Hassan Al-Zoubi. "Natural selection methods for artificial bee colony with new versions of onlooker bee". Soft Computing 23, n.º 15 (14 de junio de 2018): 6455–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-018-3299-2.

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36

Kershenbaum, Arik, Anne Kershenbaum y Leon Blaustein. "Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) den site selection: preference for artificial sites". Wildlife Research 38, n.º 3 (2011): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10228.

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Context Objective assessments of habitat requirements for endangered species are often lacking when planning management strategies, and inappropriate landscape manipulation can sometimes turn an endangered species into a pest. Recent expansive population growth of the rock hyrax Procavia capensis in northern Israel has been attributed largely to the proliferation of man-made boulder piles on the fringes of new residential developments. Aims The hyrax is a protected species, but when in proximity to residential areas it can be a garden pest and is medically important as a reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Management should thus consider preservation of hyrax populations in combination with minimising pest potential. We examined the hypothesis that hyraxes prefer artificial boulder piles to natural outcrop crevices as den sites. Methods We surveyed all 57 potential den sites in a 1 × 1 km area around a village in northern Israel, and conducted logistic regression to examine the correlation of hyrax presence with site type (pile or crevice), size, distance from the village, distance from other den sites and network centrality within the den site network. We used the Aikaike information criterion (AIC) to compare logistic models. Key results Occupancy was well predicted by site type, site size, and distance from other sites, explaining 59% of the variation in the logistic regression. These three predictors were selected both by considering the combination of predictors that gave the lowest AIC value, and also by the stepwise logistic algorithm. Conclusions and implications Hyrax den site preference, and in particular preference for boulder piles over natural crevices, should be integrated into managing this species simultaneously for conservation and pest control in the face of continuing residential encroachment on natural areas.

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37

Rajpurohit, Subhash, Rani Richardson, John Dean, Raul Vazquez, Grace Wong y Paul S. Schmidt. "Pigmentation and fitness trade-offs through the lens of artificial selection". Biology Letters 12, n.º 10 (octubre de 2016): 20160625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0625.

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Pigmentation is a classic phenotype that varies widely and adaptively in nature both within and among taxa. Genes underlying pigmentation phenotype are highly pleiotropic, creating the potential for functional trade-offs. However, the basic tenets of this trade-off hypothesis with respect to life-history traits have not been directly addressed. In natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster , the degree of melanin pigmentation covaries with fecundity and several other fitness traits. To examine correlations and potential trade-offs associated with variation in pigmentation, we selected replicate outbred populations for extreme pigmentation phenotypes. Replicate populations responded rapidly to the selection regime and after 100 generations of artificial selection were phenotyped for pigmentation as well as the two basic fitness parameters of fecundity and longevity. Our data demonstrate that selection on pigmentation resulted in a significant shift in both fecundity and longevity profiles. Selection for dark pigmentation resulted in greater fecundity and no pronounced change in longevity, whereas selection for light pigmentation decreased longevity but did not affect fecundity. Our results indicate the pleiotropic nature of alleles underlying pigmentation phenotype and elucidate possible trade-offs between pigmentation and fitness traits that may shape patterns of phenotypic variation in natural populations.

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38

Nakai, H., K. Katsumata, M. Gohda, J. Watanabe y K. Koike. "Modification of host–parasite interactions through mutagenesis in quantitative resistance of rice to bacterial leaf blight". Journal of Agricultural Science 111, n.º 2 (octubre de 1988): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600083258.

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SummaryA number of mutant lines showing different levels of improved quantitative resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) were obtained through selection of plants or lines derived from seeds of the rice cultivar Harebare exposed to thermal neutrons and gamma-rays. The selections were made on M2–M4 materials under natural BLB-epidemic conditions and/or by artificial inoculation of one of the BLB isolates. Bacterial isolates predominating under the natural conditions were identified as belonging to the differential BLB isolate group I, and the isolates of this group were used in the artificial inoculation for selection of mutants. The selected M4 mutant lines were tested in M5 for BLB resistance by artificial inoculations of four differential bacterium isolates, groups I, II, III and IV. The M6 mutant lines showed quantitatively elevated resistances to the isolate of bacterium group I and also to the other three differential isolates. Analysis of variance of the data demonstrated that the observed elevated quantitative resistances of the mutants to the isolates I, II, III and IV were isolatespecific. Host-parasite interactions in quantitative resistance to BLB and their modification by induced mutations are discussed.

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39

Li, Junnan, Qingsheng Zhu y Quanwang Wu. "A parameter-free hybrid instance selection algorithm based on local sets with natural neighbors". Applied Intelligence 50, n.º 5 (27 de enero de 2020): 1527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10489-019-01598-y.

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40

Mitsuda, Yasushi y Satoshi Ito. "Comparison of the effect of natural and social environment on land-use selection between artificial and natural-forest". Landscape Ecology and Management 9, n.º 1 (2004): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5738/jale.9.63.

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41

Gomez-Raya, Luis, Hanne Gro Olsen, Frode Lingaas, Helge Klungland, Dag Inge Våge, Ingrid Olsaker, Seblewengel Bekele Talle, Monica Aasland y Sigbjørn Lien. "The Use of Genetic Markers to Measure Genomic Response to Selection in Livestock". Genetics 162, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2002): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1381.

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Abstract A method to measure genomic response to natural and artificial selection by means of genetic markers in livestock is proposed. Genomic response through several levels of selection was measured using sequential testing for distorted segregation of alleles among selected and nonselected sons, single-sperm typing, and a test with records for growth performance. Statistical power at a significance level of 0.05 was >0.5 for a marker linked to a QTL with recombination fractions 0, 0.10, and 0.20 for detecting genomic responses for gene effects of 0.6, 0.7, and 1.0 phenotypic standard deviations, respectively. Genomic response to artificial selection in six commercial bull sire families comprising 285 half-sib sons selected for growth performance was measured using 282 genetic markers evenly distributed over the cattle genome. A genome-wide test using selected sons was significant (P < 0.001), indicating that selection induces changes in the genetic makeup of commercial cattle populations. Markers located in chromosomes 6, 10, and 16 identified regions in those chromosomes that are changing due to artificial selection as revealed by the association of records of performance with alleles at specific markers. Either natural selection or genetic drift may cause the observed genomic response for markers in chromosomes 1, 7, and 17.

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42

Sanchez, Luis Manuel. "Darwin’s politics of selection". Politics and the Life Sciences 38, n.º 1 (2019): 72–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.1.

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The uses of natural selection argument in politics have been constant since Charles Darwin’s times. They have also been varied. The readings of Darwin’s theory range from the most radically individualist views, as in orthodox socio-Darwinism, to the most communitarian, as in Peter Kropotkin’s and other socialist perspectives. This essay argues that such diverse, contradictory, and sometimes even outrageous political derivations from Darwin’s theory may be partially explained by some incompleteness and ambivalences underlying Darwin’s concepts. “Natural selection,” “struggle for existence,” and “survival of the fittest” are open concepts and may suggest some hierarchical and segregationist interpretations. Circumstantially, Darwin accepted social “checks,” such as discouraging marriage of “lower” individuals to prevent them from reproducing, in a vein of Malthusian politics. This makes Darwin’s theory of selection by struggle collide with his theory of social instincts, by which he explains the origins of morality. It also favors reading Darwin’sOn the Origin of SpeciesorThe Descent of Manfrom opposite, mostly ideological perspectives. Darwin’s position is ambivalent, although hardly unreasonable. The recognition he makes of social instincts, as well as the use of the concept of artificial selection, entails accepting the role of human consciousness, by which social evolution cannot be reduced to natural evolution, as socio-Darwinians did next and as some neo-Darwinists seem to repeat. On these grounds, this essay argues the inadequacy of the conventional model of natural selection for understanding politics. If we want to describe politics in Darwin’s language,artificialrather thannatural selectionwould be the concept that performs better for explaining the courses of politics in real society.

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43

Taher, Ali Abdul Kadhim y Suhad Malallah Kadhim. "Improvement of genetic algorithm using artificial bee colony". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2020): 2125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.2233.

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Genetic algorithm (GA) is a part of evolutionary computing that simulates the theory of evolution and natural selection, where this technique depends on a heuristic random search. This algorithm reflects the operation of natural selection, where the fittest individuals are chosen for reproduction so that they produce offspring of the next generation. This paper proposes a method to improve GA using artificial bee colony (GABC). This proposed algorithm was applied to random number generation (RNG), and travelling salesman problem (TSP). The proposed method used to generate initial populations for GA rather than the random generation that used in traditional GA. The results of testing on RNG show that the proposed GABC was better than traditional GA in the mean iteration and the execution time. The results of testing TSP show the superiority of GABC on the traditional GA. The superiority of the GABC is clear in terms of the percentage of error rate, the average length route, and obtaining the shortest route. The programming language Python3 was used in programming the proposed methods.

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44

Carter, Ashley J. R., Elizabeth Osborne y David Houle. "Heritability of Directional Asymmetry in Drosophila melanogaster". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2009 (13 de septiembre de 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2009/759159.

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Directional asymmetry (DA), the consistent difference between a pair of morphological structures in which the same side is always larger than the other, presents an evolutionary mystery. Although many paired traits show DA, genetic variation for DA has not been unambiguously demonstrated. Artificial selection is a powerful technique for uncovering selectable genetic variation; we review and critique the limited number of previous studies that have been performed to select on DA and present the results of a novel artificial selection experiment on the DA of posterior crossvein location in Drosophila wings. Fifteen generations of selection in two genetically distinct lines were performed and none of the lines showed a significant response to selection. Our results therefore support and reconfirm previous findings; despite apparent natural variation and evolution of DA in nature, DA remains a paradoxical trait that does not respond to artificial selection.

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45

Edward, Dominic A., Claudia Fricke y Tracey Chapman. "Adaptations to sexual selection and sexual conflict: insights from experimental evolution and artificial selection". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, n.º 1552 (27 de agosto de 2010): 2541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0027.

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Artificial selection and experimental evolution document natural selection under controlled conditions. Collectively, these techniques are continuing to provide fresh and important insights into the genetic basis of evolutionary change, and are now being employed to investigate mating behaviour. Here, we focus on how selection techniques can reveal the genetic basis of post-mating adaptations to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Alteration of the operational sex ratio of adult Drosophila over just a few tens of generations can lead to altered ejaculate allocation patterns and the evolution of resistance in females to the costly effects of elevated mating rates. We provide new data to show how male responses to the presence of rivals can evolve. For several traits, the way in which males responded to rivals was opposite in lines selected for male-biased, as opposed to female-biased, adult sex ratio. This shows that the manipulation of the relative intensity of intra- and inter-sexual selection can lead to replicable and repeatable effects on mating systems, and reveals the potential for significant contemporary evolutionary change. Such studies, with important safeguards, have potential utility for understanding sexual selection and sexual conflict across many taxa. We discuss how artificial selection studies combined with genomics will continue to deepen our knowledge of the evolutionary principles first laid down by Darwin 150 years ago.

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46

Zhang, Xu-Sheng y William G. Hill. "Predictions of Patterns of Response to Artificial Selection in Lines Derived From Natural Populations". Genetics 169, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.032573.

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47

LaVere, Arthur M., Keith R. Marcroft, Roland C. Smith y Robert J. Sarka. "Denture tooth selection: Size matching of natural anterior tooth width with artificial denture teeth". Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 72, n.º 4 (octubre de 1994): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(94)90557-6.

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48

Boug, Ahmed, M. Zafar-ul Islam, Toshitaka Iwamoto, Akio Mori, Akihiro Yamane y Amy L. Schreier. "The relationship between artificial food supply and natural food selection in two troops of commensal Hamadryas Baboons Papio hamadryas (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Saudi Arabia". Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, n.º 10 (26 de octubre de 2017): 10741. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3348.9.10.10741-10756.

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The Hamadryas Baboon is the only nonhuman primate to inhabit the Arabian Peninsula. In Saudi Arabia, Hamadryas Baboons are known to rely on both human and natural plant foods. We examined the relationship between artificial food supply and natural food selection in two commensal hamadryas troops in different habitats in Saudi Arabia. Alhada had richer vegetation, while the Dam Site featured ground vegetation heavily damaged by overgrazing. The baboons’ diets, including dependency on artificial foods, reflected the status of the natural habitat. The availability of fresh vegetation following significant rainfalls at both sites reduced the Baboons’ dependence on artificial foods. In the richer habitat, rainfall was significantly correlated with natural diet diversity and time spent feeding on natural foods. Both troops spent more time feeding during periods of high provisioning of artificial food, and the percentage of feeding on natural foods decreased when provisioning was high. The baboons fed on natural foods throughout the year despite the availability of human foods. We suggest the need for a nutritionally balanced diet has kept the baboons from becoming completely dependent on human foods. Effectively preserving natural vegetation should enable commensal baboons to spend more time feeding on natural foods, thereby reducing human-wildlife conflict.

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49

Argamon-Engelson, S. y I. Dagan. "Committee-Based Sample Selection for Probabilistic Classifiers". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 11 (15 de noviembre de 1999): 335–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.612.

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In many real-world learning tasks, it is expensive to acquire a sufficient number of labeled examples for training. This paper investigates methods for reducing annotation cost by `sample selection'. In this approach, during training the learning program examines many unlabeled examples and selects for labeling only those that are most informative at each stage. This avoids redundantly labeling examples that contribute little new information. Our work follows on previous research on Query By Committee, extending the committee-based paradigm to the context of probabilistic classification. We describe a family of empirical methods for committee-based sample selection in probabilistic classification models, which evaluate the informativeness of an example by measuring the degree of disagreement between several model variants. These variants (the committee) are drawn randomly from a probability distribution conditioned by the training set labeled so far. The method was applied to the real-world natural language processing task of stochastic part-of-speech tagging. We find that all variants of the method achieve a significant reduction in annotation cost, although their computational efficiency differs. In particular, the simplest variant, a two member committee with no parameters to tune, gives excellent results. We also show that sample selection yields a significant reduction in the size of the model used by the tagger.

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50

Kodali, Goutham, Joshua A. Mancini, Lee A. Solomon, Tatiana V. Episova, Nicholas Roach, Christopher J. Hobbs, Pawel Wagner et al. "Design and engineering of water-soluble light-harvesting protein maquettes". Chemical Science 8, n.º 1 (2017): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc02417c.

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Design of nanometer scale artificial light harvesting and charge separating proteins enables reengineering to overcome the limitations of natural selection for efficient systems that better meet human energetic needs.

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