Tesis: "Neandertal"

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Coons, Douglas F. "The place of the Mladeč remains in the Neandertal question /". Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597629981&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Fox, Maria. "Neandertal Lumbopelvic Anatomy and the Biomechanical Effects of a Reduced Lumbar Lordosis". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378109007.

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Sánchez, Hernández Carlos. "Paleoecología neandertal durante el Paleolítico medio en el norte y este de la Península Ibérica. Análisis combinado de desgaste dental y cementocronología". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671690.

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La correlació entre l'ecologia humana i les condicions ambientals en les que desenvolupaven les seves activitats de supervivència ha estat subjecte d'intens estudi en les últimes dècades. D'especial interès és el Plistocè superior, caracteritzat per fortes fluctuacions ambientals, especialment marcades durant el MIS 3 (60-30 ka BP). Durant aquest període, els grups neandertals que van habitar Europa es van caracteritzar per mostrar una elevada variabilitat comportamental. Això incita a preguntar-se fins a quin punt aquestes fluctuacions poden afectar la presa de decisions en l'elaboració de les seves estratègies de subsistència. Atès que les característiques ambientals també poden variar en funció d’altres condicionants regionals (p.e. ubicació geogràfica), i fins i tot locals (p.e. orografia i altitud), la present investigació pretén contribuir a aquesta qüestió mitjançant la caracterització de la durada i l’estacionalitat de les ocupacions neandertals en dues regions bioclimàtiques clarament diferenciades de la Península Ibèrica: la cantàbrica (Covalejos) i la mediterrània (Arbreda, Teixoneres, Abric Romaní i El Salt). El principal objectiu consisteix en constatar el tipus de resposta d'aquests grups davant contextos ambientals diferenciats, al mateix temps que es posa a prova la resolubilitat de la integració metodològica de diversos proxis d'alta resolució. La consecució dels objectius plantejats requereix de la reconstrucció de la dieta de les principals preses dels grups humans (i.e. cérvol, cavall, ase salvatge i ur), fet que permetrà conèixer la durada i el moment de l'any en què es va ocupar una cova. Aquests animals són sensibles als canvis ambientals dels seus hàbitats. Per això analitzem els seus molars i premolars a través del desgast dental (meso- i microdesgast) i la cementocronologia dental. El mesodesgast identifica la dieta anual, al mateix temps que reflecteix els canvis dietètics de les preses a llarg termini (mesos), que són conseqüència de canvis en l'hàbitat. D’altra banda, el microdesgast reflecteix la dieta en els instants previs a la mort de cada presa, permetent identificar el tipus de recursos que consumeix i generant una imatge molt precisa de les característiques puntuals de l'hàbitat. La cementocronologia en canvi, permet determinar l'estació de l'any en què els neandertals
La correlación de la ecología humana y las condiciones ambientales en las que desarrollaban sus actividades de supervivencia ha sido sujeto de intenso estudio en las últimas décadas. De especial interés es el Pleistoceno superior, caracterizado por fuertes fluctuaciones ambientales, especialmente durante el MIS 3 (60-30 ka BP). Durante este periodo, los grupos neandertales que habitaron Europa se caracterizaron por mostrar una elevada variabilidad comportamental. Ello suscita la cuestión acerca de en qué grado dichas fluctuaciones pueden afectar la toma de decisiones en la elaboración de sus estrategias de subsistencia. Dado que las características ambientales también están sujetas a condicionantes regionales (e.g. ubicación geográfica), e incluso locales (e.g. orografía y altitud), la presente investigación pretende contribuir a esta cuestión mediante la caracterización de la duración y estacionalidad de las ocupaciones neandertales en dos regiones bioclimáticas claramente diferenciadas de la Península Ibérica: cantábrica (Covalejos) y mediterránea (Arbreda, Teixoneres, Abric Romaní y El Salt). El principal objetivo consiste en constatar el tipo de respuesta de estos grupos ante contextos ambientales diferenciados, al tiempo que se pone a prueba la resolutividad de la integración metodológica de varios proxis de alta resolución. La consecución de los objetivos planteados requiere de la reconstrucción de la dieta de las principales presas de los grupos humanos (i.e. ciervo, caballo, asno salvaje y uro), hecho que permitirá conocer la duración y el momento del año en el que ocupó una cueva. Estos animales son sensibles a los cambios ambientales de sus hábitats. Para ello, analizamos sus molares y premolares a través del desgaste dental (meso- y microdesgaste) y la cementocronología dental. El mesodesgaste identifica la dieta anual, al tiempo que refleja los cambios dietéticos de las presas a largo plazo (meses), que son consecuencia de cambios en el hábitat. El microdesgaste por otro lado, refleja la dieta en los instantes previos a la muerte de cada presa, permitiendo identificar el tipo de recursos que consume y generando una imagen muy precisa de las características puntuales del hábitat. La cementocronología a cambio, permite determinar la estación del año en el que los neandertales han abatido a sus p
The correlation of human ecology and the environmental conditions in which they developed their survival activities has been the subject of intense study in recent decades. Of special interest is the Late Pleistocene, characterized by strong environmental fluctuations, especially during MIS 3 (60-30 ka BP). During this period, the Neanderthal groups that inhabited Europe were characterized by showing a high behavioral variability. This raises the question about the extent to which these fluctuations can affect decision making in the development of their livelihood strategies. Since environmental characteristics are also subject to regional (e.g. geographic location), and even local (e.g. orography and altitude) conditions, the present research aims to contribute to this issue by characterizing the duration and seasonality of Neanderthal occupations in two bioclimatic regions clearly differentiated of the Iberian Peninsula: Cantabrian (Covalejos) and Mediterranean (Arbreda, Teixoneres, Abric Romaní and El Salt). The main objective is to verify the type of response of these groups to differentiated environmental contexts, while the resolution of the methodological integration of three high-resolution proxies is tested. The achievement of the proposed objectives requires the reconstruction of the diet of the main preys of the human groups (i.e. red deer, horse, wild ass and auroch). The dietary reconstruction would allow knowing the duration and the seasonality of the human occupations along the annual cycle since these animals are sensitive to the environmental changes of their habitats. Therefore, we analyze the ungulate molars and premolars through dental wear (meso- and micro-wear) and dental cementochronology. The mesowear identifies the annual diet, and reflects the dietary changes of the preys in a long-term scale (months as consequence of habitat changes. The microwear on the other hand, reflects the diet days before the death of each prey allowing identifying the type of resources they consumed and generating a very precise image of the specific characteristics of the habitat. The cementochronology in turn, allows determining the season of the year in which the Neanderthals have killed their prey, while placing in a temporal frame the dietary characteristics of both their preys, and their survival str

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Cutler, Hannah Jane. "Understanding late Middle Palaeolithic Neandertal landscape-use during short-term occupations in Britain". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708600.

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Kempen, Bernhard. "Abenteuer in Gondwanaland und Neandertal : prähistorische Motive in der Literatur und anderen Medien /". Meitingen : Corian-Verl, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb409706829.

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Pérez, Luis Leopoldo Jesús. "Estrategias de subsistencia y dinámicas de asentamiento en los Valles de Alcoy durante el Paleolítico medio. Análisis zooarqueológico, tafonómico y paleoecológico de la secuencia arqueológica de El Salt (Alcoy, Alicante)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668396.

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La present tesi doctoral té per objectiu l'estudi comportamental de les últimes poblacions neandertals que van ocupar les Valls d'Alcoi (Alacant, Espanya) durant el Paleolític mitjà. Per a això, s'ha pres com a base material el registre faunístic recuperat en el jaciment arqueològic del Salt, estudiant des d'una perspectiva econòmica centrada en la subsistència humana, a través de l'aplicació de mètodes zooarqueològics i tafonòmics. Paral·lelament, es porta a terme la seva comparativa amb la resta d'evidències conegudes a la regió i en el conjunt del vessant mediterrània de la península Ibèrica, permetent obtenir una visió més general sobre les maneres de vida d'aquestes societats. Els principals resultats posen de manifest la capacitat d'adaptació i l'alt control del medi ambient dels homínids que freqüentaven El Salt, amb pràctiques de caça generalista centrada en els cèrvids, els caprins i els èquids sobre els quals es van practicar diversitat de tipus de transport i intensitat del processat i consum, reafirmant l'ús de l'enclavament com a zona d'habitació i / o de captació de recursos biològics i litològics, en el marc d'activitats relacionades amb el seu refugi, nutrició, aprovisionament i preparació tecnològica d'eines. Hem pogut confirmar l'origen antròpic de gran part de les acumulacions d'ungulats del Salt, al costat d'una aportació contínua de lepòrids a causa del paper jugat per altres agents (aus rapinyaires i carnívors), sense manifestar-se signes de competència interespecífica al llarg de la seqüència. A través de l'anàlisi paleoecològic dels macrovertebrats confirmem l'existència d'un entorn ecològic altament heterogeni per les Valls d'Alcoi durant el MIS 3, amb presència de biòtops de bosc, prat i muntanya que permetrien als grups neandertals la gestió d'una destacada varietat de recursos animals, vegetals i geològics.
La presente tesis doctoral tiene por objetivo el estudio comportamental de las últimas poblaciones neandertales que ocuparon los Valles de Alcoy (Alicante, España) durante el Paleolítico medio. Para ello, se ha tomado como base material el registro faunístico recuperado en el yacimiento arqueológico de El Salt, estudiándose desde una perspectiva económica centrada en la subsistencia humana, a través de la aplicación de métodos zoarqueológicos y tafonómicos. Paralelamente, se lleva a cabo su comparativa con el resto de evidencias conocidas en la región y en el conjunto de la vertiente mediterránea de la Península Ibérica, permitiendo obtener una visión más general sobre los modos de vida de estas sociedades. Los principales resultados ponen de manifiesto la capacidad de adaptación y el alto control del medioambiente de los homínidos que frecuentaban El Salt, con prácticas de caza generalista centrada en los cérvidos, los caprinos y los équidos sobre los que se practicaron diversidad de tipos de transporte e intensidad del procesado y consumo, reafirmando el uso del enclave como zona de habitación y/o de captación de recursos biológicos y litológicos, en el marco de actividades relacionadas con su refugio, nutrición, aprovisionamiento y preparación tecnológica de herramientas. Hemos podido confirmar el origen antrópico de gran parte de las acumulaciones de ungulados de El Salt, junto a un aporte continuo de lepóridos debido al papel jugado por otros agentes (aves rapaces y carnívoros), sin manifestarse signos de competencia interespecífica a lo largo de la secuencia. A través del análisis paleoecológico de los macrovertebrados confirmamos la existencia de un entorno ecológico altamente heterogéneo para los Valles de Alcoy durante el MIS 3, con presencia de biotopos de bosque, pradera y montaña que permitirían a los grupos neandertales la gestión de una destacada variedad de recursos animales, vegetales y geológicos.
The aim of this thesis is the behavioral study of the last Neanderthal populations that occupied the Valleys of Alcoy (Alicante, Spain) during the Middle Palaeolithic. To this end, the faunal record recovered from the El Salt archaeological site has been taken as a material base, being studied from an economic perspective centered on human subsistence, through the application of zoarchaeological and taphonomic methods. At the same time, it is compared with the rest of the others evidences in the region and in the whole of the Mediterranean side of the Iberian Peninsula, allowing to obtain a more general view of the ways of life of these groups. The main results show the adaptation capacity and the high control of the environment of the hominids that frequented El Salt, with general hunting practices focused on cervids, goats and equines on which diversity of transport types were practiced. Intensity of processing and consumption, reaffirming the use of the site as a habitation zone and / or collection of biological and lithological resources, within the framework of activities related to shelter, nutrition, provisioning and technological preparation of tools. We have been able to confirm the anthropic origin of a large part of the accumulations of ungulates of El Salt, together with a continuous contribution of leporids due to the role played by other agents (raptors and carnivores), without showing signs of interspecific competition throughout the sequence. Through the paleoecological analysis of the macrovertebrates, we confirmed the existence of a highly heterogeneous ecological environment for the Alcoy Valleys during MIS 3, with the presence of forest, meadow and mountain biotopes that would allow Neanderthal groups to manage a variety of animal, plant and geological resources.

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Kircher, Martin. "Understanding and improving high-throughput sequencing data production and analysis". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-71102.

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Advances in DNA sequencing revolutionized the field of genomics over the last 5 years. New sequencing instruments make it possible to rapidly generate large amounts of sequence data at substantially lower cost. These high-throughput sequencing technologies (e.g. Roche 454 FLX, Life Technology SOLiD, Dover Polonator, Helicos HeliScope and Illumina Genome Analyzer) make whole genome sequencing and resequencing, transcript sequencing as well as quantification of gene expression, DNA-protein interactions and DNA methylation feasible at an unanticipated scale. In the field of evolutionary genomics, high-throughput sequencing permitted studies of whole genomes from ancient specimens of different hominin groups. Further, it allowed large-scale population genetics studies of present-day humans as well as different types of sequence-based comparative genomics studies in primates. Such comparisons of humans with closely related apes and hominins are important not only to better understand human origins and the biological background of what sets humans apart from other organisms, but also for understanding the molecular basis for diseases and disorders, particularly those that affect uniquely human traits, such as speech disorders, autism or schizophrenia. However, while the cost and time required to create comparative data sets have been greatly reduced, the error profiles and limitations of the new platforms differ significantly from those of previous approaches. This requires a specific experimental design in order to circumvent these issues, or to handle them during data analysis. During the course of my PhD, I analyzed and improved current protocols and algorithms for next generation sequencing data, taking into account the specific characteristics of these new sequencing technologies. The presented approaches and algorithms were applied in different projects and are widely used within the department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology. In this thesis, I will present selected analyses from the whole genome shotgun sequencing of two ancient hominins and the quantification of gene expression from short-sequence tags in five tissues from three primates.

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Sánchez, Quinto Federico A. 1985. "Adressing Neandertal evolutionary genetics at three different resolution levels : admixture with modern humans, demography and social structure". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/382631.

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Almost 20 years of Neandertal paleogenetics studies have significantly increased our knowledge about their evolutionary history. The analysis of DNA recovered from Neandertal remains to date, suggest that although they were a distinct hominin population to modern humans, a certain degree of gene flow occurred between the two of them. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that archaic introgressed material could have been biologically relevant for modern humans to adapt to new environments. Moreover, insights from a wide geographic and temporally different sampling of Neandertal mitochondrial sequences and from a high-coverage genome, suggest that Neandertals probably had a low effective population, which was possibly decreasing towards the end of their evolutionary time. This thesis focus to address the evolutionary genetic history of Neandertals at three different levels of resolution from: analyzing further aspects of their relatedness to modern humans, better characterizing their population history and identify the genetic basis for some of their distinctive morphological features, to describing their genetic structure within a social group. Insights from these three lines of research intend to reconstruct key aspects of their population history and its implications towards their eventual demise.
Casi veinte años de estudios de paleogenética Neandertal han incrementado significativamente nuestro conocimiento sobre su historia evolutiva. El análisis de secuencias genéticas recuperadas a partir de fósiles Neandertales, sugiere que a pesar de que éstos era un grupo de homínidos diferentes a los humanos modernos, cierta grado de introgresión genética ocurrió de Neandertales hacia humanos modernos. Más aún, estudios recientes sugieren que el material genético introducido a éstos pudo haber sido relevante biológicamente para adaptarse a nuevos ambientes. Por otro lado, inferencias a partir de datos genéticos mitocondriales provenientes de muestras de diferentes zonas geográficas y origen temporal, a la par con la secuencia de un genoma completo de alta calidad sugieren que los Neandertales tenían un tamaño efectivo de población reducido y que probablemente estaba disminuyendo hacia el final de su tiempo. La tesis aquí presentada, se enfoca a abordar la historia evolutiva Neandertal a tres niveles de resolución diferentes, analizando datos genéticos provenientes de fósiles. Primero, se analizan otros posibles eventos de introgresión genética con humanos modernos, no descritos hasta la fecha. Posteriormente, se caracteriza a detalle su demografía e identifica cambios específicos para su linaje evolutivo que podrían estar relacionados con las bases genéticas de algunos de sus rasgos morfológicos más distintivos. Finalmente, se describe la estructura genética y dinámica de un grupo social Neandertal. Las perspectivas de estas tres líneas de investigación pretenden no sólo reconstruir aspectos claves de su historia evolutiva, sino también entender las consecuencias que ésta pudo haber tenido con su eventual extinción.

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Chapman, Tara. "Morphometric, functional and biomechanical analysis of a virtual Neandertal in comparison with anatomically modern humans". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/251406.

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Early anthropological examination of Neandertal skeletal material by Marcellin Boule gave rise to popular images of Neandertals as brutish, ape-like creatures who walked hunched over with bent knees and a shuffling gait. Today, it is generally thought that Neandertals moved in a similar manner to humans with locomotive patterns within human ranges of variation and a bipedal gait likely to be indistinguishable from that of modern humans However, this hypothesis has not been tested by using the Neandertal skeleton as a whole. There is no complete Neandertal skeleton in the fossil record. The aim of this thesis was to reconstruct a complete virtual skeleton of a Neandertal based on the Spy II remains for educational museology purposes and for biomechanical analysis. Comparative analyses of Neandertal and modern human bones (pelvis, femur, rib) using different reference populations from Belgium were also undertaken. These studies were performed with a view to further understanding Neandertal bone morphology in comparison to modern humans, to assist in the reconstruction of the Neandertal Spy II skeleton and to aid in biomechanical analysis. A study on the sex determination of the pelves showed that there was no difference between physical linear measurements and virtual measurements, which was an important validation. The lhpFusionBox musculoskeletal software, which was developed at ULB, was used to scale available Neandertal and modern human bones to reconstruct the skeleton. Previous methods in the literature have only scaled bones of the same nature. A novel and validated scaling method was used to scale the Kebara 2 pelvis to the dimensions of the Spy II femur (as Spy II only has a small piece of sacrum) via the Neandertal 1 femur and pelvis. The reconstruction of a complete Neandertal skeleton based on the Spy II remains enabled the validation of individual reconstructions of bones, reconstructed long bones to be compared together with other limb proportions of Neandertals, stature estimation to be performed, and questions to be asked on previous attributions of bones to Spy II. The thoracic shape of Neandertals has previously been subject to much debate with many authors stating that it would have been markedly different from modern humans. This thesis created a Neandertal thorax with assistance from rib and thoracic experts from different domains using the Kebara 2 remains. One reconstruction was found to have a similar shape to modern humans and the other a markedly different shape, highlighting difficulties in thoracic reconstruction of fossil hominids.The full scale Neandertal skeleton has been printed in 3D and used in RBINS and other Museums in Europe as a reference for the Neandertal Skeleton in permanent gallery exhibitions. This skeleton is also used as the base for Neandertal hyper-realistic artistic reconstructions based on scientific evidence by the artists, the Kennis brothers which are in the Centre d'Interprétation de l'Homme de Spy, the National History Museum, London and other museums around the world. The reconstruction of a complete lower limb also allowed biomechanical studies. The various biomechanical studies have looked at what happens when you fuse the motion of a living modern human to Neandertal bones. We cannot say that the Neandertal would have walked or squatted similar to the volunteers in the studies but we can say that the morphology of their bones would have enabled them to walk or squat in this way. All the moment arms of the major muscles of the hip and knee were analysed and it was demonstrated that the Neandertal models largely had greater muscle moment arms than the AMH models meaning Neandertals could have had a significant mechanical advantage over modern humans. These studies demonstrate Neandertal postcranial morphology can be different to modern humans although certain aspects may be more similar than previously thought.
Historiquement, le travaux de Marcellin Boule ont donné lieu à des représentations populaires de Néandertaliens vus comme des créatures simiesques bestiales qui se déplaçaient courbés avec des genoux pliés en traînant les pieds. Aujourd'hui, il est généralement admis que les Néandertaliens se déplaçaient d'une manière similaire à l'homme moderne avec une locomotion bipède. Toutefois, cette hypothèse n'a pas été encore testée sur un squelette néandertalien dans son ensemble. Comme il n’existe aucun squelette de Néandertalien entier, le but de cette thèse était de reconstituer un squelette virtuel complet sur la base des restes de Spy II à des fins éducatives de muséologie et pour l'analyse biomécanique.Des analyses comparatives d’os de Néandertalien et d’humains modernes (bassin, fémur, côtes) en utilisant diverses populations de référence de Belgique ont également été menées. Ces études ont été réalisées en vue de comprendre la morphologie néandertalienne, pour aider à la reconstruction du squelette Spy II et à l'analyse biomécanique. Une étude sur la détermination du sexe à partir des pelvis a montré qu'il n'y avait pas de différence entre les mesures linéaires physiques et les mesures virtuelles, ce qui était une validation importante.Le logiciel musculosquelettique lhpFusionBox, développé à l'ULB, a été utilisé pour reconstruire le squelette. Un nouveau procédé de mise à l'échelle validé a été utilisé pour mettre à l'échelle le bassin de Kebara 2 aux dimensions du fémur de Spy II (comme Spy II ne possède qu’un petit fragment de sacrum) via le fémur et le bassin de Neandertal 1. La reconstruction d'un squelette complet de Néandertalien a apporté de nouvelles connaissances sur cette espèce dans différents domaines. Elle a permis la validation des reconstructions individuelles des os, de comparer les os longs reconstruits avec d'autres proportions des membres de Néandertaliens, de faire une estimation de stature, et de reconsidérer les attributions antérieures d'os à Spy II. La forme thoracique des Néandertaliens a déjà fait l'objet de nombreux débats. Cette reconstruction de Spy II, creé avec l'aide des experts utilisant les restes de Kebara 2, montre deux formes de reconstruction differentes, et indique les difficultés de la reconstruction thoracique des fossiles. Le squelette virtuel complet a été imprimé en 3D et utilisé par l’IRSNB et d'autres musées en Europe comme une référence de squelette néandertalien. Ce squelette a également été utilisé comme base pour les reconstructions artistiques hyper-réalistes de Néandertaliens, basées sur des données scientifiques, par les artistes Kennis et sont présentés dans les musées du monde entier. La reconstruction d'un membre inférieur complet a également permis des études biomécaniques. Ces dernières ont étudié la fusion du mouvement d'un homme moderne actuel avec des os néandertaliens. On ne peut pas se prononcer si le Néandertalien marchait ou s’accroupissait de manière similaire aux hommes modernes, mais on peut affirmer que leur morphologie osseuse leur permettait de marcher ou de s’accroupir de cette façon. Tous les bras de levier des principaux muscles de la hanche et du genou ont été analysés et il a été démontré que les Néandertaliens avaient les bras de levier plus grand que le modèle homme moderne signifiant Néandertaliens auraient eu un avantage mécanique important. Cette études démontre que des aspects de la morphologie postcrânienne néandertalienne soient différents, bien que certains d’entre eux soient plus semblables aux humains modernes qu'on ne le pensait.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Picin, Andrea. "The technological change in the western mediterranean during the mis 3". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145063.

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La problemática del cambio techno-tipológico durante el Paleolítico Medio es una cuestión debatida y no resuelta en los estudios de los comportamientos técnicos de los neandertales. El proyecto de esta tesis de doctorado tiene como objetivo contribuir a la discusión en curso añadiendo nuevos datos de dos yacimientos claves Europeos, Abric Romaní (España) (nivel O y M), y la Cueva de Fumane (Italia) (unidad A9 y A5+A6). El trabajo está enfocado en el cambio entre la tecnología Levallois y discoide, que ocurre en las secuencias arqueológicas de los dos yacimientos durante el MIS3. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, teniendo en consideración los conceptos de Human Behavioral Ecology y los aspectos de costes y beneficios relacionados con el cambio de las estrategias de talla.
The problematic of the techno-typological change during the Middle Paleolithic is a debated and unresolved issue in the study of Neanderthals technical behaviors. The project of this Ph.D. thesis aims to contribute to the on-going discussion adding new data from two European key sites, Abric Romaní (Spain) (level O and M), and Fumane Cave (Italy) (unit A9 and unit A5+A6). The work is focused on the particular shift between Levallois and discoid technology that occurred in the archaeological sequences of the two sites during the MIS3. The study will be carried out with a quantitative perspective taking in considerations the concepts of the Human Behavioral Ecology and the aspects of costs and benefits related with the change of the knapping strategies

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Mussini, Célimène. "Les restes humains moustériens des Pradelles (Marillac-le-Franc, Charente, France) : étude morphométrique et réflexions sur un aspect comportemental des Néandertaliens". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14369/document.

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Le gisement moustérien des Pradelles (Marillac-le-Franc, Charente, France) a été occupé saisonnièrement par les Néandertaliens en tant que halte de chasse, durant le stade isotopique 4. Il a livré près d’une centaine de restes humains (crâniens, dentaires et des membres) appartenant à au moins sept individus (enfants, adolescents et adultes). Ils présentent des traits morphologiques et des dimensions métriques intégrant la variabilité néandertalienne. Ils nous fournissent ainsi des données supplémentaires quant à la connaissance morphométrique des individus de ce taxon. En outre, certains vestiges présentent à leur surface des modifications anthropiques que l’on retrouve sur les restes de faune du site : impacts de fracturation, stries de découpe et de raclage ... L’étude taphonomique réalisée révèle un transport sélectif des parties du squelette des Néandertaliens sur le gisement ainsi que leur exploitation compatible avec une visée nutritive
The Mousterian site of Les Pradelles (Marillac-le-Franc, Charente, France) was occupied seasonally by the Neanderthal as hunting camp, during the isotopic stage 4. About a hundred human remains were unearthed (cranial, dental and limbs fragments) belonging to at least seven individuals (children, teenagers and adults). They present morphological features and metric dimensions integrating the Neanderthal variability. Thus, they provide additional data to our morphometric knowledge of the individuals of this taxon. Furthermore, some of these remains present anthropological modifications on their surface, the same that on the faunal remains from the site: percussion impacts, cutmarks, scraping marks ... The taphonomical study realized reveals a selective transport of the Neandertal skeletal parts to the site and their exploitation compatible with nutritive aim
El yacimiento musteriense de Les Pradelles (Marillac-le-Franc, Charente, Francia) ha sido ocupado temporadamente por los Neandertales como alto de caza, durante el estadio isotópico 4. Entregó un centenar restos humanos (craneanos, dentarios y de los miembros) perteneciente a un mínimo de siete individuos (niños, adolescentes y adultos). Presentan rasgos morfológicos y dimensiones métricas que integran la variabilidad de Neandertal. Así nos proporcionan datos suplementarios en cuanto al conocimiento morfometrico de este taxón. Además, un cierto número de estos vestigios presenta en su superficie modificaciones antrópicas que se encuentran en los restos de fauna del sitio: impactos de fracturación, estrías de recorte y de raspado... El estudio tafonómico realizado revela un transporte selectivo de las partes del esqueleto de los Neandertales en el yacimiento así como su explotación compatible con un objetivo nutritivo

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12

Even, Megan Lynn. "From Homo stupidus to Homo sapiens: Changing and Reaffirming the Paradigm of Human Uniqueness Through Neandertal Descriptions". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27913.

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Neandertal interpretation is changing the paradigm of human uniqueness, but exactly how needs to be examined. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of how Neandertal descriptions embed long-held cultural attitudes and how those cultural attitudes are being challenged and, in some ways, reaffirmed through rhetoric. A rhetorical analysis was performed on the second and third editions of a widely used physical anthropology textbook, Clark Spencer Larsen?s Our Origins. Both editions rhetorically favor a view of Neandertals as more similar to than different from us, a view which appears at odds with the disciplinary preference. Larsen appeals to the disciplinary preference in the second edition by only implicitly favoring similarities, but the third edition is more explicit in its favoring of similarities. The analysis of Larsen?s text provides examples of how rhetors can continue to move readers toward a new view of Neandertals, despite the current disciplinary preference for Neandertal classification.

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13

Maddux, Scott David. "A quantitative assessment of infraorbital morphology in Homo: testing for character independence and evolutionary significance in the human midface". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1159.

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Features of the infraorbital region, such as infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation, and curvature of the zygomaticoalveolar crest, have long played a prominent role in phylogenetic analyses of Homo. However, there is currently considerable debate regarding the phylogenetic reliability of infraorbital characters, as numerous researchers have questioned the degree to which these features are morphologically independent of one another and facial size. These questions largely stem from methodological limitations for accurately quantifying the curvilinear morphology of the infraorbital surface and zygomaticoalveolar crest, which have significantly impeded the ability to discern patterns of infraorbital integration and allometry. In this study, infraorbital surface and zygomaticoalveolar crest morphology are precisely assessed, through geometric morphometric methodologies well-suited for quantifying complex curvilinear structures, in a large sample of fossil (n = 71) and recent Homo (n = 303). Once quantified, measures of infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation and zygomaticoalveolar crest curvature are further evaluated for intercorrelation and allometry in order to more fully evaluate the morphological independence of commonly cited infraorbital characters. The results of this study indicate that most aspects of infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation and zygomaticoalveolar crest curvature are significantly correlated with facial size across Homo. Moreover, certain aspects of infraorbital shape, such the degree of infraorbital surface depression and the overall curvature of the zygomaticoalveolar crest, appear to show additional, size-independent, intercorrelations, suggesting they form a singular "infraorbital complex." In light of these results, the use of infraorbital characters as separate independent characters in phylogenetic assessments of Homo is called into question, while the importance of facial size in human craniofacial evolution is further highlighted.

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14

Mendez, Fernando Luis. "Archaic Introgression And Natural Selection in yhe Evolution Of Modern Humans: A Study of Genetic Variation at the Loci Containing the Immune Genes OAS1 and STAT2". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216971.

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Human populations evolved throughout the Old World for over 1 million years. However, anatomical characteristics of modern humans are thought to have evolved only in Africa in the last 200 thousand years. To this day, the extent to which archaic human populations contributed to the modern human gene pool is largely unknown. This work explores the evidence of genetic contribution from archaic populations at two loci in chromosome 12. Two different archaic humans, Neandertal and Denisova, living respectively in West Eurasia and in East Asia, have been indicated as potential contributors to anatomically modern human populations outside of Africa. This research shows the presence in non-Africans of two distinct introgressive alleles from archaic populations at the immune genes OAS1 and STAT2. In addition to the detection of patterns of genetic variation previously proposed as indicators of genetic introgression from archaic populations, it was possible to use the sequence of archaic individuals to infer a recent common ancestry between the introgressive modern allele and the archaic sequences. The analysis of genetic variation at the genomic region containing the gene STAT2 shows the presence of introgressive Neandertal-like and Denisova-like haplotypes. The elevated frequency in Melanesian populations of the haplotype introgressive from Neandertals suggests that this haplotype has been adaptive in Melanesians (APPENDIX B). A haplotype of the gene OAS1, nearly restricted to Melanesian populations, provides evidence of introgression from a population with genetic affinities to Denisova. The introgressive haplotype carries non-synonymous variants predicted to have functional significance and a block of very deep divergence with the remaining modern sequences (APPENDIX A). A second haplotype, observed mostly in Eurasian populations, shows evidence of having introgressed recently from Neandertals. The Neandertal-like haplotype also contains a block with very deep divergence with the remaining modern sequences (APPENDIX C). Blocks of very deep divergence within introgressive haplotypes suggest an important role of ancient population structure in the evolution of humans.

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15

Karban, Miranda Elaine. "The ontogeny of occipital bone convexity in a longitudinal sample of extant humans". Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6154.

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The occipital bun, a distinctive convexity of the occipital squama, is often considered to be a uniquely derived Neandertal trait. Some scholars, however, consider the occipital morphology found in some early modern and extant human crania (often described as “hemi-buns”) to be homologous with Neandertal occipital buns. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain occipital bun/hemi-bun development, including neck muscle function, head carriage, brain growth timing, and cranial base cartilage growth timing, as well as braincase and facial integration. The feature, however, has never before been metrically quantified in a large subadult sample or studied in a well-documented growth series. The primary goal of this dissertation, therefore, was to assess hemi-bun growth and development in a combined comparative sample of extant humans amassed from the following growth series: the University of Toronto Burlington Growth Study, the Iowa Facial Growth Study, the Oregon Growth Study, the University of Oklahoma Denver Growth Study, the Wright State University Fels Longitudinal Study, and the Michigan Growth Study. Cephalograms from these studies facilitated the collection of longitudinal cranial growth and development data. In total, measurements were collected from 468 cephalograms representing 16 males and 10 females. Measured subjects represented the ends of the range of variation in adult midsagittal occipital bone shape, including subjects with defined hemi-buns, as well as subjects lacking all evidence of hemi-bun morphology. Frontal and lateral cephalograms were measured for each subject at 9 age points, spanning from 3.0 to 20.4 years of age. A total of 16 landmarks and 153 sliding semi-landmarks were digitized at each age point. Geometric morphometric analyses, including relative warps analysis and two-block partial least squares analysis, were conducted to assess patterns of cranial covariation and sexual dimorphism in occipital bone growth and possible attendant variation in occipital bun development or absence. In both bunned and non-bunned subjects, midsagittal occipital shape was found to be established very early in ontogeny, and then to remain largely unchanged between 3 years of age and adulthood. This result contradicts previous developmental hypotheses, which posit that occipital bunning results from a pattern of late posteriorly-directed brain growth. No evidence of sexual dimorphism in hemi-bun shape was found to exist in this extant human sample; however, defined hemi-buns were found to covary significantly with an elongated and low midsagittal neurocranial vault in both sexes. Other aspects of cranial morphology, including cranial and basicranial breadth, midcoronal vault shape, and basicranial angle, did not covary significantly with occipital bun morphology at any of the sampled age points. These results reveal that occipital bunning, at least in this sample, is not a discrete trait, but instead develops along a continuum in association with a distinct pattern of neurocranial elongation. Previous studies have suggested that Neandertal occipital buns are similarly associated with elongated cranial vaults. While more work must be done to quantify occipital bun morphology in fossil subadults, this study finds no evidence to disprove the developmental homology of the feature in modern humans and Neandertals, and therefore further undermines the idea that occipital bunning is a unique Neandertal trait.

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16

Nicholas, Christina Lynne. "The ontogeny of nasal floor shape variation in Homo and the influence of facial size, the anterior dentition, and patterns of midfacial integration". Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1710.

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Variation in the shape and position of the internal nasal floor relative to the lower border of the piriform aperture in the genus Homo has been described as having three primary shape configurations: level, sloped, or depressed. The high frequency of depressed nasal floors among Neandertals relative to other fossil and extant groups (>80%) had originally led to the idea that nasal floor depression was related to an overall enlarged nasal capsule - an adaptive feature that would have been under selection among Neandertals living in cold, glacial climates. For a variety of reasons, subsequent research has found little empirical or theoretical support for this adaptive idea. Recent research on extant humans has also demonstrated that nasal floor shape variation, unlike many other midfacial traits, does not arise until well after birth, with nasal floor depression (when it occurs) appearing at the earliest around 3.0 years of age. Furthermore, nasal floor depression was also shown to correspond with a vertically expanded premaxillary region. Thus, it was hypothesized that nasal floor depression might be related to variation in key developmental and morphological aspects of the anterior maxillary dentition. This study metrically quantifies nasal floor topography for the first time in order to more objectively examine patterns of shape variation and to test explicit hypotheses regarding potential causative factors for nasal floor variation. The variables examined include anterior tooth dimensions, dental developmental rate, aspects of midfacial shape, overall facial size, and patterns of premaxillary/post-maxillary integration. It was found that among these, only dental developmental rate was clearly correlated with internal nasal floor shape. This result indicates that aspects of anterior dental development may indeed be a causative factor in the development of nasal floor shape variation. The existing visual discrete coding system for nasal floor topography was also evaluated in light of the new, quantitative data produced by this study as well as a critical comparison of the consistency of nasal floor topography definitions used previously in the literature. While it is suggested that quantitative data are preferable to qualitative data for this trait when possible, limitations in research methods for collecting quantitative data on osteological and fossil collections remain difficult to overcome. Thus a new, two-category presence/absence based system for describing nasal floor shape is proposed.

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17

Marciani, Giulia. "Continuities and discontinuities during the late Middle Palaeolithic at the Oscurusciuto rock shelter (southern Italy). An integrated study of lithic manufacture in the strata SU 15, SU 14, SU 13 and SU 11". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586078.

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Aquesta investigació té com a objectiu interpretar les variacions en la producció Neandertal, així com la funcionalitat de les eines de pedra mitjançant l'anàlisi de conjunts lítics dins l'últim Paleolític Mitjà del sud d'Itàlia. L'abric Oscurusciuto és clau per a la comprensió del comportament dels neandertals, ja que ofereix un dipòsit llarg i fiable, d'uns 6 m de profunditat, format per diversos nivells que oscil•len entre 42,724 ± 716 cal BP i 55 ± 2 kyrs (40Ar/39Ar). L’objectiu principal d'aquesta investigació és realitzar un estudi del conjunt d’eines de lítica, present a la secció inferior de la sèrie investigada fins ara en aquest jaciment: SU 15, SU 14, SU 13 i SU 11. Volem individualitzar, des d'un punt de vista diacrònic, les continuïtats i discontinuïtats d'aquests tecno-complexos lítics. Tenim la intenció d'aconseguir aquest objectiu a través d'un estudi integrat del material lític que permetrà una descripció del comportament econòmic relacionat amb l'explotació de les fonts de matèria primera lítica, seguit d'una descripció detallada de les fases de la seqüència de reducció, així com una definició de conceptes, mètodes, dinàmiques i objectius de la talla. Aquesta anàlisi tecnològica fonamental s'aplica als quatre nivells: SU 15, SU 14, SU 13 i SU 11. Basant-nos en les característiques del material recollit, s'han dut a terme diversos estudis: d’unitats de matèria primera (RMU) i de remuntatges per SU 13 i SU 14, per tal de comprendre millor la fragmentació de la cadena operativa. A més, s'ha desenvolupat un protocol tecno-funcional sobre un grup seleccionat de peces de la SEU 13, per tal d'aprofundir la nostra comprensió sobre la potencialitat les eines. Els resultats demostren que aquestes unitats estratigràfiques mostren peculiaritats específiques en termes de sistemes de producció lítica, elements estructurals, distribució espacial i tipus d'ocupació.
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo interpretar las variaciones en la producción y la funcionalidad de herramientas de piedra de los Neandertales a través del análisis de los conjuntos líticos referibles a la última parte del Paleolítico Medio del sur de Italia. Un sitio clave para este propósito es el abrigo Oscurusciuto. Este es esencial para la comprensión del comportamiento de los Neandertales porque ofrece un depósito largo y confiable, de unos 6 m de profundidad. El mismo se encuentra formado por varios niveles que oscilan entre 42,724 ± 716 cal BP y 55 ± 2 kyrs (40Ar/39Ar). El propósito explícito de esta investigación es realizar un estudio integrado de las herramientas líticas presentes en la sección inferior de la serie hasta ahora investigada del abrigo Oscurusciuto: SU 15, SU 14, SU 13 y SU 11. Se pretende individualizar, desde un punto de vista diacrónico, las continuidades y discontinuidades de estos tecnocomplejos líticos. Para lograr este propósito se realizará un estudio integrado del material lítico, que permita una descripción del comportamiento económico relacionado con la explotación de las fuentes de materias primas líticas, una descripción detallada de las fases de la secuencia de reducción, así como también una definición de conceptos, métodos, dinámicas y objetivos del debitage. Este análisis tecnológico fundamental se aplica a los cuatro niveles. Considerando las características del material recogido, se han llevado a cabo estudios adicionales, como Unidades de Materia Prima (RMU) y remontajes para SU 13 y SU 14, con el fin de comprender mejor la fragmentación de la cadena operativa. Además, se ha desarrollado un protocolo tecno-funcional sobre un grupo seleccionado de piezas de SU 13, con el fin de profundizar nuestra comprensión de la potencialidad de las herramientas. Los resultados demuestran que estas unidades estratigráficas muestran peculiaridades específicas en términos de sistemas de producción lítica, elementos estructurales, manejo espacial y tipo de ocupación.
This research aims to interpret the variations in the Neanderthal production and functionality of stone tools through analyses of lithic assemblages referable to the last Middle Palaeolithic of southern Italy. A key site for this purpose is the Oscurusciuto rock shelter, which is essential to the understanding of Neanderthal behaviour, as it offers a long, reliable deposit, about 6 m in depth, made up of several levels ranging between 42,724 ± 716 cal BP and 55 ± 2 kyrs (40Ar/39Ar). The explicit purpose of this research is to perform an integrated study of the lithic manufacture present in the lower section of the series so far investigated the Oscurusciuto rock shelter: SU 15, SU 14, SU 13 and SU 11. We want to individuate, from a diachronic point of view, the continuities and discontinuities of these lithic techno-complexes. We intend to achieve this purpose through an integrated study of the lithic material, which in turn allows for a description of the economic behaviour involved in the exploitation of the sources of lithic raw material, followed by a detailed description of the phases in the reduction sequence, as well as a definition of concepts, methods, dynamics and objectives of the debitage. This fundamental technological analysis is applied to all four levels: SU 15, SU 14, SU 13, and SU 11 (48,382 items). Based on the characteristics of the collected material, further studies have been undertaken, such as Raw Material Units plus refitting studies for SU 13 and SU 14, in order to better understand the fragmentation of the operative chain. Moreover, a techno-functional protocol has been developed regarding a selected group of pieces from SU 13, in order to deepen our comprehension of productional vs. functional tools. The results demonstrate that these stratigraphic units show specific peculiarities in terms of lithic production systems, structural elements, spatial management, and type of occupation.

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18

Majkic, Ana. "The Emergence of Symbolically Mediated Behavior in Eastern Europe". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0795.

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Différents modèles ont été proposés pour expliquer l’émergence de capacités cognitives complexes et de cultures modernes. Un nombre croissant de preuves révélant un comportement complexe et innovant au moyen Age de la Pierre en Afrique, mais aussi dans les cultures néandertaliennes, ont déclenché plusieurs changements de paradigme dans ce domaine au cours des dernières décennies. Une grande partie du matériel potentiellement pertinent pour ce domaine doit encore être documenté et étudié dans l'optique d’évaluer son importance et implication dans le débat sur les origines du comportement symbolique (SMB). L’Europe de l’Est (EE) en est un bon exemple. Bien que de découvertes aient été faites en EE, le matériel archéologique pertinent pour l’étude des origines du comportement moderne n’est généralement pas systématiquement et spécifiquement traité comme tel. Cette thèse représente une tentative globale de documenter et d’évaluer ce matériel, permettant une vue plus claire de la disponibilité de preuves potentiellement pertinentes, comme première étape nécessaire pour comprendre le temps et le mode d’émergence des SMB dans ces régions. Accompagnée d'une base de données décrivant les annales archéologiques, la thèse présente trois études de cas présentant l'analyse des objets ayant des implications pour l’émergence de comportements complexes en EE. Ces études élargissent la vision de l’émergence du SMB en EE. Elles identifient de nouvelles preuves de comportement complexe avant l’UP à partir d’une vaste région encore sous-représentée et apportent de nouvelles approches méthodologiques à leur analyse, contribuant ainsi à l’évaluation des modèles sur l’émergence du SMB
A number of different models has been proposed to explain the emergence of complex cognitive abilities and cultures comparable to ours. A growing body of evidence revealing complex and innovative behavior in African MSA, but also in Neanderthal cultures, triggered several paradigmatic shifts in this field during the past decades. A lot of the possibly relevant material still needs to be documented and evaluated in order to assess its significance and implications it may have for the debate on the origins of symbolically mediated behavior (SMB). Eastern Europe (EE) represents a case in point. Although potentially relevant discoveries have been made, the archaeological material pertinent for the study of origins of modern behavior and culture generally is not systematically and specifically addressed as such. This dissertation represents an integrated attempt to document and evaluate such material, allowing a more balanced view of the availability of potentially relevant evidence from EE, necessary to understand the time and mode of the emergence of SMB in these regions. Along a database outlining possibly relevant archaeological record, the dissertation presents three specific case studies reporting the results of analysis of the objects bearing implications for the emergence of complex, possibly symbolic behavior in EE. The case studies that form a core of the dissertation broaden the view of the emergence of SMB in EE. They identify new evidence of complex behavior pre-dating the UP from a vast, usually underrepresented region, and bring new methodological approaches to their analysis, contributing thus to the evaluation of the models on the emergence of SMB

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19

Sanz, Borràs Montserrat. "Patrons d’acumulació de restes de fauna del Plistocè superior al nord-est peninsular (àrea del Massís del Garraf-Ordal)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284737.

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Els objectius d’aquesta tesi doctoral han estat la caracterització dels conjunts faunístics del Plistocè superior del litoral català (àrea del massís del Garraf-Ordal) amb una mateixa problemàtica, la presència d’una gran quantitat d’acumulacions de restes de grans vertebrats modificades per carnívors amb escassa presència humana. Els treballs s’han centrat en l’anàlisi dels jaciments de la Cova del Rinoceront (Castelldefels), la Cova del Gegant (Sitges) i la Cova del Coll Verdaguer (Cervelló) amb l’objectiu de discernir les diferents ocupacions per part d’agents biològics, en determinar les estratègies de subsistència dels grups humans així com en identificar si ha hagut un aprofitament dels recursos faunístics acumulats a les cavitats ja sigui de forma natural o per carnívors. L’estudi tafonòmic, zooarqueològic i l’anàlisi dels copròlits apunten a què la major part de les restes òssies d’aquests jaciments han estat aportades i modificades per carnívors, en les que no s’ha observat cap activitat carronyera per part dels grups humans, pel que la presència antròpica a les cavitats no és el resultat de l’aprofitament marginal d’aquestes carcasses. Aquestes ocupacions humanes serien de caràcter breu, no coincidirien en el temps amb els altres agents biològics i respondrien a visites de tipus ocasional durant el Paleolític mitjà, tal i com queda demostrat a partir de les escasses restes lítiques i les poques evidències de restes de fauna amb activitat antròpica. En el cas de la Cova del Gegant, a més, l’activitat humana quedaria palesa també per les restes fòssils d’Homo neanderthalensis atribuïdes a diversos individus.
This PhD thesis examines Pleistocene deposits and the co-occurrence of a small number of lithic artifacts and numerous large mammal bones that present frequent carnivore damage. Some researchers propose hominid scavenging as an explanation for the accumulation of carcasses, while others rule out such a foraging strategy. Within this framework, the main objective of this study is to analyse the Upper Pleistocene deposits in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula to determine the role of carnivore and human agency in the faunal assemblages. The analyses are conducted in the Cova del Rinoceront (Castelldefels), the Cova del Gegant (Sitges) and the Cova del Coll Verdaguer (Cervelló) in the Garraf-Ordal Massif (Barcelona). This massif forms part of the Catalan Coastal Range, a low-relief mountain chain (<600 m high) and represents one of the most important karst systems in the NE Iberian Peninsula. To establish the role of the biological agents in these deposits, taphonomic and zooarchaeological analyses of bones, together with the description of coprolites, are reported at these sites. In the Cova del Coll Verdaguer and the Cova del Gegant, the large number of skeletal remains are documented as having been accumulated primarily by hyenas, although the presence of other carnivores in the caves is also documented. In the Cova del Rinoceront, by contrast, other carnivores, including felids and canids, are primarily responsible for the bone assemblages. In addition, there is evidence that all three caves were used by bears for hibernation. Thus, no evidence of hominid scavenging activities can be observed at these sites and accordingly the lithic assemblages are not related to the marginal scavenging of ungulates from carnivore dens. The scarce presence of lithics and the few anthropic marks suggest very sporadic human visits to the caves, and there is no evidence of carnivore competition. Finally, the Cova del Gegant has yielded Neanderthal fossils belonging to different individuals.

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20

Bachellerie, François. "Quelle unité pour le Châtelperronien ? : apport de l'analyse taphonomique et techno-économique des industries lithiques de trois gisements aquitains de plein air : le Basté, Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et Canaule II (Dordogne)". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14322/document.

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Au coeur du stade isotopique 3, le Châtelperronien est vu comme la dernière manifestation culturelle desnéandertaliens en France et dans le nord de l’Espagne. Ce technocomplexe est défini comme « de transition »avec un monde nouveau, celui du Paléolithique supérieur, dont l’artisan est l’Homme anatomiquement moderne.Il n’est cependant connu que par un nombre restreint de sites, souvent fouillés anciennement, et sur lesquelsplanent des soupçons de mélanges. Afin de mieux définir cette industrie, nous proposons ici d'en documenter lavariabilité, par le biais de l'analyse taphonomique et techno-économique de trois séries lithiques aquitaines deplein-air : le Basté (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et Canaule II (Dordogne).Intégrés à une synthèse bibliographique critique mobilisant les autres collections châtelperroniennes, nosrésultats confirment la forte unité technique du Châtelperronien, probablement symptomatique d’une unitéculturelle forte, tant dans les modalités que dans les objectifs de la production lithique. L’équipement lithique estorienté vers l’obtention de lames plutôt larges et courtes, de profil rectiligne, principalement dévolues à lafabrication de pointes ou couteaux de Châtelperron. La forte unité morphométrique de ces dernières, ajouté à laremise en cause de la réalité d'une composante moustérienne au sein de ces séries, annihilent l’idée d'unevariabilité diachronique ou géographique du Châtelperronien, qui à ce titre ne peut plus être défini comme uneindustrie de "transition" au sens propre du terme, mais bien comme un technocomplexe pleinement paléolithiquesupérieur.A une échelle plus vaste, le processus ayant conduit à sa formation semble reposer sur la place prépondérantedonnée à la recherche de pointes lithiques légères et potentiellement utilisées comme armatures. Ce processus estcomparable à celui en action, à la même période et dans le reste de l'Europe occidentale, au sein des autrestechnocomplexes dits de "transition".Ces résultats rejoignent ainsi l’idée d’une apparition graduelle et géographiquement contrastée des élémentsstructurants du Paléolithique supérieur, dont certains sont déjà en oeuvre bien avant l'émergence de l'Aurignacien(production laminaire, rôle prépondérant des armatures au sein des équipements lithiques, industrie en matièredure animale). Ils contribuent donc à estomper l'image de rupture communément admise pour cette périodecharnière dans l'histoire de l'humanité
The Chatelperronian, dating to MIS 3, represents the final expression of the Neanderthals in France and northernSpain. This techno-complex has been defined as the transition to the new world of the Upper Palaeolithic whichis associated with anatomically modern humans. However, this industry is known from only a few recentlyanalysed collections. This work documents the variability of this techno-complex by way of a taphonomic andtechno-economic analysis of three open-air sites from the Aquitaine region: Le Basté (Pyrénées-Atlantique),Bidart (Pyrénées-Atlantique), and Canaule II (Dordogne).These results are integrated with a bibliographic synthesis which considers other Chatelperronian assemblagesbased on their analytical value. The substantial technical unity of the Chatelperronian is confirmed and is likelyindicative of an equally substantial cultural unity expressed in the modes and objectives of an almost exclusivelylaminar lithic production system. These generally short and wide blades with rectilinear profiles were detachedusing soft-stone hammer percussion and were mainly designed for the manufacture of Chatelperronian points.Furthermore, the considerable morphometric unity of these pieces, coupled with the doubt cast upon the realityof a Mousterian component of this industry, calls into question the idea of an internal evolution.The Chatelperronian, in the absence of a cultural composite in associated chaînes opératoires, can no longer bedefined as a ‘transitional’ industry in the literal sense of the term.Nevertheless, its formation seems to be have been driven by the desire for lightweight lithic points that werepotentially employed as armatures. This process is comparable with those seen during the same period across therest of Western Europe with other ‘transitional’ techno-complexes.This work therefore aligns itself with the idea of a gradual appearance of the elements structuring the UpperPalaeolithic of which certain features were already in place well before the emergence of the Aurignacian(laminar production, the predominant role of armatures in the lithic tool-kit, and the presence of bone and antlerartefacts). Our conclusions chip away at the commonly accepted image of a rupture during this pivotal period inthe history of humanity

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21

Sawyer, Susanna. "Insights into Neandertals and Denisovans from Denisova Cave". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-204682.

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Denisova Cave is located in the Altai mountains of Russia. Excavations from this cave have yielded two large hominin molars and three hominin phalanxes from the Pleistocene. One of the phalanxes (Denisova 3) had extraordinary DNA preservation allowing the sequencing of high quality nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes and has been shown to belong to a young girl from hereto unknown sister group of Neandertals, called Denisovans. The mtDNA of Denisova 3 surprisingly split from the mtDNA ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals twice as long ago as the split of modern humans and Neandertals. The mtDNA of one of the molars (Denisova 4) was also sequenced and differs at only two positions from the mtDNA of Denisova 3. A second phalanx (Altai 1) also yielded a high quality genome, and was a Neandertal. While Neandertals show an admixture signal of 1-4% into present-day non-Africans, Denisovans show an admixture of up to 5% in present-day Oceanians, and to a much lesser extent East Asians. This thesis encompasses two studies. In the first study, we sequenced the complete mtDNA genome of the additional molar (Denisova 8), as well as a few megabases of nuclear DNA from Denisova 4 and Denisova 8. While the mtDNA of Denisova 8 is clearly of the Denisova type, its branch to the most recent common ancestor of Denisovans is half as long as the branch leading to Denisova 3 or Denisova 4, indicating that Denisova 8 lived many millenia before the other two. Both Denisova 4 and 8 fall together with Denisova 3 based on nuclear DNA, bringing the number of known Denisovans from one to three. In the second study, we sequenced an almost complete mtDNA and a few megabases of nuclear DNA from the third hominin phalanx from Denisova Cave, Altai 2. Both the mtDNA and the nuclear DNA show Altai 2 to be a Neandertal. The mtDNA also showed the presence of substantial Pleistocene spotted hyena contamination. Low levels of spotted hyena contamination were also found in Altai 1, Denisova 3 and Denisova 4. Partial mtDNA genomes of the contaminating spotted hyenas from these four hominins were compared to mtDNA genomes of other extant and extinct spotted hyenas. We show that the spotted hyenas that contaminated the two Denisovans come from a population of spotted hyenas found in Pleistocene Europe as well as present-day Africa, while the spotted hyenas that contaminated Altai 2, and possibly Altai 1, come from a population of spotted hyenas found in Pleisticene eastern Russia and northern China. This indicates that Denisova Cave was a meeting point of eastern and western hominins as well as eastern and western spotted hyena populations.

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22

Lindblom, Pernilla. "The Neanderthal pictured. A study of how well the image material of the Neanderthals match up with the knowledge about them". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93578.

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Images can make us believe something to be true, that never has been, which is something the study in this report will show. The starting-point was to examine of it is true that new images are based on older ones, and that it is difficult to change the image that has become accustomed to and accepted. The first chapter studies and analyzes scientific images of the Neanderthals. The purpose was to find out how well the world of science have managed to change the description of the Neanderthals since the first trend-setting images were made. The answer was: it has succeeded, but during a slow process which just recently has caught up. The second chapter studied the general publics’ opinion of the looks of the Neanderthals in relation to the knowledge about them. The chapter also looked at surrounding reasons to why about half of those who participated in this chapter’s surveys still believed the Neanderthals looked like a monkey-man. Some of the reasons believed to be because of the news media is spreading incorrect images in lack of scrutinizing the image material; image agencies reports old, parsimonious and/or wrong information about the images of Neanderthals they are selling; and because of the world of scientists not acting upon the incorrect image material still being spread.
Bilder kan påverka oss att tro något är sant som aldrig har varit det, något studien i denna rapport kommer visa. Utgångspunkten var att undersöka om det stämmer att nya bilder bygger på gamla, och att det är svårt att förändra den bild som blivit invand och accepterad. I det första kapitlet studerades och analyserades vetenskapliga bilder av neandertalarna. Syftet var att ta reda på hur pass väl forskarvärlden lyckats förändra framställningen av neandertalarna från att de första tongivande bilderna skapades. Svaret blev att de har lyckats, men under en långsam process som först på senare tid hunnit ikapp. Det andra kapitlet tittade på hur allmänheten trodde att neandertalarna såg ut i relation till dagens kunskap om dem. Kapitlet tittade också på omkringliggande orsaker till varför runt hälften av de som deltog i kapitlets undersökningar fortfarande trodde att neandertalarna såg ut som en apmänniska. Några av orsakerna ansågs vara att nyhetsmedia sprider fel bilder eftersom de inte granskar bildmaterialet kritiskt; att bildbyråer uppger utdaterad, knapphändig och/eller felaktig information om de bilder av neandertalare de säljer; samt att forskarvärlden inte verkar reagera på det felaktiga bildmaterial som fortfarande sprids.

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23

Wißing, Christoph Verfasser] y Hervé [Akademischer Betreuer] [Bocherens. "Multi-isotopic tracking (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) of ancient trophic webs around the time of Neandertal replacement by anatomically modern humans in North-Western Europe / Christoph Wißing ; Betreuer: Hervé Bocherens". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1164169068/34.

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24

Gigli, Elena. "Evolutionary genetics of homo neanderthalensis :adaptive traits and methodological problems". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/77656.

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The evolutionary history of H. neanderthalensis, interwoven with that of H. sapiens, has always fascinated the scientific world. Recent adavncess in paleogenetics shedds new light on the phylogenetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans. The studies developed in this thesis intend principally to control the contaminants through the development of an anti-contamination protocol for decreasing the human contamination in pre-laboratory phases. We designed a PCR-based method specific for reducing human contamination during the laboratory analysis, and we analyzed the fragmentation pattern of the ancient sequences by massively parallel sequencing technologies. Furthermore, we studied two nuclear genes, TAS2R38 -associated to bitter taste perception- and ABO blood group system –involved in natural immunity- that provide specific information on aspects of the Neanderthal phenotype and adaptation.
La historia evolutiva d’H. neanderthalensis, imbricada amb la d’H. sapiens, ha fascinat sempre el món científic. Avenços recents en paleogenètica aporten una nova llum sobre la rel•lació filogenètica entre els neandertals i els humans moderns. Els treballs d’aquesta tesi intenten principalment controlar els contaminants mitjançant el desenvolupament d’un protocol d’anti-contaminació que disminueixi la contaminació humana de les mostres en la fase de pre-laboratori. Hem desenvolupat un mètode basat en la PCR específic per a reduïr els contaminants humans durant l’anàlisi en el laboratori, i hem analitzat el patró de fragmentació de les seqüències antigues amb tècniques de seqüenciació massiva en paral•lel. A més a més, hem estudiat dos gens nuclears, el TAS2R38 –associat a la percepció del gust amarg- i el grup sanguini ABO –implicat en la immunitat natural- que proporcionen informació específca sobre aspectes del fenotip i de les adaptacions dels neandertals.

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25

Gabucio, Vilarrasa Maria Joana. "Estudi espaciotemporal d’un palimpsest: anàlisi zooarqueològica i tafonòmica del nivell O de l’abric romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Espanya)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/290990.

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La present Tesi Doctoral, concebuda com un compendi d’articles, afronta l’estudi del nivell O de l’Abric Romaní a partir de l’anàlisi de les restes faunístiques. Aquest nivell constitueix un palimpsest, al igual que la pràctica totalitat dels conjunts arqueològics. Tot i això, la tassa de sedimentació de l’Abric Romaní permet treballar a una resolució temporal més alta que en la majoria de jaciments. La metodologia d’aquest treball es basa en tres pilars fonamentals: l’anàlisi zooarqueològica, l’anàlisi tafonòmica (mètodes macroscòpics i microscòpics) i l’anàlisi espacial (arqueoestratigrafia i planimetria). L’estudi inclou la identificació i la quantificació de les restes, l’estudi de la representació esquelètica, l’anàlisi de la fracturació i de les alteracions superficials i la realització de remuntatges. Així mateix, l’estudi del palimpsest del nivell O s’encara des de dues perspectives diferents: 1) la comprensió del conjunt com a un tot, i 2) la dissecció del palimpsest. La primera aproximació permet maximitzar el nombre de restes analitzades i valorar el paper que juguen els fragments de petites dimensions en la identificació i la localització de les activitats antròpiques. La segona és més sensible a la variabilitat i facilita la identificació i interpretació d’episodis individuals. Aquesta doble perspectiva, i l’aplicació dels diferents mètodes i tècniques, han portat a la interpretació de l’ús de l’espai que els grups neandertals van fer a l’abric. A la vegada, això ha permès una aproximació a les dinàmiques ocupacionals d’aquests grups.
La presente Tesis Doctoral, concebida como un compendio de artículos, afronta el estudio del nivel O del Abric Romaní a partir del análisis de los restes faunísticos. Este nivel constituye un palimpsesto, al igual que la práctica totalidad de los conjuntos arqueológicos. Sin embargo, la tasa de sedimentación del Abric Romaní permite trabajar a una resolución temporal más alta que en la mayoría de yacimientos. La metodología de este trabajo se basa en tres pilares fundamentales: el análisis zooarqueológico, el análisis tafonómico (métodos macroscópicos y microscópicos) y el análisis espacial (arqueoestratigrafía y planimetría). El estudio incluye la identificación i quantificación de los restos, el estudio de la representación esquelética, el análisis de la fracturación y las alteraciones superficiales y la realización de remontajes. Así mismo, el estudio del palimpsesto del nivel O se encara desde dos perspectivas diferentes: 1) la comprensión del conjunto como un todo, y 2) la disección del palimpsesto. La primera aproximación permite maximizar el nombre de restos analizados y valorar el papel que juegan los fragmentos de pequeñas dimensiones en la identificación y la localización de las actividades antrópicas. La segunda es más sensible a la variabilidad y facilita la identificación e interpretación de episodios individuales. Esta doble perspectiva, y la aplicación de los métodos y técnicas diferentes, han llevado a la interpretación del uso del espacio que los grupos neandertales efectuaron en el abrigo. A su vez, esto ha permitido una aproximación a las dinámicas ocupacionales de estos grupos.
This PhD was carried out by a collection of papers based on the analysis of the faunal remains of Level O of the Abric Romani arhaeological site. This level is a palimpsest, like almost all archaeological layers. However, the sedimentation rate of Abric Romaní makes it possible to work at a higher temporal resolution than most of the sites. The methodology of this work is based on three pillars: the zooarchaeological analysis, the taphonomic analysis (macroscopic and microscopic methods) and spatial analysis (arqueostratigraphy and surface distribution analysis). The study involves identifying and quantifying remains, studying skeletal part representation, analyzing fracture and bone surface alterations and refitting. Furthermore, the study of the palimpsest is processed from two different perspectives: 1) understanding the assemblage as a whole, and 2) dissecting the palimpsest. The first approach maximizes the number of the analyzed remains and allows to assess the role of small fragments in the identification and location of human activities. The second is more sensitive to variability and makes easier the identification and interpretation of individual episodes. This dual perspective and the application of different methods and techniques enable to interpret the use of space that Neanderthal groups developed inside the rock shelter. Therefore, this has allowed an approximate approach to the occupational dynamics of these groups.

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26

Discamps, Emmanuel. "Hommes et hyènes face aux recompositions des communautés d'Ongulés (MIS 5-3) : Éléments pour un cadre paléoécologique des sociétés du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur ancien d'Europe de l'Ouest". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00671035.

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En Europe, le rôle du climat fait souvent partie intégrante des modèles proposés pour expliquer les bouleversements des sociétés humaines à la transition Paléolithique moyen - supérieur (e.g. extinction des néandertaliens, développement de comportements dits " modernes "). Pourtant, l'impact exact des changements climatiques globaux du Pléistocène supérieur sur les écosystèmes terrestres reste pour partie inconnu. Cette étude vise à replacer dans un contexte paléoenvironnemental et paléoécologique l'histoire des mutations biologiques et culturelles des sociétés humaines entre MIS 5 et 3 (soit avant, pendant et après la transition Paléolithique moyen - supérieur). Dans le cadre de ce travail, la reconstruction des communautés animales terrestres est réalisée à l'échelle écosystémique (reconstruction des dynamiques des communautés d'herbivores, fluctuations de la biomasse d'Ongulés, paléodémographie de l'Hyène des cavernes) et intra-guilde (compétition interspécifique hommes - hyènes). Ces deux échelles d'analyse s'appuient d'une part sur l'étude taphonomique, spatiale et paléoécologique de deux repaires d'hyènes avec indices de fréquentation humaine (Camiac et La Chauverie) et d'autre part sur l'analyse multi-méthodes de bases de données des sites anthropiques et paléontologiques (archéostratigraphie, SIG, statistiques multivariées et bayésiennes). À l'échelle écosystémique, l'histoire des communautés d'herbivores est reconstruite pour le Sud-Ouest de la France. Des fluctuations importantes sont perceptibles dans la biomasse d'Ongulés disponible, qui augmente à la fin du Moustérien et chute fortement au début de l'Aurignacien. Ces variations de biomasse ont été suffisantes pour contraindre les populations de grands prédateurs, l'histoire paléodémographique de l'Hyène des cavernes étant hautement corrélée aux fluctuations de biomasse. À l'échelle intra-guilde, l'intensité de la compétition interspécifique hommes - hyènes varie au cours du temps et selon les espaces géographiques. Concernant la sphère alimentaire (espèces exploitées, populations ciblées, stratégies de subsistance), si le recouvrement de niches entre ces deux prédateurs est parfois fort (notamment à la fin du Moustérien), des différences apparaissent néanmoins. La nature des interactions hommes - hyènes dans les espaces d'habitats communs (cavités karstiques) est quant à elle discutée sur la base de l'étude interdisciplinaire des séries fauniques et lithiques de Camiac et de La Chauverie. Le modèle paléoécologique proposé pour le Sud-Ouest est ensuite confronté à la spécificité d'autres régions d'Europe de l'Ouest par l'exploitation d'une base de données étendue. Ces comparaisons soulignent les différences existantes selon les régions géographiques dans la réponse des écosystèmes terrestres aux changements climatiques globaux. Les résultats obtenus apportent de nouveaux éclairages sur la transition Paléolithique moyen - supérieur : ils pondèrent fortement l'importance qui doit être accordée aux facteurs environnementaux et écologiques. Ces derniers ne semblent pas pouvoir expliquer à eux seuls les bouleversements culturels et biologiques de cette période.

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27

Lowery, Robert K. "Neanderthal Admixture in Current Human Populations". FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/582.

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In the present body of work two primary subjects have been addressed, both individually and in their correspondence, namely 1) the potential for Neanderthals to have contributed to the Modern Human population, and 2) the genetic diversity of one of the most prehistorically impactful human popuations, the Armenians. The first subject is addressed by assessing 1000 mutations in 384 current humans, particularly for those mutations which appear to derive from the Neanderthal lineage. Additionally, the validity of the Neanderthal sequences themselves is evaluated through alignment analysis of fragementary DNA derived from the Vindija Cave sample. Armenian genetic diversity is analyzed through the autosomal short tandem repeats, y-chromsome single nucleotide polymorphisms, and y-chromosome short tandem repeats. The diversity found indicates that Armenians are a diverse group which has been genetically influenced by the various migrations and invasions which have entered their historic lands. Further, we find evidence that Armenians may be closely associated with the peopling of Europe.

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28

Underdown, Simon John. "A comparative pathological analysis of Neanderthal Palæotrauma". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607965.

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29

Stephan, Taylorlyn. "What's In A Neanderthal: A Comparative Analysis". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin159282580067034.

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30

Shuttleworth, Andy. "An anthropological assessment of Neanderthal behavioural energetics". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/10975/.

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The debate on Neanderthal social and symbolic capabilities is one of the fundamental issues of Palaeolithic archaeology, with the archaeological record suggesting that Neanderthals did not display the same range and variability of behaviours as anatomically modern humans (AMH). This lack of evidence has often been attributed to the cognitive superiority of AMH over Neanderthals. The reliance on the material record alone, however, neglects a range of non-material behaviours that are arguably of equal importance to understanding the cognitive abilities of this species, but which leave no archaeological traces. This thesis presents an alternative approach to the interpretation of Neanderthal social behaviour that is based on ethnographic modelling drawn from contemporary hunter-gatherers and applied to the archaeological records of Neanderthals and AMH living in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (60-30ka). The aim of this thesis is to highlight Neanderthal behavioural responses to fluctuations in environmental productivity and to compare these to the behaviours of AMH in the earlier Upper Palaeolithic to determine if any significant differences existed between the two species. The thesis employs a range of ethnographic and archaeological data which relate to a range of material and non-material social and symbolic behavioural expressions, such a rites of passage, cooperative hunting, care for the elderly, and prestige hierarchies that are not typically inferred from the archaeological record. The ethnographic record allows for the quantification of such behaviours so that correlations can be made between social expressions (cohesion, control etc) that can then be inferred from the material record. Statistical tests, including General Linear Modelling, were employed to determine the robustness of these correlations. The ethnographic model was applied to the archaeological record of the Upper Palaeolithic prior to its being applied to the Neanderthal record of OIS-3 to determine the suitability of applying it to prehistoric contexts. Results show that both Neanderthals and AMH employed similar behavioural mechanisms for coping with resource stress in relation to social cohesion, though individual expressions varied between the two species depending on their environmental contexts. Analysis suggests that the Neanderthal capacity for spiritual and material expression was hindered by demographic and physiological constraints rather than any differences in cognitive capacity. Finally, analysis shows that Neanderthals employed optimal behavioural capacities throughout the Middle Palaeolithic and were a much more behaviourally variable hominid than previous interpretations of the archaeological record have suggested.

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31

Wolf, Daniel, Thomas Kolb, Manuel Alcaraz-Castaño, Susann Heinrich, Philipp Baumgart, Ruben Calvo, Jésus Sánchez et al. "Climate deteriorations and Neanderthal demise in interior Iberia". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-237131.

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Time and circumstances for the disappearance of Neanderthals and its relationship with the advent of Modern Humans are not yet sufficiently resolved, especially in case of the Iberian Peninsula. Reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions during the last glacial period is crucial to clarifying whether climate deteriorations or competition and contacts with Modern Humans played the pivotal role in driving Neanderthals to extinction. A high-resolution loess record from the Upper Tagus Basin in central Spain demonstrates that the Neanderthal abandonment of inner Iberian territories 42 kyr ago coincided with the evolvement of hostile environmental conditions, while archaeological evidence testifies that this desertion took place regardless of modern humans’ activities. According to stratigraphic findings and stable isotope analyses, this period corresponded to the driest environmental conditions of the last glacial apart from an even drier period linked to Heinrich Stadial 3. Our results show that during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 2 climate deteriorations in interior Iberia temporally coincided with northern hemisphere cold periods (Heinrich stadials). Solely during the middle MIS 3, in a period surrounding 42 kyr ago, this relation seems not straightforward, which may demonstrate the complexity of terrestrial climate conditions during glacial periods.

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32

Wood, Derek. "Neanderthal biogeographic patterns over the Eemian-Weichsellian cycle". Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2562/.

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Recent research on Neanderthal extinction has considered the role of climatic and environmental changes during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 59-25 ka BP). This thesis explores Late Pleistocene Neanderthal population trends and responses to climate change across four European study provinces and considers the role that climate and environmental change played in their extinction. It is argued that regional population histories are complex; phases of expansion and contraction occurred across a range of climate states. It is concluded that traditional nomenclature i.e. climate stages such as stadial and interstadial are unsatisfactory in themselves for understanding concepts such as migration, extinction and culture change. An alternative model termed condition: resource variation is set out in this thesis and its emergence rests principally on the observation that many faunal and floral configurations from the last glacial period have no exact analogies with modern fauna and flora. During the post-Eemian oscillations ecological disruption was restricted to the higher latitudes of Europe and coincided with a time when Neanderthal population levels were low. A further phase during MIS 3 resulted in ecological disruption across the lower latitudes (e.g. parts of the southern province and the Mediterranean basin). In this light the MIS 3 disruptions were not unique, but part of a process operating across the interglacial-glacial cycle. Neanderthal population levels appeared to have increased after Heinrich event 6 (ca. 60 ka BP) and continued to rise across a series of major Dansgaard-Oeschger events and Heinrich event 5 (ca. 47 ka). Neanderthal population decline did occur during Heinrich event 4 at ca. 38 ka prior to a further phase of recovery. It is tentatively concluded the central province offered less-restrictive condition-resource dynamics and this could have been a significant factor leading to the central province serving as a core occupation area for anatomically modern humans, while the adjacent southern and Mediterranean provinces served as the core areas for Neanderthals over MIS 3.

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33

Tamvada, Kelli Hamm. "The biomechanical and behavioral significance of the Neanderthal femur". Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3704208.

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The Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) femur is distinct from that of recent modern humans (Homo sapiens). Broadly speaking, the Neanderthal femur is more “robust”, meaning that it appears to be biomechanically stronger, and it is more curved, which may enhance the predictability of the stresses and strains experienced by the bone. It has been hypothesized that the Neanderthal morphology is an adaptation to withstand elevated and repetitive loads associated with increased mobility. This study tests the mobility hypothesis using comparative and biomechanical methods. Specifically, this study sought to test the mobility hypothesis by a) determining whether or not a relationship exists between skeletal variables and day range (a surrogate for mobility) in living primates, and b) using finite element analysis to quantify differences in biomechanical strength between Neanderthals and modern humans while simulating loads associated with bipedal walking, traumatic loads, and stumbling.

The hypothesis that extant primates with longer day ranges exhibit more robust and more curved bones, used here as an indication of predictability of deformation, is rejected. The hypothesis that Neanderthal femora are as strong as or stronger than recent modern human femora is partially rejected. Under loading regimes simulating normal walking, it is unclear which femur is stronger. The human femur is stronger under simulated traumatic loads. The Neanderthal femur is stronger under loads simulating stumbling. The human femur is more predictable along the neck and at midshaft; the Neanderthal femur is more predictable along proximal and distal diaphyseal sections. The femoral neck is the weakest location on the modern human femur, whereas the distal lateral metaphysis is typically the weakest location on the Neanderthal femur.

Although a relationship between curvature and robusticity variables could not be confirmed using an extant primate sample, the unexpected results of the Neanderthal/human femur comparisons suggest that because regions of peak stress differ considerably between the species as a result of the differences in morphology, each may be adapted to the specific and typical demands imposed by their respective habitats and lifestyles.

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Buck, Laura. "Craniofacial morphology, adaptation, and paranasal pneumatisation in Pleistocene hominins". Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2014. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/craniofacial-morphology-adaptation-and-paranasal-pneumatisation-in-pleistocene-hominins(f672cf75-7207-42c9-8a16-1be5473d2240).html.

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Mid-Late Pleistocene species are reported to have sinuses of taxonomic and functional interest. Frontal hyperpneumatisation in Homo heidelbergensis is one of few hypothesized autapomorphies of this controversial taxon and Neanderthal sinuses are also said to be distinctively large, resulting from cold adaptation and explaining diagnostic craniofacial morphology. Variation in sinus size within and between populations of recent H. sapiens has been described, but has not been quantified. Sinus variables in Mid-Late Pleistocene hominins were investigated to illuminate causes of craniofacial variation and clarify alpha taxonomy, whilst evaluating theories of sinus function and advancing the understanding of adaptation in this group. Sinus volumes were measured from CT data and geometric morphometric methods were used to identify associated shape variables in a large sample of fossil and extant hominins. Relationships were investigated between these sinus variables and taxonomic/population, dietary, and climatic variables. The results demonstrate that the sinuses have no detectable direct function in Mid-Late Pleistocene hominins but they do respond to selective pressures, such as diet and climate, indirectly via craniofacial adaptation. There is also a relationship with neutral population differences in craniofacial morphology, for at least the frontal sinus. These effects are of varying strength, and it is likely that stochastic development also plays a part in determining differences in individual volumes. Inter-taxon comparisons support frontal hyperpneumatisation as a distinctive, perhaps derived, trait in H. heidelbergensis, but show that H. sapiens has hypopneumatised maxillary sinuses, rather than H. neanderthalensis being hyperpneumatised. Whilst the causes of extremely large sinuses in H. heidelbergensis remain uncertain, small maxillary sinuses in H. sapiens are suggested to result from their derived craniofacial size and morphology. These conclusions build on previous studies to over-turn long-standing but unfounded theories about the pneumatic influences on Neanderthal morphology and the functional nature of sinuses, whilst opening up exciting questions about relationships between strain, climate, pneumatisation, and intraspecific variation.

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Coudenneau, Aude. "Éléments triangulaires et armes de chasse au Paléolithique moyen : Constats et réflexions à travers l’étude techno-morpho- fonctionnelle de quatre séries d’Europe occidentale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3092/document.

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Ce travail de recherche se propose d’aborder la question des pointes au Paléolithique moyen en Europe occidentale par l’étude de ces objets en se servant de trois outils de recherche mis en confrontation : la tracéologie lithique, la technologie lithique et l’étude morphologique. Le problème de l’utilisation de ces outils comme armes de chasse est au coeur du questionnement. Nous tentons d’y répondre par la constitution d’un corpus expérimental spécifique, la mise en place d’une méthodologie adaptée et l’étude complète des pointes de 3 séries archéologiques représentatives : le site de plein air de Therdonne (Oise), celui de Beauvais (Oise) et le site de la grotte de Spy (Belgique)
This research aims to address the question of lithics points in the Middle Paleolithic in Western Europe through the study of these objects using three research tools in confrontation : traceology, lithic technology and morphological study . The question of using these tools as hunting weapons is central to the inquiry. We try to respond by the formation of a specific experimental corpus, the establishment of an appropriate methodology and full study of points of three representative archaeological series : the open-air site of Therdonne (Oise), the Beauvais one (Oise) and the site of the cave of Spy (Belgium)

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36

Barceló, i. Coblijn Lluís. "Neandertals. Per què podrien haver parlat i per què no?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/80068.

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37

Frangou, Anna. "Using genealogical trees to examine admixture between modern humans and Neandertals". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca235cb7-4d90-41d6-ad3d-0883567783a1.

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This thesis uses genealogical trees to identify, date, and quantify patterns of admixture between Neandertals and individual modern human populations, using a combination of high quality data and parametric methodology. Previous methods on this subject have either approximated features of trees, or inferred them indirectly. Here, genealogical trees are used directly to understand the admixture process between humans and Neandertals by extending a recently developed method named CEPHi: Coalescent Estimation of Population History. CEPHi uses recombinationally cold regions of the human genome to build genealogical trees specifying the relationships between individuals in two input populations (one Neandertal, one human), including estimated population size histories, split times, and coalescence and mutation times. Using CEPHi, a Neandertal-human population split time of ~712,000 years in the past is estimated, as well as uncovering loci introduced by Neandertal-human admixture, revealing distinct bimodal distributions of estimated coalescence times between non-African and Neandertal haplotypes. A Neandertal population history is inferred, from the time of their split with humans up to ~50,000 years ago (the fossil age), showing this archaic species to have suffered a bottleneck at this time, consistent with leaving Africa, followed by a further reduction to extinction. Contrasting African-Neandertal and Eurasian-Neandertal analyses are used to define admixture using genealogical trees, and test our procedures in CEPHi via coalescent-based simulations. This region-level definition of admixture is used to specify sets of introgressed coldspots across 13 modern human populations. These sets are compared between pairs of populations, revealing information about the possible timing of interactions between Neandertals and modern humans, and sharing of admixture events between human groups, especially with respect to the split time between European and Asian populations. Online sets of introgressed regions for each of the four continents in our dataset are provided: African, American, Asian, and European. Finally, in order to investigate the variation in time of contact between Neandertals and individual human populations, a novel method is described and implemented which dates admixture between individual human populations and Neandertals, using information from genealogical trees. Dates of admixture are estimated as ~50-60,000 years in the past in European populations, and ~80-90,000 years in the past in Asian populations, suggestive of potentially somewhat distinct histories between European and Asian populations. This method can be applied to date any set of introgressed regions, including those shared between particular populations, enabling a clearer picture of the joint evolutionary history of modern humans, Neandertals, and other archaic species.

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38

Garefalakis, Charalampos. "Neanderthal archaeology in MIS 3 Western Europe : ecological and anthropological perspectives". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366711/.

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39

Le, Cabec Adeline. "Anterior dental loading and root morphology in Neanderthals". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1936/.

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Distinguer les incisives et canines des Néanderthaliens de celles des hommes modernes peut représenter un défi dans le cas de dents isolées trouvées dans des collections de musée, ou provenant de contextes stratigraphiques perturbés. De plus, la morphologie de la couronne ne peut être utilisée dans le cas de dents fortement usées. Une étude préliminaire basée sur des échantillons limités et des mesures linéaires (Bailey, 2005) propose que la longueur des racines dentaires à elle seule permet de discriminer taxonomiquement les Néanderthaliens des hommes modernes du Paléolithique supérieur et actuels. Cette thèse teste cette hypothèse pour un échantillon de Néanderthaliens et d'hommes modernes, plus large géographiquement et chronologiquement, en utilisant la micro-tomographie. En plus de l'intérêt taxonomique d'explorer la taille et la forme des racines, nous discutons les implications fonctionnelles de la morphologie racinaire des dents antérieures dans le contexte de l'hypothèse des " dents-utilisées-comme-des-outils ", et des activités para-masticatrices. La première partie a été publiée comme suit : Le Cabec, A. , Kupczik, K. , Gunz, P. , Braga, J. , and Hublin, J. J. (2012). Long Anterior Mandibular Tooth Roots in Neanderthals Are Not the Result of their Large Jaws. Journal of Human Evolution, pp. 63, 667-681. DOI: 10. 1016/j. Jhevol. 2012. 07. 003. Cette partie valide la longueur des racines dentaires en tant qu'outil taxonomique pour distinguer les Néanderthaliens tardifs des hommes modernes du Paléolithique Supérieur et récents. En dépit de l'absence de corrélation entre la taille des racines et la taille de la symphyse mentonnière, les Néanderthaliens ont de grandes racines, pour la taille de leurs mâchoires. Il est alors proposé que les courtes racines des hommes modernes récents résulteraient d'une allométrie négative. La seconde partie a été publiée comme suit : Le Cabec, A. , Gunz, P. , Kupczik, K. , Braga, J. And Hublin, J. J. (2013). Anterior Tooth Root Morphology and Size in Neanderthals: Taxonomic and Functional Implications. Journal of Human Evolution, 64, pp. 169-193. DOI: 10. 1016/j. Jhevol. 2012. 08. 011. La morphologie racinaire est étudiée à travers un large échantillon d'hominidés fossiles et actuels, couvrant une large période chronologique et une vaste zone géographique. Les plus grandes longueurs racinaires observées chez les Néanderthaliens peuvent avoir résulté de la rétention d'une condition ancestrale. L'attribution taxonomique débattue de certains spécimens est discutée à la lumière de la morphologie racinaire des dents antérieures et montre que la longueur racinaire seule ne devrait pas être considérée comme suffisante pour une diagnose taxonomique. La fréquente présence d'hypercémentose et sa distribution non-homogène autour de l'apex racinaire pour les dents antérieures des Néanderthaliens pourrait refléter le régime de charge exercé sur les dents antérieures, probablement utilisées comme une troisième main
Distinguishing Neanderthal and modern human incisors and canines can be challenging in the case of isolated teeth found in museum collections, or from unclear stratigraphic contexts. In addition, the crown morphology cannot be used in the case of heavily worn teeth. A preliminary study based on limited samples and linear measurements (Bailey, 2005) proposed that root length alone can taxonomically discriminate Neanderthals from Upper Paleolithic and extant modern humans. This thesis investigates whether this remains true for a broader chronological and geographical sample of Neanderthals and modern humans, using micro-computed tomography. In addition to the taxonomic interest of investigating root size and shape, we discuss the functional implications of the anterior root morphology in the context of the 'teeth-as-tools' hypothesis and of para-masticatory activities. The first part was published as: Le Cabec, A. , Kupczik, K. , Gunz, P. , Braga, J. , and Hublin, J. J. (2012). Long Anterior Mandibular Tooth Roots in Neanderthals Are Not the Result of their Large Jaws. Journal of Human Evolution, 63, pp. 667-681. DOI: 10. 1016/j. Jhevol. 2012. 07. 003. This part validates root length as a taxonomical tool to distinguish late Neanderthals from Upper Paleolithic and recent modern humans. Despite the absence of correlation between root size and symphyseal size, Neanderthals have large roots for the size of their jaws. It is hypothesized that the short roots of extant modern humans result from a negative allometry. The second part was published as: Le Cabec, A. , Gunz, P. , Kupczik, K. , Braga, J. And Hublin, J. J. (2013). Anterior Tooth Root Morphology and Size in Neanderthals: Taxonomic and Functional Implications. Journal of Human Evolution, 64, pp. 169-193. DOI: 10. 1016/j. Jhevol. 2012. 08. 011. Root morphology is explored across a chronologically and geographically large sample of fossil and extant hominids. Longer roots in Neanderthals may have resulted from the retention of an ancestral condition. The debated taxonomic attribution of some specimens is discussed in light of anterior tooth root morphology and shows that root length alone should not be sufficient for taxonomic diagnosis. The frequent presence of hypercementosis and its non-homogeneous distribution around the root apex in Neanderthal anterior teeth could reflect the loading regime exerted on the front teeth, likely used as a third hand

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40

Doura, Menahem Baguio. "Phylogenetic Inference and Neanderthal Mitochondrial DNA: Comparison of Parsimony and Distance Models". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1544694857120158.

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41

Frouin, Marine. "Les feldspaths comme support pour la datation par luminescence de gisements archéologiques et de séquences quaternaires d'Aquitaine". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30076.

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Les données chronologiques disponibles pour les gisements du Paléolithique moyen du Sud-Ouest de la France font état d’un manque de jalons chronologiques fiables. Pour ces périodes anciennes, l’établissement d’un cadre chronologique nécessite un investissement méthodologique important dans le domaine de la datation numérique. Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude reposent essentiellement sur la datation par luminescence optique de grains de feldspaths et de quartz contenus dans les sédiments. En particulier, l’étude des signaux de luminescence classiquement exploités (IRSL, pIR-IRSL), nous permet de mieux évaluer la fiabilité des datations à partir des feldspaths potassiques. Un protocole de datation fondé sur l’exploitation du signal de radioluminescence (IR-RF) de ces minéraux a aussi été développé. Ainsi, la luminescence optique a été appliquée à des échantillons provenant de six gisements de référence : Les Pradelles (Marillac, Charente), Combe Brune 2 (Creysse, Dordogne), Roc de Marsal (Campagne, Dordogne), Artenac (Saint-Mary, Charente), La Quina (Gardes-le-Pontaroux, Charente) et La Ferrassie (Savignac-de-Miremont, Dordogne). La combinaison des résultats obtenus nous a permis, au sein de chaque niveau archéologique, d’évaluer la pertinence des datations et de proposer pour chaque gisement un scénario chronologique qui nous semble fiable. À l’issue de cette étude, les occupations humaines, caractérisées selon leurs industries, ont pu être replacées sur une échelle des temps en regard des variations paléoclimatiques et paléoenvironnementales régionales. Plusieurs constats ont été dressés enrichissant le registre de nos connaissances sur les cultures néandertaliennes
Currently available chronological information for Middle Palaeolithic sites in southwestern France precludes the establishment of a robust chronological framework. For these early periods, developing such a framework relies upon important methodological advancements in numerical dating techniques. The results of this study are essentially based on the optical luminescence dating of sedimentary feldspars and quartz. Focusing on the most commonly employed luminescence signals (IRSL, pIR-IRSL), it was possible to more clearly evaluate the reliability of dates obtained on K-feldspars. A dating protocol for these materials based on their radioluminescence signal (IR-RF) was also developed. Optical luminescence dates were produced for six major archaeological sites: (Marillac, Charente), Combe Brune 2 (Creysse, Dordogne), Roc de Marsal (Campagne, Dordogne), Artenac (Saint-Mary, Charente), La Quina (Gardes-le-Pontaroux, Charente) et La Ferrassie (Savignac-de-Miremont, Dordogne). Collating the results for each archaeological level allowed the coherence of the dates to be tested and a reliable chronological sequence to be proposed for each site. The different human occupations, characterised by their industrial attribution, could be placed within a chronological framework that incorporates regional palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic variations. Finally, several observations provide new insights for our understanding of Neandertal cultures

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42

Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca. "Neanderthals in Britain : Late mousterian archaeology in landscape context". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527238.

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Clement, Anna. "Tooth wear patterns in Neanderthals and early modern humans". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445215/.

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The overall aim of this project is to investigate adaptive mechanisms involved in the evolution of Neanderthal and Modern Human face morphology. This is done by using a new method to summarise tooth wear patterns in a large collection of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene hominins. This pattern is interpreted as an indicator of the forces habitually placed on different parts of the dentition. As the characteristic Neanderthal facial morphology is often interpreted as an adaptation to strong bite force between the anterior teeth, it is hypothesised that they should be particularly heavily worn in Neanderthals, relative to the rest of the dentition. The results presented here show that all Late Pleistocene hominins had heavily worn anterior teeth and that this was more pronounced in the Modern Humans than in the Neanderthals. There was, however, a characteristic Neanderthal pattern with wear more evenly spread between anterior teeth, whereas in Modern Humans it was more strongly concentrated in the incisors. In recent hunter-gatherers teeth were an integral part of the toolkit, strongly reflected in tooth wear. Both Neanderthals and the Skhul-Qafzeh Modern Humans shared a Middle Palaeolithic technology, with a small range of tool types and heavy anterior tooth wear, but the much more variable Upper Palaeolithic toolkit did not result in a reduction. Variation between different regions however suggests that the differences are complex Epipalaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic jaws showed a reduction in the contrast between anterior and cheek tooth wear, as might be expected with the large technological changes they represent. A preliminary study was made of dental casts from Canadian Inuit whose ages and sexes were recorded. They showed much heavier anterior tooth wear than any archaeological groups. This pattern was established early in life and women had much stronger anterior wear than men. This was related to sexual division of labour and it is striking that in Neanderthals the situation seems to have been replicated.

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44

Krings, Matthias. "Neandertaler DNA-Sequenzen und der Ursprung des modernen Menschen /". München : H. Utz Verlag - Wissenschaft, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38996041x.

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45

Bargalló, Ferrerons Amèlia. "Anàlisi tecnològica dels assentaments neandertals del nivell o de l’abric romaní (barcelona, espanya)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285314.

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Aquesta Tesis doctoral es centra en l’estudi del nivell O de l’Abric Romaní, amb dos objectius principals: interpretar els conjunts lítics, però sobretot definir el tipus d’ocupació del nivell O dutes a terme per part dels Neandertals. L’Abric Romaní és un dels principals jaciments del Paleolític mitjà d’Europa on es poden reconstruir les estratègies d’organització espacial. A més a més, les característiques peculiars d’aquest jaciment com ara, l’alta taxa de sedimentació, conservació excel•lent d’estructures de combustió i la documentació dels negatius de fusta, el fan idoni per aquest tipus d’estudis. Tots aquest resultats ens han permès obtenir informació de com els Neandertals van organitzar i articular aquests assentaments i quina funcionalitat van desenvolupar en cada un d’ells. Aquestes dades ens mostren una complexitat en el comportament dels Neandertals, podent-la comparar a l’observada als caçadors-recol•lectors actuals o a la identificada en assentaments dels Homo sapiens del Paleolític Superior.
Esta Tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio del nivel O del yacimiento de Abric Romaní, con dos objetivos principales: interpretar los conjuntos líticos, pero sobretodo definir el tipo de ocupación del nivel O por parte de los Neandertales. El Abric Romani es una de los principales yacimientos del Paleolítico medio en Europa para reconstruir las estrategias de organización espacial. Además las características peculiares de este yacimiento como es el alto indice de sedimentación, la conservación de estructuras de combustión i la documentación de negativos de madera, es perfecto para este tipo de estudios. Todos los resultados que hemos obtenido nos han permitido obtener información sobre como organizaban y articulaba los asentamientos los Neandertales que habitaron en este lugar, así como las actividades que llevaron a cabo. Todos estos datos nos muestran lo complejo que llegaba a ser el comportamiento de los Neandertales, similar a los cazadores-recolectores actuales o a los datos obtenidos en los asentamientos de los Homo sapiens del Paleolítico superior
This PhD thesis is focused on the study of level O of Romani rock-shelter with two main objectives: to interpret the lithic assemblages and, overall, to define the types of Neanderthal occupation of this level. Romani rock-shelter is one of the most important Middle Palaeolithic sites of Europe where the reconstruction of spatial organisation strategies is possible. Moreover, the particular characteristics of this site, such as good sedimentation, well preservation of combustion structures and wood negatives, make it ideal for this kind of studies.These results helped us to obtain information about how the Neanderthals organised and assembled these settlements and which kind of functionality they developed in each of them. These data demonstrates the complexity of Neanderthal’s behaviour, allowing to compare it with the behaviour of actual hunter-gatherers or with those identified in the Upper Palaeolithic settlements of Homo Sapiens.

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46

Bradley, Dawn Marie. "Implications of Late Pleistocene Climatic Change on the Morphological Variations of the Neanderthal". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/4.

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In this research, the relationship of climatic changes between 130k to 28k years BP to concurrent morphological variations in Neanderthals was tested. Traditional anthropological studies attribute robust Neanderthal morphological traits as an adaptation to a cold environment. A database of previously completed terrestrial paleoclimatic reconstructions in Europe and the Mediterranean was compiled and used to create a series of GIS-generated timeslice maps. Regional climatic conditions were then related to changes in Neanderthal appearances, morphology and disappearances as evident in the archaeological record. To establish climatic conditions, existing studies were compiled from two regions: Europe and the Mediterranean. The European data are based on pollen assemblage sequences from terrestrial lacustrine cores. The Mediterranean data are based on established ƒÔ18O/16O and ƒÔ13C/12C maximum and minimum events recorded in speleothems. The GIS perspective allows these changes to be viewed at significant time to better correlate regional climatic changes with known Neanderthal morphological variation and to extend the investigation both temporally, including Stage 4 and Stage 5e, and geographically, into the Mediterranean from similarly completed studies.

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47

Sawyer, Susanna [Verfasser] y Svante [Gutachter] Pääbo. "Insights into Neandertals and Denisovans from Denisova Cave / Susanna Sawyer ; Gutachter: Svante Pääbo". Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1240482108/34.

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48

Minetz, Jolen Anya. "Using three-dimensional geometric morhphometric techniques to further understand the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens". CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05072008-170758/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 2008.
Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed May 15, 2008. Technique used: Cranial vault analysis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-85).

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49

Romagnoli, Francesca. "Risorse litiche e comportamento tecnico dei Neandertaliani: variabilità culturale e adattamento all'ambiente nel Salento. Grotta del Cavallo, strati L-N e Grotta Mario Bernardini, strato D.// Raw materials and Neanderthal technical behaviour: cultural variability and adaptation to the environment in Salento (South Apulia). Grotta del Cavallo, layers L-N and Grotta Bernardini, layer D". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84142.

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El Salento (SE de Italia) es un territorio rico de evidencias arqueológicas en cueva de Paleolítico medio. Los yacimientos han sido parcialmente explorados en los años 60 y 70 de 1900. Los materiales líticos han sido divulgado examinando solamente los objetos retocados. Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de los niveles mas antiquos de dos yacimientos cercanos: Grotta del Cavallo y Grotta Mario Bernardini. El obietivo es de analizar la variabilidad tecnica segundo un appoche comportamentale para valuar las estrategias economicas y las capacidades tecnicas de estos grupos humanos. Portanto se ha utilizado el principio teórico de l'análisis tecnológica y el empleo de cadenas operativas como herramienta interpretativa para leer un proceso. Igualmente se han abiertas varias líneas de investigación como el estudio geológico para el aprovisionamiento de materias primas o la anàlisis tecno-morfo-funcional de los retocados. En los últimos quince años habían visto detrás de las industrias líticas de Paleolitico medio una grande riqueza desde el punto de vista de las opciónes técnicas y económicas. Esta tesis mostra esta riqueza en los conjuntos líticos de Grotta del Cavallo, presentando un desconocido cambio técnico en la sequencia y contrinuendo a enriquecer el debate sobre la variabilidad de Paleolítico medio.
Salento region (SE Italy) is an area rich in archaeological site concerning Middle Palaeolithic. The caves have been explored during 60's and 70's and are published only partially, using a typological approach focused just on retouched tools. My research concerns the analysis of ancient layers of Grotta del Cavallo and Grotta Mario Bernardini. The goal is to analyze the economic strategies and technical abilities of Neanderthal people in this area. For this reason we use the technological analysis of the manufacturing process based on"chaîne opératoire" and we opened different research-line like geological survey for raw materials or the techno-functional analysis of retouched tools. In the last fifteen years we sow behind Middle Palaeolithic lithic industries a big richness in terms of technical and economical options. This research shows this richness in the assemblages from Grotta del Cavallo, presenting an unknown technical variability and a technical change between layer L and the lower layers. The original data that we propose enrich with our knowledge of technical variability during Middle Palaeolithic showing the existence of a structured system built from human being able to integrate different needs and to adjust to available resources.

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50

Jennings, Richard. "Neanderthal and modern human occupation patterns in southeastern Iberia during the late Pleistocene period". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443808.

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