Literatura académica sobre el tema "Neoliticum"

RICOGNIZIONE E SCAVO DEL SITO NEOLITICO DI SAN MARCO, GUBBIO (PERUGIA), UMBRIA, 1985–7La ricognizione e lo scavo dell'insediamento di San Marco rappresenta uno dei pochi esempi di studio interdisciplinare compiuti nell'Italia centrale e riguardante un sito neolitico. Sono stati studiati in maniera approfondita i vari aspetti geologici ed ambientali del sito, collocato su un conoide alluvionale. Sono state inoltre ottenute date al 14C, eseguite con l'AMS direttamente su materiali organici associati con la sussistenza umana, che hanno permesso di attribuire il sito ad una prima fase dell'età neolitica (fine del sesto-inizio del quinto millennio a.C, date calibrate). L'industria litica mostra una chiara continuità con la precedente tecnologia epipaleolitica, mentre le ceramiche rinvenute possono essere attribuite alle correnti stilistiche della Ceramica Impressa e a quella di Sasso-Fiorano. Le analisi dei prodotti di sussistenza (fauna e resti botanici) rivelano un'economia basata principalmente sull'agricoltura, integrata a sua volta con prodotti ottenuti tramite attività di caccia e raccolta.

We know that in ancient times, people were sky watchers, made observations, drew conclusions, and their vision of Universe reflected the sky (macrocosm) into the ground (microcosm) and vice versa. Investigating deeply some symbols and signs from the Neolithic period, we find that the knowledge about the sky that some people had in the past represents much more than we’ve known so far. In this incursion into the Neolithic world, we will study two objects discovered in the tombs of the priestesses of Mostonga and Tărtăria.

Předmětem studie je teoretická analýza medicínské antropologie jako svébytné subdisciplíny a tematické oblasti antropologických výzkumů. Cílem studie je zmapovat nosné trendy v medicínské antropologii a postihnout její biokulturní charakter. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována vztahu medicínské antropologie a antropologie smrti v kontextu umírání a postoje k lidské smrti. Studie analyzuje výzkumný potenciál medicínské antropologie jak z mezikulturní, tak evoluční perspektivy s důrazem na proměny lidského těla v období neolitické revoluce.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejarah Situs Goa Kampret di Desa Bukit Lawang, serta memanfaatkan Situs Goa Kampret sebagai sumber belajar sejarah bagi siswa SMA sesuai Kurikulum 2013. Untuk memperoleh data-data tersebut, maka peneliti menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data berupa angket, LKS, observasi, studi pustaka, wawancara yang berkaitan dengan objek penelitian/judul skripsi. Dari hasil penelitian yang peneliti lakukan Situs Goa Kampret merupakan peninggalan dari aktifitas manusia pada zaman praaksara yaitu pada periode masa mesolitikum sampai ke neolitikum. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan ditemukannya artefak yang menunjukkan ciri budaya mesolitik (kapak batu) sampai kepada ciri budaya neolitik (gerabah). Selain itu sebaran situs ini diindikasikan berbudaya Hoabinh.Kata kunci : Situs Goa Kampret, sumber belajar sejarah

My intention with this paper is to try to understand the meaning of the double sex symbols which can be identified on a number of Neolithic so called battle axes from the region round the lake Mälaren in Sweden. My conclusions are drawn after having studied a number of archaeological thesises. I have realized that the society was egalitarian from what is said about the funeral habits since women and men were buried with the same care. Ceramics from the Skogsmossen site show a very long continuity over 15-20 generations. These facts indicate a peaceful society without traumatic breaks where knowledge would have been lost. The fingerprints produced on the ceramics are those of women, since they do not seem to fit with the hands of men. Women are by this fact persumed to be the producers of ceramics. In early and primitive farming digging sticks were used, often with a weight. My conclusion is that the boat axe can be a magic tool used on the digging sticks. We have to understand the boat axes as spiritual helpers to fruitful and fertile success.

La période examinée dans la recherche est un des rares moments de la préhistoire italienne où les traces archéologiques permettent d’identifier l’arrivée de groupes allochtones concomitamment à la désagrégation d’un monde indigène de tradition ancienne. Les travaux concernant cette phase du Néolithique italien se réfèrent principalement aux observations de Bagolini (Bagolini et Biagi, 1987; Bagolini, 1998), reprises par plusieurs auteurs (par exemple Barfield et alii 2000), qui présentent un tableau très multiforme de l’Italie du nord, créé par l’interaction entre les peuples indigènes, relevant de la Culture des Vases à Bouche Carrée (« VBQ ») (chapitre 1), et ceux du Chasséen (Chapitre 2), venant de la France actuelle, en plus des apports des Alpes du nord, qui acquirent un poids croissant au fil du temps. La rencontre, qui s’effectua dans chaque région d’une façon et dans des temps différents entre le milieu du Ve et le milieu du IVe millénaire avant J.C., semble s’être produite par des voies côtières et transalpines en raison surtout des échanges de matières premières (pierres vertes, obsidienne, silex), mais aussi à cause de certaines compétences technologiques. Au même moment, dans le monde Chasséen dont la variabilité diachronique et spatiale est bien connue (Vaquer, 1990; Beeching, 1995, 2002; Sargiano et alii 2010), on a aussi identifié des spécificités régionales de plus en plus marquées, qui révèlent un modèle de diffusion complexe, et dont on doit tenir compte également pour comprendre les phénomènes italiens (chapitre 2). Donc, si le cadre de référence proposé par Bagolini dans les années ‘80 reste grosso modo acceptable, le développement du débat culturel, les découvertes récentes et l'étude des nouveaux sites réalisée dans ce travail de Thèse, devraient nous permettre d‘enrichir la documentation de référence et de préciser l’éventail des rapports entre la population indigène et les gens qui venait d’ailleurs. L’interprétation de ces nouvelles interactions peut donner la possibilité d’expliquer les grands changements culturels dans le Néolithique occidental dans la première moitié du IVe millénaire, produisant des expériences dans lesquelles on distingue aujourd’hui surtout des signes de discontinuité avec les traditions précédentes (Ferrari et alii 2002) (Chapitre 7-8). L’Emilie, à en juger depuis les données disponibles sur les sites du Néolithique récent et final (chapitre 4-7), représente un carrefour de tous les apports directs et indirects cités ci-dessus. La preuve en est la variabilité culturelle bien marquée que l’on constate entre les sites, même quand ils se trouvent géographiquement rapprochés. Cette variabilité est due soit à l’entrecroisement de traditions culturelles complexes, soit aux différences chronologiques, en considérations des très rapides changements qui caractérisent l’époque considérée (Bagolini, 1981). L’Emilie représente, donc, un territoire privilégié d’observation pour évaluer les modalités de rencontre entre les divers groupes humains qui ont interagi en Italie septentrionales pendant la période examinée. Les contextes de l’Emilie faisant objet de cette recherche sont les sites, inédit et publié, dans les provinces de Piacenza, Parme et Reggio Emilia, chronologiquement attribuables aux derniers siècles du cinquième millénaire et la première moitié du quatrième BC cal. En particulier Sant’Andrea di Travo (Chapitre 5), Le Mose (chapitre 4) et Vignola (chapitre 7) dans le département de Plaisance, Botteghino (Chapitre 6) e Vighi (chapitre 7) à Parma et S.Ilario d'Enza (chapitre 7) dans la province de Reggio Emilia. L'étude s'est concentrée sur l'analyse des industries céramiques, à la fois d'un point de vue typologique et technologique (chapitre 3) afin d'essayer de mieux définir la chronologie des différents sites.
The period under review is one of the few moments of Italian prehistory in which the archaeological record permits determination of the arrival of foreign-born groups in conjunction with the disintegration of an indigenous world of ancient tradition. Studies related to this phase of the Neolithic mainly refer to the observations of Bagolini (Bagolini and Biagi 1987; Bagolini 1998) taken from various other authors (Barfield et al 2000), which outline a framework for northern Italy multifaceted , created by the interaction between the people of the local culture of Square Mouth Pottery and people of culture Chassey from France, as well as by contributions from the North Alpine acquiring increasing importance over time (Chapter 1). The meeting, which took place from area to area at different times and different ways between half V millennium and half IV millennium BC, seems to have produced along the coastal and transalpine paths especially related to the exchange of raw materials (green stones, obsidian, flint), but also of technological expertise.In reading these new interactions, therefore, is the ability to explain the crisis in the world of Western culture in the first half of the fourth millennium, whose disintegration develop experiences in which today stand out above all the traits of discontinuity with the earlier traditions (various Authors in Ferrari et al 2002a).The Emilia is a crossroads of all the direct and indirect contributions to the circles mentioned above. This is demonstrated by the marked variability observed in cultural sites are also close, attributed mainly to differences in chronological (Bagolini 1981), but also resulting complex interweaving of cultural routes.This region is therefore an area for privileged observation to assess how to meet, including conflict, interaction and assimilation between different human groups that have settled or still have covered the territory in the period under review. If the reference framework outlined by Bagolini in the 80s remains roughly shared, the development of the cultural debate, the recent discoveries in the study of the sites proposed by Emilian this PhD work will allow further information and updatesThe contexts Emilia object of this work are those published and unpublished due to the last centuries of the fifth millennium BC and the early fourth cal. In detail it is the site of S. Andrea in Travo (Chapter 5) and Le Mose in Piacenza (Chapter 4), Vignola Fiorenzuola (chapter 7), Box Office (Chapter 6) and Vighi and Parma (Chapter 7), S.ILARIO d'Enza (Reggio Emilia) (Chapter 7).The study focused on the analysis of the ceramic industry, from the point of view of both technological and typological (Chapter 3), in order to better define the internal chronology of the different sites.From this analysis were in fact identified a number of representative types, for which it has been proposed a relative chronology useful in order to reconstruct a chronological framework to realize the variability observed in Emilia at the turn of the fifth millennium BC.In this reading, the sites of Travo and Le Mose proved to be the most useful in the construction of this trial-type first of all because it is multi-staged sites. The study of the stratigraphy of Travo and Le Mose of the different settlement phases from the VBQ I to Late Neolithic, in fact, has provided important data for the evaluation of the different diachronic cultural indicators
Il periodo in esame è uno dei pochi momenti della preistoria italiana in cui il record archeologico consenta di individuare l’arrivo di gruppi alloctoni in concomitanza con la disgregazione di un mondo indigeno di antica tradizione. I lavori relativi a questa fase del Neolitico fanno principalmente riferimento alle osservazioni di Bagolini (Bagolini e Biagi 1987; Bagolini 1998) riprese da vari altri autori (ad es. Barfield et alii 2000), che delineano per l’Italia settentrionale un quadro molto sfaccettato, creato dall’interazione tra la gente della locale Cultura dei Vasi a Bocca Quadrata e genti di cultura Chassey provenienti dall’attuale Francia, oltre che dagli apporti nord alpini che acquisiscono peso crescente nel tempo (Capitolo 1). L’incontro, verificatosi di zona in zona in tempi e modi diversi tra metà V e metà IV millennio a.C., sembra essersi prodotto lungo le vie costiere e transalpine legate soprattutto allo scambio di materie prime (pietre verdi, ossidiana, selce), ma anche di competenze tecnologiche.Nella lettura di queste nuove interazioni, quindi, sta la possibilità di spiegare la crisi del mondo di cultura occidentale nella prima metà del IV millennio, dalla cui disgregazione si sviluppano esperienze in cui oggi si distinguono soprattutto i tratti di discontinuità con le tradizioni precedenti (vari Autori in Ferrari et alii 2002a). L’Emilia, rappresenta un crocevia di tutti gli apporti diretti e indiretti dagli ambienti citati sopra. Lo dimostra la marcata variabilità culturale riscontrata in siti anche vicini, attribuita principalmente a differenze cronologiche (Bagolini 1981), ma anche derivante dall’intreccio di percorsi culturali complessi. Questa regione rappresenta quindi un’areale privilegiato di osservazione per valutare le modalità di incontro, tra conflittualità, interazione ed assimilazione, tra i diversi gruppi umani che si sono stanziati o hanno comunque interessato il territorio nel periodo in esame.Se il quadro di riferimento delineato da Bagolini negli anni ‘80 rimane a grandi linee condivisibile, lo sviluppo del dibattito culturale, i rinvenimenti recenti e lo studio dei siti emiliani proposto da questo lavoro di dottorato ne permettono approfondimenti ed aggiornamenti. Ad esempio, nello stesso mondo Chassey, di cui era già nota la variabilità diacronica e spaziale (Vaquer 1990, 2002; Beeching 1995, 2002), sono oggi individuate specifiche regionali sempre più marcate, che rivelano una matrice di diffusione nei territori italiani sempre più frazionata (Capitolo 2). I contesti emiliani oggetto di questo lavoro sono quelli inediti ed editi riconducibili agli ultimi secoli del V millennio ed ai primi del IV BC cal. In dettaglio si tratta del sito di S:Andrea a Travo (capitolo 5) e Le Mose a Piacenza (capitolo 4), Vignola a Fiorenzuola (capitolo 7), Botteghino (capitolo 6) e Vighi e Parma (capitolo7), S.ILario d'Enza (Reggio Emilia) (capitolo 7). Lo studio si è concentrato sulla'analisi dell'industria ceramica, da un punto di vista sia tecnologico che tipologico (capitolo 3), al fine di poter meglio definire la cronologia interna dei diversi siti. A partire da quest'analisi sono stati infatti identificati un certo numero di tipi rappresentativi, per i quali è stata proposta una cronolgia relativa utile per poi ricostruire un quadro cronologico che rendesse conto della variabilità riscontrata nell'areale emiliano nel periodo a cavallo del V millennio. In questa chiave di lettura, i siti di Travo e Le Mose si sono rivelati quelli più utili nella costruzione di questa crono-tipologia inanzitutto poichè si tratta di siti plurifase. Lo studio della stratigrafia verticale a Travo ed orizzontale a Le Mose delle diverse fasi insediative dal vbq I al Neolitico finale, ha fornito infatti dati importanti per la valutazione diacronica dei diversi indicatori culturali

This essay will study the cultural landscape in Falbygden during the Neolithic, focusing on the limestone plateau northeast of Mösseberg. The megalithic tombs have since long characterized the landscape and therefore been important to many cultures that have inhabited the area. By constructing the landscape the social actions can be interpreted and therefore a further understanding of why the environment is shaped the way it is. This will be achieved by comparing earlier interpretations of the megalithic landscape with possible settlement locations. Three possible settlements have been located in the landscape using this technique and by applying similar techniques more extensive mapping of the Neolithic settlements can be applied in the area.

This thesis is an attempt to explain economic and cultural changes during the Neolithic and Bronze Agefocusing on Asele Lappmark in Northern Sweden. The transitions are apparent in changing lithic technology,settlement structure traditions, land-uje patterning and the introduction of metallurgy. The subsistenceeconomy remained dependent on, fishing, hunting and gathering. Hunters and gatherers, however, becameinvolved in fur-trading and other resource-supplying exchange networks.This economy for trade, became so dominant that optimising models normally applied to huntergatherereconomies, are inapplicable. Instead explanations should be sought among a variety of economicworld-systems where hunter-gatherer sub-systems are included. In Asele Lappmark subsistence during theNeolithic was dependent on moose and beaver hunting. During the Bronze Age moose were still hunted butreindeer became more important and evidendy trade-networks were being established.Winter sites were moved to the main river routes, previously used as summer meeting-grounds. Thislocalisation is probably an effect of the increasing importance of trade. Reindeer herding is suggested tohave developed during the Bronze Age as the inland population took advantage of their geographicalknowledge and possession, and developed a middleman-function in an exchange network.These trade activities called for a means of transportation of trade goods across the mountains of theScandinavian peninsula, and one important role of reindeer in this context was as a beast of burden.Metallurgical knowledge is evident from the finds of moulds and crucibles for bronze-casting. The relativelyscanty evidence, however, suggests that bronze was not major trade-item, but that craftsmanship was importantto ri tually maintain cultural identity between trading groups.
digitalisering@umu

The aim of this paper is to find where the earliest signs of farming are located in the municipality of Örnsköldsvik and to see if typical artefacts ascribed to farming societies are represented in that area. The study focuses especially on Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Literature on early farming in this area was utilized as well as archaeological reports from sites with noted signs of Neolithic and Bronze Age farming. A spatial examination of previously collected material eg. pollen analysis, artefacts and excavated sites are presented using a combination of maps. The relationship between soils and artefacts is also examined. Issues concerning why, how and what type of farming was practiced as well as by whom and where is also discussed.

This research deals with the phenomenon of anthropomorphic vessels between the 7th and the beginning of the 5th millennium BC in a vast area that includes the Italian peninsula with Sicily, Central Europe, the Balkans and the Near East. The survey concerned 927 specimens from 229 sites. The formal analysis of the artifacts belonging to the cultures attested between Mesopotamia and the Rhine river allowed to establish the times and vectors of diffusion of this tradition before its arrival in Italy, as well as to hypothesize the connections that have transmitted the tradition of the anthropomorphic vessel to the Neolithic farming communities in the south-east of southern Italy. The study of Italian finds has led to the recognition of four main areas affected by the phenomenon and has allowed us to define their styles. An important part of the study was the examination of the archaeological contexts of the finds, in order to understand the possible spheres of use. In particular, the research allowed us to highlight the frequent and widespread presence of the anthropomorphic vessel in waste pits together with a series of symbolic objects: a constant presence and therefore not random, which is a hint of deliberate deposition of selected materials. This circumstance suggests that the anthropomorphic vessel belongs to a set of objects of ritual use and that the Neolithic refuse pit, contrary to what is generally believed, should be interpreted also as places of performative activity.

This essay studies the funnel-beaker ceramic in connection with the megalith graves in South Scandinavia. In my work I have described the nature of ceramics and looked on the crockery types and ornamentation and then discussed the use of the material in a ritual perspective. In the first part I have focused on the critical aspects you have to think about when you do a study like this one. In the second part of this essay I have done a case study, with the ceramic material, in three passages graves in the area of Falbygden, Western Sweden and studied the ceramic material and the nature of it in South Scandinavia as well. Then in the third I discussed the potential use, there is two, of the ceramic material in general of South Scandinavia and looked at it in a ritual perspective.

This essay includes an osteological analysis on the 1122 scattered human remains from The Pitted Ware culture site at Ajvide, Gotland. The scattered human remains have been found in the cultural layers, during archeological excavations at Ajvide between the years 1983-1987 and 1992-2009, where a burial ground was discovered. During the excavations, 85 skeletons graves were found, with complete and incomplete skeletons of 87 individuals. But aside from the graves, scattered human bones were discovered at The Pitted Ware culture site. One of the aims of the essay was to examine the bone material of the scattered human remains, and to determine whether this could possibly be a different type of burial custom than the skeletons graves. The possibilities if the scattered human bones could belong to the graves with incomplete skeletons or if the fragmentary human bones could be part of some type of funerary rituals were also discussed. A literature study of geographical comparisons was made about other Stone Age excavations sites in Gotland and on the Swedish mainland, where human scattered remains have been found as well. Another aim was to compile all the data on the human bone material from Ajvide and to explain the difficulties concerning the subject, since this phenomenon has rarely been discussed or documented. This essay was an attempt to try to uncover the secret about the scattered human remains.
Neolitiska livstilar
Hälsa genom tiderna

Abstract. The goal of this case study is to further the understanding of the social and economic structure, such as trade routes and/or prehistoric man’s movement, during prehistory in the inland of Västerbotten, Sweden. This is achieved by studying the sets of lithic tools found in six archaeological sites (RAÄ 977:1 Vilhelmina, RAÄ 553:1 Vilhelmina, RAÄ 132:1 Vilhelmina, RAÄ 519:1 Vilhelmina, RAÄ 399:1 Vilhelmina och RAÄ 129:1 Åsele) using NIR-spectroscopic (Near InfraRed-spectroscopy), statistical and archaeological methods. By using PCA-models (Principal Component Analysis-models) and the classification method SIMCA (Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies) on NIR-spectroscopic data collected over the course of this study, it was possible to show signs that prehistoric man in the studied area, might have deposited quartzite materials, not naturally occurring at the RAÄ 519:1 Vilhelmina, Sweden, site. Four geographic areas (the vicinity of the sea Vojm, the North and South part of the sea Malgomaj and the vicinity of the Southwest part of the Ångerman river in the studied area) could also be shown to display distinct patterns in the PCA-models, related to the use of particular combinations of quartzites. These findings lead to the conclusion that prehistoric man in this area, typically used locally available materials for toolmaking. Furthermore, this study resulted in a large NIR-spectroscopic dataset from the archaeological sites that makes up the main material for this study, that may be beneficial to future NIR-spectroscopic studies in archaeology and/or further studies of NIR-spectroscopy applied to lithic materials.

This bachelor thesis is based on a material of 45 battle axes from The Swedish History Museum, both miniature axes and regular boat axes from the middle Neolithic era. The geographical demarcation is the province of Västergötland in Sweden. The aim of the study is to analyze the axes, mainly morphologically and size-wise, to try to understand and define miniature axes in comparison to the regular boat axes. Another intention is to try to reveal if there are any differences between the miniatures and the regular axes regarding importance and function of the axes. The result is presented by dint of several tables of measures and attributes of all the axes as well as numerous scatter plots and pie charts showing physical attributes and signs of use of the axes in question. The results show for instance that miniature axes more often than not are sloppily made and more well-worn compared to the regular boat axes. According to the study this might have to do with the probability of the miniature axes being made for children.

Alongside the Ionian Coast, 12 Km SE from Taranto there is the ancient settlement of Satyrion, one of the most significant places in the Mediterranean. The site has been inhabited since Neolitic to high Middle Age. The only intervention with a value had place at the end of the XX century, when the archeological area between Porto Perone and Porto Saturo was submitted to restoration, valorization and fruition works. The area of the Parco Archeologico di Saturo has been usable just for few years, collapsing in a terrible abandonment situation. Just in 2006 the area began to develop new interest.