Artículos de revistas: "Neural language models"

1

Buckman, Jacob, and Graham Neubig. "Neural Lattice Language Models." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00036.

Texto completo

Resumen

In this work, we propose a new language modeling paradigm that has the ability to perform both prediction and moderation of information flow at multiple granularities: neural lattice language models. These models construct a lattice of possible paths through a sentence and marginalize across this lattice to calculate sequence probabilities or optimize parameters. This approach allows us to seamlessly incorporate linguistic intuitions — including polysemy and the existence of multiword lexical items — into our language model. Experiments on multiple language modeling tasks show that English neural lattice language models that utilize polysemous embeddings are able to improve perplexity by 9.95% relative to a word-level baseline, and that a Chinese model that handles multi-character tokens is able to improve perplexity by 20.94% relative to a character-level baseline.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

2

Bengio, Yoshua. "Neural net language models." Scholarpedia 3, no. 1 (2008): 3881. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3881.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

3

Dong, Li. "Learning natural language interfaces with neural models." AI Matters 7, no. 2 (2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478369.3478375.

Texto completo

Resumen

Language is the primary and most natural means of communication for humans. The learning curve of interacting with various services (e.g., digital assistants, and smart appliances) would be greatly reduced if we could talk to machines using human language. However, in most cases computers can only interpret and execute formal languages.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

4

De Coster, Mathieu, and Joni Dambre. "Leveraging Frozen Pretrained Written Language Models for Neural Sign Language Translation." Information 13, no. 5 (2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13050220.

Texto completo

Resumen

We consider neural sign language translation: machine translation from signed to written languages using encoder–decoder neural networks. Translating sign language videos to written language text is especially complex because of the difference in modality between source and target language and, consequently, the required video processing. At the same time, sign languages are low-resource languages, their datasets dwarfed by those available for written languages. Recent advances in written language processing and success stories of transfer learning raise the question of how pretrained written language models can be leveraged to improve sign language translation. We apply the Frozen Pretrained Transformer (FPT) technique to initialize the encoder, decoder, or both, of a sign language translation model with parts of a pretrained written language model. We observe that the attention patterns transfer in zero-shot to the different modality and, in some experiments, we obtain higher scores (from 18.85 to 21.39 BLEU-4). Especially when gloss annotations are unavailable, FPTs can increase performance on unseen data. However, current models appear to be limited primarily by data quality and only then by data quantity, limiting potential gains with FPTs. Therefore, in further research, we will focus on improving the representations used as inputs to translation models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

5

Mandy Lau. "Artificial intelligence language models and the false fantasy of participatory language policies." Working papers in Applied Linguistics and Linguistics at York 1 (September 13, 2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2564-2855.5.

Texto completo

Resumen

Artificial intelligence neural language models learn from a corpus of online language data, often drawn directly from user-generated content through crowdsourcing or the gift economy, bypassing traditional keepers of language policy and planning (such as governments and institutions). Here lies the dream that the languages of the digital world can bend towards individual needs and wants, and not the traditional way around. Through the participatory language work of users, linguistic diversity, accessibility, personalization, and inclusion can be increased. However, the promise of a more participatory, just, and emancipatory language policy as a result of neural language models is a false fantasy. I argue that neural language models represent a covert and oppressive form of language policy that benefits the privileged and harms the marginalized. Here, I examine the ideology underpinning neural language models and investigate the harms that result from these emerging subversive regulatory bodies.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

6

Chang, Tyler A., and Benjamin K. Bergen. "Word Acquisition in Neural Language Models." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00444.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract We investigate how neural language models acquire individual words during training, extracting learning curves and ages of acquisition for over 600 words on the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (Fenson et al., 2007). Drawing on studies of word acquisition in children, we evaluate multiple predictors for words’ ages of acquisition in LSTMs, BERT, and GPT-2. We find that the effects of concreteness, word length, and lexical class are pointedly different in children and language models, reinforcing the importance of interaction and sensorimotor experience in child language acquisition. Language models rely far more on word frequency than children, but, like children, they exhibit slower learning of words in longer utterances. Interestingly, models follow consistent patterns during training for both unidirectional and bidirectional models, and for both LSTM and Transformer architectures. Models predict based on unigram token frequencies early in training, before transitioning loosely to bigram probabilities, eventually converging on more nuanced predictions. These results shed light on the role of distributional learning mechanisms in children, while also providing insights for more human-like language acquisition in language models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

7

Mezzoudj, Freha, and Abdelkader Benyettou. "An empirical study of statistical language models: n-gram language models vs. neural network language models." International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications 9, no. 4 (2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijica.2018.095762.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

8

Mezzoudj, Freha, and Abdelkader Benyettou. "An empirical study of statistical language models: n-gram language models vs. neural network language models." International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications 9, no. 4 (2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijica.2018.10016827.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

9

Qi, Kunxun, and Jianfeng Du. "Translation-Based Matching Adversarial Network for Cross-Lingual Natural Language Inference." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (2020): 8632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6387.

Texto completo

Resumen

Cross-lingual natural language inference is a fundamental task in cross-lingual natural language understanding, widely addressed by neural models recently. Existing neural model based methods either align sentence embeddings between source and target languages, heavily relying on annotated parallel corpora, or exploit pre-trained cross-lingual language models that are fine-tuned on a single language and hard to transfer knowledge to another language. To resolve these limitations in existing methods, this paper proposes an adversarial training framework to enhance both pre-trained models and classical neural models for cross-lingual natural language inference. It trains on the union of data in the source language and data in the target language, learning language-invariant features to improve the inference performance. Experimental results on the XNLI benchmark demonstrate that three popular neural models enhanced by the proposed framework significantly outperform the original models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

10

Angius, Nicola, Pietro Perconti, Alessio Plebe, and Alessandro Acciai. "The Simulative Role of Neural Language Models in Brain Language Processing." Philosophies 9, no. 5 (2024): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9050137.

Texto completo

Resumen

This paper provides an epistemological and methodological analysis of the recent practice of using neural language models to simulate brain language processing. It is argued that, on the one hand, this practice can be understood as an instance of the traditional simulative method in artificial intelligence, following a mechanistic understanding of the mind; on the other hand, that it modifies the simulative method significantly. Firstly, neural language models are introduced; a study case showing how neural language models are being applied in cognitive neuroscience for simulative purposes is then presented; after recalling the main epistemological features of the simulative method in artificial intelligence, it is finally highlighted how the epistemic opacity of neural language models is tackled by using the brain itself to simulate the neural language model and to test hypotheses about it, in what is called here a co-simulation.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

11

Hale, John T., Luca Campanelli, Jixing Li, Shohini Bhattasali, Christophe Pallier, and Jonathan R. Brennan. "Neurocomputational Models of Language Processing." Annual Review of Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2022): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-051421-020803.

Texto completo

Resumen

Efforts to understand the brain bases of language face the Mapping Problem: At what level do linguistic computations and representations connect to human neurobiology? We review one approach to this problem that relies on rigorously defined computational models to specify the links between linguistic features and neural signals. Such tools can be used to estimate linguistic predictions, model linguistic features, and specify a sequence of processing steps that may be quantitatively fit to neural signals collected while participants use language. Progress has been helped by advances in machine learning, attention to linguistically interpretable models, and openly shared data sets that allow researchers to compare and contrast a variety of models. We describe one such data set in detail in the Supplemental Appendix .

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

12

Klemen, Matej, and Slavko Zitnik. "Neural coreference resolution for Slovene language." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis201120060k.

Texto completo

Resumen

Coreference resolution systems aim to recognize and cluster together mentions of the same underlying entity. While there exist large amounts of research on broadly spoken languages such as English and Chinese, research on coreference in other languages is comparably scarce. In this work we first present SentiCoref 1.0 - a coreference resolution dataset for Slovene language that is comparable to English-based corpora. Further, we conduct a series of analyses using various complex models that range from simple linear models to current state-of-the-art deep neural coreference approaches leveraging pre-trained contextual embeddings. Apart from SentiCoref, we evaluate models also on a smaller coref149 Slovene dataset to justify the creation of a new corpus. We investigate robustness of the models using cross-domain data and data augmentations. Models using contextual embeddings achieve the best results - up to 0.92 average F1 score for the SentiCoref dataset. Cross-domain experiments indicate that SentiCoref allows the models to learn more general patterns, which enables them to outperform models, learned on coref149 only.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

13

Lytvynov, A., P. Andreicheva, V. Bredikhin, and V. Verbytska. "DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES OF GENERATION MODELS OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 184 (2024): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2024-3-184-10-15.

Texto completo

Resumen

The article explores the development of language generation technologies, from machine learning models to fluid neural networks for text generation. English is one of the most widespread languages in the world: it is the official language of more than 60 countries. The events of recent years have led to the development of the popularity of the Ukrainian language not only in the country but also abroad. The article analyses scientific sources on this topic, the results of which formed a base for creating a genealogical tree of the development of language synthesis technology. The study pays particular attention to the problem of automating the generation of texts in the Ukrainian language, which includes the absence of strict grammatical constructions of sentences, numerous rules of word formation, presentation of words, placement of accents, and exceptions to almost all rules. The article presents several different transformative architectures that one can use to generate the Ukrainian language. We considered the problems of training such networks and ways to solve them for machine learning models and neural networks. As a result, we determined the stages of development of a neural network for the generation of texts in the Ukrainian language. Even though neural networks are a powerful tool of artificial intelligence, they have certain limitations that the new architecture – liquid neural networks (LNN) – is devoid of. The article also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The LNN architecture differs from traditional neural networks in its ability to efficiently process continuous or time series data. If new data is available, LNNs can change the number of neurons and connections in a layer. Due to these two main features of LNN, the network expresses the system’s state over time as opposed to the traditional neural network (NN) approach, so it does not require large amounts of observed training data to obtain accurate results. In conclusion, we should note that, despite their shortcomings, LNN networks are more dynamic, adaptive, efficient, and reliable than traditional neural networks and have many potential uses. Keywords: neural network, Ukrainian language, machine learning, speech synthesis, text-to-speech.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

14

Park, Myung-Kwan, Keonwoo Koo, Jaemin Lee, and Wonil Chung. "Investigating Syntactic Transfer from English to Korean in Neural L2 Language Models." Studies in Modern Grammar 121 (March 30, 2024): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2024.121.177.

Texto completo

Resumen

This paper investigates how the grammatical knowledge obtained in the initial language (English) of neural language models (LMs) influences the learning of grammatical structures in their second language (Korean). To achieve this objective, we conduct the now well- established experimental procedure, including (i) pre-training transformer-based GPT-2 LMs with Korean and English datasets, (ii) further fine-tuning them with a specific set of Korean data as L1 or L2, and (iii) evaluating them with the test data of KBLiMP while analyzing their linguistic generalization in L1 or L2. We have found negative transfer effects in the comparison between English as L1 and Korean as L2. Furthermore, in the trajectory analysis, the second language-learning LM has captured linguistic features of Korean including syntax, syntax-semantics interface, and morphology during the progressive training step. Our study of second language learning in LMs contributes to predicting potential syntactic challenges arising from the interference by the L1 language during the learning of Korean as a foreign language.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

15

Kunchukuttan, Anoop, Mitesh Khapra, Gurneet Singh, and Pushpak Bhattacharyya. "Leveraging Orthographic Similarity for Multilingual Neural Transliteration." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00022.

Texto completo

Resumen

We address the task of joint training of transliteration models for multiple language pairs ( multilingual transliteration). This is an instance of multitask learning, where individual tasks (language pairs) benefit from sharing knowledge with related tasks. We focus on transliteration involving related tasks i.e., languages sharing writing systems and phonetic properties ( orthographically similar languages). We propose a modified neural encoder-decoder model that maximizes parameter sharing across language pairs in order to effectively leverage orthographic similarity. We show that multilingual transliteration significantly outperforms bilingual transliteration in different scenarios (average increase of 58% across a variety of languages we experimented with). We also show that multilingual transliteration models can generalize well to languages/language pairs not encountered during training and hence perform well on the zeroshot transliteration task. We show that further improvements can be achieved by using phonetic feature input.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

16

Bayer, Ali Orkan, and Giuseppe Riccardi. "Semantic language models with deep neural networks." Computer Speech & Language 40 (November 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2016.04.001.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

17

Chuchupal, V. Y. "Neural language models for automatic speech Recognition." Речевые технологии, no. 1-2 (2020): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.58633/2305-8129_2020_1-2_27.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

18

Tian, Yijun, Huan Song, Zichen Wang, et al. "Graph Neural Prompting with Large Language Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 17 (2024): 19080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i17.29875.

Texto completo

Resumen

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable generalization capability with exceptional performance in various language modeling tasks. However, they still exhibit inherent limitations in precisely capturing and returning grounded knowledge. While existing work has explored utilizing knowledge graphs (KGs) to enhance language modeling via joint training and customized model architectures, applying this to LLMs is problematic owing to their large number of parameters and high computational cost. Therefore, how to enhance pre-trained LLMs using grounded knowledge, e.g., retrieval-augmented generation, remains an open question. In this work, we propose Graph Neural Prompting (GNP), a novel plug-and-play method to assist pre-trained LLMs in learning beneficial knowledge from KGs. GNP encompasses various designs, including a standard graph neural network encoder, a cross-modality pooling module, a domain projector, and a self-supervised link prediction objective. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate the superiority of GNP on both commonsense and biomedical reasoning tasks across different LLM sizes and settings. Code is available at https://github.com/meettyj/GNP.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

19

Schomacker, Thorben, and Marina Tropmann-Frick. "Language Representation Models: An Overview." Entropy 23, no. 11 (2021): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111422.

Texto completo

Resumen

In the last few decades, text mining has been used to extract knowledge from free texts. Applying neural networks and deep learning to natural language processing (NLP) tasks has led to many accomplishments for real-world language problems over the years. The developments of the last five years have resulted in techniques that have allowed for the practical application of transfer learning in NLP. The advances in the field have been substantial, and the milestone of outperforming human baseline performance based on the general language understanding evaluation has been achieved. This paper implements a targeted literature review to outline, describe, explain, and put into context the crucial techniques that helped achieve this milestone. The research presented here is a targeted review of neural language models that present vital steps towards a general language representation model.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

20

Takahashi, Shuntaro, and Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii. "Evaluating Computational Language Models with Scaling Properties of Natural Language." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 3 (2019): 481–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00355.

Texto completo

Resumen

In this article, we evaluate computational models of natural language with respect to the universal statistical behaviors of natural language. Statistical mechanical analyses have revealed that natural language text is characterized by scaling properties, which quantify the global structure in the vocabulary population and the long memory of a text. We study whether five scaling properties (given by Zipf’s law, Heaps’ law, Ebeling’s method, Taylor’s law, and long-range correlation analysis) can serve for evaluation of computational models. Specifically, we test n-gram language models, a probabilistic context-free grammar, language models based on Simon/Pitman-Yor processes, neural language models, and generative adversarial networks for text generation. Our analysis reveals that language models based on recurrent neural networks with a gating mechanism (i.e., long short-term memory; a gated recurrent unit; and quasi-recurrent neural networks) are the only computational models that can reproduce the long memory behavior of natural language. Furthermore, through comparison with recently proposed model-based evaluation methods, we find that the exponent of Taylor’s law is a good indicator of model quality.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

21

Oba, Miyu. "Research Background on Second Language Acquisition in Neural Language Models." Journal of Natural Language Processing 32, no. 2 (2025): 684–90. https://doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.32.684.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

22

Martin, Andrea E. "A Compositional Neural Architecture for Language." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 8 (2020): 1407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01552.

Texto completo

Resumen

Hierarchical structure and compositionality imbue human language with unparalleled expressive power and set it apart from other perception–action systems. However, neither formal nor neurobiological models account for how these defining computational properties might arise in a physiological system. I attempt to reconcile hierarchy and compositionality with principles from cell assembly computation in neuroscience; the result is an emerging theory of how the brain could convert distributed perceptual representations into hierarchical structures across multiple timescales while representing interpretable incremental stages of (de)compositional meaning. The model's architecture—a multidimensional coordinate system based on neurophysiological models of sensory processing—proposes that a manifold of neural trajectories encodes sensory, motor, and abstract linguistic states. Gain modulation, including inhibition, tunes the path in the manifold in accordance with behavior and is how latent structure is inferred. As a consequence, predictive information about upcoming sensory input during production and comprehension is available without a separate operation. The proposed processing mechanism is synthesized from current models of neural entrainment to speech, concepts from systems neuroscience and category theory, and a symbolic-connectionist computational model that uses time and rhythm to structure information. I build on evidence from cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling that suggests a formal and mechanistic alignment between structure building and neural oscillations, and moves toward unifying basic insights from linguistics and psycholinguistics with the currency of neural computation.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

23

Mukhamadiyev, Abdinabi, Mukhriddin Mukhiddinov, Ilyos Khujayarov, Mannon Ochilov, and Jinsoo Cho. "Development of Language Models for Continuous Uzbek Speech Recognition System." Sensors 23, no. 3 (2023): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031145.

Texto completo

Resumen

Automatic speech recognition systems with a large vocabulary and other natural language processing applications cannot operate without a language model. Most studies on pre-trained language models have focused on more popular languages such as English, Chinese, and various European languages, but there is no publicly available Uzbek speech dataset. Therefore, language models of low-resource languages need to be studied and created. The objective of this study is to address this limitation by developing a low-resource language model for the Uzbek language and understanding linguistic occurrences. We proposed the Uzbek language model named UzLM by examining the performance of statistical and neural-network-based language models that account for the unique features of the Uzbek language. Our Uzbek-specific linguistic representation allows us to construct more robust UzLM, utilizing 80 million words from various sources while using the same or fewer training words, as applied in previous studies. Roughly sixty-eight thousand different words and 15 million sentences were collected for the creation of this corpus. The experimental results of our tests on the continuous recognition of Uzbek speech show that, compared with manual encoding, the use of neural-network-based language models reduced the character error rate to 5.26%.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

24

Naveenkumar, T. Rudrappa, V. Reddy Mallamma, and Hanumanthappa M. "KHiTE: Multilingual Speech Acquisition to Monolingual Text Translation." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 21 (2023): 1572–79. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i21.727.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract Objectives: To develop a system that accepts cross-lingual spoken reviews consisting of two to four languages, translate to target language text for Indic languages namely Kannada, Hindi, Telugu and/or English termed as cross lingual speech identification and text translation system. Methods: Hybridization of software engineering models are used in natural languages for pre-processing such as noise removal and speech splitting to obtain phonemes. Combinatorial models namely Hidden-Markov-Model, Artificial Neural Networks, Deep Neural Networks and Convulutional Neural Networks were deployed for direct and indirect speech mapping. Trained corpus consisting of thousand phonemes in the form of wave files for each language considered is named as KHiTEShabdanjali. The basic parameters cosidered for training dataset are pause, pitch, sampling frequency, threshold etc. Findings: The research has resulted in the development of mono-lingual and multi-lingual speech identification, tool for processing of cross-lingual speech and language identification, mono-lingual, bi-lingual, tri-lingual and quad-lingual speech to monolingual text translation for the four languages. It is a generic approach and can be used for other regional languages of India by training the corpus with the selected language. Novelty: Cross-lingual speech identification and text translation system helps users in e-shopping by reducing the time incurred in making a decision to purchase a product having enough features at an economical price, e-tutoring, e-farming activities, digitizing, defence etc. Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks; Convulutional Neural Networks; Deep Neural Networks; HiddenMarkovModel; Speech Processing

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

25

Penner, Regina V. "Large Language Models: А Socio-Philosophical Essay". Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies 6, № 3 (2024): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v6i3.502.

Texto completo

Resumen

Neural networks have filled the information space. On the one hand, this indicates the scientific and technological movement of contemporary society (perhaps, AGI is already waiting for us outside the door). On the other hand, in everyday discourse there are extensive discussions about the fact that when neural networks are created, a person is left with hard work. However, a holistic understanding of the neural network is associated with a movement from the mythotechnological framework to the phenomenon itself and the questioning of its social role. The key aim of the paper is returning, through observing the range of functions of current LLMs, to the classic question of whether a machine can think. At the same time another question remains, are humans ready to accept the social subjectivity of machines.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

26

Hafeez, Rabab, Muhammad Waqas Anwar, Muhammad Hasan Jamal, et al. "Contextual Urdu Lemmatization Using Recurrent Neural Network Models." Mathematics 11, no. 2 (2023): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020435.

Texto completo

Resumen

In the field of natural language processing, machine translation is a colossally developing research area that helps humans communicate more effectively by bridging the linguistic gap. In machine translation, normalization and morphological analyses are the first and perhaps the most important modules for information retrieval (IR). To build a morphological analyzer, or to complete the normalization process, it is important to extract the correct root out of different words. Stemming and lemmatization are techniques commonly used to find the correct root words in a language. However, a few studies on IR systems for the Urdu language have shown that lemmatization is more effective than stemming due to infixes found in Urdu words. This paper presents a lemmatization algorithm based on recurrent neural network models for the Urdu language. However, lemmatization techniques for resource-scarce languages such as Urdu are not very common. The proposed model is trained and tested on two datasets, namely, the Urdu Monolingual Corpus (UMC) and the Universal Dependencies Corpus of Urdu (UDU). The datasets are lemmatized with the help of recurrent neural network models. The Word2Vec model and edit trees are used to generate semantic and syntactic embedding. Bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU), bidirectional gated recurrent neural network (BiGRNN), and attention-free encoder–decoder (AFED) models are trained under defined hyperparameters. Experimental results show that the attention-free encoder-decoder model achieves an accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score of 0.96, 0.95, 0.95, and 0.95, respectively, and outperforms existing models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

27

Oralbekova, Dina, Orken Mamyrbayev, Mohamed Othman, Dinara Kassymova, and Kuralai Mukhsina. "Contemporary Approaches in Evolving Language Models." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (2023): 12901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312901.

Texto completo

Resumen

This article provides a comprehensive survey of contemporary language modeling approaches within the realm of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. This paper conducts an analytical exploration of diverse methodologies employed in the creation of language models. This exploration encompasses the architecture, training processes, and optimization strategies inherent in these models. The detailed discussion covers various models ranging from traditional n-gram and hidden Markov models to state-of-the-art neural network approaches such as BERT, GPT, LLAMA, and Bard. This article delves into different modifications and enhancements applied to both standard and neural network architectures for constructing language models. Special attention is given to addressing challenges specific to agglutinative languages within the context of developing language models for various NLP tasks, particularly for Arabic and Turkish. The research highlights that contemporary transformer-based methods demonstrate results comparable to those achieved by traditional methods employing Hidden Markov Models. These transformer-based approaches boast simpler configurations and exhibit faster performance during both training and analysis. An integral component of the article is the examination of popular and actively evolving libraries and tools essential for constructing language models. Notable tools such as NLTK, TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Gensim are reviewed, with a comparative analysis considering their simplicity and accessibility for implementing diverse language models. The aim is to provide readers with insights into the landscape of contemporary language modeling methodologies and the tools available for their implementation.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

28

Yogatama, Dani, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, and Lingpeng Kong. "Adaptive Semiparametric Language Models." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00371.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract We present a language model that combines a large parametric neural network (i.e., a transformer) with a non-parametric episodic memory component in an integrated architecture. Our model uses extended short-term context by caching local hidden states—similar to transformer-XL—and global long-term memory by retrieving a set of nearest neighbor tokens at each timestep. We design a gating function to adaptively combine multiple information sources to make a prediction. This mechanism allows the model to use either local context, short-term memory, or long-term memory (or any combination of them) on an ad hoc basis depending on the context. Experiments on word-based and character-based language modeling datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to strong baselines.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

29

Constantinescu, Ionut, Tiago Pimentel, Ryan Cotterell, and Alex Warstadt. "Investigating Critical Period Effects in Language Acquisition through Neural Language Models." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 13 (January 24, 2024): 96–120. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00725.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract Humans appear to have a critical period (CP) for language acquisition: Second language (L2) acquisition becomes harder after early childhood, and ceasing exposure to a first language (L1) after this period (but not before) typically does not lead to substantial loss of L1 proficiency. It is unknown whether these CP effects result from innately determined brain maturation or as a stabilization of neural connections naturally induced by experience. In this study, we use language models (LMs) to test the extent to which these phenomena are peculiar to humans, or shared by a broader class of language learners. We vary the age of exposure by training LMs on language pairs in various experimental conditions, and find that LMs, which lack any direct analog to innate maturational stages, do not show CP effects when the age of exposure of L2 is delayed. Our results contradict the claim that CP effects are an inevitable result of statistical learning, and they are consistent with an innate mechanism for CP effects. We show that we can reverse-engineer the CP by introducing a regularizer partway through training to simulate a maturational decrease in plasticity. All in all, our results suggest that L1 learning on its own may not be enough to induce a CP, and additional engineering is necessary to make language models more cognitively plausible.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

30

Tinn, Robert, Hao Cheng, Yu Gu, et al. "Fine-tuning large neural language models for biomedical natural language processing." Patterns 4, no. 4 (2023): 100729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2023.100729.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

31

Choi, Sunjoo, Myung-Kwan Park, and Euhee Kim. "How are Korean Neural Language Models ‘surprised’ Layerwisely?" Journal of Language Sciences 28, no. 4 (2021): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14384/kals.2021.28.4.301.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

32

Zhang, Peng, Wenjie Hui, Benyou Wang, et al. "Complex-valued Neural Network-based Quantum Language Models." ACM Transactions on Information Systems 40, no. 4 (2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3505138.

Texto completo

Resumen

Language modeling is essential in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval related tasks. After the statistical language models, Quantum Language Model (QLM) has been proposed to unify both single words and compound terms in the same probability space without extending term space exponentially. Although QLM achieved good performance in ad hoc retrieval, it still has two major limitations: (1) QLM cannot make use of supervised information, mainly due to the iterative and non-differentiable estimation of the density matrix, which represents both queries and documents in QLM. (2) QLM assumes the exchangeability of words or word dependencies, neglecting the order or position information of words. This article aims to generalize QLM and make it applicable to more complicated matching tasks (e.g., Question Answering) beyond ad hoc retrieval. We propose a complex-valued neural network-based QLM solution called C-NNQLM to employ an end-to-end approach to build and train density matrices in a light-weight and differentiable manner, and it can therefore make use of external well-trained word vectors and supervised labels. Furthermore, C-NNQLM adopts complex-valued word vectors whose phase vectors can directly encode the order (or position) information of words. Note that complex numbers are also essential in the quantum theory. We show that the real-valued NNQLM (R-NNQLM) is a special case of C-NNQLM. The experimental results on the QA task show that both R-NNQLM and C-NNQLM achieve much better performance than the vanilla QLM, and C-NNQLM’s performance is on par with state-of-the-art neural network models. We also evaluate the proposed C-NNQLM on text classification and document retrieval tasks. The results on most datasets show that the C-NNQLM can outperform R-NNQLM, which demonstrates the usefulness of the complex representation for words and sentences in C-NNQLM.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

33

Lee, Jaemin, and Jeong-Ah Shin. "Evaluating L2 Training Methods in Neural Language Models." Lanaguage Research 60, no. 3 (2024): 323–45. https://doi.org/10.30961/lr.2024.60.3.323.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

34

Tanaka, Tomohiro, Ryo Masumura, and Takanobu Oba. "Neural candidate-aware language models for speech recognition." Computer Speech & Language 66 (March 2021): 101157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2020.101157.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

35

Kong, Weirui, Hyeju Jang, Giuseppe Carenini, and Thalia S. Field. "Exploring neural models for predicting dementia from language." Computer Speech & Language 68 (July 2021): 101181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2020.101181.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

36

Phan, Tien D., and Nur Zincir‐Heywood. "User identification via neural network based language models." International Journal of Network Management 29, no. 3 (2018): e2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nem.2049.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

37

Karyukin, Vladislav, Diana Rakhimova, Aidana Karibayeva, Aliya Turganbayeva, and Asem Turarbek. "The neural machine translation models for the low-resource Kazakh–English language pair." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (February 8, 2023): e1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1224.

Texto completo

Resumen

The development of the machine translation field was driven by people’s need to communicate with each other globally by automatically translating words, sentences, and texts from one language into another. The neural machine translation approach has become one of the most significant in recent years. This approach requires large parallel corpora not available for low-resource languages, such as the Kazakh language, which makes it difficult to achieve the high performance of the neural machine translation models. This article explores the existing methods for dealing with low-resource languages by artificially increasing the size of the corpora and improving the performance of the Kazakh–English machine translation models. These methods are called forward translation, backward translation, and transfer learning. Then the Sequence-to-Sequence (recurrent neural network and bidirectional recurrent neural network) and Transformer neural machine translation architectures with their features and specifications are concerned for conducting experiments in training models on parallel corpora. The experimental part focuses on building translation models for the high-quality translation of formal social, political, and scientific texts with the synthetic parallel sentences from existing monolingual data in the Kazakh language using the forward translation approach and combining them with the parallel corpora parsed from the official government websites. The total corpora of 380,000 parallel Kazakh–English sentences are trained on the recurrent neural network, bidirectional recurrent neural network, and Transformer models of the OpenNMT framework. The quality of the trained model is evaluated with the BLEU, WER, and TER metrics. Moreover, the sample translations were also analyzed. The RNN and BRNN models showed a more precise translation than the Transformer model. The Byte-Pair Encoding tokenization technique showed better metrics scores and translation than the word tokenization technique. The Bidirectional recurrent neural network with the Byte-Pair Encoding technique showed the best performance with 0.49 BLEU, 0.51 WER, and 0.45 TER.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

38

Lai, Yihan. "Enhancing Linguistic Bridges: Seq2seq Models and the Future of Machine Translation." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 111 (August 19, 2024): 410–14. https://doi.org/10.54097/pf2xsr76.

Texto completo

Resumen

Machine translation has evolved significantly since the introduction of rule-based and statistical methods, leading to groundbreaking advances with the advent of neural networks. These neural networks, particularly sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models, have revolutionized the field by enabling more fluent and contextually accurate translations. As digital interactions increase globally, the demand for efficient and precise translation tools has never been more pressing, especially for language pairs that pose substantial linguistic challenges due to their structural differences. This study delves into the seq2seq model's enhancement of machine translation (MT), a critical tool amidst the rise of global digital communication. Focusing on English-Chinese language pairs, the research investigates the integration of a grammar transformation layer within the seq2seq architecture, revealing a measurable improvement in translation quality, with BLEU scores increasing by 0.7 to 1.0 points. These advancements signify a leap in addressing syntactic disparities between highly divergent languages. The conclusion underscores the model's capacity for nuanced language processing and its vital role in diminishing language barriers. This work also reflects on the seq2seq model's significance, paving the way for future developments that could revolutionize interlingual communication by capitalizing on deep learning and neural networks' evolving capabilities.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

39

Budaya, I. Gede Bintang Arya, Made Windu Antara Kesiman, and I. Made Gede Sunarya. "The Influence of Word Vectorization for Kawi Language to Indonesian Language Neural Machine Translation." Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 7, no. 1 (2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202271387.

Texto completo

Resumen

People relatively use machine translation to learn any textual knowledge beyond their native language. There is already robust machine translation such as Google translate. However, the language list has only covered the high resource language such as English, France, etc., but not for Kawi Language as one of the local languages used in Bali's old works of literature. Therefore, it is necessary to study the development of machine translation from the Kawi language to the more active user language such as the Indonesian language to make easier learning access for the young learner. The research developed the neural machine translation (NMT) using recurrent neural network (RNN) based neural models and analyzed the influence of word vectorization using Word2Vec for the machine translation performance based on BLEU scores. The result shows that word vectorization indeed significantly increases the NMT models performance, and Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) with attention mechanism has the highest BLEU scores equal to 20.86. The NMT models still could not achieve the BLEU scores on par with those human experts and high resource language machine translation. On the other hand, this initial study could be the reference for the future development of Kawi to Indonesian NMT.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

40

Studenikina, Kseniia Andreevna. "Evaluation of neural models’ linguistic competence: evidence from Russian predicate agreement." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 34, no. 6 (2022): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2022-34(6)-14.

Texto completo

Resumen

This study investigates the linguistic competence of modern language models. Artificial neural networks demonstrate high quality in many natural language processing tasks. However, their implicit grammar knowledge remains unstudied. The ability to judge a sentence as grammatical or ungrammatical is regarded as key property of human’s linguistic competence. We suppose that language models’ grammar knowledge also occurs in their ability to judge the grammaticality of a sentence. In order to test neural networks’ linguistic competence, we probe their acquisition of number predicate agreement in Russian. A dataset consisted of artificially generated grammatical and ungrammatical sentences was created to train the language models. Automatic sentence generation allows us to test the acquisition of particular language phenomenon, to detach from vocabulary and pragmatic differences. We use transfer learning of pre-trained neural networks. The results show that all the considered models demonstrate high accuracy and Matthew's correlation coefficient values which can be attributed to successful acquisition of predicate agreement rules. The classification quality is reduced for sentences with inanimate nouns which show nominative-accusative case syncretism. The complexity of the syntactic structure turns out to be significant for Russian models and a model for Slavic languages, but it does not affect the errors distribution of multilingual models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

41

Meijer, Erik. "Virtual Machinations: Using Large Language Models as Neural Computers." Queue 22, no. 3 (2024): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3676287.

Texto completo

Resumen

We explore how Large Language Models (LLMs) can function not just as databases, but as dynamic, end-user programmable neural computers. The native programming language for this neural computer is a Logic Programming-inspired declarative language that formalizes and externalizes the chain-of-thought reasoning as it might happen inside a large language model.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

42

Rane, Kirti, Tanaya Bagwe,, Shruti Chaudhari, Ankita Kale, and Gayatri Deore. "Enhancing En-X Translation: A Chrome Extension-Based Approach to Indic Language Models." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 03 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem42782.

Texto completo

Resumen

Language translation is the lifeblood of any communication that crosses linguistic boundaries. Recent trends in the domain of neural machine translation (NMT) are already superior to the old traditions. In such circumstances, the works done by Prahwini et al. (2024) and Vandan Mujadia et al. (2024) highlight the application of NMT for resource-constrained Indian languages. In view of many challenges like parallel corpus scarcity, we present a real-time adaptable translation model that works on the Fairseq framework. It provides high-accuracy translations for Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi, Hindi, Oriya, and Punjabi, thereby aiding in accessibility as well as communication. KEYWORDS: Machine Translation (MT), Neural Machine Translation (NMT), Indian Languages, Fairseq, Translation, Models, Parallel Corpora, Real-time Translation, Indic Languages, BLEU Scores, API (Application Programming Interface), Cross-Lingual Translation, Language Processing, Grammatical Structures, Morphology, Language Accessibility, Translation Evaluation, Under-resourced Languages, Chrome Extension, Speech-to-Text (STT), Text-to-Speech (TTS).

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

43

Goldberg, Yoav. "A Primer on Neural Network Models for Natural Language Processing." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 57 (November 20, 2016): 345–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4992.

Texto completo

Resumen

Over the past few years, neural networks have re-emerged as powerful machine-learning models, yielding state-of-the-art results in fields such as image recognition and speech processing. More recently, neural network models started to be applied also to textual natural language signals, again with very promising results. This tutorial surveys neural network models from the perspective of natural language processing research, in an attempt to bring natural-language researchers up to speed with the neural techniques. The tutorial covers input encoding for natural language tasks, feed-forward networks, convolutional networks, recurrent networks and recursive networks, as well as the computation graph abstraction for automatic gradient computation.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

44

Zhao, Xiaodong, Rouyi Fan, and Wanyue Liu. "Research on Transformer-Based Multilingual Machine Translation Methods." Journal of Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering 3, no. 1 (2025): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.62517/jike.202504108.

Texto completo

Resumen

Because of the great difference in word order between different languages in machine translation, the translation model has the problem of wrong translation. Translation models with the same target language and different source languages learn different word order information, resulting in different translation quality. Therefore, this paper proposes a multilingual neural machine translation model with multiple languages at the source and one language at the target. Multiple languages with different word orders participate in the model training at the same time, so that the model can learn multiple word order information of sentences with the same meaning. First, 170,000 Russian-Uzbek-Uyghur-English-Chinese parallel corpus is constructed. On this basis, different source languages are added with specified language tags by using the method of adding language tags, and then mixed as a new data set to train a multilingual translation model. In addition, four multilingual neural machine translation models, stacking, parallel, fusion and sublayer fusion, are realized by modifying the Transformer model method. The experimental results show that the method of adding language tags can partially improve the performance of bilingual translation, and the quality of translation can be further improved after the source language is rewritten with Latin letters; The modified four Multilingual models can improve the quality of translation models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

45

Deepak Mane. "Transformer based Neural Network Architecturefor Regional Language Translation." Advances in Nonlinear Variational Inequalities 28, no. 3s (2024): 211–25. https://doi.org/10.52783/anvi.v28.2925.

Texto completo

Resumen

Today, the importance of regional language translation has grown significantly as it facilitates effective communication, accessibility, and inclusivity for diverse populations in a globalized world. It enables individuals to access information and services in their native languages, fosters cultural preservation, and enhances opportunities for education and economic growth. So, this paper presents a thorough implementation of the Transformer-based neural network architecture for regional language translation. Our methodology enables translation between languages by utilizing cross-attention and the self-attention mechanism. Because the architecture is modular in nature, it is simple to configure model parameters such as dropout rates, model dimensions, and layer count. We present feed-forward layers, layer normalization tokenization, positional encoding, and multi-head attention components. The Transformer model, when used in both the encoder and the decoder, may acquire intricate linguistic connections and patterns. We showcase the model's potential for natural language processing tasks by demonstrating its effectiveness in translating text between language with the help of Samanantar Dataset, a parallel corpus containing a total of 4,000,000 English and Kannada sentence pairs. The results showed a consistent rise in training accuracy with each epoch, highlighting the model's capacity to learn and generalize from the data, with notably enhanced performance correlated with larger datasets and more potent hardware utilization. This work offers a flexible foundation for future research in the subject and advances the creation of cutting-edge machine translation models.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

46

Jabar, H. Yousif. "Neural Computing based Part of Speech Tagger for Arabic Language: A review study." International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS 1, no. 5 (2020): 361–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4002418.

Texto completo

Resumen

this paper aims to explore the implementation of part of speech tagger (POS) for Arabic Language using neural computing. The Arabic Language is one of the most important languages in the world. More than 422 million people use the Arabic Language as the primary media for writing and speaking. The part of speech is one crucial stage for most natural languages processing. Many factors affect the performance of POS including the type of language, the corpus size, the tag-set, the computation model. The artificial neural network (ANN) is modern paradigms that simulate the human behavior to learn, test and generalize the solutions. It maps the non-linear function into a simple linear model. Several researchers implemented the POS using ANN. This work proves that the using of ANN in utilizing the POS is achieving very well results. The performance has based the rate of accuracy, which most of the proposed models were obtained high accuracy between 90% and 99%. Besides, the using of neural models required less number of tag-sets for training and testing of the model. Most of NLP applications required accurate and fast POS, which is offered by the neural model.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

47

Wu, Yi-Chao, Fei Yin, and Cheng-Lin Liu. "Improving handwritten Chinese text recognition using neural network language models and convolutional neural network shape models." Pattern Recognition 65 (May 2017): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2016.12.026.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

48

Babić, Karlo, Sanda Martinčić-Ipšić, and Ana Meštrović. "Survey of Neural Text Representation Models." Information 11, no. 11 (2020): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11110511.

Texto completo

Resumen

In natural language processing, text needs to be transformed into a machine-readable representation before any processing. The quality of further natural language processing tasks greatly depends on the quality of those representations. In this survey, we systematize and analyze 50 neural models from the last decade. The models described are grouped by the architecture of neural networks as shallow, recurrent, recursive, convolutional, and attention models. Furthermore, we categorize these models by representation level, input level, model type, and model supervision. We focus on task-independent representation models, discuss their advantages and drawbacks, and subsequently identify the promising directions for future neural text representation models. We describe the evaluation datasets and tasks used in the papers that introduced the models and compare the models based on relevant evaluations. The quality of a representation model can be evaluated as its capability to generalize to multiple unrelated tasks. Benchmark standardization is visible amongst recent models and the number of different tasks models are evaluated on is increasing.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

49

Muhammad, Murad, Shahzad Muhammad, and Fareed Naheeda. "Research Comparative Analysis of OCR Models for Urdu Language Characters Recognition." LC International Journal of STEM 5, no. 3 (2024): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14028816.

Texto completo

Resumen

There have been many research works to digitalize Urdu Characters through machine learning algorithms. The algorithms that were already used for Urdu Optical Character Recognition [OCR] are Convolutional Neural Network [CNN], Recurrent Neural Network [RNN], and Transformer etc. There are also many machine learning algorithms that have not been used for Urdu OCR e.g Support Vector Machine, Graph Neural Network etc. This research paper proposes a comparative study between the performances of the already implemented Urdu OCR on some of following algorithms like Convolutional Neural Network/ Transformer Model it also proposed a new implemented Urdu OCR using on Support Vector Machine algorithm.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

50

Hahn, Michael. "Theoretical Limitations of Self-Attention in Neural Sequence Models." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (July 2020): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00306.

Texto completo

Resumen

Transformers are emerging as the new workhorse of NLP, showing great success across tasks. Unlike LSTMs, transformers process input sequences entirely through self-attention. Previous work has suggested that the computational capabilities of self-attention to process hierarchical structures are limited. In this work, we mathematically investigate the computational power of self-attention to model formal languages. Across both soft and hard attention, we show strong theoretical limitations of the computational abilities of self-attention, finding that it cannot model periodic finite-state languages, nor hierarchical structure, unless the number of layers or heads increases with input length. These limitations seem surprising given the practical success of self-attention and the prominent role assigned to hierarchical structure in linguistics, suggesting that natural language can be approximated well with models that are too weak for the formal languages typically assumed in theoretical linguistics.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Neural language models"

Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros