Tesis sobre el tema "Neuroanatomia"
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Babicsak, Viviam Rocco. "Estudo encefálico de gatos domésticos adultos, maduros e geriátricos por ressonância magnética". Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138099.
Texto completoResumo: O estudo teve como objetivo a determinação das alterações encefálicasrelacionadas ao avanço da idade em gatos domésticos hígidos por meio da ressonânciamagnética. As hipóteses do presente estudo são de que os felinos apresentam dilataçãodo sistema ventricular, atrofia do parênquima encefálico e alterações focais naintensidade do sinal encefálico conforme o avanço da idade. Imagens encefálicas emcortes multiplanares na sequência T1, T2, FLAIR, GRE T2 e T1 pós-contraste foramobtidas de 12 animais adultos (1 a 6 anos), 11 maduros (7 a 11 anos) e 10 geriátricos (12anos ou mais), em um equipamento de ressonância magnética de baixo campo. A alturae a porcentagem do volume do ventrículo lateral direito em relação ao volumeintracraniano, assim como a largura e a porcentagem do volume do terceiro ventrículoem relação ao volume intracraniano, foram significativamente maiores nos animaisgeriátricos em comparação aos adultos. Os indivíduos geriátricos também demonstraramespessura da adesão intertalâmica e porcentagem do volume do parênquima cerebral emrelação ao intracraniano significativamente menores que os encontrados nos adultos. Osresultados do presente estudo confirmaram as hipóteses relacionadas à dilataçãoventricular, especificamente do ventrículo lateral direito e terceiro ventrículo, e à atrofiado parênquima cerebral, assim como da adesão intertalâmica, com o aumento da idadeem gatos. No entanto, os resultados não ratificaram a hipótese referen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The study aimed to determine age related changes in the brain of healthy domesticcats by MRI. The hypotheses of this study are that cats show dilatation of cerebralventricular system, brain atrophy and focal changes in the intensity of the brain signal asadvancing age. Multiplanar images on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, GRE T2 andpost-contrast T1-weighted sequences were obtained from 12 adult (1-6 years), 11 mature(7-11 years) and 10 geriatric cats (12 years or more) in an low-field MRI equipment. Theheight and the percentage of the right lateral ventricle volume in relation to theintracranial volume, as well as the width and the percentage of the third ventricle volumein relation to the intracranial volume, were significantly higher in geriatric compared tothe adult animals. The geriatric cats also demonstrated thickness of the interthalamicadhesion and percentage of cerebral parenchymal volume in relation to intracranialvolume significantly lower than those found in the adult group. The results of this studyconfirm the hypotheses related to ventricular dilatation, specifically of the right lateralventricle and third ventricle, and cerebral atrophy, as well as the interthalamic adhesion,with increasing age in cats. However, the results have not ratified the hypothesis relatedto the cerebellar atrophy and focal changes in the intensity of the brain signal in cats asadvancing age.
Doutor
Barros, Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho. "Anatomia macroscópica e microscópica da glândula pineal do macaco Cebus apella". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-18122006-125619/.
Texto completoThe objective of this study is to describe the anatomical organization of the pineal gland of the Cebus apella monkey, analyzing its macrocospic and microscopical aspects, seen under the optics of the light microscopy, electronic microscopy of transmission and microanalysis by emission of X-Ray. In the development of this study 12 units of Cebus apella monkey, supplied by IBAMA ? MG, were used. For the macrocospic analysis we used 12 animals, which had been used for topography and related to pineal body related studies. From this group, seven specimens were used on the light microscopy, one specimen on electronic microscopy of transmission and one specimen on electronic microscopy of scanning. All the specimens were prepared according to histological techniques of routine. The pineal gland of the Cebus apella monkey presented itself as a small organ of variable forms and lengths, measuring 2,5mm to 4,0mm in length and 2,0mm to 3,5mm in width. It is caudally located to the esplenium of the calosus body, in relation to the pineal recess, being classified as subcalosus and type A according to Vollrath (1981). It is externally covered by a conjunctive tissue capsule, rich in collagen fibers, derived from the piamater. In the glandular parenchyma three types of cells are verified: pinealocytes, cells of the glia and mast cells. According to the morphologic characteristics of the cores, we identify pinealocytes of type I and pinealocytes of type II. Corpora arenaceae round and in morula shape are seen in the glandular parenchyma in which the microanalysis by emission of X-Ray showed two main components: the phosphorus and the aluminum
Ribeiro, Adriana Rodrigues. "Aspectos morfológicos da hipófise do macaco Cebus apella". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-19122006-104656/.
Texto completoThe knowledge of many aspects of Neuroanatomy of non-human primates - which is currently poor due to the lack of studies on the subject - is very important not only for the intrinsic significance of the knowledge itself but also because it contributes for a better understanding of the evolution of the group, which represents a relevant factor for its preservation and protection. The objective of this study is to perform morphological researches on the hypophysis of the Cebus apella monkey in order to understand this structure better and to provide basis for wider comparative analyses. Eleven animals were used on this study. Seven of them were properties of the research collection of the Federal University of Uberlândia and the other four were donated by the IBAMA-MG. The preparation of the anatomical parts was carefully done through dissection of the specimens, whose encephalus were removed from their skulls preserving all their structures. The hypophysis, after having their macroscopy registered, were submitted to histological methods of routine for observation in light microscopy and electronic microscopy of transmission. We could conclude from the obtained results that the hypophysis, on this particular animal, is a intracranial gland lodged in the sela turcica fixed to the base of the brain by the infundibulum which is very short. It has in dens shape and it presents itself as a single mass, because, macroscopically, it is only possible the identification of a discrete division in an anterior lobe and another posterior one besides the infundibulum. The histological analyses show this gland divided in three lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis), intermediary and posterior (neurohypophysis). Through the electronic microscopy of transmission it was possible to identify and classify four cellular types related to the adenohypophysis: types I, II, III and IV. The aspect of the cores of these cells, frequently showing deep invaginations of their membranes, confers to hypophysis of the Cebus apella monkey, peculiar characteristics, which instigates us to carry on performing new studies on the subject
Ribeiro, Adriana Rodrigues. "Estudo anatômico do plexo braquial do macaco Cebus apella: origem, composição e nervos resultantes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-29042004-152959/.
Texto completoComparative Anatomy of mammals has been a relevant theme of researches in the biomedical and biological areas with the objective of looking for more information that can aid for searching on the understanding of the unit-variety complex. Among the simians, Baboon and Rhesus have been particularly focused, although they are not from the New World. The monkey Cebus apella, animal of the forests of the South American continent, being geographically distributed for almost the whole Brazil, presents satisfactory adaptation to the captive life showing a great easiness of reproduction. Thus, we intended to study the monkey Cebus apella, analyzing the origin, the composition and the resulting nerves of its brachial plexus. The immediate objective of this study was to add information to the knowledge of its Anatomy, seeking the supply of subsidies for anatomo-functional interpretations of Cebus apella comparatively to humans and domestic animals. Further, we propose to establish the anatomical pattern of this animal, culminating with the elaboration of an Atlas - text on the Anatomy of the monkey Cebus apella. Twenty adult animals, 10 male and 10 female, belonging to the collection of anatomical pieces of the Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlândia were obtained and prepared through fixation and dissection. The major nerves originating from the brachial plexus were: the suprascapular, the subscapular, the musculo-cutaneous, the radial, the median, the ulnar, the axillary, the thoraco-dorsal, the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor. In the dissected specimens, the brachial plexus of Cebus apella was constituted by the roots from C5 to T1 (55,00 ± 11,12%), from C5 to T2 (25,00 ± 9,68%), from C4 to T1 (15,00 ± 7,98%) and from C4 to T2 (5,00 ± 4,87%). The ventral plan of the brachial plexus contributed for the formation of the following nerves: the phrenic, the subclavius, the pectoralis major, and the pectoralis minor. The medium plan originated the musculo-cutaneous, the median, the ulnar, and the forearm medial cutaneous nerves, while the dorsal plan originated the suprascapular, the subscapular, the axillary, the radial, thoraco-dorsal and the long thoracic nerves. In addition, the occurrence of pre- and post- fixation of the plexus as well as its cranial and caudal displacement have been discussed. In conclusion, the brachial plexus of Cebus apella constituted by the roots from C5 to T1 is organized in a simpler ventral plan, a medium plan of intermediate complexity and a more complex dorsal plan.
Heinzen, Rosane Porto Seleme. "Modelo de ambiente virtual para a a aprendizagem de neuroanatomia". Florianópolis, SC, 2004. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/87347.
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O trabalho apresenta uma abordagem diferenciada do ensino convencional para a transmissão do conhecimento de Neuroanatomia. Visa solucionar as carências de ordem didática pedagógica das disciplinas de morfologia em Instituições de Ensino Superior, com relação a falta de peças anatômicas, falta de monitores treinados para o auxílio de professores e alunos e dificuldade de visão espacial de estruturas internas. Para solução destes problemas, o trabalho propõe, um modelo de ambiente virtual inteligente, que direciona e acompanha o ensino teórico/prático do conteúdo de Neuroanatomia Humana, estruturado por seus usuários, representados por alunos dos cursos das Ciências da Saúde, Humanas e Biológicas de Universidades do Estado de Santa Catarina. Baseia-se em estudo exploratório do uso da web, com relação a acessibilidade à rede, a rede como canal de comunicação e como recurso didático de apoio. Enfatiza imagens tridimensionais e relaciona regiões com funções através de uma abordagem lúdica, considerando a web como ferramenta para transmissão do conhecimento. Apresenta componentes para o desenvolvimento dos quesitos habilidade, competência e treinamento, respeitando as várias formas da construção do pensamento humano.
Sego, Chemutai. "Circuitaria e assinatura neuroquímica das projeções entre a habenula lateral, o núcleo tegmental rostromedial e o núcleo dorsal da rafe". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-14032014-082816/.
Texto completoThe lateral habenula (LHb) inhibits mesencephalic dopamine neurons through a mesopontine GABAergic node, the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). Both LHb and RMTg also project to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). The organization of LHb and RMTg projections to the DR was investigated using anterograde tracer injections into the LHb or RMTg and confirmed with retrograde tracer injections. To identify the neurochemical phenotype of RMTg-DR projections, we associated in situ hybridization for GAD67 mRNA with immunohistochemical detection of retrograde tracers deposited in the DR. DR target regions of RMTg projections were characterized using double-imunofluorescence techniques for the anterograde tracer deposited into the RMTg and either serotonin or the type 3 vesicular glutamate transporter. We detected a focal direct projection from the medial LHb division to the caudal DR. In contrast the RMTg emits robust GABAergic projections to a central DR subdivision rich in presumptive glutamatergic neurons.
Saraiva, Júlio César dos Reis. "Macroscópia do encéfalo de catetos (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758)". Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/822.
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The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), a small-sized, omnivorous and diurnal animal, lives in groups of up to 20 animals in several areas of Brazil, the Brazilian northeast included. It is easily adapted to captive breeding and stands out in relation to cattle as an alternative protein source for human consumption, in addition to other commercial applications, posing less damage to the environment. Because there is a scarcity of studies addressing this animal, this work aimed to perform craniometry and morphometry of its cranium, as well as to describe the morphology of the encephalon and its arterial vascularization, in ventral view. We used 14 animals that died of natural causes. These had both their carotid arteries cannulated and fixation in 10% formaldehyde was then performed. From that total, ten animals were injected with latex solution, duly stained, in order to make the blood vessels evident. The skin, as well as the musculature, were rebounded. Craniometric measurements were performed. Subsequently, the encephalons were removed from the crania for measurement, dissection and description. Photographs were taken for demonstration of the structures and, after collection, the database was assembled. In the statistical analysis of the metric data, unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson’s correlation study were conducted. Thus, a significant difference was observed between the male and female collared peccaries, with regard to the Total Head Length, as well as to the face length, the cranium width, face width, and right cerebral hemisphere length, always with higher values for males. In females, the left cerebral hemisphere is wider than the right one. There was a positive correlation between the variable total head length and the right cerebral hemisphere width, in both males and females. The brain-to-body weight ratio of the collared peccaries was, on average, 0.42%. This is a gyrencephalic animal with a developed neocortex, although without evidence of sulci and gyri symmetry between the right and left cerebral hemispheres, nor between the different specimens. The arterial vascularization of the base of the encephalon is presented as a closed circuit, which is dependent on the carotid artery of the encephalon, both the antimeres, and the basilar artery, in all the analyzed specimens. The middle cerebral arteries ranged from one to three vessels, originating from the rostral branch of the cerebral carotid artery. The basilar artery results from the confluence of the vertebral arteries of both the antimeres and the ventral spinal artery. This species tends to fit into type II, of De Vriese's classification
O cateto (Pecari tajacu), animal de pequeno porte, onívoro e de hábitos diurnos, vive em grupos de até 20 animais em diversas áreas do Brasil, inclusive no nordeste brasileiro. É de fácil adaptação à criação em cativeiro e se destaca em relação ao gado como fonte alternativa de proteína na alimentação humana, além de outras aplicações comerciais, com menor dano ao meio ambiente, pois necessita de uma menor área para sua criação. Por tratar-se de um animal ainda pouco estudado, este trabalho objetivou realizar a craniometria e a morfometria de seu encéfalo, bem como descrever a morfologia encefálica e sua vascularização arterial, em vista ventral. Foram utilizados 14 animais que vieram a óbito por causas naturais. Estes tiveram ambas suas artérias carótidas canuladas e, em seguida, realizou-se a fixação em formaldeído a 10%. Deste total, dez animais foram injetados com solução de látex, devidamente corado, para evidenciação dos vasos sanguíneos. A pele foi rebatida, bem como a musculatura. Foram realizadas as medidas craniométricas. Posteriormente, os encéfalos foram retirados dos crânios para a sua medição, dissecação e descrição. Fotografias foram realizadas para demonstração das estruturas, bem como, após a coleta, montou-se o banco de dados. Na análise estatística dos dados métricos, foi realizado o Teste t de Student não-pareado e o estudo de correlação de Pearson. Dessa forma, observou-se que existe diferença significativa entre o comprimento total da cabeça dos catetos macho e fêmea, bem como no comprimento da face, largura do crânio, largura da face e comprimento do hemisfério cerebral direito, sempre com maiores valores para o macho. Nas fêmeas, o hemisfério cerebral esquerdo apresenta-se mais largo que o direito. Ficou evidenciada uma correlação positiva entre a variável comprimento total da cabeça e a largura do hemisfério cerebral direito, tanto nos machos como nas fêmeas. A relação peso do encéfalo/peso do corpo dos catetos foi, em média, de 0,42%. É um animal girencéfalo, com neocórtex desenvolvido, embora sem evidência de simetria dos sulcos e giros entre os hemisférios cerebrais direito e esquerdo, ou entre os diferentes espécimes. A vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo apresenta-se na forma de circuito fechado, sendo dependente da artéria carótida do encéfalo, de ambos os antímeros, e da artéria basilar, em todos os espécimes analisados. As artérias cerebrais médias variaram de um a três vasos, tendo origem a partir do ramo rostral da carótida do encéfalo. A artéria basilar resulta da confluência das artérias vertebrais de ambos os antímeros com a artéria espinal ventral. Esta espécie tende a enquadrar-se no tipo II, da classificação de De Vriese
2017-11-27
Martins, Gustavo Costa. "Freud e os primordios da psicanalise : da neuroanatomia as construções metapsicologicas inicias". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279151.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Nosso trabalho se propõe a reconstituir percurso teórico inicial de Freud na construção de uma teoria psicológica das neuroses, partindo de suas abordagens da histeria, ainda sob a forte influência de Charcot, até as primeiras concepções metapsicológicas. Inicialmente, tentamos mostrar a influência das questões de ordem clínica, teórica e metodológica levantadas por Charcot na orientação da démarche freudiana pelo terreno da psicopatologia. Em um segundo momento, investigamos a colaboração teórica entre Freud e Breuer, procurando apontar o paulatino reposicionamento do mestre de Viena, que viria a conferir contornos próprios à sua teoria das neuroses. Por último, após uma abordagem do Projeto de uma Psicologia, procuramos captar os movimentos teóricos que se refletem na correspondência de Freud a Fliess e em alguns textos pós-1895, intentando iluminar as alterações que o modelo do aparelho psíquico apresentado naquele texto metapsicológico veio a sofrer no sentido de superar alguns impasses ¿ aos quais bem podem ser imputadas as razões de sua não publicação imediata ¿ e que desembocarão na constituição de conceitos fundamentais como o de fantasia, complexo de Édipo e sexualidade infantil
Abstract: Our work has as purpose to restore Freud¿s initial theoretical course in the construction of a psychological theory of neuroses, starting from his approaches on hysteria, still under strong influence of Charcot, to the first metapsychological concepts. First, we tried to show the influence of clinical, theoretical and methodological issues arisen by Charcot in the orientation of the Freudian démarche through the grounds of psychopathology. Then, we examined the theoretical collaboration between Freud and Breuer, aiming to stress the slow repositioning of the master of Vienna, who would provide his theory on neuroses with its own shapes. Finally, after an approach of Projeto de uma Psicologia (Project of a Psychology), we intended to capture the theoretical movements shown in the Freud-Fliess letters and some post-1895 texts, with the purpose to light up the changes that the model of the psychic structure presented in that metapsychological text has suffered in order to overcome some deadlocks ¿ which can be the reasons for their non-immediate publication ¿ and which would lead to the creation of fundamental concepts such as fantasy, Oedipus complex and infantile sexuality
Mestrado
Epistemologia da Psicanalise
Mestre em Filosofia
Micelli, Ana Lígia Piza. "Prevalência de desordens crânio cervicais em pacientes portadores de desordens temporomandibulares". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290245.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de Desordens Crânio Cervicais em voluntários portadores de Desordens Temporomandibulares; correlacionar os sinais e sintomas envolvidos no acometimento das duas patologias, discutindo possíveis associações; avaliar a possibilidade de contribuição para a elaboração de uma base de dados para diagnóstico, mais ampla. Foram selecionados 200 voluntários do serviço de triagem da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, os quais foram avaliados por meio da ficha clínica elaborada pelo Centro de Estudos e Tratamento das Alterações Funcionais do Sistema Estomatognático (CETASE) para o diagnóstico de DTM. Os voluntários que apresentavam sinais e sintomas positivos para as Desordens Temporomandibulares foram submetidos a um novo exame clínico para avaliação de Desordens Crânio Cervicais. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma prevalência de 69% de Desordens Crânio Cervicais em voluntários portadores de Desordens Temporomandibulares. Entre os principais sinais e sintomas correlacionados de DTM e DCC observamos resultados estatisticamente significantes para dor nas articulações temporomandibulares (p=0,0168), dor espontânea para o músculo temporal (p=0,0049) e, dor à palpação para os músculos temporal (p=0,0016), masseter (p=0,0052) e trapézio (p=0121). Os exames físicos realizados para o diagnóstico de DCC foram bastante específicos, de modo a caracterizar corretamente 95,45% da amostra estudada. Como conclusões pudemos demonstrar que houve uma prevalência de 69% entre a ocorrência de Desordem Crânio Cervical em pacientes portadores de Desordem Temporomandibular; os sintomas de Desordem Temporomandibular que apresentaram correlação com a Desordem Crânio Cervical foram: dor nas articulações temporomandibulares, dor nos músculos masseter espontânea e dor à palpação nos músculos temporais, masseteres e trapézio; o gênero feminino apresentou os maiores índices de Desordem Crânio Cervical em pacientes portadores de Desordem Temporomandibular, o mesmo ocorreu para a faixas etária de 41 a 60 anos e; os testes propostos para a avaliação da Desordem Crânio Cervical foram eficientes
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Cranio SpineDisorders in volunteers presenting Temporomandibular Disorders; correlated signs and symptoms involved in the onset of both diseases, discussing possibilities of associations, assess the possibility of contributing to the develop a good database for diagnosis. 200 volunteers were selected from the screening service at the Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, which were evaluated by the anamnesic questionnaire and clinical exams of the Center of Study and Treatment of the Stomatognathic System Disorders (CETASE) for TMD diagnosis. Volunteers who presented positive signs and symptoms for TMD underwent a new clinical examination for the investigation of the presence of CSD. Our results showed a prevalence of 69% of CSD in volunteers with TMD. Among the major signs and symptoms of TMD related to CSD, we observed statistically significant results for temporomandibular joint pain (p = 0.0168), spontaneous pain for the masseter (p = 0.0049) and pain on palpation to the temporal muscles (p = 0.0016), masseter (p = 0.0052) and trapezius (p = 0121). Physical examinations performed for diagnosis of CSDwere very specific in order to characterize correctly 95.45% of the sample. In conclusion we demonstrated that there was a prevalence of 69% between the occurrence of CSD in patients with TMD; the TMD symptoms that correlated with the CSD were pain in the temporomandibular joints, spontaneous pain in the masseter pain and tenderness in the temporalis muscles, masseter and trapezius muscles; the females had the highest rate of CSD in patients with TMD and the same occurred for the patient aged between 51 and 60 years and; the proposed tests for the evaluation CSD were quite effective
Mestrado
Protese Dental
Mestre em Clínica Odontológica
Souza, Cibele Carla Guimarães de. "O papel do núcleo pré-mamilar ventral na organização do comportamento agressivo maternal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-04112011-162029/.
Texto completoMaternal aggression is critical to preserve the litters from male intruders, and the pheromonal cues from the males are important to drive such responses. The ventral premamillary nucleus (PMv) is one of the main targets of the medial amygdalar nucleus, and is critically involved in processing pheromonal information. In this regard, in the present study, we investigated whether the PMv would work as a putative interface between the pheromonal processing of the male intruder and the neural sites potentially involved in the expression of maternal aggression. First, we analyzed the pattern of Fos expression in dams expressing aggressive maternal behavior, and found a significant increase in Fos levels in the PMv, as well as, in most of its main targets, such as the posterior amygdalar nucleus, the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdalar nucleus, the tuberal nucleus of the lateral hypothalamic area, and the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus. Next, we examined how NMDA lesions bilaterally placed in the PMv would interfere in maternal aggression, and found that dams bearing those lesions presented a significant reduction in the expression of aggressive behavior, but showed no alterations on the maternal behavior responses. Moreover, we were able to see that PMv lesions resulted in significant drop in Fos expression in selected PMv targets, namely the tuberal nucleus of the lateral hypothalamic area and the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus, likely to be critically involved in the expression of the maternal aggression. Overall, the present results support the idea that the PMv is seemingly a key site in the network controlling maternal aggression; on one hand, the nucleus is likely to processes pheromonal cues from the intruder male, and, on the other, it conveys this information to sites critically related to the expression of maternal aggression.
Romero, Alicia Del Carmen Becerra. "Estudo da anatomia endoscópica ventricular em cadáveres humanos brasileiros não fixados para realização de terceiro ventriculostomia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-20092010-154707/.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: the objective of this research was to measure, through endoscopy, the interventricular foramen choroid plexus and the third ventricle floor structures, as well the distance between the communicating posterior arteries and compare these variables. METHODS: an observational, prospective study was conducted in 37 brains of adult human cadavers, of both sexes at the Death Check Unit of the University of São Paulo, in April 2008 by means of the rigid neuroendoscope. The endoscopic images were recorded, corrected for distortion and measured. The macroscopic measure between the communicating posterior arteries was performed after the endoscopic study. RESULTS: The measures of the interventricular foramen choroid plexus, the latero-lateral distance of mammillary bodies, the distance from the infundibular recess to the mammillary bodies, safety triangle in the tuber cinereum were 1.71 mm (±0.77 mm), 2.23 mm (±0.74 mm), 3.22 mm (±0.82 mm), 3.69 mm2 (±2.09 mm2), respectively. The aspect of the third ventricle floor and the internal distance of the mammillary bodies was 84% opaque and 89% absent, respectively. The mean distance between the communicating posterior arteries was 12.5 mm (±2.3 mm). Associations between the translucent floor of the third ventricle with the following variables: latero-lateral distance and internal distance of the mammillary bodies, as well as age were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Up this research, there was no account on the measures of the interventricular foramen choroid plexus and the distance between communicating posterior arteries at the level of the mammillary bodies. The remaining variables were in greater number and in normal brains, as compared with the literature
Kirsten, Thiago Berti. "Avaliação comportamental e neuroquímica da prole masculina de ratas exposta pré-natalmente ao lipopolissacarídeo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-08092008-161132/.
Texto completoPre- or perinatal events that influence the immune system contribute to the development of behavioral or neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. This study investigated the relationships between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced maternal sickness behavior during pregnancy and offspring development, behavior, neurochemistry, and neuroanatomy. Pregnant Wistar rats received LPS (100 µg / kg, i.p.) at the gestation day 9.5. Dam\'s sickness behavior was analyzed and at birth, the offspring number and weight were taken. The physical and behavioral development, general activity, play behavior, striatal, hypothalamus and frontal cortex monoamine levels, cerebral morphology, adult\'s social interaction, catalepsy and stereotypy were evaluated in male pups. Results showed that in relation to the control groups LPS treated dams presented a decreased open-field behavior, in food intake and weight gain, but no maternal fever was observed. In offspring: 1) the pups number and self-grooming were reduced and no alterations on physical patterns, behavioral development and exploratory activity were found; 2) striatal dopamine and metabolites levels were smaller in these animal, without differences in noradrenaline and serotonin levels and turnover; 3) play behavior and adult\'s social interaction parameters were reduced; no alterations on cerebral morphology, catalepsy and stereotypy were observed. It was suggested that these animals presented emotional and motivational deficits, but no motor alterations.
Wiesiolek, Carine Carolina. "Envelhecimento normal e tomada de decisão: uma avaliação estrutural da circuitaria envolvida". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12598.
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Introdução: O envelhecimento cerebral é um processo complexo e heterogêneo associado à alteração estrutural e declínio cognitivo inevitáveis, que podem ocasionar déficit na tomada de decisão, tornando idosos mais vulneráveis a decisões desvantajosas conseqüentes a ineficiência dos circuitos cerebrais funcionais e do sistema de neurotransmissores. Os mecanismos neurais envolvidos no processo de tomada de decisão são um importante alvo de investigação no campo da neurociência cognitiva e comportamental, porém os estudos que avaliam as alterações estruturais associadas às funcionais, em idosos saudáveis, ainda são limitados. Objetivo: Avaliar através de Ressonância Magnética quantitativa e exames neuropsicológicos, alterações anatômicas e funcionais associadas a regiões corticais e subcorticais envolvidas no processo de tomada de decisão em idosos saudáveis. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo do tipo transversal e retrospectivo, realizado através de dados secundários. A base de pesquisa foi constituída por um conjunto de imagens de ressonância magnética, ponderadas em T1 e T2, e pontuações obtidas em testes neuropsicológicos, Stroop e Winscosin de classificação de cartas. Para as análises foram utilizadas medidas de espessura cortical e volume, obtidas através do processamento das imagens T1 pelo software Freesurfer, e a relaxometria T2. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados o software MedCALC, versão 9.3 e Excel; medidas de média, desvio padrão e a correlação de Pearson. Resultados: O estudo encontrou alterações volumétricas, de espessura cortical e de relaxometria em regiões anatômicas importantes envolvidas na tomada de decisão. Destaque para mudanças no lobo temporal medial, córtex orbitofrontal, giro frontal superior e inferior, com correlações negativas, em relação ao volume e espessura, positivas em relação aos valores de tempo de relaxação T2 e com repercussões sobre a função executiva avaliada (teste de Stroop e Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas (WCST)). Ainda destacam-se o accumbens, com alteração apenas de volume e correlação com o teste Stroop, e o putâmem com alteração volumétrica, prolongamento do tempo de relaxação T2 e correlação com os escores do WCST. Conclusão: Foram observadas alterações estruturais ligadas a perda volumétrica, espessura cortical e de relaxometria em consequência do envelhecimento saudável. Esses resultados reforçam a hipótese de que existem alterações microestruturais nos tecidos de regiões importantes no processo de tomada de decisão e que podem estar associadas a déficits de funções executivas e possivelmente contribuindo para comportamento decisório impulsivo e pouco adaptativo.
Rodrigues, Bruno de Crudis. "Estudo da expressão do transcrito regulado pela cocaína e anfetamina (CART) no encéfalo de ratos durante o desenvolvimento pós-natal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-12032009-153620/.
Texto completoCocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is found widespread in the rodent nervous system. It has been involved in many different functions including feeding and sexual behaviors, learning and memory, stress responses, sensory processing and neuronal plasticity. Recent studies suggest that CART may be also implicated in neural development. Therefore, in the present study we investigated CART expression in the forebrain of rats in different stages of development. Using in situ hybridization, we compared CART expression in the forebrain of 6, 26 and 66 days old Sprague-Dawley rats. In general, we found a higher expression of CART in 6 days old animals comparing to other groups. Specifically, we found increased CART expression in the somatosensory and piriforme cortex, induzium griseum, dentate gyrus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral prepamammillary nucleus. Interestingly, we found CART expression in the ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei only in 6-days old animals. In other regions including the CA1 and the arcuate nucleus, CART expression did not change. By using immunohistochemistry we found that the CART peptide is produced in the areas where we found the mRNA, in 6 days old animals. Our findings suggest that the CART participate in neural development in various forebrain nuclei.
Alves, Raphael Vicente. "Os sulcos e giros na face súpero-lateral do lobo occipital". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5132/tde-11082014-121240/.
Texto completoBACKGROUND: The anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity is so intricate and variable that its precise description is not found in the classic anatomy textbooks, and the occipital sulci and gyri are described with different nomenclatures according to different authors. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity and clarify its nomenclature. METHODS: The configurations of sulci and gyri on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe of 20 cerebral hemispheres were examined in order to identify the most characteristic and consistent patterns. RESULTS: The most characteristic and consistent occipital sulci identified in this study were the intraoccipital, transverse occipital, and lateral occipital sulci. The morphology of the transverse occipital sulcus and the intraoccipital sulcus connection was identified as the most important aspect to define the gyral pattern of the occipital lobe convexity. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the main features of the occipital sulci and gyri permits the recognition of a basic configuration of the occipital lobe and the identification of its sulcal and gyral variations
Sulzbach, Miréia Fortes Vianna. "A interação entre transtorno bipolar e obesidade : avaliação da neuroanatomia hipocampal e de adipocinas séricas". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131219.
Texto completoThe Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a serious and chronic illness, associated with high morbidity and characterized by changes in mood states (mania, hypomania and depression). It has several comorbid medical conditions, including obesity. Both BD and obesity have an important immunological and inflammatory component. This comorbidity is quite high and, when present, the patient has an increased likelihood of having deficit in declarative memory, which is related to hippocampal dysfunction since it is a sensitive structure to inflammation. Adipokines (e.g., leptin and adiponectin) inflammatory biomarkers are produced by adipose tissue that have receptors in the hippocampus. The objective of this thesis is to study the impact of obesity, the hippocampus size and levels of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) in BD patients compared to controls without the disorder. The hippocampus size was acquired with a Philips Achieva 1.5 Tesla scanner. Dosages of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) were measured using ELISA-sandwich kits. For both articles were selected patients and controls. In our study we found that there was no difference in total hippocampus size between patients and controls (p=0.123). There was no correlation between total hippocampus size and BMI in the whole sample (p=0.153, rho=-0.194), or in BD (p=0.084, rho=-0.345) and controls (p=0.823, rho=-0.043) groups separatedIn patients with BD. However we found a significant negative correlation between the volumes of the right hippocampus and serum leptin levels (p = 0.021, rho = -0.472), a fact that was not observed among controls (p = 0.563, rho = -0.122). Our results suggest that the association between high BMI and increased serum leptin with hippocampal volume changes in patients with BD, has potentially significant implications for our understanding of BD pathophysiology. Furthermore, although very prevalent in BD, obesity is a modifiable risk factor, but neglected in neuroprogressão schemes of the disease, suggesting that the nutritional interventions are highly desirable to obtain best results.
Bortolini, Zara. "Ressonância magnética na avaliação das estruturas encefálicas do Alouattafusca (Bugio-Ruivo-Georffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) /". Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108448.
Texto completoCoorientador: Carlos Roberto Teixeira
Banca: Sheila Canevese Rahal
Banca: João Batista da Cruz
Banca: Luiz Antonio de Lima Resende
Banca: Ana Carolina Brandão de Campos Fonseca Pinto
Resumo: O Alouatta fusca é um primata do novo mundo com ampla distribuição na América do sul. A espécie é de grande importância para a população, pois é um importante sentinela de zoonoses, especialmente da febre amarela. Os estudos anatômicos descritivos realizados em primatas do velho mundo foram amplamente avaliados no século passado, porém os primatas do novo mundo como o Alouatta fusca não foram detalhadamente descritos. Assim sendo, no presente estudo foram utilizados oito encéfalos formolizados, três congelados e 10 animais hígidos. Os encéfalos formolizados foram devidamente dissecados para descrever a anatomia encefálica; os crânios congelados foram seccionados nos mesmos planos da imagens por ressonância magnética, para posterior pareamento e identificação das estruturas. Foram obtidas informações que podem ser utilizadas como base para o estudo das estruturas anatômicas encefálicas normais e de doenças, em centros de medicina veterinária de animais selvagens e/ou de primatas. Além de fornecer dados comparativos com a medicina humana, uma vez que estes animais vêm sendo utilizados como modelos experimentais, por possuírem características anatômicas mais semelhantes aos humanos que em animais domésticos
Abstract: The Alouatta fusca is a new world primate with wide distribution in South America. The species has great importance for the population, because it is an important sentinel of zoonoses, especially of the yellow fever. Descriptive anatomical studies conducted in old world primates have been extensively evaluated in the past century, but the new world primates as Alouatta fusca were not described in detail. Therefore, in this study we used eight formolin fixed brains, three frozen brains and ten healthy animals. The formolin fixed brains were properly dissected to describe the brain anatomy; the frozen skulls were sectioned in the same planes of the magnetic resonance images for comparison and identification of the structures. The information obtained can be used as a basis for the study of normal brain anatomical structures and their diseases in veterinary medicine centers of wild animals and/or primates. In addition, this study provides comparative data for human medicine, since these animals have been used as experimental models because they have anatomical characteristics more similar to humans than domestic animals
Doutor
Dal-Cól, Maria Luiza Cleto. "Influência da duração da primeira exposição de ratos ao labirinto em cruz elevado no aumento da esquiva dos braços abertos e efeito do Midazolam na segunda exposição". Florianópolis, SC, 2002. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/82628.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da duração da primeira exposição (E1) no aumento da esquiva dos braços abertos e no efeito ansiolítico do midazolam (MDZ) na segunda exposição (E2) ao Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE). Ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à E1 com duração de 1, 2 ou 5 minutos. Vinte e quatro horas depois, os 3 grupos foram subdivididos, recebendo salina ou MDZ (1,5mg/Kg) i.p., e foram reexpostos ao LCE, por 5 minutos. Os resultados mostram que, quando comparadas E1 e E2 dos grupos salina, os animais submetidos à E1 de apenas 1 minuto apresentaram porcentagens de entradas semelhantes (%A), porém menor porcentagem de tempo de permanência (%T) nos braços abertos (p<0,05) em E2. Nos grupos com E1 igual a 2 ou 5 minutos, houve redução na %A (2', p<0,05 e 5', p=0,0557) e na %T (2', p< 0,001 e 5', p<0,05) em E2. Comparando-se os grupos que receberam salina e MDZ previamente à E2, observou-se que nos grupos com E1 igual a 2 ou 5 minutos, o midazolam não alterou a %A e %T em comparação aos respectivos grupos salina. No grupo com E1 de 1 minuto submetido à administração de MDZ previamente à E2, verificou-se aumento na %A e %T (p<0,05), comparado ao grupo salina. Comparando-se as E2 dos grupos que receberam MDZ, verificou-se que o grupo que foi submetido à E1 de 1 minuto apresentou maior %A que os submetidos por 2 (p<0,05) e 5 minutos (p<0,001). Os dados sugerem que 2 e 5 minutos são suficientes para o aprendizado do aumento da esquiva dos braços abertos e perda do efeito ansiolítico do MDZ no LCE em E2, porém 1 minuto é insuficiente para tal aprendizado, evidenciando efeito ansiolítico do MDZ no LCE na E2.
Albuixech, Crespo Beatriz. "Genoarquitectura del sistema nervioso durante el desarrollo embrionario del anfioxo: implicaciones evolutivas para el origen del cerebro de vertebrados". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328710.
Texto completoIn this thesis we have studied thoroughly the genoarquitecture of the neural plate of amphioxus embryos. The expression of various genes have been studied variously in the neural primordium of Amphioxus but, there was no consensus about the morphological significance of the CNS regions that are distinguishable by characteristic molecular patterns. We have now analysed around fifty differentiation genes and transcription factors that are expressed in the neural anlage of amphioxus at the middle neurula stage, corroborating and complementing earlier reports. Homologs of the chosen markers delineate distinct brain territories in vertebrates, contributing to current concepts of the neural bauplan by means of the prosomeric model. Our main aim was to determine whether amphioxus in any way approximates that model, and whether if it can be defined a common neural bauplan for chordates. Our results revealed various discrete patterns discriminating along both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions (AP, DV). As regards AP expression patterns, Otx-positive versus Gbx-positive territories were early observable, as in vertebrates. The Otx-positive subregion is further partitioned by several markers in two major parts, which we named as primordial hypothalamus (HyP) and a primordial di-mesencephalon (DiMeP). And, along with the rhombospinal primordium (RhSP), that corresponds to the Gbx-positive territory, the three main subunits are delimited by the same topological boundaries, defining the same molecular limits, that define the secondary organizers in vertebrates. This topological correspondence between the thalamic-pretectal-mesencephalic region with the DiMeP in amphioxus suggests that this three regions in vertebrates, that are surrounded by the specifying effect of the secondary organizers, may share common ancestry. Extending the correlations that issue from this genoarquitectonic study, in this thesis, a neural bauplan for chordates is described, and other issues related with the origin and evolution of central nervous systems are debated.
Moura, Luciana Monteiro de. "Alteração do comportamento maternal após injeção local de morfina na PAG rostral lateral de ratas lactantes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-05062008-101849/.
Texto completoBy using pharmacologycal approaches such as systemic injections of morphine, it has been possible to reveal the inhibitory influence of opioids on rat maternal behavior (MB). Also, it has been reported that central infusions of naloxone or CCK into the rostral lateral PAG restore maternal behavior in lactating rats treated with morphine. This research investigates possible interferences of morphine in MB, through central infusions of this drug in rPAGl of lactating rats. This is an efficient paradigm to provide pharmacological and neurophysiological cues in the functional neuroanatomy of maternal behavior. Stereotaxical procedures were used to place cannulas directed to the PAG area, inject morphine into the PAG and evaluate its behavioral effects. Lactating Wistar rats received central infusions of morphine and showed significant differences in the various parameters. Retrieval and nest building were disrupted. This treatment alters latencies of foraging and pup grooming as well. Thus, full maternal behavior (FMB) was inhibited in the opioidergic treatment. The results suggest an involvement of a PAG role in opioidergicmodulation in maternal behavior. This modulation is provided for rPAGl, which have many neuroanatomical relations with another brain sites. These data suggest a role for rPAGl in ongoing of maternal behavior, but not in reflex nurturance behaviors like kyphosis.
Cavalcanti, Daniel Dutra. "Análise quantitativa dos principais acessos cirúrgicos ao tronco encefálico com ênfase nas áreas de segurança". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-17082018-093448/.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: The brainstem is a small structure disposing of high concentration of nuclei and tract. Historically, there was enormous discussion on surgical indications to brainstem lesions. In spite of the evolution of microsurgery, skull base surgery, and neuronavigation, few groups bear experience managing this pathology. Whenever lesions do not surface on pia or ependyma, it is key using the safe entry zones, managing the brainstem, which represent tiny corridors where eloquent structures and perforators are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the working area provided by the main surgical approaches to brainstem, as well as angles of attack provided by the same approaches to the safe zones through cadaveric dissections. It was possible at the same time to detail the microanatomy of thirteen approaches, with stepwise images and descriptions, in order to aid spreading this knowledge in Portuguese. METHODS: Ten human cadavers were dissected in order to visually demonstrate 13 surgical approaches to brainstem and these safe zones: anterior mesencephalic, lateral mesencephalic sulcus, intercolicular, peritrigeminal, supratrigeminal, lateral pontine, supracollicular, infracollicular, median sulcus of the fourth ventricle, posteromedian sulcus and olivary. The following approaches were analyzed: orbitozigomatic, subtemporal, subtemporal transtentorial, subtemporal transtentorial with anterior petrosectomy, median suboccipital telovelar, median, paramedian and lateral supracerebellar infratentorial, retrossigmoid, far-lateral, anterior petrosectomy, retrolabyrinthine, and combined. Dissections were carried out from January to July 2010, at the Skull Base Laboratory in the Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The specimens were lightly fixed in formalin while arteries and veins were perfused with color silicone. They were dissected on a Mayfield head-holder, using a complete set of surgical instruments simulating an operative environment. Neuronavigation was utilized after every approach to collect tridimensional coordinates of predefined points on the craniotomy edges and within the surgical field. Using a specific software, these coordinates translate themselves into the following variables: areas of exposure, angles of attack and lengths of exposure. The variables were compared among them when 2 or more approaches addressed overlapped areas. RESULTS: The mean area of exposure provided by the orbitozygomatic on the brainstem was 164,7 ± 43,6 mm2. The horizontal angle of attack to the anterior mesencephalic zone was 37,9 ± 7,3o. Mean area delivered by the retrosigmoid was 538,6 ± 161,0 mm2. Mean horizontal and vertical angles of attack produced by this corridor aiming the lateral pontine zone were 31,1 ± 6,7o e 49,3 ± 9,4o, respectively. The farlateral approach produced a mean area of exposure of 856,8 ± 139,7 mm2. Mean horizontal and vertical angles of attack offered by this avenue aiming the olivary zone were 40,8 ± 10,2o e 54,8 ± 6,8o. CONCLUSION: The orbitozygomatic approach provides a minimum area of exposure, but a better trajectory concerning the anterior mesencephalic zone comparing to the subtemporal. The extreme lateral supracerebellar infratentorial yields better trajectory and wider angles to the lateral mesencephalic sulcus than the subtemporal. There is no significant difference regarding areas of exposure and angles of attack to the brainstem between the retrosigmoid and retrolabyrithine, but the latter produces a more direct trajectory
Bortolini, Zara [UNESP]. "Ressonância magnética na avaliação das estruturas encefálicas do Alouattafusca (Bugio-Ruivo-Georffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108448.
Texto completoO Alouatta fusca é um primata do novo mundo com ampla distribuição na América do sul. A espécie é de grande importância para a população, pois é um importante sentinela de zoonoses, especialmente da febre amarela. Os estudos anatômicos descritivos realizados em primatas do velho mundo foram amplamente avaliados no século passado, porém os primatas do novo mundo como o Alouatta fusca não foram detalhadamente descritos. Assim sendo, no presente estudo foram utilizados oito encéfalos formolizados, três congelados e 10 animais hígidos. Os encéfalos formolizados foram devidamente dissecados para descrever a anatomia encefálica; os crânios congelados foram seccionados nos mesmos planos da imagens por ressonância magnética, para posterior pareamento e identificação das estruturas. Foram obtidas informações que podem ser utilizadas como base para o estudo das estruturas anatômicas encefálicas normais e de doenças, em centros de medicina veterinária de animais selvagens e/ou de primatas. Além de fornecer dados comparativos com a medicina humana, uma vez que estes animais vêm sendo utilizados como modelos experimentais, por possuírem características anatômicas mais semelhantes aos humanos que em animais domésticos
The Alouatta fusca is a new world primate with wide distribution in South America. The species has great importance for the population, because it is an important sentinel of zoonoses, especially of the yellow fever. Descriptive anatomical studies conducted in old world primates have been extensively evaluated in the past century, but the new world primates as Alouatta fusca were not described in detail. Therefore, in this study we used eight formolin fixed brains, three frozen brains and ten healthy animals. The formolin fixed brains were properly dissected to describe the brain anatomy; the frozen skulls were sectioned in the same planes of the magnetic resonance images for comparison and identification of the structures. The information obtained can be used as a basis for the study of normal brain anatomical structures and their diseases in veterinary medicine centers of wild animals and/or primates. In addition, this study provides comparative data for human medicine, since these animals have been used as experimental models because they have anatomical characteristics more similar to humans than domestic animals
Pádua, Arlysson Campos de. "Contribuição ao estudo dos giros, sulcos e vascularização do encéfalo de ovino (Ovis aries, L., 1758)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/15668.
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O ensino de neuroanatomia humana depende da obtenção de material anatômico, e a aquisição de peças de sistema nervoso é difícil. Para suprir essas necessidades vários pesquisadores vêm buscando modelos alternativos que possam ser utilizados no ensino formal de neuroanatomia humana. O ovino já é utilizado em pesquisas de cunho médico e vem superando expectativas como modelo biológico alternativo, porém, são escassas as informações sobre a anatomia encefálica desse animal. Este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer a descrição da anatomia encefálica e vascular do encéfalo do ovino. Para isto foram identificados e mensurados os 10 sulcos mais constantes na superfície encefálica de 15 espécimes, obtendo destes os valores médios em centímetros seguido do desvio padrão de cada sulco estudado. Nota-se com esse estudo que as circunvoluções encefálicas do ovino apresentam um padrão de fácil descrição podendo ser utilizado como modelo biológico alternativo no ensino de neuroanatomia. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The teaching of neuroanatomy depends on obtaining anatomical material, and the acquisition of part of the nervous system is difficult. To supply such needs several researchers have been searching of biological models which can be used in the formal teaching of neuroanatomy. The ovine is already used in medical research and nature has been surpassing expectations as an alternative biological model, but there is little information on brain anatomy of this animal. This study aimed to provide a description of the anatomy of the ovine brain. To this end, we identified and measured the sulci 10 more constant in brain surface area of 15 specimens, obtaining of these the average values and standard deviation of each furrow studied. Note with this study that the brain convolutions of ovine exhibit a pattern of easy description, and may be used as a biological model in the teaching of neuroanatomy.
Abrahão, Vitor Pimenta. "Neuroanatomia e filogenia da família Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes) com análise simultânea de dados morfológicos e moleculares". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/38/38131/tde-28092018-100854/.
Texto completoThe Neotropical South American catfish Cetopsidae is a family of Siluriformes that includes five genera and 43valid species distributed over a large portion of northern and central regions of South America, on both sides of the Andean cordilleras. The monophyly of the family is supported by several previous studies, based on both morphological and molecular characters. Despite the scarcity of evolutionary studies on the nervous system of neotropical catfishes, that complex shows great variation potentially informative for phylogenetic inference. In order to test the significance of neurological traits in a phylogenetic framework, the gross morphology of brain subdivisions in the catfish family Cetopsidae is described, illustrated and interpreted. In addition, comparative analyzes of the development of this complex were carried out in Helogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioidesin order to establish homologies and ontogenetic transformations. Characters were delimited and tested separately in phylogenetic analyzes and later combined with other morphological and molecular characters with different methods of analysis. The volume of major brain subdivision was calculated by an ellipsoid model. A comprehensive comparison based on shape, relative position, and volume of the main brain subdivisions is presented for representative species of all genera and most available species in the family. The same comparisons were also made throughout the development of Helogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioides. Comparisons with other phylogenetically related siluriform families provide a broader context for the understanding of the main evolutionary transformations which shaped the cetopsid brain. Phylogenetic analyzes of all morphological characters were first conducted separately, and later in matrices concatenated under the Parsimony criterion. Bayesian analyzes of three aligned and concatenated mitochondrial gene sequences (COI, 16S and Cytb) were implemented. Analyzes of all the data combined were conducted under both Parsimony and Bayesian criteria. Profoundly distinct morphological patterns are identified for each of the two main cetopsid subdivisions, subfamilies Helogeninae and Cetopsinae. Little intraspecific variation on major subdivisions of the brain exists in species examined herein. The modifications observed throughout the development of the brain inHelogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioides were used for the correct delimitation xiv of characters and their states. The monophyly of all genera is supported by putative neuroanatomic characters. Phylogenetic mapping reveals recurrent morphological patterns suggestive of an association with specific feeding specializations and other life-history traits. Morphological and molecular characters were highly congruent in phylogenetic hypotheses, with inconsistencies restricted to the tribe Cetopsini. All analyzes recovered Helogeninae as thesister group toall remaining cetopsids, followed by Cetopsidiini, Denticetopsini and Cetopsini as successive sister groups. Results of the present study support the idea that large and concatenated analyzes of morphological and molecular characters result in robust well-supported hypotheses of relationships. Neuroanatomical characters are highly informative for phylogenetic inferenceand area promising field to be explored in understanding the evolution of Otophysi.
Alves, Silvia Cristina Batezati. "Ressonância magnética funcional para avaliação do incômodo do zumbido em pacientes com audiometria normal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-29012009-143419/.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: The most successful tinnitus therapies are based on the psychological and the neurophysiological models, which suggest that tinnitus-related annoyance results from the dynamic interaction of auditory brain centers, limbic and autonomic nervous systems. Although these models have been largely accepted in clinical practice, they lack experimental support and validation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers the opportunity to identify those brain regions pertinent to each model, and studies the neural network involved in the theory of emotion perception of stimuli. The latter has not been thoroughly investigated in tinnitus. OBJECTIVES: 1) Based on the models of developing tinnitus-related annoyance, analyze the cortical areas (auditory and non-auditory) in normal hearing individuals with and without tinnitus, activated by unpleasant auditory stimulation; and 2) according to the theory of emotion perception of acoustic stimulus, evaluate whether the patients with tinnitus were using the same neural network for perception of unpleasant sounds than the subjects without tinnitus. METHODS: Fifteen subjects with chronic subjective non-pulsatile tinnitus (tinnitus group, TG), and 20 healthy volunteers (control group, CG), matched for gender and age, were submitted to 1.5 T fMRI. Inclusion criteria consisted of normal pure-tone audiogram, righthandedness, Beck depression inventory < 20 points, and formal education level > 11 years. The paradigm comprised sounds from IADS (International Affective Digitized Sounds) with validated emotional valence and arousal, and a modified visual-analog Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale. All individuals previously practiced the task in a mock scanner. Image acquisition and stimuli presentation were designed using the silent event-related method, in which the scanner acoustic noise effects were minimized during brain activation detection. RESULTS: The left insula presented the highest neuronal activity in the TG, which showed no activity in the hippocampus. In the CG, the activation was markedly present in the left hippocampus, and was barely found in the insula. Unpleasant sounds activated auditory areas (superior temporal gyrus, inferior-posterior temporal lobe) and the limbic system (insula) in both groups. When the groups were compared, the right cerebellum was the most activated brain area in the TG (p < 0.05), and CG showed the highest activation in the left superior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Parallel activation of auditory and limbic systems was demonstrated in both tinnitus and control patients. However, limbic and prefrontal areas were not significantly more activated in patients with tinnitus. The right cerebellum, recently described to have cognitive function, may be responsible for integrating the brain centers involved in the annoyance of tinnitus. In addition, we suggested that tinnitus-related annoyance may be secondary to emotion perception abnormalities, either a higher identification of emotional significance of the unpleasant sounds (via insula), or a lack of regulation of individual affective reaction (via hippocampus)
Faria, José Weber Vieira de. "Criação, implementação e avaliação de um recurso didático multimídia como suporte para o ensino da neuroanatomia: realidade virtual e estereoscópica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-15082014-162638/.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to show the process of the construction, implementation and evaluation of a tool for teaching neuroanatomy. The tool presented is accessible from personal computers, immersive, interactive, and allows photorealistic three-dimensional and stereoscopic vision. Forty fresh brains were obtained from the São Paulo Department of Death Records (SP-DDR- Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos de São Paulo (SVO-SP)) and subjected to fixation, conservation, vascular injection, staining of gray matter, white fiber dissection, turpentine and bleaching bone techniques, as needed, at the Surgical Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of São Paulo (Laboratório de Técnica Cirúrgica e Cirurgia Experimental da Universidade de São Paulo- USP). Images of areas of interest were captured using a manual turntable built for this purpose. The images were processed with commercially available software (Photoshop CS5; Stereo Photo Maker; VRWorx2.6 for Windows) non-linear format, interactive, three-dimensional stereoscopic and stored in a database of 5337 final images. The teaching resource was applied to 84 undergraduate medical students, divided into three groups: conventional (group 1), interactive non-stereoscopic (group 2) and interactive stereoscopic (group 3). Averages on the assessment of prior knowledge did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among groups. The tool was evaluated through a written theory test and a lab practical. Groups 2 and 3 showed the highest averages and differed significantly from Group 1 (P < 0.05), Group 2 did not differ statistically from Group 3 (p > 0.05), revealing a result of similar training on the written theory test. Observing the Effect Sizes, it was found that those were of great magnitude, indicating student training effectiveness. ANOVA results showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between group means, and the Tukey test showed statistical difference between Group 1 and the others (P < 0.05). On the lab pratical, it may be noted that similarly to the written theory test, no statistical difference between Groups 2 and 3 were found. The authors conclude that the tool presented provided a gain of knowledge for students and yielded significantly higher leaning when compared with traditional teaching resources
Kadri, Paulo Abdo do Seixo. "Interrupção das fibras brancas nos acessos cirúrgicos ao corno temporal do ventrículo lateral: estudo anatômico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5132/tde-11042016-110930/.
Texto completoIntroduction: Surgical access to the temporal hom of lateral ventric1e is performed to treat tumoral and vascular lesions, but mainly to the surgi cal treatment of temporal epilepsy. The surgi cal exploration of this cavity is realized from the cortical surface towards the ventricular walls, through the lateral, transsylvian and inferior approaches, based on the adequate exposure of the cavity and on the postoperative deficits that might be originated from the brain parenchymal trauma. Lesions to the fibers bundles often result in more severe and prolonged deficits than corticallesions. The most common recognized deficits are the visual fields defects secondary to injuries to the optic radiation. Identification of the interruption of other fibers bundles involved and their correlated c1inical manifestation have been underestimated on the literature. Objective: To identify the interruption of the fiber bundles originated from the different approaches to the temporal hom utilizing the Klinger\'s fiber dissection technique. Methods: We studied 40 cerebral hemispheres of 20 brains, prepared according to Klingers method, at the UFMS Laboratory of Anatomy. The surgical access of the temporal hom was performed simulating the lateral (middle temporal gyrus), inferior (parahippocampal gyrus), transsylvian and transuncal approaches, through 15 mm cortical incisions, followed by stepwise dissection of the fibers. Results: Introduction ofthe dissector (15 mm width, 2 mm height) warranted an uniform transection of the fibers from the cortical surface to the ventricular cavity. The least destructive access encountered was the transuncal access, interrupting 8,3% of the studied fibers. Following it, the inferior and the transsylvian approaches interrupted 25% of the fibers. The most destructive, interrupting 75% of the studied fibers was the lateral approach. Conclusion: The lateral approach through the middle temporal gyrus caused interruptions on the inferior portion (vertical and arcuate segments) of the superior longitudinal fasciculus; on the dorso lateral segment of the temporal portion from the uncinate fasciculus; on the ventral segment of the posterior portion from the occipitofrontal fasciculus; on the posterior segrnent of the lateral extension from the posterior commissure; on the temporopontine fibers; on the anterior loop of the posterior thalamic pedunc1e, on the posterior fibers of the inferior thalamic pedunc1e and the tapetum fibers. The transsylvian approach caused interruptions on the ventromedial segrnent of the temporal portion from the uncinate fasciculus; on the anterior segrnent of the lateral extension from the anterior commissure and transected the amygdala on its anterosuperior surface. The inferior approach through the parahippocampal gyrus caused interruptions on the inferior segment of the cingulum and on the fimbria, due to the transection of the hipocampal formation. The transuncal approach only transected the amygdala
Araujo, João Luiz Vitorino. "Avaliação anatômica comparativa dos acessos transcorioideo e transforniceal transcorioideo ao terceiro ventrículo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-06092016-143307/.
Texto completoIntroduction: Approaches to the third ventricle constitute a formidable challenge to the neurosurgeon and, in this context, anatomical and morphometric studies are useful to establish the limitations and advantages of certain surgical approaches. The transchoroidal approach is a versatile one that promotes adequate exposure of the middle and posterior regions of the third ventricle. However, the column of fornix limits the exposure of the anterior third ventricle region. There is evidence that the ipsilateral section of the column of fornix has little effect on the cognitive function. This thesis compares the anatomical exposure using the transchoroidal transforniceal technique with the transchoroidal approach, and performs morphometric assessment of relevant structures common to both approaches. Material and methods: The anatomical exposure achieved through the transchoroidal transcallosal approach and transchoroidal transforniceal transcallosal were compared in 8 fresh cadavers using the neuronavigation system (Artis, Brasilia, Brazil), to assess the working area, microsurgical exposure area, to quantify the angular exposure in the longitudinal and cross-sectional planes to two anatomical targets (tuber cinereum and cerebral aqueduct), to measure the thickness of the right frontal lobe parenchyma, corpus callosum body thickness, longitudinal diameter of the interventricular foramen, working distance from the cortical surface to the tuber cinereum and working distance from the cortical surface to the cerebral aqueduct. The values obtained were submitted to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon\'s test. Results: In the quantitative assessment, the transchoroidal transforniceal approach provided: larger working area (transchoroidal transforniceal = 150.299 +/- 11.147 mm2; transchoroidal = 121.421 +/- 7.698 mm2; p < 0.05), larger area of microsurgical exposure (transforniceal transchoroidal = 100.920 +/- 8.764 mm2; transchoroidal = 79.944 +/- 4.954 mm2; p < 0.05), larger area of angular exposure in the longitudinal plane to the tuber cinereum (transchoroidal transforniceal = 70.898 +/- 6.598 degrees; transchoroidal = 63.838 + / - 5,770 degrees; p < 0.05) and larger area of angular exposure in the longitudinal plane to the cerebral aqueduct (transforniceal transchoroidal = 61.806 +/- 6.406 degrees; transchoroidal = 54.998 +/- 5.102 degrees; p < 0.05) when compared to the transchoroidal approach. No differences were observed in the angular exposure along the cross-sectional axis for both anatomical targets (tuber cinereum and cerebral aqueduct) (p > 0.05). The mean thickness of the right frontal lobe was 34.869 +/- 3.439 mm, the thickness of the corpus callosum body was 10.085 +/- 1.172 mm, the diameter of the interventricular foramen was 4,628 +/- 0,474 mm, the distance from the cortical surface to the tuber cinereum was 69.315 +/- 4.564 mm, and the distance from the cortical surface to the cerebral aqueduct was 75.654 +/- 4.950 mm. In the qualitative assessment, we observed that the transforniceal transchoroidal approach allowed better visualization of the structures in the anterior third ventricle region. There was no difference regarding exposure of structures in the middle and posterior regions with both access. Conclusions: The transforniceal transchoroidal approach provides greater surgical exposure of the anterior third ventricle region than that obtained with the transchoroidal approach. The morphometric study established mean values of anatomical structures that are common to both approaches in the assessed population
Róz, Leila Maria Da. "Decorticação frontal: descrição anátomo-cirúrgica de nova técnica de lobectomia frontal sem a abertura do corno frontal do ventrículo lateral". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-19122016-134841/.
Texto completoBACKGROUND: The frontal lobectomy is a frequently performed neurosurgical procedure for treating brain tumors, refractory epilepsy, and other disorders that require extensive removal of the frontal lobe. In spite of being a relatively common procedure, there are only few reports available regarding its surgical technique and little attention has been given to the anatomy relevant to this procedure. OBJECTIVES: The authors present the anatomical landmarks and technical nuances for removing the gray matter of the frontal lobe (frontal lobe decortication) as an alternative to frontal lobectomy. The goals are to maximize the brain removal, minimize the blood loss, and avoid opening the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anatomical study was performed in 15 adult cadaveric heads. The clinical data are based on 15 frontal resections performed from 2002 to 2014. RESULT: The frontal decortication involves the lateral, medial, and basal surfaces of the frontal lobe, and it consists of 5 main steps: a) coagulation and section of the arterial branches of the lateral surface of the frontal lobe; b) paramedian subpial resection of the frontal lobe until the genu of the corpus callosum is located; c) resection of the gray matter of the lateral surface of the frontal lobe without entering the frontal horn; d) identification and preservation of the olfactory tract; e) removal of the gray matter of the basal surface of the frontal lobe. This surgical technique was applied in 15 cases, and it was possible to preserve the frontal horn in all the patients when following this technique, avoiding complications resulted by its opening. CONCLUSION: The frontal decortication guided by intraoperative anatomical landmarks can be one of the surgical techniques to be considered when an extensive frontal lobe resection (especially gray matter) is needed. It offers maximum frontal lobe removal, preservation of the frontal horn and supplementary motor area, and reduced blood loss
Ribas, Eduardo Santamaria Carvalhal. "Anatomia microcirúrgica da região do sulco limitante inferior da ínsula". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-03012018-113555/.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: The surgical approach to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (CTVL) is performed for treatment of medial temporal lesions, among which hippocampal sclerosis leading to epilepsy is emphasized, and can be performed through the lateral or inferior surfaces of the temporal lobe or through the sylvian fissure. The subcortical cerebral parenchyma located between the inferior limiting sulcus of the insula (SLI) and the CTVL is composed of important white matter fiber bundles, which may eventually be injured in transsylvian surgical approaches. OBJECTIVES: To describe the location of the main white matter fiber bundles in the region between SLI and CTVL. METHODS: The main subcortical white matter fiber bundles were examined in 14 adult cadaveric cerebral hemispheres using the Klingler dissection technique, and it was possible to describe their positions in relation to the anterior end of the SLI (named Temporal Limen Point - PTL). RESULTS: The main white matter fiber bundles identified deeply to the SLI form a multi-laminar arrangement that can be understood according to the depth in which they are found. The short association fibers of the extreme capsule, which continue toward the opercula, form the most superficial subcortical layer and were found underneath all the SLI. The external capsule fibers were found more deeply, in a layer formed by three main fiber bundles organized in a sequential anterior-posterior disposition: the uncinate fascicle (found from the PTL to 10.0 ± 2.2 mm posteriorly), the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle (found between 10.0 ± 2.2 mm and 35.5 ± 2.7 mm posterior to the PTL) and claustrocortical fibers (found from 35.5 ± 2.7 mm posterior to PTL to the end of this sulcus). The lateral extension of the anterior commissure was below this layer and its fibers were found between 8.4 ± 1.8 mm and 22.0 ± 6.8 mm posterior to the PTL. The deepest layer is formed by the fibers of the internal capsule/corona radiata, where the optical radiation fibers were distinguished and found between 10.6 ± 3.4 mm and 34.5 ± 3.5 mm posterior to the PTL. CONCLUSIONS: The uncinate fascicle is approximately found under the anterior third of the anterior SLI segment (between the PTL and the lateral geniculate body), while the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle and fibers of the optical radiation are found under the posterior two thirds of this segment. The results suggest that at the transsylvian-transinsular approach, an incision at the SLI, from the PTL to 6 mm posteriorly, will cross the uncinate fascicle, but not the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle and optical radiation fibers
Toostani, Iman Ghodrati. "Tinnitus : a neuro-functional model". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2013.
Buscar texto completoLOBATO, Muriele Nazareth. "Identificação neuroanatômica dos núcleos cerebrais relacionados ao canto em Uraeginthus cyanocephalus (ordem Passeriformes, subordem Oscines, família Estrildidae)". Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/2863.
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Sabe-se que as regiões cerebrais envolvidas no controle do canto são sexualmente dimórficas em muitas espécies de pássaros adultos de regiões temperadas como nos zebra finches em que os machos cantam e as fêmeas não cantam. Em diversas espécies de pássaros canoros dos trópicos, contudo, tanto os machos quanto as fêmeas são capazes de cantar. Porém, os mecanismos envolvidos na produção do canto em fêmeas ainda é pouco compreendido. Com o intuito de identificar diferenças que possam explicar o canto em fêmeas, nós estudamos a morfologia do sistema do canto de pássaros machos e fêmeas da espécies Uraegynthus cyanocephalus, espécie esta em que tanto machos quanto fêmeas cantam. Como primeiro passo para a análise e estabelecimento de diferenças anatômicas quanto ao sexo, nós quantificamos alterações de volume de áreas prosencefálicas relacionadas ao cantos, através de marcação com Nissl e de marcação de receptores andrógenos (RA) por meio de hibridização in situ radioativa. Nós verificamos que, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas, o volume do centro vocal superior (HVC) não sofre alteração estatisticamente significativa ao longo do desenvolvimento. Observamos, ainda, que o volume do HVC em machos é sempre superior ao das fêmeas, inclusive na fase adulta, quando esta diferença se torna significativa, existindo portanto, dimorfismo sexual. Contrariamente ao desenvolvimento do HVC, o núcleo robusto do arcopalio (RA) de machos aumenta de modo significativo gradualmente com a idade, atingindo o seu pico de crescimento na fase adulta. O volume do RA aumentou em 2,21 vezes no macho (0,104 mm3 em 20 dias para 0,236 mm3 na idade adulta). Nas fêmeas, as alterações volumétricas de RA observadas ao longo do crescimento não foram significativas.
Song control regions in passerine birds are sexually dimorphic in the adult brain of species like the zebra finches in which males sing whereas females do not. In the majority of tropical bird species, however, females sing as well. The issue of female song production began to attract more attention recently, but the neural mechanisms involved in the female song production are still poorly understood. Here we study for the first time the ontogeny of the song control system in a species, in which both male and female sing regularly. In blue-capped cordon blues (Uraeginthus cyanocephalus), a close relative of the zebra finch, females sing but have shorter songs with fewer syllables compared to the males. Volumetric changes of forebrain song control regions (the HVC, the RA and the LMAN) of the blue capped cordon bleu have been quantified in both sexes at 20, 30, 50 and ≥100 days posthatching, by using the Nissl- taining method and in situs hybridization. In both sexes, no significant differences in the volumetric development of HVC (proper name) were detected. The Nissl-efined volume of the HVC in males was always superior to the females values, including the adulthood, when the volume values became significant bigger in males than in females. In contrast, the volume of the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) increased with age reaching the highest values in adulthood. The Nissl-defined RA volume incresed by 2,21 times in males (from 0,104 mm3 at 20 days to 0,236 mm3 in adulthood). In females, no significant differences in the volumetric development of RA were detected.
Medrado, Andreone Teles. "An Atlas of catfish brain - Steindachneridion parahybae (Teleostei: Siluriformes): a detailed cytoarchitectonic study of the different brain areas and nuclei as a basis for further morphological and functional studies". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-04112015-150105/.
Texto completoEsta Dissertação de Mestrado, apresenta-se estruturalmente como um Atlas, em que é apresentado um detalhado estudo citoarquitetônico do encéfalo de catfish- Steindachneridion parahybae. Para a realização deste, foram utilizados 7 juvenis de 100 dias após a eclosão, analisados por técnicas rotineiras de histologia, cujas secções coronais(transversais) - 5&um;m de espessura-, foram obtidas utilizando-se de um micrótomo rotativo, coradas com violeta de cresil e examinadas a partir de sistema digital de análise. Alguns critérios foram utilizados para classificar as diferentes massas de células do cérebro catfish, tais como: (i) o tamanho característico, forma e intensidade da coloração do pericário; (ii) padrão de densidade de agrupamento e distribuição dos corpos celulares; (iii) a presença de neurópilos ao redor dos desses agrupamentos celulares e (iv) a consistência/coerência destes agrupamentos em ambos os hemisférios dos diferentes encéfalos, então analisados. Dessa forma, são descritos aproximadamente130 massas celulares para o encéfalo de S. parahybae, as quais estão distribuídas em quatro principais regiões que, da parte rostral para caudal, são: telencéfalo, diencéfalo, mesencéfalo e rombencéfalo. Embora são observadas semelhanças entre o cérebro de S. parahybae e de outros teleósteos, nota-se, também, certas diferenças quanto às características e/ou localização das massas celulares em relação ao encéfalo de outros teleósteos, ou mesmo quando comparado com o cérebro de espécies da mesma ordem, Siluriformes. Algumas destas diferenças pode estar relacionada com a idade dos animais estudados, no entanto,também podem representar diferenças espécie-específicas, uma vez que o encéfalo adultos de S. parahybae apresentam grande similaridade citoarquitetônica, além da organização geral do encéfalo, previamente observadas em animais acima dos 100 dias após a eclosão. Portanto, como resultado deste estudo tem-se a disponibilidade de um Atlas completo do encéfalo de S. parahybae, o qual representa uma ferramenta valiosa para o estudo das conexões neurais entre diferentes áreas do encéfalo, bem como para futuras análises endócrinas, permitindo o mapeamento preciso de neuro-hormônios nesta espécie, como demonstrado ao longo deste estudo, para o hormônio liberador de gonadotropinas
Parracho, Filipe Ramos Ana Patricia. "Exploring Sensory Function and Evolution in the Crustacean Visual System". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN091/document.
Texto completoThe wide diversity of eye designs present in arthropods makes them a unique group for studying the diversity and evolution of the visual system. However, most of our knowledge on the development and the neural architecture of the visual system comes from few model organisms. My project aims to contribute to the study of the diversity and evolution of the arthropod visual system by studying the eye of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis; focusing on its development, neuroarchitecture and function. In particular, my work aims to characterize the structure of the visual system, to map the connections between photoreceptors (PR) and optic lobe (OL) and to understand the functional adaptations of the eye, in relation to the eyes of other arthropods.A description of the basic anatomy of the visual system was performed by means of electron microscopy, immunostainings and by generating transgenic reporter lines. I found that Parhyale has an apposition-type compound eye with 8 (in hatchlings) to 50 (in adults) ommatidia, each one formed by 5 PR cells (R1-R5).Two opsins were found in Parhyale, named Ph-Opsin1 and Ph-Opsin2, which are exclusively expressed in the retina. Using the genome sequence as a guide, I cloned upstream regulatory sequences from each opsin genes and generated transgenic reporters that recapitulate the expression patterns of Ph-Opsin1 and Ph-Opsin2. These reporters revealed that R1-R4 express Ph-Opsin1 while R5 expresses Ph-Opsin2.Immunostainings and live imaging of the two transgenic lines showed that PR cells send long projections from the retina to the OL, via an optic nerve. Three optic neuropils were identified: lamina, medulla and a deeper neuropil, possibly the lobula or lobula plate. Following the axonal projections of the PR into the brain, revealed that all PR project to the lamina. This differs from what has been shown in dipterans and crustaceans, where at least one PR per ommatidium projects to the medulla. Electron microscopy showed that the rhabdomeres of two pairs of PR, R1+R3 and R2+R4, are orthogonally aligned to each other in each ommatidium, and that the rhabdom does not rotate. These features render the PR intrinsically sensitive to specific directions of light polarisation. Therefore, I tried to understand whether and how Parhyale respond to polarised light. I developed two experimental setups to address whether Parhyale shows behavioural responses triggered by light polarisation. The data I have collected suggest that Parhyale are phototactic to dim white light but show no response to polarised light in these specific experimental assays. Potential problems with these behavioural assays are discussed.Finally I show that the eye of Parhyale quickly adapts to different conditions of light intensity. This is achieved by movement of the shielding pigment granules, located inside the PR cells and by morphological changes of the PR basal membrane.This project is pioneering the study of the visual system in Parhyale. It is the first time that genetic tools have been introduced to study the crustacean visual system. It establishes Parhyale as a powerful experimental system for in vivo studies of compound eye development and axonal targeting, a field currently dominated by studies in a single species of fruitfly
Barros, Roseâmely Angelica de Carvalho. "Estudo anatômico dos plexos lombar, sacral e coccígeo do macaco Cebus apella - origem, composição e nervos resultantes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-15052007-115734/.
Texto completoThe non-human primates have been considered an important group among the diverse studied animals, having a great interest not only for the understanding of its own evolution, but also due to the fact that the detailed knowledge of its Anatomy can represent a relevant factor for its preservation and protection. In addition, concerning the neural system, the comparative study on the composition of the lumbo-sacral plexus representing the origin of the nerves that are destined to the pelvic members, shows a particular interest for being an anatomical segment involved in evolutionary aspects of posture and locomotion. The aim of this work was to study the origin, composition and resulting nerves of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses in monkey Cebus apella in order to obtain a better comprehension of the pelvis and pelvic member neural supply in this animal. Previous studies have not demonstrated any findings on the topic in this species. Twenty animals, 10 male and 10 female, were obtained from the conserved anatomical piece collection of the Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The preparation of the specimens consisted of fixation and dissection according to the routine procedures used in anatomical studies. After a detailed analysis of the specimens, it was verified that the lumbo-sacral-coccygeal plexus of Cebus apella is almost always separated in lumbar, sacral and coccygeal segments. There were considerable variations among the specimens and between the sides. The roots L2 -L5 participated in the formation of the lumbar plexus, with higher frequency of L3 and L4, while the roots L4-S4 and S3-Co3 contributed for the formation of the sacral and the coccygeal plexuses, respectively. The right lumbar plexus was formed by L2, L3, and L4 (75% of cases), L3 and L4 (55%), L2, L3, L4 (20%), and L2, L3, L4 and L5 (5%), while on the left side there was participation of L2, L3, and L4 (80%), being that L3 and L4 (50%) and L2, L3, L4 and L5 (30%), and L5 is present in 15% and L2 and L3 in 5%. The right sacral plexus was constituted of L4-S4; of L4-S2 in 30% of cases; L4-S3 in 25%; L5-S2 in 25%; L5-S3 in 10%, and 10% other occurrences, while on the left side the sacral plexus was formed by the union of L4-S3 in 80% of cases, being that 35% received contribution of L4-S2, L4-S3 in 25%; L5-S2 in 15% and L5-S4 in 5%. The coccygeal plexus is consisted of branches from S3 to Co3, being that in 65% the cranial end is S3 and in 35% is S4. The number of anastomoses is variable in any of the three plexuses. The sympathetic trunk is present and contains five or six ganglions, each one with its grayish communicant branch. The resulting nerves from the lumbar plexus are: cutaneous femoris lateralis, femoralis and obturatorius; from the sacral plexus: ischiadicus and pudendus; and from the coccygeal plexus is the n. caudalis majos.
Scotto, Di Covella Lou. "Morphométrie de trois sillons d'intérêt dans la dyslexie développementale". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066549/document.
Texto completoDevelopmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading acquisition that affects 3 to 7% of school-aged children. It is well established that dyslexia is partly caused by genetic variations whitch cause changes in brain development, whitch then have consequences at the cognitive level. This Ph.D thesis is based on morphometry analysis of three main sulci of the brain in three large databases of brain magnetic resonance images: 102 participants from France, 80 particpants from Poland and 70 participants from Germany, with, in each database, about half of participants were diagnosed with dyslexia and half of normal readers. I have studied the central sulcus, the Sylvian fissure and the superior temporal sulcus thanks to the automatic labelisation and measures tools in the BrainVISA software. I have measured some quantitative properties (surface and depth) as well as some qualitative ones (configuration) of each sulcus. I have shown a triple interaction between group, sex and hemisphere in the mean depth of the central sulcus. This result allows us to think that control and dyslexic participants may be different in terms of depth asymetry in this particular sulcus. Given that sulcation is an early process during brain development et that it seems to be less plastic than other brain measures (like, for example, grey matter volumes), this result may be an early marker of risk factors for dyslexia rather than a consequence of poor reading
Oliveira, Ailton Andrade de. "One-class support vector machines na construção de bases normativas de medidas neuroanatômicas utilizando imagens estruturais de ressonância magnética". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2013.
Buscar texto completoKoch, Petra. "Neuroanatomie der Sardellenretina". Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-152679.
Texto completoRocha, Priscila de Abreu. "Efeito da óxido nítrico sintase na dor neuropática". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-22052012-102512/.
Texto completoThe peripheral nerve injury results in persistent or chronic neuropathic pain characterized by spontaneous burning pain accompanied by allodynia and hyperalgesia. The occurrence of pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. These changes include ectopic discharges in damaged peripheral nerve fibers, which maintain the afferent nerve impulses to the central nervous system. Many substances synthesized and / or released during inflammation such as neuropeptides, cytokines, nitric oxide, among others, as well as cellular morphofunctional changes, may interfere with the activity of those fibers. These changes in the homeostasis of the individual can result in a loss of quality of life of the patient. Therefore, such information is essential for an effective analgesic therapy and / or preventive. The aims of this project are to better understand the involvement of neuronal and inducible isoforms in a model of neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury in sciatic nerve of rats. We evaluated the pain sensitivity of animals using a selective inhibitor for neuronal (nNOS) and inducible (iNOS) NOS. We also evaluate the distribution of NOS isoenzymes in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, by the method of immunohistochemistry. Separately, we analyzed the synthesis of iNOS and nNOS by Western blot assay, and the presence of nitric oxide using fluorescent probe DAF-2 (DA). Such research could contribute to providing scientific basis for the development of new drugs and to elucidate some of the mechanisms of action of NOS involved in neuropathic pain.
Ashburner, John Tower. "Computational neuroanatomy". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249421.
Texto completoXikota, João Carlos. "Contribuição ao estudo do comportamento da arteria cerebelar caudal no cão (CANIS FAMILIARIS - Linnaeus, 1758)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1996. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/76540.
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O estudo da origem, trajeto e ramificação da artéria cerebelar caudal, em 40 cães, injetados com solução de Schlesinger. Resultados: em 58,75% das observações, encontramos a artéria cerebelar caudal única e em 41,25% dupla. Em 5,00% dos lados observamos a presença de uma artéria cerebelar caudal acessória. A artéria cerebelar caudal originou-se da artéria basilar em 70,80% dos casos, da artéria vertebral em 26,55% ou de um tronco vértebro-basilar em 2,65%. Correlacionando origem e número da artéria cerebelar caudal verificamos que, quando única, esta teve origem na artéria basilar em 37,50% dos lados, na vertebral em 17,50%, e no tronco vértebro-basilar em 3,75%. Quando dupla, originou-se na artéria basilar em 21,25% e em 20,00% um ramo teve origem na artéria basilar e o outro na artéria vertebral.
Jollant, Fabrice. "Neuroanatomie fonctionnelle des conduites suicidaires". Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T037.
Texto completoSirieix, Chrystelle. "Rôle du noyau paragigantocellulaire latéral dans le réseau du sommeil paradoxal chez le rat". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00857424.
Texto completoDubayan, Ahmad M. "Galen : "Über die Anatomie der Nerven" Originalschrift und alexandrinisches Kompendium in arabischer Überlieferung /". Berlin : K. Schwarz, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37648976v.
Texto completoFrench, Leon Hayes. "Bioinformatics for neuroanatomical connectivity". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40369.
Texto completoChung, Moo K. 1969. "Statistical morphometry in Neuroanatomy". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37880.
Texto completoThis method has been applied in localizing the regions of brain tissue growth and loss in a group of 28 normal children and adolescents. It is shown that children's brains change dramatically in localized areas even after age 12.
Gariel, Marie-Alice. "Connectivity and Processing in the Macaque Cerebral Cortex". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1005/document.
Texto completoTo understand how the cerebral cortex does what it does, it is necessary to elucidate both how its dynamic states are correlated with the functions it performs, and how it is organised. Many functional and anatomical gradients have been described that reflect the hierarchical abstraction at the heart of cortical computation. It was showed that two flavours of cortical connections exist, and that in the visual cortex they happen to transport information in opposite directions along this gradient. It was also hypothesised that other modalities exhibit the same type of gradient in their respective domains. However, studying requires knowledge of the architecture at different levels (such as the cortical column) and a causal understanding of the functional properties of these types of connections. First, we have studied the dynamics of both feedforward and feedback propagation in the visual system of awake, behaving macaque monkeys. Using the causal method of electrical microstimulation and recording, we have found a dynamic signature of each type of projections and an asymmetry in the way each type of input interacts with ongoing activity in a given visual area. Secondly, thanks to a rich and systematic data set in the macaque, we have found a fundamental organisational principle of the embedded and weighted cortical network that holds also in the more detailed level of neuronal connections inside an area. Finally, we have combined known anatomical gradients with actual inter-areal connectivity into a dynamic model, and here we show how it relates to both the ordering of areas along a hierarchical gradient and the wiring diagram of the cortical network
Altarelli, Irene. "Neuroanatomical correlates of developmental dyslexia". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066411.
Texto completoLa dyslexie développementale donne lieu à des difficultés persistantes dans l’apprentissage de la lecture, malgré des conditions éducationnelles adéquates et en l’absence de tout déficit sensoriel ou intellectuel. Le travail de thèse présenté ici vise à définir les corrélats neuroanatomiques de la dyslexie, par le biais de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique. Dans la première étude, l’épaisseur et l’aire de la surface corticale ont été examinées, ainsi qu’un indice local de plissement du cortex. Chez les enfants dyslexiques, outre une augmentation marginalement significative de l’épaisseur corticale dans une région frontale gauche, ces analyses ont montré des anomalies de plissement. Dans la deuxième étude, une approche originale a été développée dans le but d’examiner l’épaisseur corticale de régions définies sur la base de leur activité fonctionnelle. Ainsi, un amincissement du cortex a été montré chez les filles dyslexiques, au sein de la région s’activant de préférence en réponse à la présentation visuelle de mots. Enfin, la dernière étude s’est penchée sur une région, le planum temporale, dont le rôle dans le cadre de la dyslexie a été fortement controversé. Pour chaque sujet, cette région a été labellisée et l’aire de la surface a pu être estimée. Ainsi, une anomalie dans le pattern d’asymétrie a été identifié, chez les garçons dyslexiques. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre en évidence un certain nombre de corrélats anatomiques de la dyslexie, différents selon le genre. Il représente une première étape dans un projet d'envergure consistant à établir les liens entre anatomie cérébrale et variations génétiques connues dans le cadre de cette pathologie
Soria, Pastor Sara. "Patterns of cerebral gray and white matter alterations in preterm subjects by magnetic resonance imaging". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2294.
Texto completoOur first study provided evidence of the persistence of diffuse WM abnormalities in adolescents who were born very preterm, and underlines their high frequency. The individual voxel-based morphometry analysis approach demonstrated that 80% of preterm subjects had WM abnormalities, the most frequently affected areas being the centrum semiovale and the posterior periventricular regions. These results suggest that WM reductions are common, even in those preterm subjects without motor impairment and who receive normal schooling. Volumetric and MRI-related cognitive outcomes suggest that cognitive processing speed is persistently impaired following early brain damage, despite the existence of developmental plasticity. Although the nature of the relationship between diffuse WM injury and cognitive/behavioural deficits is complex and not entirely understood, the results of our first study suggest that WM abnormalities are related with worse Performance IQ scores and slower processing speed. So, we can affirm that diffuse WM loss in preterm children plays an important role in long-term cognitive impairment.
Our second study focussed on the investigation of preterm children with a low risk either of neurological deficit or of developmental difficulties. While the neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcome of high-risk preterm samples is well known, little research has been conducted into low-risk preterms, such as those born between 30-34 weeks of GA, with uncomplicated perinatal histories, normal cranial ultrasound scans and no obvious neurodevelopmental deficits. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the brain volume characteristics of a low-risk preterm sample in childhood using an MRI approach and the first attempt to relate these measures to cognitive performance. This study demonstrated that low-risk preterm children are characterized by the presence of regional cortical GM volume reductions in the parietal and temporal lobes which correlate strongly with IQ. Moreover, preterm children also showed WM volume reductions that were concomitant with the GM loss in the parietal and temporal regions compared to full-terms.
In summary, the body of results derived from this thesis provides evidence that preterm birth is associated with brain abnormalities and cognitive impairment in middle childhood and adolescence. Future studies are required to assess the impact of cognitive and behavioural function in middle childhood on later outcomes in preterm samples with low risk of neurodevelopmental deficits.
Les seqüeles cognitives i conductuals associades al naixement prematur constitueixen actualment un dels principals temes d'interès pediàtric. Les imatges per ressonància magnètica (RM) han resultat una eina interessant per a l'estudi de les lesions cerebrals associades a la prematuritat, encara que els correlats entre les troballes en RM i els indicatius del neurodesenvolupament estan poc investigats.
L'interès general d'aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en l'estudi de les bases neuroanatòmiques (patrons d'alteració de substància grisa i blanca cerebral) relacionades amb el rendiment cognitiu que presenten els nens i els adolescents que han nascut prematurs. Amb aquest objectiu s'han usat tècniques volumètriques de neuroimatge basades en imatges de RM, així com avaluacions cognitives i de conducta en dues mostres de nens i adolescents (edats mitges de 9 i 14 anys respectivament) amb antecedents de part prematur.
L'objectiu del primer estudi va ser investigar les relacions entre el rendiment cognitiu general i la integritat (concentració) de la substància blanca en una mostra d'adolescents que van néixer molt prematurs. Segons el nostre coneixement, cap estudi previ no havia usat la tècnica de la morfometria basada en el vòxel (VBM de l'anglès voxel-based morphometry) per analitzar els possibles correlats entre la substància blanca cerebral i els processos cognitius relacionats amb el quocient d'intel·ligència (QI) manipulatiu i amb mesures de velocitat de processament en una mostra d'adolescents amb antecedents de part prematur. A més a més, aquest va ser el primer estudi en usar una anàlisi de comparacions individuals amb la VBM a fi d'avaluar i establir els diferents patrons d'afectació de la substància blanca per a cada adolescent nascut prematur.
Mentre que el desenvolupament neurològic i cognitiu dels prematurs d'alt risc ha rebut molta atenció, pràcticament no hi ha estudis amb referència als prematurs amb baix risc a desenvolupar dèficits neurològics o cognitius. Els prematurs de baix risc es defineixen com aquells nascuts amb una prematuritat moderada (30-34 setmanes de gestació), sense evidències de complicacions neonatals associades, amb resultats d'ultrasons cranials normals i sense dèficits obvis del desenvolupament motor, cognitiu i social. Fins a la realització de la nostra segona investigació, cap altre estudi no havia investigat les característiques volumètriques d'una mostra de prematurs de baix risc mitjançant RM (tècnica VBM), ni havia relacionat aquestes mesures amb l'execució cognitiva.
Les conclusions d'aquesta tesi derivades de l'estudi I (I-III) i de l'estudi II (IV-VI) son:
I. Els adolescents amb antecedents de prematuritat, sense evidències d'alteracions en la substància blanca segons una inspecció visual neuroradiològica de les imatges de RM, presenten amb una freqüència elevada reduccions de concentració de substància blanca en comparació amb els adolescents nascuts a terme, usant la tècnica de neuroimatge voxel-based morphometry.
II. Els resultats dels anàlisis de patrons d'alteració de la substància blanca cerebral en prematurs adolescents mostren que el centre semioval i les regions periventriculars posteriors son les àrees més freqüentment afectades. Aquests resultats suggereixen que aquestes alteracions en substància blanca son altament comunes en subjectes amb antecedents de part prematur, i que persisteixen fins a l'adolescència, després d'un llarg període de maduració cerebral.
III. Els adolescents amb història de part prematur presenten una afectació major en el QI Manipulatiu que en el QI Verbal. Tanmateix, l'afectació difusa de la substància blanca cerebral té un efecte important en el rendiment cognitiu dels prematurs, sobretot en tasques d'organització perceptiva i de velocitat de processament.
IV. Els nens prematurs amb baix risc de desenvolupar dèficits del neurodesenvolupament presenten unes reduccions volumètriques de substància grisa cerebral tant globals com regionals localitzades principalment al lòbul temporal.
V. Els nens prematurs de baix risc presenten decrements de volum de la substància blanca adjacents a les regions d'afectació de la substància grisa, encara que a només a les regions temporals esquerres van assolir la significació estadística. Amb aquests resultats, queda palès que els nens prematurs de baix risc mostren una afectació principalment en la substància grisa cortical, amb reduccions associades, però no tant manifestes, de substància blanca. La integritat de les substàncies grisa i blanca cerebral en la infància estan relacionades amb variables neonatològiques tals com l'edat de gestació i el pes al néixer.
VI. El rendiment cognitiu dels nens prematurs de baix risc està caracteritzat per dèficits en la comprensió verbal i en el raonament perceptiu. Tanmateix, els nens prematurs de baix risc no mostren problemes de conducta o afectius en comparació amb els nens nascuts a terme.
Finalment, destacar que són necessaris estudis futurs que avaluïn els efectes de la prematuritat per se en el desenvolupament i la morfologia cerebral així com també en relació amb els subseqüents correlats cognitius.
Terroni, Luisa de Marillac Niro. "Associação entre o episódio depressivo maior após acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico e comprometimento de circuitos neuronais pela lesão: um estudo prospectivo de 4 meses". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-05032010-141451/.
Texto completoBACKGROUND: Dysfunction in the neural circuit has been etiologically related to major depressive disorder. However no study has investigated the role of lesion in these circuits and post-stroke major depression. The objective of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between stroke volume in left limbiccortical- striatal-pallidal-thalamic neural circuit and incidence of major depressive episode after stroke, and secondary to investigate the association between stroke volume in specific areas of the neural circuit and the incidence of major depressive episode after stroke. METHODS: From 326 consecutively screened patients admitted in the neuroclinical unit of Clinics Hospital, São Paulo, 68 were eligible and followed. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and Hamilton Depression Scale were applied in the psychiatry evaluations. The stroke severity was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the activities of daily living limitations were measured using Barthel Index. Cognitive capacity was measured using Mini Mental State Examination. The evaluations were done in three timepoints the first in mean of 12.4 (+ 4.5) days after stroke, the second in 37 (+ 6) days and, the third, 91.6 (+ 5.4) days after stroke. Magnetic resonance scans were performed within 2 weeks after stroke in a 1.5 Tesla (GE-Horizon LX) scanner. Stroke localization and volume quantification were performed using a semi-automated method based on the Brodmann Cytoarchitectonic Atlas. The depressed and non depressed patients were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (31%) experienced a new onset of major depressive episode within a four-month period after stroke. No differences were found between depressed and non depressed patients regarding age, gender distribution, marital status, employment status, ischemic lesion hemispheric lateralization, stroke severity, level of limitations in activities of daily living and cognitive capacity. Stroke lesion volume in the left limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuit was associated with incidence of major depressive episode (P=0.004). Complementary analyses revealed association the incidence of major depressive episode with larger stroke lesion volume in specific areas of this circuit, including the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (BA24; P=0.032), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32; P=0.043), subgenual cortex (BA25; P=0.038), hippocampal subiculum (BA28/BA36; P=0.032) and amygdala (BA34; P=0.010). There are some study limitations, as no subcortical ischemic stroke analyses and other possible risk factors for depression after stroke. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have shown evidence of an association between stroke lesion size in left hemisphere in the limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidalthalamic circuit and the incidence of major depressive episode after stroke.