Literatura académica sobre el tema "Non-option principle"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Non-option principle"
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Pigden, Charles. "Two Arguments for Emotivism and a Methodological Moral". Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 39 (25 de mayo de 2020): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/russell.v39i1.4322.
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In 1913 Russell gave up on the Moorean good. But since naturalism was not an option, that left two alternatives: the error theory and non-cognitivism. Despite a brief flirtation with the error theory Russell preferred the non-cognitivist option, developing a form of emotivism according to which to say that something is good is to express the desire that everyone should desire it. But why emotivism rather than the error theory? Because emotivism sorts better with Russell’s Fundamental Principle that the “sentences we can understand must be composed of words with whose meaning we are acquainted.” I construct an argument for emotivism featuring the Fundamental Principle that closely parallels Ayer’s verificationist argument in Language, Truth, and Logic. I contend that Russell’s argument, like Ayer’s, is vulnerable to a Moorean critique. This suggests an important moral: revisionist theories of meaning such as verificationism and the Fundamental Principle are prima facie false. Any modus ponens from such a principle to a surprising semantic conclusion (such as emotivism) is trumped by a Moorean modus tollens from the negation of the surprising semantics to the negation of the revisionist principle.
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Pemberton, Alec. "Rescuing the Good Samaritan: An Exposition and a Defence of the Samaritan Principle in the Welfare State". Journal of Social Policy 19, n.º 3 (julio de 1990): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400018043.
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ABSTRACTCatholics are urged to show a ‘preferential option for the poor’. For the most part debate about the exercise of such an option is primarily in terms of a justice model—righting the twin wrongs of the ‘exploitation’ and ‘oppression’ of the poor. But there is another, largely untheorised approach to helping strangers in need—Samaritanism. This paper provides an exposition of Samaritanism and a defence of its role in the modern Welfare State. In doing so it seeks to challenge non-Christians to put their rationale for helping the needy on an equally secure footing as that provided by Christianity.
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Berg, Henrik. "A non-modern vision: facts and values in psychotherapy". European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 8, n.º 3 (21 de octubre de 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v8i3.1867.
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Evidence-based practice in psychology is the prevailing regulatory principle for psychotherapy practice. This paper criticises the notion of facts and values in evidence-based practice in psychology and related concepts. More particularly, it aims at showing that values-based practice follows a modern scheme contrasting facts and values sharply. Person-centred medicine is suggested as a more viable option. Person-centred medicine follows a non-modern scheme in which facts and values are integrated. This move, it is argued, will lead to a more humanistic conception of the patient and psychotherapy.
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Bustami, Bustami. "The Application of Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al tamlik (Financial Lease With Purchase Option) As a Financing Solution in the Sharia Non-Bank Finance Industry". AFEBI Islamic Finance and Economic Review 2, n.º 01 (10 de agosto de 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aifer.v2i01.60.
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<p>To avoid buying and selling through installment (credit) that does not fall in buying and selling that contains the element of riba (that is not allowed by sharia), buying and selling through credit or bai’ al taqsit} is able to be implemented by using a pact of selling and leasing through the financing principle of Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al Tamlik (Financial Lease With Purchase Option). The application of the Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al Tamlik is more advantageous than the al-Murabahah pact and the interest system. Other than that it reflects the presence of the principles of justice and togetherness between the capital owner party (shahib al mal) with those that need financing.</p><p><br />Keywords: Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al tamlik, Bai’ al taqsîth, Justice, Togetherness</p>
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Tao, Huan Qi y Shuang Bao Ma. "Research of the Measurement System of Liquid Displacement Based on Angular Tracking". Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (enero de 2010): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.493.
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This paper introduces a kind of measurement method of the height of liquid level by the tracking the use of angular displacement, aiming at the difficulties and problems of non-contact measurement for the height of liquid level in ultrasonic. Under the principle of the simultaneous tracking and laser light reflection, it realize the corresponding relationship between the liquid displacement and the light imaging based on the triangulation method. Thus to obtain the actual data of the height of liquid level. That to offer another new option for non-contact measurement.
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Schmidt, Andreas T. "Persons or Property – Freedom and the Legal Status of Animals". Journal of Moral Philosophy 15, n.º 1 (25 de enero de 2018): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-46810070.
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Is freedom a plausible political value for animals? If so, does this imply that animals are owed legal personhood rights or can animals be free but remain human property? Drawing on different conceptions of freedom, I will argue that while positive freedom, libertarian self-ownership, and republican freedom are not plausible political values for animals, liberal ‘option-freedom’ is. However, because such option-freedom is in principle compatible with different legal statuses, animal freedom does not conceptually imply a right to legal self-ownership. Nonetheless, a concern for animal option-freedom means that humans do have a pro tanto duty of non-interference. Arguments familiar from the liberal tradition moreover imply that such a duty speaks for drastic reforms of existing animal law. But it does not imply wholesale abolitionism: it neither rules out positive duties towards animals nor means that we should abandon all interactions with animals.
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Beraldo, Sergio y Jurgis Karpus. "Nudging to donate organs: do what you like or like what we do?" Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 24, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2021): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10007-6.
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AbstractAn effective method to increase the number of potential cadaveric organ donors is to make people donors by default with the option to opt out. This non-coercive public policy tool to influence people’s choices is often justified on the basis of the as-judged-by-themselves principle: people are nudged into choosing what they themselves truly want. We review three often hypothesized reasons for why defaults work and argue that the as-judged-by-themselves principle may hold only in two of these cases. We specify further conditions for when the principle can hold in these cases and show that whether those conditions are met is often unclear. We recommend ways to expand nationwide surveys to identify the actual reasons for why defaults work and discuss mandated choice policy as a viable solution to many arising conundrums.
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Karfíková, Marie. "Tax penalty payment and the “non bis in idem” principle". Law Enforcement Review 1, n.º 3 (3 de octubre de 2017): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2017.1(3).50-61.
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The subject. This paper deals with problems related to tax law with a special focus on legalregulation of the tax procedure contained in the Czech Tax Procedure Code. Attention ispaid in particular to tax penalty payments and the “non bis in idem” principle.The purpose to identify ratio between penalty payments in tax procedure and in criminalprocedure in context of “non bis in idem” principle.The methodological basis of the article is analysis of legislation and court practice of Czechrepublic, Austria, European Union, including formal legal analysis, comparative analysis,synthesis, systematic approach.The results and scope of application. The existing case law of the Czech criminal courts andof the Supreme Court was based on the legal opinion that a penalty payment imposed bythe tax administration in a tax procedure constitutes no punishment, i.e. it is no sanction ofcriminal nature, so that even the final (enforceable) decision of the tax administration doesnot create a “ne bis in idem”1 barrier in relation to criminal sanctions for the same taxesrelatednon-compliant action (tax evasion) in respect of the penalty payment imposed bythe tax administration.Conclusions. It would probably be advisable for the legislation to amend the relevant provisionsof the Tax Procedure Code in a way that the tax authorities concentrate within thelimits of their powers on proper tax collection and that the law enforcement authorities areauthorized to punishments for deliberate tax evasion. A suggested amendment may thereforebe the removal of the penalty payments from the Tax Procedure Code as the defaultinterest itself is sufficient instrument enough to penalize the taxpayers. Another option is to keep the tax penalty payment in the Tax Procedure Code, but its imposition would only be considered after making sure that the result of any criminal proceedings does not constitute a “ne bis in idem” prohibition within the meaning of Art. 40 (5) of the Charter and Art. 4 (1) of the Protocol No. 7 to the Convention, Section 11 (1) f), g), h), (2) and Section 11a of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
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Sedzro, Kwami Senam A., Kelsey Horowitz, Akshay K. Jain, Fei Ding, Bryan Palmintier y Barry Mather. "Evaluating the Curtailment Risk of Non-Firm Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Plants under a Novel Last-In First-Out Principle of Access Interconnection Agreement". Energies 14, n.º 5 (8 de marzo de 2021): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051463.
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With the increasing share of distributed energy resources on the electric grid, utility companies are facing significant decisions about infrastructure upgrades. An alternative to extensive and capital-intensive upgrades is to offer non-firm interconnection opportunities to distributed generators, via a coordinated operation of utility scale resources. This paper introduces a novel flexible interconnection option based on the last-in, first-out principles of access aimed at minimizing the unnecessary non-firm generation energy curtailment by balancing access rights and contribution to thermal overloads. Although we focus on solar photovoltaic (PV) plants in this work, the introduced flexible interconnection option applies to any distributed generation technology. The curtailment risk of individual non-firm PV units is evaluated across a range of PV penetration levels in a yearlong quasi-static time-series simulation on a real-world feeder. The results show the importance of the size of the curtailment zone in the curtailment risk distribution among flexible generation units as well as that of the “access right” defined by the order in which PV units connect to the grid. Case study results reveal that, with a proper selection of curtailment radius, utilities can reduce the total curtailment of flexible PV resources by up to more than 45%. Findings show that non-firm PV generators can effectively avoid all thermal limit-related upgrade costs.
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Zhang, Yang You y Lin Zhang. "Visualization Interface and Integration Technology of Grid Information Based on Computer Database Principle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (octubre de 2014): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.575.
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Access can be used to develop a variety of software applications, such as financial management, sales management, financial management system, which has the advantages of simple operation, Even if the non computer professionals can master in a short period of time, and it can meet the development in many fields. In this paper, based on the option management, we establish the options financial risk management model of power enterprise, combined with MySQL database tools, and design financial risk management system of the electric power enterprise. The system has a visual interface, and the user can query and do risk prediction quickly through visualization window, which greatly improves the efficiency of financial risk management for electric power enterprise. It provides a new method for the application of computer in enterprise risk management.
Tesis sobre el tema "Non-option principle"
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Palvadeau, Émmanuelle. "Le contrat en droit pénal". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40048/document.
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En tant que « pilier de l’ordre juridique », le contrat n’est pas ignoré du droit pénal. Incontestablement présent dans d’innombrables incriminations, le contrat fait toutefois l’objet de conceptions particulières que la doctrine relève ponctuellement comme autant de marques d’autonomie de la matière. Mais la présentation du contrat en droit pénal par le simple constat de solutions autonomes ne peut suffire, qui ne permet pas de déterminer, de manière positive et rationnelle, ce en quoi le contrat consiste en droit pénal.En refusant de lui transposer l’ensemble du régime contractuel, le droit positif semble pourtant formuler le principe d’une sélection que la finalité du droit pénal peut éclairer de manière décisive. Le contrat en droit pénal apparaît alors, qui résulte ainsi d’une sélection fonctionnelle des dispositions du régime contractuel : seules celles assurant la finalité du droit pénal doivent être caractériséesAs a « bedrock of the legal order », the contract is not ignored by criminal law. Unquestionably present in many offences, the contract is the object of specific conceptions that the doctrine find here and there as signs of the autonomy of criminal law.However, the presentation of the contract in criminal law through the statement of fact that autonomous solutions exist, is not sufficient. It doesn’t allow establishment in a positive and rational way, the real definition of the contract in criminal law.By refusing transposition of the entire contractual settlement, current law expresses the principle of a selection and that the purpose of criminal law may clarify it in a decisive way.Then, the contract in criminal law appears, resulting of a functional selection from the dispositions of contractual settlement: only the ones which maintain the aim of criminal law must be distinguished
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Liao, Li-Kai. "Two Essays: “Does Corporate Governance Affect the Adjustment Speed towards Target Capital Structure?” and “Do Option Traders on REITs and Non-REITs React Differently to New Information?”". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1458.
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The first chapter investigates how corporate governance influences firms’ capital structure behavior. Based on the premise that costs associated with deviations from the target capital structure are positively correlated to the extent of deviation, we hypothesize that the initial deviation from the target will be shorter for a firm with good corporate governance than for a firm with poor corporate governance. We also hypothesize that the former group will employ a higher speed of adjustment towards target than the latter group due primarily to the following reasons. First, a firm with well-placed governance system will adjust at a faster rate because longer it stays deviated, the higher the loss of value it faces. Second, firms with better governance structures enjoy lower adjustment costs. We develop three sets of measures for the quality of corporate governance and analyze how they influence a firm’s rebalancing behavior in presence of relevant control variables. Our results are consistent with the hypotheses.
The second chapter explores investors’ reactions to new information on REITs and non-REITs option markets. The real estate market can be fairly volatile; what remains unclear is whether price changes are excessively volatile relative to fundamentals. This study attempts to examine the latter by using the methodology based on Stein (1989), which utilizes option data. The advantage of using option data rather than stock data to assess the reactions to information is that option valuation is not affected by changes in risk premium. Under volatility mean reversion, the changes in implied volatilities of long-term options should be less than those of short-term options. If not, an excessive reaction is suggested. Specifically, the study compares the changes in implied volatilities of options on REITs and non-REITs. Because real estate transactions typically involve a great degree of leverage, reactions can be greater for REITs than for non-REITs; on the other hand, there are several reasons that REITs are subject to potentially a lower degree of excessive reactions. Empirical results indicate that the reactions to information are stronger in non-REITs than in REITs. Moreover, we find that down markets are associated with stronger reactions, which we argue might be due to a leverage effect.
Libros sobre el tema "Non-option principle"
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Sullivan, Meghan. The Arbitrariness Argument. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0003.
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This chapter presents a non‐arbitrariness argument against near bias: (1) At any given time, a prudentially rational agent’s preferences are insensitive to arbitrary differences. (2) Relative distance from the present is an arbitrary difference between events. (3) If you are near‐biased, your preferences are sensitive to when an event is scheduled relative to the present. (C) So at any given time, near‐biased preferences are not rational. This chapter focuses on objections to (1) (the Non‐Arbitrariness principle), offering cases to support the Non‐Arbitrariness principle. It considers and rejects Preference Uniqueness (i.e., any total set of reasons uniquely determines a set of rational preferences) as a way of defending (1) in favor of moderate preference permissivism. It argues that the Non‐Arbitrariness principle does not rule out rational choice in Buridan’s ass cases. While it is irrational to prefer one option to the other, it is not irrational to act by making choices.
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Chunyan, Ding. Contract Formation under Chinese Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be binding, its ‘essential elements’ must be agreed (names of the parties, subject matter, and quantity); other terms may be agreed by the parties after the conclusion of the contract or, failing that, determination by the court. In reality, however, courts use soft laws and the nature of the contract, to augment what is required. A purported acceptance which makes a ‘non-material’ alteration to the content of the offer can bind the offeror unless the offeror timely rejects it, but there is little scope for non-materiality. Nevertheless, even a materially varied acceptance can bind if the original offeror’s performance amounts to acceptance where the usage of transaction or the express terms of the offer allows acceptance by conduct. Furthermore, courts show willingness to recognize an acceptance by conduct of performance beyond these two situations. There is no general requirement of form for a valid contract, although exceptionally, laws or administrative regulations may require writing or approval/registration. There is no general requirement of consideration; gratuitous contracts are enforceable. However, the latter attract far less legal force than onerous contracts. An offer is irrevocable only if it is an option or if the offeree reasonably believes the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations for the performance of the contract. An acceptance takes effect only when it arrives. A late acceptance that is not attributed to the offeree is ineffective unless the offeror gives timely notice of its intention to ratify the acceptance. Electronic means of communication are treated in the same way as paper-based communications with specific rules to determine the time and place of contract formation and the validity of electronic signature. Reliance-based pre-contractual liability may be imposed, on the basis of the requirement of good faith, in the circumstances including negotiating with no intention of concluding a contract, intentional concealment of material facts, or breach of confidentiality.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Non-option principle"
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Satapathy, Suchismita. "A Survey and Analysis to Find Dental Implant Issues in India". En Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 263–82. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2581-4.ch012.
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Presently, dental implantations are the ideal solution and best substitute option for missing teeth. Dental implants determined the replacements of root and non-working teeth after the loss of natural teeth. Strengthening dental materials helps to fix the loss teeth. For teeth with root disease and fault in bone density, dental implantation is very essential. While bridge work and dentures decline to reclaim the suitable chewing condition and turn the problem of missing teeth, dental implants trace the solution of missing teeth. For more progress in dental-concerned technology, an extensive growth in dental implants has been noticed during the last several years. So there is a large need of excellent, quality dental materials. The selection of the implant materials, their generation system, manufacturing method, age-long durability, bio compatibility with medical principle, and professional dental field of study are therefore essential.
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Hoffmaster, Barry y Cliff Hooker. "Introduction". En Re-Reasoning Ethics, 3–22. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037693.003.0001.
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An example of real decision making is presented to illustrate two different accounts of rationality. Women who are at risk of having a child with a genetic condition must decide, after receiving genetic counselling, whether they will try to get pregnant. The genetic counsellors believe the women should use the principle of maximizing expected utility – multiply the probabilities of the outcomes (provided by geneticists) with the values of those outcomes (provided by each woman) and choose the option with the greatest expected utility. This principle manifests the formal rationality of moral philosophy. The women discarded it, however, because they knew that, regardless of the probability, they could have an affected child. Instead, they imagined scenarios of what it could be like living with an affected child to assess whether they could be able to live with their worst scenarios. The process of deliberation these women used to make their decisions is eminently rational, an exemplar of non-formal rationality. This book is about the rationality of deliberation and the judgments that result. The lesson is that we can only appreciate intelligent problem solving in ethics if we embrace a richer, more expansive conception of rational decision making.
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Wandschneider, Dieter. "Autonomy in Determinism". En The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 128–34. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199816327.
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There are good reasons for determinism — the option for pure freedom of will proves to be a non-tenable position. However, this collides with the everyday experience of autonomy. The following argument will attempt to show that determinism and autonomy are compatible. (1) A first consideration going back to MacKay makes clear that I myself cannot foresee in principle my own determination; hence fatalism has lost its grounds. (2) From the perspective of physical determination, I show that quantum-physical indetermination is not at all in a position to explain autonomy, while from the perspective of systems theory physical determination and autonomy is well-compatible. (3) The possibility of knowledge denotes a further increase of such autonomy. From this perspective, acting is something like designing-oneself or choice-of-oneself. (4) Consciousness of not being fixed in principle now becomes a determining condition of my acting, which appears to be determined by autonomy. This explains the ineradicable conviction that freedom of will is essential for human beings. (5) I conclude that the autonomy of acting is greater the more that rational self-determination takes the place of stupid arbitrariness.
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Moyses, Raquel Ajub, Valeriam Angelim, Scott Evans, Rui Imamura y Felipe Fregni. "Non-Inferiority Design". En Critical Thinking in Clinical Research, editado por Raquel Ajub Moyses, Valeriam Angelim, Scott Evans, Rui Imamura y Felipe Fregni, 307–23. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199324491.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses an interesting alternative to superiority RCT: the non-inferiority RCT. Non-inferiority trials are increasingly being used since superiority of effect is not the only factor in choosing a treatment option for patients. A typical motivation for a non-inferiority trial is when it is worthwhile to sacrifice a small fraction of effect in exchange for other benefits, such as a decrease in side effects or a more convenient dosing scheme. This chapter discusses the motivation of non-inferiority designs and the differences as compared to equivalence and superiority trials. It reviews fundamental aspects like the assumptions of assay sensitivity and constancy; principles driving the choice of a non-inferiority margin and interim analysis; and how to handle missing data in this trial design. It also raises important concerns specific to non-inferiority trials, such as biocreep and the way non-inferiority trial results should be appropriately applied in a clinical setting.
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Jaffar Khan, Muhammad, Tarek Tageldin, Muhammad Waqas Farooqi, Odai Qasim Khamash, Umair Shahid, Mohamed El-Fatih Abdul-Rahman, Mohamed Elarref y Jazib Hassan. "Principles of Anesthesia and Airway Management in Head and Neck Surgery". En Surgical Management of Head and Neck Pathologies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95029.
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This topic aims to discuss key aspects of anesthetic and airway management for head and neck surgery. Airway management is a central part of patient care and management in Head and Neck Surgery. Common challenges in Head and Neck surgery are shared airway, distorted airway anatomy due to existing pathology; risk of airway obstruction, disconnection or loss of airway intra-operatively; risk of soiling of the airway due to bleeding and surgical debris; and the potential for airway compromise post-operatively. The option for airway management technique is influenced by patient’s factors, anesthetic needs, and surgical requirements. Intubation technique necessitating either a small or large cuffed tracheal tube with a throat pack provides the highest level of airway protection Non-intubation or open airway techniques involve mask ventilation, apneic techniques, and insufflation techniques, or the use of a laryngeal mask airway. Lastly, jet ventilation techniques may be conducted via a supraglottic, subglottic or transtracheal routes. It is essential to have clear airway management plans including rescue airway strategies that should be communicated with the surgeons and patients at the earliest opportunity.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Non-option principle"
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Xia, Jinzhu, Quanming Miao, Nicholas Haritos y Beverley Ronalds. "Hydroelastic Modeling of a Compliant Offshore Tower: Formulation". En ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37278.
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Offshore oil and gas can be produced using a variety of platform types. One option, the compliant offshore tower, has proven to be an economic solution in moderately deep water (300–600m). In this paper, the wave-induced global dynamic responses of a compliant tower in wind, current and waves are studied in the context of fluid-structure interaction. A beam undergoing transverse and axial motion models the vertical member of the tower. The beam is supported by a linear-elastic torsional spring at the bottom end and a point mass and a buoyant chamber is located at the top free end. The fluid forces on the beam are modeled using the Morison equation while the hydrodynamic forces on the chamber are obtained based on the three-dimensional diffraction-radiation theory. By applying Hamilton’s variation principle, the equations of motion are derived for the coupled fluid-structure interaction system. The non-linear coupled system equations that emanate from this new approach can then be solved numerically in the time domain.
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Malinin, Len. "Design Under Contradictory Requirements". En ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65108.
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This article presents a design method aimed at addressing contradictory requirements during the conceptual design activities or new product development. Of several methods aimed at developing a “good design” (not necessarily solving a contradiction), a general formal method was proposed in the Axiomatic Design Theory (ADT) by NP Suh [1]. ADT views design as a process that translates a set of functional requirements into a set of design parameters through a design matrix. The goal of the axiomatic design is to force a designer to start from scratch and explore the relationship between functions of the product and its design characteristics. Because the design characteristics in this approach are determined from scratch, the contradictions theoretically will be eliminated at a high level, before the design is developed in more detail. The ADT, however, does not offer specific tools to address contradictory requirements. Hegel’s Logic claims that “there is absolutely nothing whatever in which we cannot and must not point to contradictions“[2]. In this paper, we argue that with the right focus, contradictions can be leveraged to develop a stronger design solution. While contradictory requirements to product characteristics arise in almost every project, most often they are addressed by searching for a useful compromise in a highly iterative procedure. A more efficient approach, presented in this paper, satisfies both sides of a contradictory requirement (at different moments of time, or for different parts of the object, or at different sections of its non-linear characteristic). It is shown that in many cases, the most important step is reframing of the initial problem, which can be done by listing contradictory requirements and indicating to which parts of the object / moments of time/ stages of its life cycle they apply. Once it is done, the solution can often transpire from the reformulated problem statement, or can be generated using a very limited set of separation principles. An additional option, which has not been previously recommended for resolving contradictions, is separation of contradictory requirements in the space of material or object parameters, by selecting non-linear material or device characteristics. For instance, a medical device needs to meet different requirements in different tests: high elasticity (for the kink test) and at the same time high strength (for the burst test). This means that the target material should meet contradictory requirements to a single characteristic, its stress-deformation curve. The contradiction can be resolved using the fact that high elasticity (the kink test) is required at relatively low deformations whereas high strength (the burst test) is required at large deformations. Generally, for selection of a non-linear characteristic, it is proposed to use a morphological table with non-linear characteristics of a material or of similar devices based on different operation principles (such as different I-V curves of a current limiting device). Several case studies dealing with different subject matter applications illustrate the proposed method. The case studies include medical devices (peripherally inserted central catheter, vena cava filter), aerodynamic tractor-trailer devices, current limiting devices. The case studies are based on real life projects that resulted in patented designs.
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Harris, John M., Richard J. S. Whitehouse y James Sutherland. "Marine Scour and Offshore Wind: Lessons Learnt and Future Challenges". En ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50117.
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The drive for developing marine offshore renewables has led to specific requirements for scour hazard assessment relating to the associated foundation structures and the cabling necessary for in-field transmission and power export. To date within the United Kingdom (UK) a number of demonstrator projects have been constructed covering wind, wave and tidal generation. However, only offshore wind has been developed at large-scale at present as part of two rounds of commercial development of offshore wind farms (OWFs). In June 2008, The Crown Estate, responsible for licensing seabed use, announced proposals for a third round of offshore wind farms to develop an additional 25 GW of energy to the 8 GW already planned for under Rounds 1 and 2. The size of these Round 3 developments will vary, but the largest of these zones will involve the construction of around 2500 seabed foundation structures. Under Round 1 and 2 developments monopile and jacket type foundations have been used, although several other European (non UK) wind farms have been built using gravity base foundations. For a wind turbine the foundations may account for up to 35% of the installed cost. Therefore, one of the future challenges for large volume installation of offshore wind is the control and minimization of these costs. For tidal energy devices one of the principal requirements for many of the devices proposed is their placement in areas of strong tidal energy, and this has implications not only for the stability of the foundation option, but also for the construction methodology. Similarly wave energy devices are designed to be located in shallow, coastal environments as either floating or bottom mounted systems. These devices, by design, are intended to be located in environments with strong wave action. This may be substantial during storm events, which has implications for the integrity of the anchoring system keeping the wave device on station or the design of the device if it is seabed mounted. This paper will explore the lessons learnt from existing offshore wind farm developments as this represents the principal body of collected monitoring data. Using these data the paper will outline some of the challenges facing the offshore renewable industry in respect of the foundation designs and specifically the requirements for scour hazard assessment using the combined experience from those developments currently operational or under construction.