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Pigden, Charles. "Two Arguments for Emotivism and a Methodological Moral". Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 39 (25 de mayo de 2020): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/russell.v39i1.4322.
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In 1913 Russell gave up on the Moorean good. But since naturalism was not an option, that left two alternatives: the error theory and non-cognitivism. Despite a brief flirtation with the error theory Russell preferred the non-cognitivist option, developing a form of emotivism according to which to say that something is good is to express the desire that everyone should desire it. But why emotivism rather than the error theory? Because emotivism sorts better with Russell’s Fundamental Principle that the “sentences we can understand must be composed of words with whose meaning we are acquainted.” I construct an argument for emotivism featuring the Fundamental Principle that closely parallels Ayer’s verificationist argument in Language, Truth, and Logic. I contend that Russell’s argument, like Ayer’s, is vulnerable to a Moorean critique. This suggests an important moral: revisionist theories of meaning such as verificationism and the Fundamental Principle are prima facie false. Any modus ponens from such a principle to a surprising semantic conclusion (such as emotivism) is trumped by a Moorean modus tollens from the negation of the surprising semantics to the negation of the revisionist principle.
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Pemberton, Alec. "Rescuing the Good Samaritan: An Exposition and a Defence of the Samaritan Principle in the Welfare State". Journal of Social Policy 19, n.º 3 (julio de 1990): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400018043.
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ABSTRACTCatholics are urged to show a ‘preferential option for the poor’. For the most part debate about the exercise of such an option is primarily in terms of a justice model—righting the twin wrongs of the ‘exploitation’ and ‘oppression’ of the poor. But there is another, largely untheorised approach to helping strangers in need—Samaritanism. This paper provides an exposition of Samaritanism and a defence of its role in the modern Welfare State. In doing so it seeks to challenge non-Christians to put their rationale for helping the needy on an equally secure footing as that provided by Christianity.
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Berg, Henrik. "A non-modern vision: facts and values in psychotherapy". European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 8, n.º 3 (21 de octubre de 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v8i3.1867.
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Evidence-based practice in psychology is the prevailing regulatory principle for psychotherapy practice. This paper criticises the notion of facts and values in evidence-based practice in psychology and related concepts. More particularly, it aims at showing that values-based practice follows a modern scheme contrasting facts and values sharply. Person-centred medicine is suggested as a more viable option. Person-centred medicine follows a non-modern scheme in which facts and values are integrated. This move, it is argued, will lead to a more humanistic conception of the patient and psychotherapy.
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Bustami, Bustami. "The Application of Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al tamlik (Financial Lease With Purchase Option) As a Financing Solution in the Sharia Non-Bank Finance Industry". AFEBI Islamic Finance and Economic Review 2, n.º 01 (10 de agosto de 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aifer.v2i01.60.
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<p>To avoid buying and selling through installment (credit) that does not fall in buying and selling that contains the element of riba (that is not allowed by sharia), buying and selling through credit or bai’ al taqsit} is able to be implemented by using a pact of selling and leasing through the financing principle of Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al Tamlik (Financial Lease With Purchase Option). The application of the Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al Tamlik is more advantageous than the al-Murabahah pact and the interest system. Other than that it reflects the presence of the principles of justice and togetherness between the capital owner party (shahib al mal) with those that need financing.</p><p><br />Keywords: Al-Ijarah Muntahiya Bi al tamlik, Bai’ al taqsîth, Justice, Togetherness</p>
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Tao, Huan Qi y Shuang Bao Ma. "Research of the Measurement System of Liquid Displacement Based on Angular Tracking". Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (enero de 2010): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.493.
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This paper introduces a kind of measurement method of the height of liquid level by the tracking the use of angular displacement, aiming at the difficulties and problems of non-contact measurement for the height of liquid level in ultrasonic. Under the principle of the simultaneous tracking and laser light reflection, it realize the corresponding relationship between the liquid displacement and the light imaging based on the triangulation method. Thus to obtain the actual data of the height of liquid level. That to offer another new option for non-contact measurement.
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Schmidt, Andreas T. "Persons or Property – Freedom and the Legal Status of Animals". Journal of Moral Philosophy 15, n.º 1 (25 de enero de 2018): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-46810070.
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Is freedom a plausible political value for animals? If so, does this imply that animals are owed legal personhood rights or can animals be free but remain human property? Drawing on different conceptions of freedom, I will argue that while positive freedom, libertarian self-ownership, and republican freedom are not plausible political values for animals, liberal ‘option-freedom’ is. However, because such option-freedom is in principle compatible with different legal statuses, animal freedom does not conceptually imply a right to legal self-ownership. Nonetheless, a concern for animal option-freedom means that humans do have a pro tanto duty of non-interference. Arguments familiar from the liberal tradition moreover imply that such a duty speaks for drastic reforms of existing animal law. But it does not imply wholesale abolitionism: it neither rules out positive duties towards animals nor means that we should abandon all interactions with animals.
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Beraldo, Sergio y Jurgis Karpus. "Nudging to donate organs: do what you like or like what we do?" Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 24, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2021): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10007-6.
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AbstractAn effective method to increase the number of potential cadaveric organ donors is to make people donors by default with the option to opt out. This non-coercive public policy tool to influence people’s choices is often justified on the basis of the as-judged-by-themselves principle: people are nudged into choosing what they themselves truly want. We review three often hypothesized reasons for why defaults work and argue that the as-judged-by-themselves principle may hold only in two of these cases. We specify further conditions for when the principle can hold in these cases and show that whether those conditions are met is often unclear. We recommend ways to expand nationwide surveys to identify the actual reasons for why defaults work and discuss mandated choice policy as a viable solution to many arising conundrums.
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Karfíková, Marie. "Tax penalty payment and the “non bis in idem” principle". Law Enforcement Review 1, n.º 3 (3 de octubre de 2017): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2017.1(3).50-61.
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The subject. This paper deals with problems related to tax law with a special focus on legalregulation of the tax procedure contained in the Czech Tax Procedure Code. Attention ispaid in particular to tax penalty payments and the “non bis in idem” principle.The purpose to identify ratio between penalty payments in tax procedure and in criminalprocedure in context of “non bis in idem” principle.The methodological basis of the article is analysis of legislation and court practice of Czechrepublic, Austria, European Union, including formal legal analysis, comparative analysis,synthesis, systematic approach.The results and scope of application. The existing case law of the Czech criminal courts andof the Supreme Court was based on the legal opinion that a penalty payment imposed bythe tax administration in a tax procedure constitutes no punishment, i.e. it is no sanction ofcriminal nature, so that even the final (enforceable) decision of the tax administration doesnot create a “ne bis in idem”1 barrier in relation to criminal sanctions for the same taxesrelatednon-compliant action (tax evasion) in respect of the penalty payment imposed bythe tax administration.Conclusions. It would probably be advisable for the legislation to amend the relevant provisionsof the Tax Procedure Code in a way that the tax authorities concentrate within thelimits of their powers on proper tax collection and that the law enforcement authorities areauthorized to punishments for deliberate tax evasion. A suggested amendment may thereforebe the removal of the penalty payments from the Tax Procedure Code as the defaultinterest itself is sufficient instrument enough to penalize the taxpayers. Another option is to keep the tax penalty payment in the Tax Procedure Code, but its imposition would only be considered after making sure that the result of any criminal proceedings does not constitute a “ne bis in idem” prohibition within the meaning of Art. 40 (5) of the Charter and Art. 4 (1) of the Protocol No. 7 to the Convention, Section 11 (1) f), g), h), (2) and Section 11a of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
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Sedzro, Kwami Senam A., Kelsey Horowitz, Akshay K. Jain, Fei Ding, Bryan Palmintier y Barry Mather. "Evaluating the Curtailment Risk of Non-Firm Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Plants under a Novel Last-In First-Out Principle of Access Interconnection Agreement". Energies 14, n.º 5 (8 de marzo de 2021): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051463.
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With the increasing share of distributed energy resources on the electric grid, utility companies are facing significant decisions about infrastructure upgrades. An alternative to extensive and capital-intensive upgrades is to offer non-firm interconnection opportunities to distributed generators, via a coordinated operation of utility scale resources. This paper introduces a novel flexible interconnection option based on the last-in, first-out principles of access aimed at minimizing the unnecessary non-firm generation energy curtailment by balancing access rights and contribution to thermal overloads. Although we focus on solar photovoltaic (PV) plants in this work, the introduced flexible interconnection option applies to any distributed generation technology. The curtailment risk of individual non-firm PV units is evaluated across a range of PV penetration levels in a yearlong quasi-static time-series simulation on a real-world feeder. The results show the importance of the size of the curtailment zone in the curtailment risk distribution among flexible generation units as well as that of the “access right” defined by the order in which PV units connect to the grid. Case study results reveal that, with a proper selection of curtailment radius, utilities can reduce the total curtailment of flexible PV resources by up to more than 45%. Findings show that non-firm PV generators can effectively avoid all thermal limit-related upgrade costs.
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Zhang, Yang You y Lin Zhang. "Visualization Interface and Integration Technology of Grid Information Based on Computer Database Principle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (octubre de 2014): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.575.
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Access can be used to develop a variety of software applications, such as financial management, sales management, financial management system, which has the advantages of simple operation, Even if the non computer professionals can master in a short period of time, and it can meet the development in many fields. In this paper, based on the option management, we establish the options financial risk management model of power enterprise, combined with MySQL database tools, and design financial risk management system of the electric power enterprise. The system has a visual interface, and the user can query and do risk prediction quickly through visualization window, which greatly improves the efficiency of financial risk management for electric power enterprise. It provides a new method for the application of computer in enterprise risk management.
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Hole, Benjamin. "Aristotle’s Account of Moral Perception (EN.VI.8) & Nussbaum’s Priority of the Particular Thesis". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 77, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2021): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2021_77_1_0357.
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Consider a contemporary retrieval of Aristotle’s account of moral perception. Drawing from EN.VI.8, Martha Nussbaum argues that we perceive moral particulars prior to ethical principles. First, I explain her priority of the particular thesis. The virtuous person perceives value in the world, as part of her moral deliberation. This perceptual skill is an important aspect of her virtuous activity, and hence also part of her eudaimonia. Second, I present her priority thesis with a dilemma: our perception of moral particulars is either non-inferential or it is inferential. If Nussbaum accepts a non-inferential interpretation, then she is committed to an unsavory view about moral epistemology –one that invites intuitionism and relativism. But if she accepts a non-inferential account, then the moral particular is no longer prior to the ethical principle. I suggest that her better option is to grab the second horn. This move avoids the problems of the first horn without sacrificing her neo-Aristotelian commitments or her overarching view that the perception of moral particulars is ineliminable to moral deliberation (and eudaimonia). At the same time, this move renders her priority thesis trivial.
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Ochnio, Ariadna H. "Between the medium and the minimum options to regulate mutual recognition of confiscation orders". New Journal of European Criminal Law 9, n.º 4 (16 de octubre de 2018): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284418806667.
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The proposal for a regulation on the mutual recognition of freezing and confiscation orders is aimed at solving the problems of criminal asset recovery in cross-border cases. The policy option adopted is in fact an alternative to a deeper harmonization of national confiscation systems, accordingly the Member States may view it as an attempt to impact their internal legal systems by the so-called side door, with the mutual recognition principle and the idea of combatting terrorism being, respectively, the key and password to unlock It. If this strategy is successful, it can be anticipated that it will become in the future a model for regulation of non-confiscation issues at the European Union level for which deeper harmonization has proved too difficult. Among the four regulatory options discussed in the legislative process, there are good reasons in support of an evolutionary approach, which is reflected in the option referred to as the ‘minimum’, based on the use of the legal form of a directive.
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Olivia, Yessi, Yusnarida Eka Nizmi, Ahmad Jamaan, Irwan Iskandar, Mohammad Saeri y Haniva Sekar Deanty. "Considering Local Integration for Refugees in Indonesia". Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 9, n.º 2 (4 de febrero de 2021): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v9i2.10113.
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This study discusses refugees who have been stranded in a transit country for years. These protracted refugees have to deal with a reality that the chance of getting resettlement in a third country has become slim, and the option of returning to their country of origin will only jeopardize their lives. Indonesia is not a state party to the 1951 Refugee Convention that lays a responsibility to assimilate refugees in the resettlement countries. Indonesia, however, has opened its door for refugees based on humanity’s solidarity and the fact that Indonesia’s legal framework on human rights acknowledges the right to seek asylum in other countries and abides by the non-refoulement principle. The situation has become problematic when the number of refugees coming to Indonesia has continued to increase, but Indonesia does not have a comprehensive refugee policy to support them. By looking at the case of refugees living in Pekanbaru, this study concludes that Indonesia should consider the local integration option as one of the viable solution to the protracted refugee situations in Indonesia.
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Sorgente, Antonio y Riccardo Cappato. "A Critical Reappraisal of the Current Clinical Indications to Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy". Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 2, n.º 2 (2013): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2013.2.2.91.
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Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is a well-established non-pharmacological treatment option for patients with refractory symptomatic heart failure (HF) already under optimal medical therapy. CRT is founded on the principle that interventricular conduction disturbances and more in particular left bundle branch block (LBBB) are deleterious to cardiac performance, and may contribute to the systolic and diastolic incompetency typical of patients with HF. Although CRT is associated with a not negligible percentage of non-response, all the international guidelines on chronic HF have extended their indications to CRT, also to patients with less symptomatic HF who are already showing signs of systolic dysfunction and interventricular dyssynchrony, without giving any substantial advice to reduce the number of failures of this therapy. This review seeks to point out the potential issues linked to CRT, with the aim of making a reappraisal of the clinical evidences supporting the current indications to CRT, and to figure out which type of research should be warranted in the field for the future to reduce the percentage of non-responders to this therapy.
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Berber, Hakan, Ruedi Frey, Viktoria Voronova y Arina Koroljova. "A feasibility study of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash utilisation in Estonia". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, n.º 9 (24 de mayo de 2017): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17707574.
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the alternative environmental management options for the utilisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash (FA), which is generated at Iru Power Plant where MSW is incinerated in Estonia. To determine sustainable and economically feasible environmental management options for MSW incineration FA in Estonia, CO2 sequestration with a further carbonation process was examined. A partial Cost & Benefit Analysis has been conducted to compare the carbonation process to the current situation. Two carbonation options were developed. Option 1 is to use carbonated FA in any other processes based on the waste-to-product principle. Option 2 is to send carbonated FA to the non-hazardous landfill in Tallinn, Estonia. Important parameters, such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR) and Break Even Point (BEP), have been calculated for carbonation options and the current case. In addition, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to examine its robustness. The results showed that the best option is carbonation Option 1 with NPV of 9,209,662 EUR, IRR of 43%, BCR of 2.63 and BEP between 2018 and 2019. Both Options 1 and 2 constitute more sustainable and environmentally friendly management options compared to the current situation. It can be concluded that this preliminary feasibility study showed that running a carbonation plant may be profitable and sustainable for Estonia. Currently, there is no treatment technology for MSW incineration FA in Estonia and FA is sent to a neighbouring country for further utilisation. This is the first study to demonstrate FA management options with economic and environmental benefits.
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Broggiato, Arianna, Thomas Vanagt, Laura E. Lallier, Marcel Jaspars, Geoff Burton y Dominic Muyldermans. "Mare Geneticum: Balancing Governance of Marine Genetic Resources in International Waters". International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2018): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-13310030.
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Abstract A fair and effective regime regulating benefit-sharing of marine genetic resources (mgr) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj) must consider the inclusion of developing states, support scientific research and safeguard investments of the private sector. The present innovative proposal ensures a delicate balance through an approach based on open access, albeit with limitations. Access to mgr in abnj is facilitated, but conditional on the public release of collected samples and raw data. Adoption of the open access principle guarantees a powerful form of non-monetary benefit-sharing. The balance is maintained by the option for an extended embargo period, allowing samples and data to be kept confidential for a certain period, against payment to a biodiversity contribution fund. Monetary benefit-sharing, as a sector-negotiated percentage on revenue, could be imposed at the point of product commercialisation, and would offer a tangible payment system with a low transaction cost.
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Tang, Bor Luen. "The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) therapy – a perspective on cell biological mechanisms". Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, n.º 7 (26 de octubre de 2017): 725–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0018.
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AbstractRecent clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation have demonstrated procedural safety and clinical proof of principle with a modest indication of benefit in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While replacement therapy remained unrealistic, the clinical efficacy of this therapeutic option could be potentially enhanced if we could better decipher the mechanisms underlying some of the beneficial effects of transplanted cells, and work toward augmenting or combining these in a strategic manner. Novel ways whereby MSCs could act in modifying disease progression should also be explored. In this review, I discuss the known, emerging and postulated mechanisms of action underlying effects that transplanted MSCs may exert to promote motor neuron survival and/or to encourage regeneration in ALS. I shall also speculate on how transplanted cells may alter the diseased environment so as to minimize non-neuron cell autonomous damages by immune cells and astrocytes.
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Gómez Restrepo, Alejandro y Lisset Juliana Betancur Vásquez. "El derecho de las mujeres trans al ejercicio del trabajo sexual en condiciones dignas, como desarrollo del principio de no discriminación". REVISTA CONTROVERSIA, n.º 215 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54118/controver.vi215.1208.
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Las mujeres trans, dadas sus condiciones particulares de vulnerabilidad, están expuestas en mayor riesgo a la violencia y a la pobreza. Por estas razones, en la mayoría de casos, el trabajo sexual se torna la única opción de supervivencia. Los Estados latinoamericanos se encuentran obligados a la protección de los derechos humanos de todas las personas, sin discriminación; no obstante, respecto al trabajo sexual continúan prácticas discriminatorias, volviéndose inoperantes las garantías que emanan de los tratados internacionales. Resulta imprescindible que los Estados despenalicen, regulen y protejan el derecho al trabajo sexual, en aras de salvaguardar a las mujeres trans como personas en una situación particular de vulnerabilidad, específicamente respecto a su derecho al trabajo sin discriminación.
The Right of Trans Women to the Exercise of Sex Work in Decent Conditions as a Development of the Principle of Non-discrimination
Abstract: Trans women, given their particular conditions of vulnerability, are at greater risk of violence and poverty. For these reasons, in most cases, sex work becomes the only survival option. Latin American States are obliged to protect the human rights of all people without discrimination; however, with regard to sex work, discriminatory practices continue, rendering the guarantees emanating from international treaties inoperative. In this sense, it becomes essential that States decriminalize, regulate and protect the right to sex work, in order to safeguard trans women as people in a particular situation of vulnerability, specifically regarding their right to work without discriminationn.
Keywords: labor rights, principle of non-discrimination, sex work, trans women.
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Ji, Xiangfeng y Xiaoyu Ao. "Travelers’ Bi-Attribute Decision Making on the Risky Mode Choice with Flow-Dependent Salience Theory". Sustainability 13, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2021): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073901.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide new insights into travelers’ bi-attribute (travel time and travel cost) risky mode choice behavior with one risky option (i.e., the highway) and one non-risky option (i.e., the transit) from the long-term planning perspective. In the classical Wardropian User Equilibrium principle, travelers make their choice decisions only based on the mean travel times, which might be an unrealistic behavioral assumption. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed to partially remedy this unrealistic behavioral assumption with flow-dependent salience theory, based on which we study travelers’ context-dependent bi-attribute mode choice behavior, focusing on the effect of travelers’ salience characteristic. Travelers’ attention is drawn to the bi-attribute salient travel utility, and then the objective probability of each state for the risky world is distorted in favor of this bi-attribute salient travel utility. A long-term bi-attribute salient user equilibrium will be achieved when no traveler can improve their bi-attribute salient travel utility by unilaterally changing the choice decisions. Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the bi-attribute salient user equilibrium are presented, and based on the equilibrium results, we analyze travelers’ risk attitudes in this bi-attribute risky choice problem. Finally, numerical examples are conducted to examine the sensitivity of equilibrium solutions to the input parameters, which are cost difference and salience bias.
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Nagpal, Manish y Gujarat India. "Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography". US Ophthalmic Review 11, n.º 2 (2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usor.2018.11.2.91.
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Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a new revolutionary non-invasive imaging modality, built on the platform of optical coherence tomography (OCT). This technique works on the principle of ‘decorrelation’ and is still a nascent technology in its infancy with tremendous potential applicability for diagnosing retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. Its non-invasive nature, and the ability to generate images of retinal and choroidal vasculature, allows it to replace and/or supplement the current angiographic gold standards, fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), if not in all but certainly in most retinal and choroidal pathologies. Still, there exists a major challenge in terms of its wide-scale availability, equipment and processing techniques, presence of artifacts, limitations of imaging capability, and lack of common vocabulary among retinal specialists for interpretation. In this review we intend to describe this novel technique by highlighting its key features, and comparing it with FA and ICGA. We will also discuss its applicability in various clinical scenarios such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal venous occlusion, choroiditis, and in routine practice. Further studies are needed to more definitively determine OCTA’s utility in the clinical setting and to establish if this technology may offer a non-invasive option of visualizing the retinal vasculature in detail.
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Abdullah, Baharudin y Sharanjeet Singh. "Surgical Interventions for Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy: A Comprehensive Review of Current Techniques and Technologies". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 7 (26 de marzo de 2021): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073441.
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Surgical treatment of the inferior turbinates is required for hypertrophic inferior turbinates refractory to medical treatments. The main goal of surgical reduction of the inferior turbinate is to relieve the obstruction while preserving the function of the turbinate. There have been a variety of surgical techniques described and performed over the years. Irrespective of the techniques and technologies employed, the surgical techniques are classified into two types, the mucosal-sparing and non-mucosal-sparing, based on the preservation of the medial mucosa of the inferior turbinates. Although effective in relieving nasal block, the non-mucosal-sparing techniques have been associated with postoperative complications such as excessive bleeding, crusting, pain, and prolonged recovery period. These complications are avoided in the mucosal-sparing approach, rendering it the preferred option. Although widely performed, there is significant confusion and detachment between current practices and their basic objectives. This conflict may be explained by misperception over the myriad of available surgical techniques and misconception of the rationale in performing the turbinate reduction. A comprehensive review of each surgical intervention is crucial to better define each procedure and improve understanding of the principle and mechanism involved.
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Petersen, S. W., L. M. Déjardin y D. Ting. "Bone transport osteogenesis for treatment of canine osteomyelitis". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 23, n.º 02 (2010): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-09-04-0049.
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SummaryBone transport osteogenesis, as described by Ilizarov, has been used to resolve segmental bone defects in both human and veterinary patients. These defects are created when a large osseous tumour, sequestrum, or non-union fracture is resected. This report documents two cases in which the principle of bone transport osteogenesis was applied by utilising the Ilizarov technique to bridge large osseous defects resulting from debridement of an infected nonunion fracture (case 1) and debridement of a sequestrum (case 2). Defects were treated by transporting either a complete or a hemi-circumferential bone segment. Both cases had resolution of osteomyelitis, satisfactory fracture union, and functional usage of the limb 39 weeks and 15 weeks post-surgery, respectively. Although manageable complications were encountered during the treatment of these cases, the long-term clinical outcome was eventually favorable. The authors believe that bone transport osteogenesis offers a valid restorative option in the treatment of bone defects resulting from extensive debridement and sequestrectomy.
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Crawford, Rebecca J., Roger I. Price y Kevin P. Singer. "SURGICAL TREATMENT OF LUMBAR SEGMENT DISEASE WITH INTERSPINOUS IMPLANT: REVIEW". Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 12, n.º 03 (septiembre de 2009): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957709002328.
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Interspinous implants (ISP) represent a contemporary non-fusion surgical option in the treatment of lumbar segment disease. Several devices have been developed within the last two decades and have been variously supported by investigations into their clinical and biomechanical efficacy. Spinal stenosis and facet arthropathy are reported as the primary clinical indications for their use, with degenerative disc disease and segmental instability recently extending their application. The principle common to all interspinous systems is an induced distraction of the interspinous space, resulting in reduced approximation of pain-sensitive and space-occupying tissue. Collectively, these devices are considered to prevent adjacent segment overload by restoring physiologic load transmission. This review article summarizes existing published literature, describes four different interspinous implants — the DIAM, Wallis, X-Stop and Coflex systems, and outlines clinical trials in progress. The design and surgical technique characteristics, mechanism of action, and clinical indications for interspinous implants are reviewed. Recommendations for future research of interspinous implants in the treatment of lumbar segment disease are made.
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Ricart, Sandra, Rubén A. Villar-Navascués, Maria Hernández-Hernández, Antonio M. Rico-Amorós, Jorge Olcina-Cantos y Enrique Moltó-Mantero. "Extending Natural Limits to Address Water Scarcity? The Role of Non-Conventional Water Fluxes in Climate Change Adaptation Capacity: A Review". Sustainability 13, n.º 5 (25 de febrero de 2021): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052473.
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Water consumption continues to grow globally, and it is estimated that more than 160% of the total global water volume will be needed to satisfy the water requirements in ten years. In this context, non-conventional water resources are being considered to overcome water scarcity and reduce water conflicts between regions and sectors. A bibliometric analysis and literature review of 81 papers published between 2000 and 2020 focused on south-east Spain were conducted. The aim was to examine and re-think the benefits and concerns, and the inter-connections, of using reclaimed and desalinated water for agricultural and urban-tourist uses to address water scarcity and climate change impacts. Results highlight that: (1) water use, cost, quality, management, and perception are the main topics debated by both reclaimed and desalinated water users; (2) water governance schemes could be improved by including local stakeholders and water users in decision-making; and (3) rainwater is not recognized as a complementary option to increase water supply in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, the strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analysis identifies complementary concerns such as acceptability and investment in reclaimed water, regulation (cost recovery principle), and environmental impacts of desalinated water.
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Kerr, Jessica. "Immunisation and the Law: Slippery Slope to a Healthy Society". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 37, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2006): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v37i1.5562.
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The immunisation of children against communicable diseases is a crucial public health intervention. Yet the understandable prioritisation of parental autonomy within New Zealand immunisation policy has contributed to consistently unsatisfactory coverage rates, in both absolute and comparative terms. If our immunisation law could be strengthened to eliminate ‘passive’ non-immunisation without fatally undermining parental choice, the goals of ‘population immunity’ might be achievable. Of the three reform options explored by this paper, two are rejected as unworkable. The first, a universal mandatory immunisation requirement, might be justifiable in principle but would encounter prohibitive public opposition. The second, an ‘informed choice’ requirement limited to beneficiaries, is unprincipled and potentially ineffective. The recommended option is more moderate and equitable. Creating a presumption in favour of immunisation at the point of school-entry would shift the legal focus from ‘informed consent’ to United States-style ‘informed refusal’. The degree of effort required to invoke a statutory exemption to immunisation would depend upon the extent to which policy-makers were satisfied that only parents implacably and legitimately opposed to immunisation were invoking it. Barring a dramatic increase in the size of the anti-immunisation lobby, it is suggested that an informed refusal requirement could successfully eliminate passive non-immunisation, thereby potentially achieving population immunity while substantially preserving parental autonomy.
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Jauhari, T. Khairuddin, I. P. Almanar y Hussain Zuhailawati. "Mathematical Model for Multi-Component Forces and Torque Determination in Friction Stir Welding". Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (mayo de 2011): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.1255.
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Major works concentrated on the energy conversion from mechanical friction work to heat; emphasized on the immediate contact surface of work material and rotating welding tool but with no in-depth analytical study to relate the loads that are transferred to the work material and the welding fixture especially at early stage of heat generation. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to predict three-dimensional force components and axial torque of the rotating tool based on contact mechanic principle in relation to Al6061 temperature-dependent material properties. The model shows the ability to be possibly adapted for different metallic material and physical properties. It suggests the exerted torque and loads calculation endured by work material involving friction and shear mechanism of two static-dynamic contacting surface; rotating rotational tool and the fixed work material, to be used as one of the option for optimization of the welding process such as to determine the ratio of slip, non-slip contact condition through comparisons of experimental and computer simulation on the Friction Stir Welding process.
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Giombini, Stefania. "Following Sextus: Demonstrative Argument in Gorgias’ Peri tou mē ontos". Peitho. Examina Antiqua 9, n.º 1 (13 de diciembre de 2018): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pea.2018.1.1.
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The two extant versions of Gorgias’ Peri tou mē ontos (PTMO) have been preserved by an anonymous author (MXG) and by Sextus Empiricus (S.E.). Both versions have been differently interpreted by scholars who examine either the doctrine or the rhetorical-communicational dimension (the first option being dominant). When comparing the PTMO with the rest of Gorgias’ works, the present paper aims to demonstrate that S.E. offers a more precise account of Gorgias’ modus argumentandi. Thus, S.E. shows the following, typical features of Gorgias’ demonstrative reasoning: 1) application of demonstrandum and quod erat demonstrandum, 2) continuous employment of reductio ad absurdum and 3) a refined formulation of the principle of non-contradiction (similar to the one in Pal. 25). The MXG, on the other hand, is accurate in the discussion of particular arguments (e.g. the third kephalaion), but presents an interpreter who is more interested in questioning Gorgias rather than doing justice to his thought. Hence, this article concludes that it was S.E., who had the text or at least a relatively accurate summary of the PTMO.
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Plaul, Constantin. "Fundamentalism as problem of identity: Social psychological observations in theological perspective". Issues of Theology 2, n.º 3 (2020): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2020.304.
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The article analyses the so-called religious and non-religious fundamentalism. From an empirical perspective, fundamentalism appears to be a constant phenomenon of modern life. The author claims that the principle possibility of fundamentalism has its roots in the sociocultural structures of Modernity. Of course, fundamentalist positions do not emerge necessarily, but they are inscribed in these structures as a permanent option. In the field of identity construction, the relation between fundamentalism and modern life can be explored especially well. This is because under modern conditions identity formation processes have not only found new opportunities, but also risky challenges. Herein lays a significant motive for fundamentalist identity constructions. To shed some light on this problematic complex, the author refers to insights of classical social psychology (Dilthey, Mead, Hofstätter, Goffman, Krappmann) and applies them to the problem here at stake. Because of the close nexus between fundamentalism and religion, religion plays an important role in the author’s argument. Reasoning from a protestant theological point of view, the author is not limited to a descriptive approach, but also offers a normative critique.
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Hayasaka, J., D. Kikuchi, K. Nomura, H. Odagiri, Y. Ochiai, Y. Suzuki, Y. Fukuma et al. "Recurrence rate of intramucosal gastric cancer with positive vertical margin due to lesion damage during endoscopic submucosal dissection". Acta Gastro Enterologica Belgica 84, n.º 2 (junio de 2021): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51821/84.2.289.
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Background and study aim: In principle, additional surgery is performed after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer if the vertical margin is positive, regardless of lesion damage. The recurrence rate of vertical margin-positive lesions due to lesion damage after endoscopic submucosal dissection is unknown, and unnecessary surgeries may be performed. In this study, we investigated whether there was a difference in the recurrence rate between vertical margin-positive lesions due to lesion damage and vertical margin-negative lesions. Patients and methods: We included 1,294 intramucosal gastric cancer lesions that were resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection between January 2008 and December 2016, without additional surgery. The lesions were divided into the Damage and No damage groups based on vertical margin status. The Damage group had only one non-curative indication: a positive vertical margin due to lesion damage. The No damage group had no non curative indications. We compared the recurrence rate between the Damage and No damage groups. Results: The recurrence rates of the Damage and No damage groups were 0% (0/23; 95% confidence interval: 0-14.8%) and 0% (0/1,271; 95% confidence interval: 0-0.003%), respectively, with no statistically significant difference. Conclusions: In intramucosal gastric cancer, the recurrence rate of vertical margin-positive lesions due to lesion damage was 0%, which did not differ from that of vertical margin-negative lesions with curative resection. Follow-up, instead of additional surgery, may be an option for patients with non-curative resection when the only non-curative indication is a positive vertical margin due to lesion damage.
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Cohen-Eliya, Moshe. "Is Conditional Funding a Less Drastic Means?" Law & Ethics of Human Rights 1, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2007): 354–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1010.
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In an age in which the regulatory state frequently deals with spending, licensing, and employment, the use of allocating powers is perceived as an appealing means by which to prevent discriminatory practices against individuals within illiberal communities. In addition to its easy availability, conditional funding is regarded as both an effective andin comparison with legal prohibitionsless drastic tool for the prevention of discrimination. Such conditions are thought to be efficient because they increase the relative cost of the discriminatory practice and in doing so create an economical incentive to avoid discrimination. Moreover, these conditions are thought to be less-coercive (in comparison with criminal law), because they still allow those subject to them to choose between the more expensive option of discrimination and the cheaper option of non-discrimination. In other words, these conditions are perceived as "Less Drastic Means." In this Article, I will argue that such a perception is false. When applied to the poor such conditionality is not less coercive than prohibitions in criminal law. It is more than reasonable to assume that attempts to rectify this flaw by exempting poor people from conditional funding will render such funding ineffective in preventing discrimination. In the final analysiswhen one takes into account both the problem of the commodification of values and the inequality between rich and poorthe use of conditional finding as a means of promoting liberal values will, in most cases, be unjust. If we believe that the antidiscrimination principle has a lexical priority over a parents right to educate their children in accordance to their culture, we should choose the path of prohibition and abandon that of conditional funding.
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Singh, Vipul Kumar y Pushkar Pachori. "A Kaleidoscopic Study of Pricing Performance of Stochastic Volatility Option Pricing Models: Evidence from Recent Indian Economic Turbulence". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 38, n.º 2 (abril de 2013): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920130204.
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A whole host of researchers have modeled volatility as a non-constant stochastic process, based on the principle that volatility follows a stochastic process whose parameters are not directly observable in the market. The objective of this research paper is to empirically investigate the forecasting performance of three most dominant models of this species namely, Hull-White (1988), Heston�s (1993), and Heston-Nandi GARCH (2000) option pricing model. These three models have been collaterally compared and contrasted against Black-Scholes and market for pricing S&P CNX Nifty 50 index option of India. The Hull-White model not only warrants a range of stochastic volatility specifications but also incorporates correlation of volatility of asset return and its price changes. The closed form Heston�s (1993) model explicitly and elaborately communicates non-lognormal distribution of the assets return, leverage effect, and mean-reverting property of volatility. The model of Heston-Nandi, also in closed form, successfully incorporates variance of asset returns as a range of GARCH process. It strongly permits correlation between returns of the spot asset and variance and also technically accepts multiple lags in the dynamics of the GARCH process. To decide, determine, and delineate the effectiveness of stochastic models against the Black-Scholes and market, the current paper adopts a structured approach of relative error price, viz., percentage mean error (PME) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The most turbulent period of the Indian economy � January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008 — was considered appropriate for testiing the suggested model. It was a testing time for the Indian economy as well as a critical period questioning the sustainability of all financial products/models and challenging their fundamental platform depicted as equity market. How to safeguard investors� faith and at least protect their investments if not multiply returns in the face of such financial hardships remained a burning question for all thinkers and experts on the subject. Data pertaining to the specific period of such drastic disturbance was analysed with the help of the proposed models. After rigorous churning of specific data taken across various models, the Heston model was found to outperform and surpass other models.
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Zucca, Emanuele, Anna Gregorini y Franco Cavalli. "Management of non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising at extranodal sites". Therapeutische Umschau 67, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2010): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a000088.
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Primary extranodal lymphomas are relatively rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma presentations with either no or only “minor” nodal involvement along with a clinically “dominant” extranodal component, to which primary treatment must often be directed. Clinical presentations depend largely on the localization and are similar to those of other malignancies affecting that specific organ. In addition to the histological subtype, the primary organ of origin represents the most significant prognostic factor due to differences in natural history and, mainly, in management strategies related to organ-specific problems. In principle, as for primary nodal disease, treatment strategies depends on the patient's clinical conditions, the extent and/or location of the disease, and the histological type. In general, for stage I and II disease with low tumor burden, local therapy is a relevant option both for cure and local control. In advanced stage disease, systemic chemoimmunotherapy is usually required. Localizations with particularly poor survival are the enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, the primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and the primary CNS Lymphoma. However, recent studies have shown that site-tailored treatment strategies in testis and brain lymphoma may result in a significant outcome improvement. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is the most common indolent subtype. This lymphoma usually arises in mucosal sites where lymphocytes are not normally present and where a lymphoid infiltration is acquired in response to either chronic infectious conditions or autoimmune processes: Helicobacter pylori gastritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Sjögren syndrome. Indeed, a pathogenetic link between gastric MALT lymphoma and H. pylori is strongly suggested by the regression of gastric MALT lymphoma (in approx. 75 % of cases) after antibiotic eradication of the microorganism.
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Holland, Anthony. "The model law of Szmukler, Dawson and Daw – the next stage of a long campaign?" International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law, n.º 20 (8 de septiembre de 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v0i20.245.
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Except for the criminal justice system, the Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended by the MHA 2007) is the most significant Statute in England and Wales that can be used to challenge a central principle of democratic society, that of the right of an adult to self-determination. Such legislation is considered necessary as there are circumstances when it is right and appropriate to admit individuals to hospital and<br />to treat them for their mental disorders in the absence of their consent. The need for an option of nonconsensual treatment for a physical illness is also apparent, such as in the case of unconsciousness where, for example, treatments without consent for diabetic coma or cerebral haemorrhage are likely to be lifesaving.<br />Whether the treatment is for a mental or physical disorder, the question is the same – when is it appropriate for someone else to take a decision on behalf of another? The paper of Szmukler et al and their proposal for what they refer to as ‘fusion’ legislation goes to the heart of the issues. What are mental health and mental capacity legislation there to do? What are the principles that should underpin such legislation? What safeguards should there be? In this paper the Szmukler proposals as set out are considered from a clinical perspective in the light of studies that have examined model capacity-based mental health legislation, internationally-based principles that should guide mental health law, and other proposals such as those of the Bamford report in Northern Ireland. Whilst the approach that is proposed is non-discriminatory and ethically defensible and desirable, the difficult issue is the balancing of the need for such legislation to be both versatile and non-bureaucratic and the need for an appropriate hierarchy<br />of safeguards that protect the vulnerable from unnecessary or inappropriate interventions. The proposed Bill put forward moves away from the thinking behind the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and is closer in its thinking to an expanded and capacity-based Mental Health Act. This requires further consideration.
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Jaruga, A., S. Arabas, D. Jarecka, H. Pawlowska, P. K. Smolarkiewicz y M. Waruszewski. "libmpdata++ 0.1: a library of parallel MPDATA solvers for systems of generalised transport equations". Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, n.º 6 (26 de noviembre de 2014): 8179–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-8179-2014.
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Abstract. This paper accompanies first release of libmpdata++, a C++ library implementing the Multidimensional Positive-Definite Advection Transport Algorithm (MPDATA). The library offers basic numerical solvers for systems of generalised transport equations. The solvers are forward-in-time, conservative and non-linearly stable. The libmpdata++ library covers the basic second-order-accurate formulation of MPDATA, its third-order variant, the infinite-gauge option for variable-sign fields and a flux-corrected transport extension to guarantee non-oscillatory solutions. The library is equipped with a non-symmetric variational elliptic solver for implicit evaluation of pressure gradient terms. All solvers offer parallelisation through domain decomposition using shared-memory parallelisation. The paper describes the library programming interface, and serves as a user guide. Supported options are illustrated with benchmarks discussed in the MPDATA literature. Benchmark descriptions include code snippets as well as quantitative representations of simulation results. Examples of applications include: homogeneous transport in one, two and three dimensions in Cartesian and spherical domains; shallow-water system compared with analytical solution (originally derived for a 2-D case); and a buoyant convection problem in an incompressible Boussinesq fluid with interfacial instability. All the examples are implemented out of the library tree. Regardless of the differences in the problem dimensionality, right-hand-side terms, boundary conditions and parallelisation approach, all the examples use the same unmodified library, which is a key goal of libmpdata++ design. The design, based on the principle of separation of concerns, prioritises the user and developer productivity. The libmpdata++ library is implemented in C++, making use of the Blitz++ multi-dimensional array containers, and is released as free/libre and open-source software.
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Biernbacher, Dieter. "Etyczne aspekty zapobiegania i udzielania pomocy w samobójstwie". Etyka 23 (1 de diciembre de 1988): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14394/etyka.330.
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Whereas traditional ethical discussions of suicide have primarily dealt with questions relating to the moral rightness or wrongness of suicidal acts, the problem of which moral criteria should govern acts of preventing, admitting and aiding suicide has rarely been discussed systematically. In the present paper it is argued (1) that suicide is morally neutral in all cases in which it does not constitute grave damage, material or psychological, to others (e.g. near relatives), (2) that this does not imply that non-prevention, in the same range of cases, is morally neutral as well. Moral criteria for suicide prevention are formulated by making use of the Rawlsian device of a fictitious “veil of ignorance” behind which moral rules are decided on from merely self-regarding motives. It is argued that decision behind the veil would be of a principle of “restricted paternalism” that minimizes both the risk of not being prevented from committing suicide in cases in which this is clearly irrational in view of the enduring preferences of the suicidal person himself, as well as the complementary risk of being subjected to compulsory detention or treatment in cases in which suicide is the option conforming most, on a realistic view of the case, to the enduring preferences of the person. The practical rules translating the principle into concrete practice comprise a rule demanding compulsory prevention of all imminent suicides by persons not intimately known to the potential preventer, a prohibition of pre-emptive compulsory measures, and a general temporal limitation on detention. Finally, a similar, if more tentative, derivation of practical rules is attempted for cases in which aiding a suicide might seem to another person to be in the best interest of the suicidal person concerned.
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Rogozhina, N. "The Role of ASEAN in Political Conflict Resolution in Myanmar". Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, n.º 2 (2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2021-2-28-37.
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The article analyzes the ASEAN policy to resolve the political crisis in Myanmar, the main means and directions of its implementation. The confrontation in society as a result of the military coup on February 1, 2021 is accompanied by violence and threatens to escalate into a civil war. The threat of losing its central role in the regional security system and the regionalization of the conflict prompts ASEAN to look for ways out of it in accordance with the adopted action plan. However, its implementation is difficult both due to the fact that ASEAN remains hostage to the fundamental principle of its activities, non-interference in the internal affairs of its members, and the unwillingness of all parties to the conflict in Myanmar to seek ways of reconciliation. ASEAN's interaction with the military leadership accused of mass repression is asymmetric, with the success or failure of the ASEAN peacekeeping mission almost entirely dependent on the political will of the military. Nevertheless, ASEAN remains today the only force capable of influencing the development of the political situation in Myanmar. The best option for the international community to participate in resolving the conflict in Myanmar is to assist ASEAN in the implementation of peacekeeping activities. The most realistic ASEAN initiative today is to provide humanitarian assistance to Myanmar, which is on the brink of a humanitarian catastrophe. Considering the negative trends in socio-economic development, Myanmar for many years to come will need humanitarian support, in the provision of which ASEAN has advantages over Western states and associations. Giving preference to the methods of soft diplomacy, dictated by the need to observe the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of Myanmar, ASEAN as an institution demonstrates its functional weakness, which the military who seized power use to delay the implementation of the measures proposed by the bloc to resolve the conflict. ASEAN continues to act with great caution, and this may cause it losing the influence on the development of the situation when China, which is not interested in prolonging the conflict, seizes the initiative.
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Jaruga, A., S. Arabas, D. Jarecka, H. Pawlowska, P. K. Smolarkiewicz y M. Waruszewski. "libmpdata++ 1.0: a library of parallel MPDATA solvers for systems of generalised transport equations". Geoscientific Model Development 8, n.º 4 (8 de abril de 2015): 1005–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1005-2015.
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Abstract. This paper accompanies the first release of libmpdata++, a C++ library implementing the multi-dimensional positive-definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA) on regular structured grid. The library offers basic numerical solvers for systems of generalised transport equations. The solvers are forward-in-time, conservative and non-linearly stable. The libmpdata++ library covers the basic second-order-accurate formulation of MPDATA, its third-order variant, the infinite-gauge option for variable-sign fields and a flux-corrected transport extension to guarantee non-oscillatory solutions. The library is equipped with a non-symmetric variational elliptic solver for implicit evaluation of pressure gradient terms. All solvers offer parallelisation through domain decomposition using shared-memory parallelisation. The paper describes the library programming interface, and serves as a user guide. Supported options are illustrated with benchmarks discussed in the MPDATA literature. Benchmark descriptions include code snippets as well as quantitative representations of simulation results. Examples of applications include homogeneous transport in one, two and three dimensions in Cartesian and spherical domains; a shallow-water system compared with analytical solution (originally derived for a 2-D case); and a buoyant convection problem in an incompressible Boussinesq fluid with interfacial instability. All the examples are implemented out of the library tree. Regardless of the differences in the problem dimensionality, right-hand-side terms, boundary conditions and parallelisation approach, all the examples use the same unmodified library, which is a key goal of libmpdata++ design. The design, based on the principle of separation of concerns, prioritises the user and developer productivity. The libmpdata++ library is implemented in C++, making use of the Blitz++ multi-dimensional array containers, and is released as free/libre and open-source software.
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Abrha, Solomon, Julia K. Christenson, John McEwen, Wubshet Tesfaye, Susana Vaz Nery, Aileen Y. Chang, Tim Spelman et al. "Treatment of tungiasis using a tea tree oil-based gel formulation: protocol for a randomised controlled proof-of-principle trial". BMJ Open 11, n.º 7 (julio de 2021): e047380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047380.
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IntroductionTungiasis (sand flea disease or jigger infestation) is a neglected tropical disease caused by penetration of female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans, in the skin. The disease inflicts immense pain and suffering on millions of people, particularly children, in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there is no standard treatment for tungiasis, and a simple, safe and effective tungiasis treatment option is required. Tea tree oil (TTO) has long been used as a parasiticidal agent against ectoparasites such as headlice, mites and fleas with proven safety and efficacy data. However, current data are insufficient to warrant a recommendation for its use in tungiasis. This trial aims to generate these data by comparing the safety and efficacy of a 5% (v/w) TTO proprietary gel formulation with 0.05% (w/v) potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution for tungiasis treatment.Methods and analysisThis trial is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in primary schools (n=8) in South-Western Kenya. The study will include school children (n=88) aged 6–15 years with a confirmed diagnosis of tungiasis. The participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 3-day two times a day treatment of either 5% TTO gel or 0.05% KMnO4 solution. Two viable embedded sandflea lesions per participant will be targeted and the viability of these lesions will be followed throughout the study using a digital handheld microscope. The primary outcome is the proportion of observed viable embedded sand fleas that have lost viability (non-viable lesions) by day 10 (9 days after first treatment). Secondary outcomes include improvement in acute tungiasis morbidities assessed using a validated severity score for tungiasis, safety assessed through adverse events and product acceptability assessed by interviewing the participants to rate the treatment in terms of effectiveness, side effects, convenience, suitability and overall satisfaction.Ethics and disseminationThe trial protocol has been reviewed and approved by the University of Canberra Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC-2019-2114). The findings of the study will be presented at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numbersAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001610123); PACTR202003651095100 and U1111-1243-2294.
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Buckhurst, Phillip J., Shehzad A. Naroo y Sunil Shah. "Advanced Intraocular Lens Designs". European Ophthalmic Review 04, n.º 01 (2010): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eor.2010.04.01.82.
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Intraocular lenses (IOLs) have evolved since their introduction and spherical monofocal designs are no longer the only pseudophakic option. IOLs with a toric surface are able to correct astigmatism, but are dependent on the accuracy of placement. Haptic design is very important with toric IOLs as different designs demonstrate different post-operative rotational stability. Multifocal IOLs produce multiple focal points within the eye and so provide the capacity for simultaneous distance and near vision. Various mechanisms for creating these focal points exist, which determine how light is distributed. Accommodating IOLs use the optic shift principle in order to restore the accommodative response. Single and dual optic variations exist; however, the restoration of accommodation has been limited and variable with the current generation of these IOLs. Aspherical IOLs are designed to improve the optical quality of the image created by the IOL. Aspherical correcting IOLs are dependent on their centration and tilt. New phacoemulsification technology allows cataract removal through a sub-2mm incision, and microincisional IOLs can be implanted through these incisions, which results in minimal surgical impact on the cornea. Blue- and violet-blocking IOLs have been introduced, which might help prevent the development of age-related macular degeneration. Light-adjustable lenses are a relatively new technology and allow non-invasive post-operative adjustment of the IOL’s refractive power. This is a fast-moving area of research and development due to the high demands of clinical practice.
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Ediyilyam, Sreelekha, Bini George, Sarojini Sharath Shankar, Thomas Thuruthiyil Dennis, Stanisław Wacławek, Miroslav Černík y Vinod V. T. Padil. "Chitosan/Gelatin/Silver Nanoparticles Composites Films for Biodegradable Food Packaging Applications". Polymers 13, n.º 11 (21 de mayo de 2021): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111680.
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The food packaging industry explores economically viable, environmentally benign, and non-toxic packaging materials. Biopolymers, including chitosan (CH) and gelatin (GE), are considered a leading replacement for plastic packaging materials, with preferred packaging functionality and biodegradability. CH, GE, and different proportions of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used to prepare novel packaging materials using a simple solution casting method. The functional and morphological characterization of the prepared films was carried out by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical strength, solubility, water vapor transmission rate, swelling behavior, moisture retention capability, and biodegradability of composite films were evaluated. The addition of AgNPs to the polymer blend matrix improves the physicochemical and biological functioning of the matrix. Due to the cross-linking motion of AgNPs, it is found that the swelling degree, moisture retention capability, and water vapor transmission rate slightly decrease. The tensile strength of pure CH–GE films was 24.4 ± 0.03, and it increased to 25.8 ± 0.05 MPa upon the addition of 0.0075% of AgNPs. The real-time application of the films was tested by evaluating the shelf-life existence of carrot pieces covered with the composite films. The composite film containing AgNPs becomes effective in lowering bacterial contamination while comparing the plastic polyethylene films. In principle, the synthesized composite films possessed all the ideal characteristics of packaging material and were considered biodegradable and biocompatible food packaging material and an alternate option for petroleum-based plastics.
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Huse, Jason T., Kathryn Beal, Jianan Zhang, Edward R. Kastenhuber, Thomas Joseph Kaley, Lauren E. Abrey, Philip H. Gutin, Cameron W. Brennan y Antonio Marcilio Padula Omuro. "Survival benefit from bevacizumab in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) according to transcriptional subclasses." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, n.º 15_suppl (20 de mayo de 2013): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.2057.
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2057 Background: Genome-wide transcriptional studies (TCGA and others) have identified distinct GBM molecular subtypes, but to date this has not translated into prognostic or therapeutic implications. Bevacizumab has emerged as a new treatment option for GBMs, although a survival benefit has yet to be demonstrated in unselected patients (pts). We analyzed outcomes from a prospective phase II trial in newly diagnosed GBM treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT) combined with temozolomide and bevacizumab, and correlated with GBM transcriptional subclasses. Methods: Pts with newly diagnosed GBM with tumor volume < 60cc were eligible. Treatment consisted of HFSRT (6x6 Gy to contrast-enhancing tumor and 6x4 Gy to FLAIR hypersignal with dose painting), concomitant with bevacizumab (10 mg/kg Q2 weeks) and temozolomide (75mg/m2 daily), followed by standard adjuvant bevacizumab/ temozolomide. Primary endpoint was 1-y overall survival (OS). To establish TCGA transcriptional subclasses, mRNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks was analyzed with a validated, 151-probe Nanostring gene expression assay. Results: A total of 40 evaluable pts were accrued, achieving a 1-y OS of 90% (95% CI 76-96), 2-y OS of 32% (95%CI 19-47) and median OS of 17.4m. The molecular subclass could be defined in 31 pts, as follows: Mesenchymal: 14 (45%) pts, pro-neural: 8 (26%), classical: 7 (23%), neural: 2 (6%). The pro-neural phenotype was associated with reduced overall survival: median OS of 13.5m vs 21.2m for non pro-neural tumors (univariate: p = 0.015; multivariate: p = 0.003). MGMT promoter methylation did not predict survival (p = 0.13). Conclusions: We provide proof-of-principle that GBM transcriptional classification is biologically and therapeutically relevant, identifying non pro-neural GBMs as the best candidates for bevacizumab treatment. Our findings imply that angiogenesis and tumor invasion mechanisms in proneural tumors may be distinct from other subtypes, and we suggest such pts should not be offered bevacizumab treatment upfront. Future randomized trials focusing on non-proneural tumors may finally demonstrate a survival advantage for bevacizumab in GBM. Clinical trial information: NCT01392209.
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Batychenko, Svitlana. "FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE". GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, n.º 60 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.60.65-72.
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Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.
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Xie, Chen, Cemalettin Bekpen, Sven Künzel, Maryam Keshavarz, Rebecca Krebs-Wheaton, Neva Skrabar, Kristian K. Ullrich, Wenyu Zhang y Diethard Tautz. "Dedicated transcriptomics combined with power analysis lead to functional understanding of genes with weak phenotypic changes in knockout lines". PLOS Computational Biology 16, n.º 11 (12 de noviembre de 2020): e1008354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008354.
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Systematic knockout studies in mice have shown that a large fraction of the gene replacements show no lethal or other overt phenotypes. This has led to the development of more refined analysis schemes, including physiological, behavioral, developmental and cytological tests. However, transcriptomic analyses have not yet been systematically evaluated for non-lethal knockouts. We conducted a power analysis to determine the experimental conditions under which even small changes in transcript levels can be reliably traced. We have applied this to two gene disruption lines of genes for which no function was known so far. Dedicated phenotyping tests informed by the tissues and stages of highest expression of the two genes show small effects on the tested phenotypes. For the transcriptome analysis of these stages and tissues, we used a prior power analysis to determine the number of biological replicates and the sequencing depth. We find that under these conditions, the knockouts have a significant impact on the transcriptional networks, with thousands of genes showing small transcriptional changes. GO analysis suggests that A930004D18Rik is involved in developmental processes through contributing to protein complexes, and A830005F24Rik in extracellular matrix functions. Subsampling analysis of the data reveals that the increase in the number of biological replicates was more important that increasing the sequencing depth to arrive at these results. Hence, our proof-of-principle experiment suggests that transcriptomic analysis is indeed an option to study gene functions of genes with weak or no traceable phenotypic effects and it provides the boundary conditions under which this is possible.
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Esoimeme, Ehi Eric. "The money laundering risks and vulnerabilities associated with MMM Nigeria". Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2018): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose This paper aims to help build awareness with the regulatory, enforcement and customs authorities as well as reporting entities about money laundering risks and vulnerabilities of the Mavrodi Mondial Movement (MMM) scheme, and how to mitigate them. Design/methodology/approach The research took the form of a desk study, which analyzed various documents and reports such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) typologies reports in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013 and 2014 on new payment methods (NPMs) which focused on the potential for NPM to be misused by criminals; the identification of risk factors which can significantly differ from one new payment product or service to another, depending on functionality; and risk mitigants which can be tailored to a particular new payment product or service to address its specific risk profile. Findings This paper presents the following findings and recommendations: high-risk customers such as politically exposed persons (PEPs) could exploit the non-face-to-face feature of MMM by using the identity of low-risk customers (e.g. pensioners) to open MMM accounts. The Bitcoin funding option may present a higher money laundering risk than Bank wire, MasterCard, Visa Debit and Interac. The electronic nature of Bitcoins provides in principle a good foundation for effective record keeping and the monitoring of transactions. The money laundering risks associated with Goldmoney are very minimal when compared to Bitcoin. MMM Nigeria is therefore recommended to adopt Goldmoney as its preferred method of online payment for MMM transactions. Originality/value While most publications on MMM are focused on fraud, this paper focuses on the money laundering risks and vulnerabilities associated with the MMM scheme.
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Liu, Zongjun, Li Shen, Weijian Huang, Xianxian Zhao, Weiyi Fang, Changqian Wang, Zhaofang Yin et al. "Efficacy and safety of renal denervation for Chinese patients with resistant hypertension using a microirrigated catheter: study design and protocol for a prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial". BMJ Open 7, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2017): e015672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015672.
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IntroductionAvailable data show that approximately 8%–18% of patients with primary hypertension will develop resistant hypertension. In recent years, catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) has emerged as a potential treatment option for resistant hypertension. A number of observational studies and randomised controlled trials among non-Chinese patients have demonstrated its potential safety and efficacy.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre, randomised, open-label, parallel-group, active controlled trial that will investigate the efficacy and safety of a 5F saline-irrigated radiofrequency ablation (RFA) used for RDN in the treatment of Chinese patients with resistant hypertension. A total of 254 patients who have failed pharmacological therapy will be enrolled. Eligible subjects will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to undergo RDN using the RFA plus antihypertensive medication or to receive treatment with antihypertensive medication alone. The primary outcome measure is the change in 24 hours average ambulatory systolic blood pressure from baseline to 3 months, comparing the RDN-plus-medication group with the medication-alone group. Important secondary endpoints include the change in office blood pressure from baseline to 6 months after randomisation. Safety endpoints such as changes in renal function will also be evaluated. The full analysis set, according to the intent-to-treat principle, will be established as the primary analysis population.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will provide informed consent; the study protocol has been approved by the Independent Ethics Committee for each site. This study is designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of RDN using a 5F saline microirrigated RFA. Findings will be shared with participating hospitals, policymakers and the academic community to promote the clinical management of resistant hypertension in China.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT02900729; pre-results.
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WALAVALKAR, L., M. YEASIN, A. NARASIMHAMURTHY y R. SHARMA. "SUPPORT VECTOR LEARNING FOR GENDER CLASSIFICATION USING AUDIO AND VISUAL CUES". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 17, n.º 03 (mayo de 2003): 417–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001403002447.
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Computer vision systems for monitoring people and collecting valuable demographic information in a social environment is an important research problem. It is expected that such a system will play an increasingly important role in enhancing user's experience and can significantly improve the intelligibility of a human computer interaction (HCI) system. For example, a robust gender classification system can provide a basis for passive surveillance and access to a smart building using demographic information or can provide valuable consumer statistics in a public place. The option of an audio cue in addition to the visual cue promises a robust solution with high accuracy and ease-of-use in human computer interaction systems. This paper investigates gender classification using Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The visual (thumbnail frontal face) and the audio (features from speech data) cues were considered for designing the classifier. Three different representations of the data, namely, raw data, principle component analysis (PCA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were used for the experimentation with visual signal. For speech, mel-cepstral coefficient and pitch were used for the experimentation. It was found that the best overall classification rates obtained using the SVM for the visual and speech data were 95.31% and 100%, respectively, on data set collected in laboratory environment. The performance of the SVM was compared with two simple classifiers namely, the nearest prototype neighbor and the k-nearest neighbor on all feature sets. It was found that the SVM outperformed the other two classifiers on all datasets. To further understand the robustness issues, the proposed approach has been applied on a large balanced (roughly equal distribution of gender, ethnicity and age group) data-base consisting of 8000 faces collected in real world environment. While, the results are very promising it indicates more to be done to make a statistically meaningful conclusion.
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Zacharakis, Dimitrios, Eleni Pitsouni, Themos Grigoriadis, Christos Kalantzis, Dimitrios Loutradis y Stavros Athanasiou. "Minimal invasive procedures for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Un update". Hellenic Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 19, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33574/hjog.1933.
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Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a new term for a condition more renowned as atrophic vaginitis. It is used to describe a variety of menopausal symptoms and signs that are related to the physical changes of the vulva, vagina and lower urinary tract. The etiology of GSM is secondary to decreased levels of endogenous estrogens and represents a common but underreported condition. In this update we present novel minimal invasive procedures that may benefit GSM symptoms making particular focus on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment, hyaluronic acid (HA) treatment and energy-based devices (CO2 laser, YAG laser, radiofrequency device and high intensity focused ultrasounds). Currently, PRP has becoming popular as a non-operative treatment option for GSM symptoms. The principle underlying PRP treatment has to do with its ability to reproduce natural mechanisms of cell regeneration through the sequential secretion of numerous growth factors. Moreover, HA has been widely used as an important ingredient in topical hydrating and lubricating gels or injected for conditions such as dyspareunia. Lately, it has also been used as a new tool to treat age-related fat lysis of the female genitalia and especially the labia majora. Τhe Energy based devices have been recently suggested for the management of GSM. They utilize technologies such as laser, electromagnetic waves and high intensity focused ultrasounds to focus energy in the vaginal wall heating the targeted tissue at various depths without causing any pain or needing a recovery time. These minimal invasive procedures appear to be promising options for the treatment of GSM symptoms. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate more thoroughly the effectiveness and safety of these procedure and assess medium and long term results.
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Sagawa, Tamotsu, Yutaka Okagawa, Fumito Tamura, Tsuyoshi Hayashi, Koshi Fujikawa, Yasuo Takahashi y Yasushi Sato. "The prognostic factor and the optimal timing of conversion surgery in unresectable stage IV gastric cancer: A retrospective analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, n.º 4_suppl (1 de febrero de 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.4_suppl.78.
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78 Background: Conversion surgery could be an option for unresectable stage IV gastric cancer when distant metastasis (M1) is disappeared by chemotherapy. However, the indication and the optimal timing of conversion surgery in stage IV gastric cancer remain unclear, even if metastatic lesions disappear with chemotherapy. Guideline of National Comprehensive Cancer Network also shows no principle after down-staging. Methods: This retrospective study examined 34 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative conversion surgery at our institute between 2005 and 2014. Clinicopathologic characteristics and patient outcomes were analyzed, with particular focus on the potential to select patients who might benefit from surgical resection. Results: The number of M1 factors was one in 31 patients and two in 3, including metastases to non-regional lymph node in 21, peritoneum in 8, liver in 5, and lung in 3. The regimen of chemotherapy was Docetaxel/CDDP/S-1 in 23 patients, Docetaxel/CDDP/S-1+Trastuzmab in 6, S-1/CDDP in 2, Docetaxel/S-1 in 1, CPT/CDDP in 1, and S-1 monotherapy in 1. The median duration from initiation of chemotherapy to the operation was 114 days (range 37-653 days). Total gastrectomy was performed in 27 patients and distal gastrectomy was performed in 7 patients. Complete resection with no residual tumor (R0) was achieved in 23 of 34 patients, microscopic residual tumor status (R1) in 10, and macroscopic residual tumor (R2) in 1. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate among the patients who underwent conversion therapy was 58.0% with MST of 1190 days. Univariate analysis among the patents with conversion surgery identified intestinal differentiation, pathological response grade≧1b, R0 resection as significant prognostic factors. Patients operated on more than 91 days from initiation of chemotherapy had the 3-year survival rate of 68.2%, compared to 40.0% for patients operated on less than 90 days. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the increased 3-year survival rate associated with delayed conversion surgery for stage IV gastric cancer. Delayed conversion surgery should be considered for patients, even if metastatic lesions disappear with chemotherapy.
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Holodkova, V. V., A. B. Titov y J. V. Rjabkin. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTION OF CLUSTER OIL TREATMENT SITES IN THE FAR NORTH CONDITIONS". Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 70, n.º 4/2020 (27 de diciembre de 2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.4.2020.70.008.
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The development of oil and gas fields, especially in the Far North, which are caused by complex climatic, geological and geocryological conditions, requires the introduction of innovative technologies. Today, a common option for the development of oil treatment fields is to organize them according to the cluster principle. Providing efficient access to cluster oil treatment is one of the key tasks in the development strategy of the Northern territories of Russia. The article focuses on evaluating the efficiency of the introduction of innovative technologies in the construction of road surfaces in the difficult conditions of the Far North using nanofibrobeton. It is proposed to use a special very light concrete or cellular gas-fiber concrete, which is a dry mixture of non-autoclave production, which is delivered dry to the construction site and only diluted with water directly on site in the volume necessary for a specific operation, after which it is poured into the monolith on the spot. When building access roads when creating an oil and gas field, it is necessary not only to create access roads, but also paths that connect the objects of the field with each other. The use of light concrete in creating access roads, as well as paths that connect the objects of the field with each other, has a number of advantages, especially in terms of low weight and strength. In addition, this coating protects the base from bad weather conditions. This paper presents a comparative calculation of the economic efficiency of using various road construction technologies in these conditions. A detailed overview of the existing tools for evaluation the capital investments, taking into account the time factor, is presented. The specifics of the investment evaluation of the project for the use of nanofibro-concrete for the development of oil and gas fields is a significant service life of the road surface and, consequently, cost savings for current and major repairs.
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Zhirkov, I. I., A. V. Gordienko, I. M. Pavlovich, V. V. Yakovlev y D. Yu Serdyukov. "Elastography in the diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic diffuse liver diseases". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma62827.
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The presents modern information about a non-invasive instrumental technique for assessing fibrotic changes in the liver elastography. The data on the history of the origin of the term elastography are presented, several of its definitions are given, and attention is also paid to the main principle of the technique percussion, which is traditionally used in an objective study of a patient. The facts about the dual terminology of the technique in the literature are presented, in which some authors use the term elastography, and the other part elastometry. When analyzing the literature, it turned out that in foreign sources the term elastography is much more often used, and both names of the method are used in Russian. Given the greater prevalence of the elastography option, it is more logical to use it, but each of these names has its own right to exist. Definitions are given for the basic physical concepts associated with the elastography method elasticity, rigidity and Youngs modulus of elasticity. From the point of view of application in clinical practice, elastography techniques can be divided into four groups: compression elastography, which is more often used in oncodiagnostics, transient, point and two-dimensional shear wave elastography, used in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Physical classification involves dividing elastography into two types: static, which includes compression elastography, and dynamic, which includes transient, point and two-dimensional shear wave elastography. Transient elastography is implemented in devices of the FibroScan family, point elastography in ultrasound scanners from Hitachi Aloka, Siemens and Philips, two-dimensional shear wave elastography in devices from Supersonic Imagine, Toshiba, Siemens, Mindray, General Electric. The widest range of possibilities for assessing liver fibrosis is provided by two-dimensional shear wave elastography. The combined use of several techniques is expected to increase the diagnostic accuracy in determining fibrosis. Magnetic resonance elastography has the greatest accuracy among elastographic techniques, but its application is limited due to the complexity and high cost of equipment, therefore, this technique has not yet found wide application in clinical practice.