Literatura académica sobre el tema "Non-tariff barriers (NTB)"

The aim of the study was to examine whether there are non-tariff barriers (NTB s) in Poland’s trade with neighboring countries and in what amounts. For this purpose, a gravitational model of international trade was used, in which the parameters of selected variables were estimated in 4 agri-food sectors: agricultural raw materials, dairy products, food, fruit and vegetables, and meat products. The estimation of NTB s was the smallest in all sectors mentioned in Poland’s exports to Slovakia. The largest restrictions except for the dairy sector occur in Poland’s trade with Ukraine. The largest non-tariff barriers in Poland’s trade with neighbors occur in the agricultural raw materials sector, and the smallest in meat products. In addition, the model confirmed the veracity of the Linder hypothesis.

Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor kayu lapis dengan menggunakan Gravity Model, dan menghitung Nilai Tarif Ekuivalen dari Non Tariff Barriers (NTBs) kayu lapis Indonesia di negara tujuan. Berdasarkan pendekatan Gravity Model (Model Gravitasi), aliran perdagangan potensial diperoleh dengan melakukan subtitusi seluruh data kedalam persamaan gravity. Fitted trade flow dari persamaan gravity model dianggap sebagai aliran perdagangan potensial. Perbedaan antara aliran perdagangan aktual dan potensial diindikasikan sebagai tarif ekuivalen dari NTBs. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ekspor kayu lapis Indonesia yaitu Gross Domestic Product (GDP) riil Indonesia dan negara tujuan, Indek Harga Konsumen (IHK) Indonesia dan negara tujuan, jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar dan krisis keuangan tahun 2010. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan negara Uni Eropa seperti Inggris dan Belgia memiliki rata-rata tarif ekuivalen NTBs paling besar. Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) untuk legalitas produk kayu dapat dijadikan sebagai strategi untuk menghadapi NTBs yang ada di negara tujuan ekspor. This study sets out to analyze factors that influence plywood exports utilizing the Gravity Model and assess the equivalent tariff value of Non Trade Barriers plywood on destination countries. Based on the Gravity Model approach, a potential of flow of trade is obtained through substituting the whole data into gravity equation. Fitted trade flow from the Gravity Model equation is considered as a potential trade flow. The difference between actual and potential trade flow is indicated by the NTB equivalent tariff. The result shows factors that are influential on plywood exports notably the GDPs of Indonesia and destination countries, Consumer Index Price in Indonesia and destination countries, economic distance, exchange value and economic crisis in 2010. In addition, European Union such as England and Belgium have the highest average for NTB equivalent tariff. Verification System of Plywood legality is one alternative that can be deployed as a strategy when confronting NTB on destination countries.

Aktivitas perdagangan internasional selain dapat memberikan manfaat juga dapat memberihambatan. Salah satu hambatan yang muncul adalah hambatan non tarif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmenganalisis dampak hambatan non tarif terhadap sektor perikanan dengan menggunakan pendekatanmodel GTAP. Data sekunder yaitu data GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) digunakan dalam kajianini. Data GTAP versi 9 yang terdiri dari 140 negara dan 57 sektor dikeluarkan oleh Purdue University,Amerika Serikat. Penelitian dilakukan di Pusat Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan padabulan Januari hingga Desember 2016. Metode analisis menggunakan runGTAP dengan 4 skenarioyakni : (a) Skenario 1; Indonesia tetap bertahan dengan Non Tariff yang sudah ditetapkan olehnegara mitra; (b) Skenario 2; Negara mitra mengurangi Non Tariff sebesar 50% dari kondisi yang ada;(c) Skenario 3; Indonesia tetap bertahan dengan Non Tariff yang sudah ditetapkan oleh negara mitra danpemerintah melakukan intervensi (peningkatan efisiensi dan produktivitas), dan; (d) Skenario 4; Negaramitra mengurangi Non Tariff sebesar 50% dari kondisi yang ada dan pemerintah melakukan intervensi(peningkatan efisiensi dan produktivitas). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan hambatan nontarif dan intervensi kebijakan sangat berpengaruh baik secara makro maupun sektoral. Secara makroberpengaruh terhadap kesejahteraan, PDB, neraca perdagangan, nilai tukar (terms of trade), indeksharga konsumen dan konsumsi. Sedangkan secara sektoral berpengaruh terhadap jumlah output, hargaoutput, jumlah ekspor, harga ekspor, jumlah impor, harga impor dan neraca perdagangan komoditas.Pada umumnya simulasi 3 yakni pengurangan NTB sampai 100% dan adanya intervensi pemerintahmemberikan efek paling besar dan merupakan pilihan simulasi paling terbaik dibandingkan dengan yanglain. Secara sektoral simulasi 3 memberikan efek pada jumlah output komoditas tuna dan udang denganpertumbuhan sebesar 2,14% dan 0,91%; dampak positif harga sebesar 16,4% dan 5,67%; peningkatanvolume ekspor sebesar 47,78% dan 82,77%.Title: Impact of Non-Tariff Barriers of Macroeconomics Performance of Fisheries Sector Using Gtap Model ApproachInternational trade activities may provide benefits and trade barriers. One of the obstacles intrade is non-tariff barriers. This study aimed to analyze the impact of non-tariff barriers on the fisheriessector by using the GTAP model approach. The study using Secondary data of GTAP (Global TradeAnalysis Project). GTAP data version 9 consist of 140 countries and 57 sectors were published byPurdue University, United States. The research was conducted at Social Economic Research Centerof Marine and Fishery on January to December 2016. The analysis using four scenarios of runGTAPnamely: (a) first scenario, Indonesia has already persisted of Non Tariff by setting of partner countries; (b)second scenario, partner countries reduce Non-Tariff was 50% of existing conditions; (c) third scenario,Indonesia persisted of Non-Tariffs by setting partner countries and government doing interventions suchas increasing of efficiency and productivity, and; (d) forth scenario, partner countries reduce Non-Tariffwere 50% of existing conditions and government doing interventions such as increasing of efficiency andproductivity. The result showed that decreasing of non-tariff barriers and policy interventions effected theboth of macro and sectoral conditions significantly. The macro effected on welfare, GDP, Trade Balance, Terms of Trade, Consumer Price Index and Consumption. The sectoral effected the amount of output,output price, export amount, export price, import volume, import price and commodity trade balance. Ingeneral, third simulation were reduction of NTB up to 100% and intervention of government, gaved thegreatest effected to the performance of macro and sectoral conditions and this scenario was the bestsimulation compared to the others. By sectoral, third simulation effected the amount of output of tunaand shrimp commodity with the growth was 2,14% and 0,91%, positive impact of price was 16.4% and5.67%; increasing of export volume was 47.78% and 82.77%.

Whether we are ready or not, people in Indonesia and the rest of Southeastern Asia will soon welcome the ASEAN Economic Communities (AEC) by the end 2015. Therefore, there are needs to evaluate the progress in ASEAN rules and strategies thus far. By employing normative study, this paper finds and further recommends the following: Firstly, ASEAN almost reached its peak points in eliminating the tariff barriers, yet to come are the elimination on ‘sensitive’ and ‘highly sensitive list’ tariffs on imported agriculture commodities; Secondly, Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) remain to be one of the major problems in intra-ASEAN trades; Thirdly, Member States reluctances to invoke the ASEAN dispute settlement mechanism for their trading disputes may potentially hinder the effectiveness of AEC in the future; and Finally, the protection of intellectual property remains low in the region as the ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Action plan 2011-2015 is still deemed ineffective to reforms the IP regulations within Member States.

Whether we are ready or not, people in Indonesia and the rest of Southeastern Asia will soon welcome the ASEAN Economic Communities (AEC) by the end 2015. Therefore, there are needs to evaluate the progress in ASEAN rules and strategies thus far. By employing normative study, this paper finds and further recommends the following: Firstly, ASEAN almost reached its peak points in eliminating the tariff barriers, yet to come are the elimination on ‘sensitive’ and ‘highly sensitive list’ tariffs on imported agriculture commodities; Secondly, Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) remain to be one of the major problems in intra-ASEAN trades; Thirdly, Member States reluctances to invoke the ASEAN dispute settlement mechanism for their trading disputes may potentially hinder the effectiveness of AEC in the future; and Finally, the protection of intellectual property remains low in the region as the ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Action plan 2011-2015 is still deemed ineffective to reforms the IP regulations within Member States.

This article investigates interactions between institutional designs and values upheld by states on institutional effectiveness, for the purpose of understanding why particular institutions perform better than the others in extracting compliance and cooperation from countries. I contend that institutional effectiveness — defined as the ability to extract states’ compliance and foster cooperation — is explained by dynamics between institutional functions and actors’ governing principles. The higher the compatibility between these two factors, the higher the degree of institutions’ effectiveness, and vice versa. This argument was validated through cases of non-tariff barrier (NTB) elimination and trade facilitation under the ASEAN Economic Community framework.

Dibukanya perdagangan bebas China ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) dan India ASEAN Free Trade Area (IAFTA) terhitung awal tahun 2010 dan pemberlakuan Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean (MEA) tahun 2015, merupakan tantangan bagi para produsen atau pelaku bisnis dalam negeri, untuk lebih meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas produk yang dihasilkannya, sehingga mampu bersaing dengan produk-produk impor yang pasti akan membanjiri Indonesia. Peningkatan kualitas produk yang antara lain akan menghilangkan kesenjangan dan keberterimaan standard, merupakan salah satu bentuk Non-tariff barrier to trade (NTB), sehingga produk domestik tidak terpukul dan tetap dapat bersaing ketika produk impor membanjiri pasar dalam negeri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa perlindungan produk pertanian menghadapi pasar bebas Asean (MEA) 2015. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Data sekunder yang digunakan yaitu studi kepustakaan, dengan mencari dan mempelajari berbagai teori yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah yang sedang diteliti. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu : (1) Pemberlakuan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN pada tahun 2015, memberikan peluang sekaligus tantangan bagi Indonesia untuk dapat meningkatkan mutu produk pertanian, yang mempunyai keberterimaan tinggi di masyarakat ASEAN, (2) Masyarakat diharapkan berpartisipasi aktif mendukung program standardisasi dengan mulai mengerti dan membeli produk yang diproduksi berdasarkan standar mutu yang ditetapkan, (3) Standar mutu produk pertanian harus dipahami oleh masyarakat luas melalui sosialisasi standar di berbagai media massa secara aktif, (4) Keberhasilan semua stakeholder terkait, mulai dari kelompok. tani/gabungan kelompok tani, pengusaha kecil menengah-atas, pendukung sarana prasarana termasuk kelembagaan serta swasta terhadap standar dan regulasinya akan melindungi produk pertanian menyambut Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean 2015 mendatang.

Abstract As multilateral negotiations focus more on reductions and removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs), the importance of quantifying the impact of these barriers has increased. Recent studies have derived ad valorem equivalents for NTBs for a large number of countries and/or products, but the derivation has been indirect, due to either lack of price data or NTB incidence measures. This paper uses city level retail price data to directly estimate the average impact of core NTBs on prices of 47 consumer products, grouped into four separate sectors, for more than 60 countries in 2001. The analysis uses both government self-reported data and a new database of private sector complaint data to assess NTB incidence. A differentiated products model is used to capture imperfect substitutability between products. With city level price data—including both inter- and intra-country price differences—a more precise distinction can be made between the impact of NTBs and the impact of local distribution costs in raising price. The model is estimated using an instrumental variables approach to incorporate the endogeneity of NTBs. Results suggest that core NTBs are still highly restrictive in many countries and for many traded goods. While NTBs appear to be complements to tariffs, in some sectors the presence of a tariff reduces the price impact of the NTB. Results also suggest that in some sectors, the restrictiveness of NTBs is highly correlated with country income.

This study assessed the effect of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) on the production and marketing of maize for smallholder farmers in Mbozi and Momba Districts located in Songwe region in Tanzania. A cross-sectional design was employed in gathering primary data. A two-stage stratified sampling procedure was used in the selection of 400 smallholder farmers, who were surveyed using standardized questionnaires. In estimating the effect of NTBs on maize production and supply, the duality model was employed. The results indicate that NTBs have a depressive effect on the quantity of maize produced and marketed. The findings further show that a unit increase in transaction costs attributed to NTBs could reduce the quantity of maize produced by 16 per cent in the two districts. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the quantity of maize produced and supplied by farmers in the two districts decreases with an increase in the NTB costs. The study recommends the reduction and/or removal of the NTBs, which impede maize production and marketing among smallholder farmers. This would help the government to achieve its goals of creating high prices in the surplus districts and attain low consumer prices in the deficit urban centers, thus reducing poverty.

Pasaulyje nėra šalies, kurios vyriausybė nereguliuotų vežamų per jos sienas prekių ir paslaugų srauto. Paprastai nustatomi įvairūs importo, kartais – eksporto ribojimai. Jais vyriausybės siekia įvairių politinių, ekonominių ar socialinių tikslų. Todėl nenuostabu, kad visoks ketinimas keisti prekybos reguliavimą kelia nesutarimų tarp skirtingų interesų grupių, nes pokyčiai kiekvienam turi skirtingą įtaką.XX a. pabaigoje ypač paplito netarifiniai tarptautinės prekybos ribojimai (NTR, angliškai: Non-Tariff Barriers – NTB), kurių dabar yra daugybė. Dažnai jie laikomi papildomais muitiniais ribojimais ir turinčiais laikiną pobūdį. Tačiau stipraus ūkio sukrėtimo laikotarpiu netarifiniai ribojimai tampa pagrindine prekių apyvartos su užsieniu reguliavimo priemone. Nė viena šalis iki šiol jų neatsisakė, vienų ribojimų svarba sumažėdavo, kitų – padidėdavo. Todėl pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – ištirti ne tarifinių ribojimų įvairovę, jų kaitą ir specifiką Lietuvai integruojantis į ES. Tyrimų objektas – ne tarifiniai ribojimai.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of trade barriers on the inclusion of Paraná s agriculture in foreign market in the period 2000-2011, with emphasis on the effects of the international crisis of 2008. For the development of the research object, one opted for a quantitative approach, using descriptive statistical method and the gravity model. It was found that Paraná has, on average, about 50% of its exports based on agricultural products and it increased to 64.01% in 2011. Twelve major products represent around 90% of agricultural exports and in 2011 were responsible for 56.42% of general exports. Over the last decade, the target markets migrated from the European Union to Asia, with great emphasis to China. As for trade barriers, it was found that the agriculture of Paraná faces tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) by all importing countries analyzed. The tariff applied varies greatly in relation to the country and products. The NTB faced are diverse, and the most frequently applied are sanitary and phytosanitary barriers, followed by technical barriers. Agricultural subsidies applied by OECD countries have high variance around the average and tended to decrease over the period. In the year immediately following the 2008 international crisis, its repercussions were: declines in agricultural exports by volume and value of exports; declines for 10 of the top 12 products analyzed; variations in tariffs, both for more and for less; increase in agricultural subsidies; and the incidence of more BNT on agricultural products. By gravitational model, one evidenced that there is a negative relationship of Paraná s agricultural exports with trade tariffs, converging with the theory of international trade. A trade liberalization through tariffs, as a tariff reduction of 1%, would be positive at 3.7% for greater inclusion of state agriculture in the foreign market.
Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a incidência de barreiras comerciais sobre a inserção da agricultura paranaense no mercado externo, no período de 2000 a 2011, com destaque para os reflexos da crise internacional de 2008. Para o desenvolvimento do objeto de pesquisa, optou-se por uma abordagem metodológica quantitativa, utilizando o método estatístico descritivo e o modelo gravitacional. Constatou-se que o Paraná tem, em média, cerca de 50% das suas exportações baseadas em produtos agrícolas, tendo aumentado para 64,01% em 2011. Doze principais produtos representam em torno de 90% da exportação agrícola e em 2011 foram responsáveis por 56,42% da exportação geral. Ao longo da última década, os mercados de destino migraram da União Europeia para a Ásia, com grande destaque para a China. Quanto às barreiras comerciais, constatou-se que a agricultura paranaense enfrenta tarifas e Barreiras Não Tarifárias (BNT) por parte de todos os países importadores analisados. O valor da tarifa aplicada varia muito em relação ao país e aos produtos. As BNT enfrentadas são diversas, sendo que as mais aplicadas são barreiras sanitárias e fitossanitárias, seguidas das barreiras técnicas. Os subsídios agrícolas aplicados pelos países da OCDE têm alta discrepância em torno da média e apresentaram tendência de queda ao longo do período. No ano imediatamente posterior à crise internacional de 2008, os seus reflexos foram: quedas nas exportações agrícolas, em volume e valor exportado; quedas para 10 dos 12 principais produtos analisados; variações nas tarifas, tanto para mais quanto para menos; aumento nos subsídios agrícolas; e a incidência de mais BNT sobre os produtos agrícolas. Pelo modelo gravitacional, evidenciou-se uma relação negativa das exportações agrícolas paranaenses com as tarifas comerciais, convergindo com a teoria do comércio internacional. Uma liberalização comercial por meio de tarifas, como uma redução tarifária de 1%, seria positiva em 3,7% para maior inserção da agricultura paranaense no mercado externo.

Includes bibliographical references
Member countries of multilateral and regional organisations have progressively negotiated tariff preferences and achieved tariff reductions on substantial trade. However, a tendency of policy reversal has been witnessed due to non-tariff barriers (NTBs) being imposed to control trade and recoup losses arising from reduced duties. To address the proliferation of NTBs, multilateral and regional organisations are implementing various forms of NTB notification, reporting, monitoring and eliminating mechanisms. The broad objectives of this study is to evaluate the performance of the tripartite NTBs reporting, monitoring and eliminating mechanism against best practice and establish its effectiveness to remove NTBs in the tripartite region. The main aim is to identify challenges and gaps in the design of the mechanism that are critical to the effective management of NTBs. Existing literature on mechanisms to address NTBs was reviewed. The focus of which was the main elements of reporting, monitoring and resolution of NTBs through the online mechanism. Policies dealing with NTBs were identified. The short comings of the tripartite online NTB mechanism (NTB-RMM) particularly with regards to data inadequacies, poor categorisation which impact negatively on NTB monitoring and policy improvements in the tripartite countries were also identified from literature. The online mechanism, hosted on the website www.tradebarriers.org was the primary source of the information and data utilised for analysis in this study. Supplementary information was obtained from the actual responses from a target group using questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was done by aggregating and assessing results from the data extracted from the mechanism, responses from questionnaire, available literature, findings from the desk research and oral and telephonic interviews. Evidence from literature indicated that there are basically two types of NTB mechanisms implemented at multilateral, regional and national levels. These are web and non-web based notification and reporting mechanisms. The mechanisms designed by the WTO, EU and OECD are notification mechanisms whereas the mechanisms implemented by other organisations like ECOWAS, COMESA, EAC and SADC are reporting mechanisms.

Tendecies to protectionism appeared in all crisis so far. The current one is no exception. Used protecting tools are the characteristics what differentiate them. The most used tools are non-tarrif measures, especially technical. Governments also applied stimulus packages which often included buy-national type of activities. The thesis concetrates on the roots of the changed pattern in the global economy. It investigates the influence of WTO, which liberalizes the world trade on the multilateral basis. On the other hand, the thesis focuses on regionalism and regional integrations, that liberalize trade only among few involved countries. The thesis also reflects the division of the world to developing and developed countries and describes differences in used measures. The case study investigates the North American Free Trade Agreement, which includes one developing and two developed countries. It also includes the world's biggest economy, whose behaviour heavily impacts the development of the global economy as a whole. This example illustrates differences in the measures used by governments of developing and developed coutries. It analyses influence of a regional integration to these measures and compares it to the influence of WTO. The possibilities of further enlargement of the free trade area and of involving the member countries to other integrations are reflected as well.

This thesis focuses on analysis of the shifting role of the state in the context of globalization processes and aims to explain acting of the state in a bilateral cooperation, as an actor who faces these challenges. This framework is afterwards examined on the transatlantic economic cooperation. Main argument is, that in the bilateral cooperation, such shifts can be observed, that are intertwined with greater interactions of components of the states. These transgovernmental networks can be considered inevitable in response to the rising significance of non-tariff barriers and in trade liberalization. In case of the EU-US partnership, the cooperation on this level is focused on harmonizing of regulatory measures what is crucial for further integration of the transatlantic economic relations.

This thesis deals with the current events in the World Trade Organization concerning about non-agricultural (industrial) products. It describes negotiations procceding cca from the year 2006 till now. The problems that I have chosen correspond to the chapters and comprises formula for tariff cutting and its coefficients, flexibilities, non-tariff barriers, sectoral negotiations and recently added members. Just as the problems I have chosen also the countries - Brazil, China, India, the European Union and the United States of America. They could be classified as the key and most active players in non-agricultural market access negotiations. I was concentrating on their opinions, attitudes, reaction and especially proposals.

Presented master's thesis deals with comprehensive free trade agreements (CFTA) and deep and comprehensive free trade agreements (DCFTA) concluded or proposed by the European Union. Its objective is to identify necessary conditions for initiation of (D)CFTA negotiation, determine areas covered by (D)CFTAs and contemplate an effect of (D)CFTAs on EU's position. In the first part of master's thesis, theoretical framework needed for research is introduced. The concept of soft power as defined by Joseph Nye is presented. The inductive method is applied to scrutinize comprehensive free trade agreements between the EU and Canada, Colombia, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Tunisia, respectively. The research proved that the EU has never started DCFTA negotiation with an authoritarian regime. However, it is not a single condition for initiation of DCFTA negotiation, and four more conditions are defined. A broad scope of (D)CFTAs beyond tariff-related issues is demonstrated. DCFTA and CFTA differ about their relation to EU acquis. Approximation in selected areas is compulsory under DCFTA. Trough CFTAs, the EU was able to uphold EU and international standards and promote fundamental rights. Consequently, the EU's soft power has been enhanced thanks to (D)CFTAs.