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1
James, Janet. "Preventing childhood obesity : a school-based intervention trial - CHOPPS - the Christchurch Obesity Prevention Programme in Schools." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/385141/.
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Nikolaou, Charoula Konstantia. "Obesity prevention interventions in young adults." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5795/.
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Background: Obesity has emerged as a major public health problem across the globe. Unfortunately, all the efforts, to date, to treat obesity have limited success. Despite the increased publicity on health and economic consequences, its prevalence continues to rise, even in countries that were previously battling under-nutrition. The annual weight gain which may lead to obesity if it remains uncontrolled, is small, averaging 0.7-1.0kg/year. Aiming to halt this small weight gain could be a solution towards combating the obesity epidemic and thus reduce its prevalence. One of the critical life stages where weight gain occurs is the transition between adolescence and young adulthood and especially evident in those attending higher education in the US. There is very limited data from the UK on the magnitude of weight gain in this population. This thesis aimed to explore the weight changes occurring during that life-stage, identify factors affecting those weight changes, explore weight gain prevention data and design and test interventions aiming to prevent any weight gain. Methods: Several studies were carried out during this PhD programme in order to answer all the research questions. Three systematic reviews were employed to examine 1) weight changes in young adulthood, 2) weight gain prevention studies in young adulthood and 3) the effect of calorie-labelling on calories purchased as an anti-obesity measure. A pilot study was carried out to test and explore methodologies for collecting data from young adults on lifestyle and lifestyle changes. A qualitative study was carried out to supplement the data from the pilot study on the importance of any weight changes for young adults. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the weight changes and lifestyle changes occurring during the first year of studies in young adults. An interrupted time-series study was carried out to test the hypothesis that calorie-labelling might have an effect on preventing weight gain in young adults. A cross-sectional study was carried out to test the effect of calorie-labelling on sales and choices in independent catering facilities where young adults represent a significant proportion of the customers. Lastly, a randomised trial was carried out to test the hypothesis than on-line programmes based on two different behavioural theories could help young adults to avoid any unwanted weight gain. Results: The systematic literature review of weight changes in young adults identified 27 studies reporting a mean weight increase of 0.7-3.75kg in those attending higher education. The pilot study examining methodologies and weight changes in young adults attending higher education in the UK found a weight increase between 0.5-5.5kg by 56% of the participants and the best recruitment method to be the on-line method compared to mail or in-person recruitment. The prospective study that looked at weight changes among first-year students attending a large university in the UK found a weight change of 1.8kg in a 9-month period. Baseline weight explained 48% of the variation observed in weight changes. Despite the belief that physical activity or consumption of fruit and vegetables is linked to weight management, neither of these protected against weight gain. The literature review on weight gain prevention studies among young adults, identified twelve studies (five of those conducted in higher education settings). Six of the studies found an effect on preventing weight gain or maintaining weight. No specific techniques were identified to be more effective as the studies that found an effect followed similar techniques with those that did not. The systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of calorie-labelling on calories chosen/purchased identified seven studies. Overall, there was no effect of calorie-labelling on calories chosen/purchased, however customers noticing the calorie-labels, reduced the calories chosen/purchased by 124.5kcal. Students are generally supportive of the presence of calorie information in a range of products and settings including alcohol products. In the time-interrupted study which was conducted over two years, young adults that were exposed to calorie information did not gain the expected weight observed in young adults in the same setting in the year prior to the implementation of calorie-labelling. The cross-sectional study conducted in an independent catering outlet examined the effect of calorie-labelling on sales of products. Prominent calorie-labelling led to substantial reduction in sales of all labelled products but mostly among those that were high calorie products. The randomised controlled trial led to weight loss among those who were randomised to the intervention groups while those in the control group gained the anticipated weight over a 9-month period. Conclusion: Young adults in the UK gain weight when starting higher education. The weight-gain is similar to that observed in young adults in higher education in other countries but higher than the weight gain observed in the general population. Interventions based on different behavioural models were all successful at abolishing this weight–gain. Applying these interventions in a larger scale or making them part of future public health policies could be a significant step towards halting the obesity epidemic.
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Neves, Joana Sofia Vilela de Sousa. "Obesity prevention: from conception to adolescence." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/60976.
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Neves, Joana Sofia Vilela de Sousa. "Obesity prevention: from conception to adolescence." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/60976.
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Simpson, Courtney C. "Investigating the Effects of Obesity Prevention Campaigns." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3702.
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Public health campaigns might not be universally helpful and could have detrimental consequences. The current investigation explored the effects of obesity prevention campaigns. Their impact was assessed using an experiment in which participants were randomized to view either weight focused obesity prevention campaigns or obesity prevention campaigns that did not use weight related terms. Results demonstrated that compared with campaigns without weight related terminology, weight focused campaigns increased negative perceptions of obesity and decreased self-efficacy for health behavior change. No differences in body satisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, state anxiety, or frequency of positive health behaviors were found based on the type of campaign viewed. Finally, exposure to both types of campaigns increased internalization of the thin-ideal. This study demonstrates that weight focused prevention messages pose serious public health consequences. Obesity prevention campaigns should refrain from using weight-related terminology and instead emphasize the positive health consequences of a healthy diet and physical activity.
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Marroquin, Cesar, and Maria Virgen. "Knowledge of Obesity Prevention in Pharmacy Students." The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624757.
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Class of 2005 Abstract<br>Objectives: To describe the physical activity and nutrition status of pharmacy students and determine the level of knowledge that these students have related to prevention of obesity.
Methods: This was a descriptive study of the physical activity and nutrition status of pharmacy students and their knowledge related to the prevention of obesity. Data were collected from all the students using a paper and pencil questionnaire (a copy is provided in the Appendix). Students were asked to answer questions related to causes of obesity, definition of obesity using BMI, and physical activity relating to BMI. They were also asked to compare physical activity to drug therapy and define the recommended exercise guidelines by the Institute of Medicine. Students were asked to match physical activities with the intensity of the activity from light to vigorous. Students were also asked to list the fruits, vegetables, unsaturated fats, sweetened drinks, fried foods, and whole-grain foods consumed the day prior. Students listed the frequency of moderate and vigorous activities they participated in the week prior. Students chose the benefits of physical activity most important to them and were asked to rank the importance of physical activity, diet and obesity prevention to their health. Demographic data were collected on age, gender, ethnicity, height and weight.
Results: Scores were derived for all questions and mean scores for the three classes were compared using student’s t-test for all groups. Mean scores and student’s t-test were also used to compare responses between genders.
Implications: Overall, pharmacy students are lacking education in preventing obesity. By educating pharmacists about healthy eating and physical activity they, in turn, can educate the public on preventing obesity.
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Känsäkoski, H. (Helena). "Value creation in childhood obesity care and prevention." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526204130.
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Abstract The aim of the thesis is to increase understanding about creation of value in health care. Value is created through knowledge processes in multiprofessional integrated care pathways (ICP) of childhood obesity and defined as health and well-being which benefits the patients, their families, health care organisations and society. An ICP is a practice among Finnish primary and special care which in this study is regarded as the value creating network. Knowledge processes take place in social networks of health professionals and families and information technology (IT) networks. The transdisciplinary study combines theories of Information Studies with theories of customer value in Business and Marketing research. The care and prevention of childhood obesity pursues permanent lifestyle changes through health counselling. Examination of value creation in networks based on knowledge processes has the potential to enhance health professionals’, patients’, and their families’ interaction in counselling. The qualitative case study involves the ICPs of two Finnish University Hospital districts. The empirical data, collected between 2009 and 2012, consists of semi-structured interviews of 30 health professionals in primary and special health care, of three children and their mothers, a family questionnaire (N=13), and care path instructions and memos of an ICP work group. The findings indicate that information practices and IT do not support knowledge processes and organisational learning in the ICP. Along with structural and IT-based boundaries in and between organisations, organisational culture confirms boundaries. Moreover, lack of time restricts the sharing of experiences. Knowing in health care is a complex phenomena; especially the care of childhood obesity appeared to include emotional aspects not addressed in previous research. Thus, the study contributes to theoretical knowledge by suggesting empathetic knowing to be included in the typology of knowing in the context of health care. Even if counselling was perceived well, it does not ensure permanent lifestyle changes. Actual value for the families is created in the everyday practices which should be supported by the environment. The theoretical framework can be tested further in similar constructions in health care organisations or in other ICPs to enhance Knowledge Management and value creation in health care<br>Tiivistelmä Tutkimus pyrkii lisäämään ymmärrystä siitä, miten arvoa luodaan lasten lihavuuden hoitoketjun tietoprosesseissa moniammatillisessa yhteistyössä. Hoitoketju on perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon välille luotu käytäntö, jota tarkastellaan arvoa luovana verkostona. Arvolla tarkoitetaan hyötyä, joka syntyy potilaille, heidän perheilleen, terveydenhuolto-organisaatioille ja yhteiskunnalle. Tietoprosessit muodostavat arvoverkoston ammattilaisten ja perheiden sosiaalisten verkostojen sekä hoitoketjun tietoverkostojen kautta. Tieteidenvälinen tutkimus yhdistää informaatiotutkimuksen teorioita liiketalouden tutkimuksen teorioihin asiakasarvon luomisesta. Lasten lihavuuden tärkein hoito- ja ennaltaehkäisykeino on terveysneuvonta, joka pyrkii pysyviin elämäntapamuutoksiin. Tietoprosessien tarkastelu arvoverkostoina mahdollistaa ammattilaisten ja perheiden vuorovaikutuksen kehittämisen terveysneuvonnassa. Laadullinen tapaustutkimus toteutettiin kahdessa suomalaisessa yliopistollisessa sairaanhoitopiirissä. Aineisto kerättiin vuosina 2009–2012. Se koostuu 30 terveydenhuollon ammattilaisen, kolmen potilaan ja heidän äitiensä teemahaastatteluista, 13 perheen lomakekyselyvastauksista sekä hoitopolkuohjeistuksista ja kokousmuistioista. Tulokset osoittavat, että tietoverkot ja informaatiokäytännöt eivät tue tietoprosesseja ja organisaatioiden oppimista hoitoketjussa. Rakenteellisten ja informaatio- ja viestintäteknologian luomien rajojen lisäksi erilaiset organisaatiokulttuurit muodostavat esteitä tietoprosessien etenemiselle. Kiire estää kokemusten jakamista. Tietämys ja osaaminen terveydenhuollossa ovat moniulotteisia seikkoja. Tutkimus nostaa esille lasten lihavuuden hoitoon liittyvät tunteet, joita ei ole tarkasteltu aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa. Siten tulokset täydentävät teoriataustana sovelletun tietämisen typologiaa empaattisen tietämisen tyypillä terveydenhuollon kontekstissa. Perheet kokivat terveysneuvonnan hyväksi, mutta vaikutukset pysyviin elämäntapamuutoksiin eivät nouse vahvasti esille. Hoidon arvo muodostuu perheiden jokapäiväisen elämän käytännöissä, mitä myös ympäristön tulisi tukea. Tutkimuksessa sovellettua teoriaa ja viitekehystä voidaan testata vastaavissa yhteistoimintahankkeissa ja hoitoketjuissa. Niiden avulla voidaan kehittää arvoa luovia tietoprosesseja ja tietojohtamista terveydenhuollossa
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Warren, Janet M. "Strategies for the prevention of obesity in children." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251367.
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Yatchyshyn, Todd. "Educational Stakeholders' Perspectives on School-Based Obesity Prevention Programs." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3627807.
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<p> Childhood obesity is a worldwide problem that can lead to adverse health conditions. In several rural Pennsylvania communities, over one third of elementary students are characterized as overweight, having a body mass index above the 85<sup>th</sup> percentile. The purpose of the study was to investigate educational stakeholders' perspectives about school-based obesity-prevention programs. The conceptual framework focused on cognitive theory, the theory of planned behavior, and the trans-theoretical model of health behavior change, which postulates that an individual's readiness to change is the most important factor of intervention programs. Qualitative interview data were gathered from 18 educational stakeholders. Inductive code-based analysis led to categories and themes. Key findings revealed a variety of barriers that limited and prevented effective student-wellness initiatives: students' physical activity; family dynamics, schedules, and socioeconomic factors; lack of transportation limiting children's participation in physical activities; parental engagement and input on obesity-prevention initiatives; and cafeteria environment and meal offerings. Findings informed the development of a policy recommendation for a research-based nutrition education program for schools and a strategy to communicate students' cafeteria habits to parents. Recommendations include a heightened awareness on factors contributing to obesity, as well as better educator-led planning to make improvements to school-based programs. Implications for positive social change may be the potential to increase awareness of healthy behaviors and improved student health through obesity-prevention methods, exercise patterns, and dietary habits of youth. These healthy habits may reduce adverse health effects in adulthood, which could hold the potential to improve the health of the next generation.</p>
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McSweeney, Lorraine Ann. "Prevention of obesity : exploring strategies for intervention in preschool." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2707.
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The proportion of overweight and obese children in England has increased considerably since 1995. One in five children starting reception class is now overweight or obese. Proposed reasons for this are numerous and indeterminate. They include infant feeding methods, genetics, change in eating habits and patterns, and increased sedentary behaviours. The preschool years are considered to be an optimal time to intervene in an attempt to reverse this trend. However, interventions to prevent or treat overweight in preschool-age children in the UK are scarce, with most research being conducted in the US and Australia. Previous research has demonstrated some positive results in changing some health behaviours, however, positive trends in overall obesity rates are lacking. Further research to determine which prevention strategies and methods are acceptable and operational in a ‘real world’ setting is required. Ninety-eight per cent of UK preschool-aged children now attend some form of childcare. Preschool settings may provide valuable opportunities to access children and their families not only for promoting healthy lifestyles, but also to develop and evaluate behaviour-change interventions. This thesis presents a feasibility study of a behaviour-change nursery practitioner-led intervention conducted in four preschool centres in the North East of England. The study is underpinned by the MRC Framework: Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions. The research was conducted in four phases: a preliminary qualitative study with parents of preschool children and nursery practitioners; development of a behavioural-change intervention; implementation of the intervention; and intervention evaluation. Qualitative data revealed underlying complex communication issues between practitioners and parents regarding food provision, and roles and responsibilities. Preschool centres appeared to have difficulties with enforcing school health policies. ‘Gatekeeper’ permission and lower-hierarchal compliance were on-going problems throughout the study. The majority of nursery practitioners and parents stated ‘liking’ and ‘finding’ the intervention methods and activities acceptable and positive changes in family health behaviours were reported. This study shows that a preschool centre behaviour-change intervention is feasible, however, as demonstrated, further work with nursery practitioners is required to determine how personal attitudes and school policy application can be enhanced to progress such an intervention. iii Feasibility studies of this type are important to inform further obesity prevention strategies research. The findings from this study are likely to have policy relevance and contribute to the body of literature.
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Hingle, Melanie Daniela. "Trans-community Approaches to Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196067.
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The Trans-community Approaches to Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Study (Activa Y Sana) was a two-year (August 2006 to May 2008) intervention in one hundred and forty-one 3rd and 4th grade children and their parents from four schools in the Sunnyside School District in Tucson, Arizona. Activa was designed to expand upon schools as an intervention venue, and was the first to test the feasibility and impact of a multi-level, or "trans-community" approach (involving children, their parents or caregivers, schools, and community agencies) on the prevention of childhood weight gain in an at-risk Mexican-American population.Families were assigned to one of three interventions, depending upon which school the child attended: Level 1, state-mandated nutrition- and physical activity-based health curricula; Level 2, Level 1 curricula plus an after-school program; or Level 3, Level 1 + Level 2 activities, plus a family intervention.Primary endpoints of this study were changes in child BMI z-score, % fat, abdominal circumference, activity levels and food intake, psychosocial characteristics and correlates of these measures.The three manuscripts contained herein represent the main findings of this pilot study. Identifying potential mediators and describing their influence on childhood overweight is essential to development of successful interventions. In Study #1, the findings for the examination of correlates of child BMI z-score and % fat are reported. Activa Y Sana was designed to test whether combining different levels of intervention would have a greater impact on child weight. In Study #2, the results of this trans-community intervention on child weight status is discussed. The majority of evidence-based obesity prevention programs in use today were not designed with minorities in mind, and the continued scarcity of research in Latino populations has hindered the development of culturally-competent interventions that might reduce overweight prevalence. The challenges encountered while implementing Activa Y Sana, a population-specific intervention, are described in Study #3.The results from this research may be used to help inform the design of future intervention programs with the goal of reducing the burden of obesity in Mexican-American children, currently the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population.
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Yatchyshyn, Todd. "Educational Stakeholders' Perspectives on School-Based Obesity Prevention Programs." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1141.
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Childhood obesity is a worldwide problem that can lead to adverse health conditions. In several rural Pennsylvania communities, over one third of elementary students are characterized as overweight, having a body mass index above the 85th percentile. The purpose of the study was to investigate educational stakeholders' perspectives about school-based obesity-prevention programs. The conceptual framework focused on cognitive theory, the theory of planned behavior, and the trans-theoretical model of health behavior change, which postulates that an individual's readiness to change is the most important factor of intervention programs. Qualitative interview data were gathered from 18 educational stakeholders. Inductive code-based analysis led to categories and themes. Key findings revealed a variety of barriers that limited and prevented effective student-wellness initiatives: students' physical activity; family dynamics, schedules, and socioeconomic factors; lack of transportation limiting children's participation in physical activities; parental engagement and input on obesity-prevention initiatives; and cafeteria environment and meal offerings. Findings informed the development of a policy recommendation for a research-based nutrition education program for schools and a strategy to communicate students' cafeteria habits to parents. Recommendations include a heightened awareness on factors contributing to obesity, as well as better educator-led planning to make improvements to school-based programs. Implications for positive social change may be the potential to increase awareness of healthy behaviors and improved student health through obesity-prevention methods, exercise patterns, and dietary habits of youth. These healthy habits may reduce adverse health effects in adulthood, which could hold the potential to improve the health of the next generation.
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Pearce, Claire Noël. "The Obesity Paradigm and the Role of Health Services in Obesity Prevention: a systems view." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21891.
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Aim The aim of this research was to examine the role of health services in obesity prevention and to examine how perspectives, relationships and system boundaries may enable or hinder the ability of health services to incorporate adult obesity prevention into practice. Background The increasing prevalence of obesity has a strong association with the growing rates of chronic disease in Australia. Health services have a clear role in the treatment of obesity, but the role of prevention is less well established. Further empirical evidence is required to understand how health services may play a more effective role in obesity prevention. Methods Qualitative research methodology was used to understand obesity prevention within a case study context. The use of grounded theory as a tool of analysis supported an approach which focussed on the perspectives of the participants and how these are influenced by the case-study setting, rather than to apply pre-existing theory. Results The review of the literature established health services should aim to screen for obesity and refer for intervention. This is not currently happening due to practical issues such as time and resourcing and because of health professionals’ views about the causes of obesity and doubts about the benefits of the health sector intervening once someone is already obese. The use of grounded theory to analyse interviews with staff working at a macro, meso or micro level of one health system established that the way we frame obesity within health services as a matter of choice, and deliver services within a medical disease model, prevents health services from playing an effective role in the prevention of obesity. Conclusion The dichotomy of obesity as a disease overly simplifies a complex issue, resulting in a paradigm which frames obesity as a matter of individual responsibility and choice. Applying a systems approach to obesity switches the focus from the need for everybody to lose weight to focussing on the multitude of influences on someone’s behaviour and the range of ways to address change. At a healthcare delivery level, this could help support clinicians in working with individual patients and improve policy and service criteria development.
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羅莉莎 and Lisha Lo. "Current evidence for the effectiveness of macro-level interventions targeting obesity prevalence: a systematicreview." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42997471.
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Rosenkranz, Richard R. "Impacting the home environment toward the prevention of childhood obesity." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/697.
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Edmunds, Laurel Devina. "Primary prevention in children at risk of obesity as adults." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302539.
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pour-Ahranjani, Behnoush. "The epidemiology and prevention of childhood obesity in Tehran, Iran." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1583/.
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Childhood obesity is a recognised increasing public health problem in Iran, but no evidence for effective prevention strategies is available. The aim was to inform the development of an obesity prevention intervention for Iranian school children. A quantitative analysis was used to examine the pattern and associated factors with obesity and a qualitative study explored the beliefs of parents and school staff about the causes of childhood obesity and potential interventions. Overall 28.2% of the children were overweight or obese and there was a non-significant tendency for increased energy intake with higher weight status. Measures of body fat were highly positively correlated with blood pressure. There was generally accurate body size perception among children and no relationship between weight status and quality of life scores. Focus group participants identified a range of perceived obesity risk factors related to diet and physical activity at the micro and macro levels. In terms of interventions, the importance of macro level activities was highlighted. The study confirms that childhood obesity is an important health problem in Tehran and highlighted socio-economic variations in prevalence, which will inform the targeting of prevention interventions. Important contextual information was obtained to inform the development of a prevention intervention.
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Romero, Ann. "Prevention of Childhood Obesity among Low-Income Preschool-Aged Children." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5515.
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To determine the effects of a targeted curriculum and dual program involvement on childhood overweight status among low-income preschool children, a nutrition curriculum was developed. Three Special Supplemental Food Program for Women Infants and Children (WIC) clinics participated in the study: the control clinic, a clinic which received the targeted curriculum, and a third clinic which received the targeted curriculum and referred participant families to the Expanded Food and Nutrition lll Education Program (EFNEP). Participants were followed for six months. Data collected included anthropometrics, dietary intake, and parental behaviors.
Results showed a decrease in body-mass index percentile, slight improvements in dietary intakes, and increased prevalence of healthy parental behaviors for all three clinics. Overall no significant differences between clinics were noted. Surveys indicated a positive impact of the curriculum in meeting desired objectives and a positive change on parents' self-efficacy.
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Schetzina, Karen E. "Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches to Obesity Prevention in Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5012.
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Lakshman, Rajalakshmi. "Development of complex interventions to prevent childhood obesity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609780.
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Poobalan, Amudha. "Prevention of obesity : exploration of lifestyle in 18-25 year olds." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553836.
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Background: Adolescence to adulthood is a transition period, identified as a trigger point for weight gain and obesity but an under-researched age. Aims and objectives: This thesis identifies components crucial to 18-25 year olds in order to develop a lifestyle intervention for obesity prevention by identifying existing effective interventions and exploring their lifestyle related to obesity. Methodology: An initial systematic review identified and critically appraised evidence on effective interventions. An explanatory mixed method approach followed, to explore the lifestyle of 18-25 year olds in the Grampian region, using a questionnaire survey (quantitative) and focus groups (qualitative). A health behaviour theory was used to underpin the questionnaire. Seven focus groups were conducted. Results: The systematic review identified possible effective interventions, but these were short-term and conducted in specific groups in controlled environments. Based on 1313 responses, the self-reported prevalence of overweight or obesity was 22% and increased with age. Irregular meal eating patterns, decreasing physical activity levels with age, combined with high levels of snacking when younger (18-19 year olds) were associated with higher BMI. In spite of high intention, explained by attitudes, gender and employment status, translation of intention to actual behaviour was poor. Barriers preventing healthy lifestyle were time, organising skills during stressful periods and cost. Future health was not a major concern, and neither was winning nor impressing others. ‘Appearance’, ‘feel good factor’, ‘have fun’ and ‘get a buzz’ were major motivators. In spite of identifying some of the crucial elements important in this age group, recruitment and determining the ideal time to intervene will be the challenges still to be addressed. Conclusion: Small behavioural changes homing in on the immediate benefits along with sustained support are more likely to produce changes in young people’s lifestyle which in turn, might lead to prevention of obesity in the long-term.
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Avery, Amanda J. "Community weight management, obesity prevention and treatment, across the life-course." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41842/.
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Obesity results from complex interactions between biological, behavioural, social and environmental factors. The focus of this thesis, both the collection of papers presented and the extended abstract, is on community-based approaches to the prevention and treatment of obesity across five important key life stages. The importance of early life influences, including the intrauterine environment, and the subsequent impact on body fatness across the life-course is discussed. Published research included considers the impact of interventions which aim to limit gestational weight gain on baby’s’ birthweights and the wider influence on sustained breastfeeding. However research presented also suggests that pregnant women receive limited information from healthcare professionals and whilst pregnancy should provide an ideal opportunity for public health intervention, the postnatal period may be more acceptable as a time to provide support and advice. The prevalence of childhood obesity has continued to increase. The most significant predictor of childhood obesity is parental obesity. A paper is presented which demonstrates that engaging adults in lifestyle programmes can have a positive impact on both the diet and activity habits of their family. A systematic review considers how TV viewing during meal-times may influence the foods and drinks consumed with the findings suggesting that the practice of eating whilst watching TV has a negative impact on the diet quality. It is recognised that sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) contribute significantly to the free sugar dietary intake, particularly the %total energy intake of children and adolescents. A further published review asks the question, which interventions that aim to reduce the intake of SSBs lead to reduced body fatness in children. There is a need for both primary prevention activities to prevent unhealthy weight gain and interventions to treat overweight and obese children/adolescents. Published data provides evidence for an intervention which does lead to weight loss in obese adolescents, leading to enhanced self-esteem which helps to improve their lifestyles behaviours. Young adulthood represents a period of change with increasing independence. There may be few occasions to discuss weight management with young adults but a presented paper explores the opportunities in primary care. Obesity is associated with a number of chronic diseases, one example being type 2 diabetes which is now presenting in adolescents and young adults. Losing weight can have a significant clinical impact on the glycaemic control of people with diabetes and thus reduce the health burden associated with the condition. Type 2 diabetes is now reversible if significant weight loss is achieved. A paper is presented which evaluates weight management in people with diabetes and the associated impact on glycaemic control. Prevalence data suggests that 25 million adults in the UK are either overweight or obese. Given the health burden to both the individual and society, scalable solutions are required which are delivered in a community setting. Through collaboration with a commercial weight management organisation (CWMO), a series of papers are presented which explore the feasibility and effectiveness of referral from primary care to CWMOs. CWMOs, using behavioural strategies, are well placed to support the large numbers of people who need weight management guidance and a referral scheme may address the health inequalities seen in obesity prevalence. One example of a well-established behavioural strategy, target setting, is considered in more detail with evidence of the importance of target setting presented. As with all research, weight management research is confounded by methodological issues. Community- based programmes are often more complex than clinical trials and contamination may be an issue. The extended abstract explores the methodological issues related to the presented papers in more detail. Whilst we can continue to improve our methodology it is important that we advance our knowledge as to what works to reduce the obesity epidemic. Sadly there will probably not be one solution which is effective at an individual level given the psychosocial complexities of obesity. Ideally we need to promote a nutritionally balanced diet and adequate levels of daily activity which enable children and adults to maintain a healthy weight across the life-course starting at the very beginning of conception.
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Rogers, Catherine Ann. "Simple Suppers: Findings from a Family Meals Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492688206338527.
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Schetzina, Karen E., William Dalton, Elizabeth Lowe, Nora Azzazy, Katrina VonWerssowetz, Connie Givens, Deborah Pfortmiller, and H. Stern. "A Coordinated School Health Approach to Obesity Prevention Among Appalachian Youth." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5102.
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Childhood obesity has been an increasing problem in the United States, especially in rural areas. Effective prevention approaches are needed. This article describes the development, implementation, effectiveness, feasibility, and sustainability of a school-based obesity prevention pilot project, Winning with Wellness. The program was based on the coordinated school health model and included a community-based participatory research approach aimed at promoting healthy eating and physical activity in a rural Appalachian elementary school. Findings from this preliminary project revealed improvements in nutrition offerings and increased physical activity during the school day. In addition, the program was found to be acceptable to teachers, successfully implemented utilizing both existing and newly developed resources, and sustainable as evidenced in continued practice and expansion to other area schools.
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Schetzina, Karen E. "A Coordinated School Health Approach to Obesity Prevention among Appalachian Youth." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5027.
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Thebaud, Veronique C. "Effect and process evaluations of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/84154/1/Veronique_Thebaud_Thesis.pdf.
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The thesis develops a summative evaluation framework of the NOURISH Randomised Controlled Trial, and applies this to a selection of maternal feeding choice outcomes of the programme. The research is based on an ecological model of the complex set of factors that need to be acted upon to address childhood obesity. The novel approach extends the standard RCT effect evaluation, while also conducting an in-depth evaluation of the process of programme development and implementation. Research findings identify adaptations of intervention delivery that could improve its effectiveness and translatability, in a new cycle of the programme.
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Hendrie, Gilly, and gilly hendrie@csiro au. "Towards obesity resistance in children: Assessing the predictors of healthy behaviours within the family environment." Flinders University. School of Medicine, 2010. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20100520.100129.
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Understanding the determinants of behaviour in children is crucial to curb the current population obesity trends. Children's behaviour develops within the home, making it a target for obesity prevention efforts. Previous research has identified a network of parental factors that are thought to influence children's health-related behaviour including weight, health-related knowledge and behaviour, parenting styles and practices, to name but a few. This complexity makes it important to use theory or models to guide research and to determine the relative importance of factors within the home environment to improve the effectiveness of future obesity prevention interventions.
Embedded in psychological theory and nutrition education principles is the concept that knowledge is required for behaviour change. This thesis provides much-needed support for the theoretical foundation that nutrition knowledge is a determinant of dietary intake behaviour. The measurement of knowledge and the collection and interpretation of intake data are often cited as limitations to research & issues this thesis aimed to address. Modifications were made to an existing measure of nutrition knowledge, and a validation exercise conducted within a heterogeneous Australian community setting provided a valid and reliable assessment tool to measure knowledge.
Single nutrient or food group analysis omits the synergistic nature of whole diet. A key component of this thesis was the modification of the United States Department of Agriculture's Healthy Eating Index to be consistent with Australian dietary guidelines and its application to the interpretation of dietary intake. An exploratory study, using the validated knowledge tool and modified diet quality index, revealed that some of the basic nutrition guidelines, such as eat more vegetables and less fatty foods, are reaching the community, but detailed knowledge of the nutrient content of foods, diet-disease relationships and making healthier food choices is poor. Indeed, knowledge was shown to be a significant independent predictor of dietary intake and diet quality. Knowledge was shown to be a stronger predictor of overall diet quality than of any single nutrient or food group.
The second aim of this thesis was to disentangle the relative importance of family environmental factors in the context of obesity resistance in children. A 12-month longitudinal study involved 154 South Australian families with primary school-aged children, and used structural equation modelling and previous research to present a model of obesity resistance. The proposed model showed an acceptable fit (NFI=0.458; CFI=0.741; RMSEA=0.045). Parents' BMI (β=0.34*) and knowledge (β=-0.21*) had the strongest direct associations with children's obesity risk. Parents' intake and expenditure behaviours were indirectly associated with children's behaviours through the creation of the home environment. The physical activity environment was associated with children's sedentary (β=-0.44*) and activity habits (β=0.29*). The food environment was associated with fruit and vegetable intake (β=0.47*). General parenting styles (β=0.63*) and child feeding practices (β=-0.74*) were associated with the family environment. Parents' knowledge also had a direct influence on their parenting practices & parenting style (β=0.25*) and feeding practices (β=-0.50*). The proposed model provided a comprehensive insight into the potential avenues for intervention within the complex network of factors that make up the family home environment.
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Dewes, Ofanaite Ana. "Obesity prevention in Pacific adolescents: Is there a role for the church?" Thesis, University of Auckland, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/7164.
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The aim of this study was to contribute to the emerging interest and body of knowledge
regarding obesity prevention in Pacific communities who have an affiliation with Christian
religions, and provide evidence to inform public health policy and guide the development
of church-based interventions.
METHOD
A mixed methods approach was used. Quantitative methods included analyses of data on
Pacific adolescents (sub-sample n=2495) from the cross-sectional survey (total sample
n=4250) in South Auckland secondary schools. Comparisons were made between Pacific
church attendees (77%) and non-attendees (23%) and ethnic groups (Samoa n=1107, Cook
Island Maori n=557, Tongan n=592, Other Pacific n=239). Qualitative methods included
analyses of data from Pacific church leaders (n=23) using semi-structured group interviews
(n=4) and 1:1 interviews (n=9). Interviews were preceded by individual meetings with
church ministers (n=20) to profile their churches (n=20), and a community fono for church
leaders (n=50) to develop obesity prevention strategies.
RESULTS
Schools: Church attendees had a higher body mass index (BMI) (mean BMI = 27.4)
compared with non-attendees (mean BMI = 26.6), (p=0.01), adjusted for age, gender and
Pacific ethnicity. Compared with non attendees, church attendees were more likely to
consume fruit and vegetables more frequently, source breakfast and lunch from the school
canteen or shop, and consume more snack foods (p=<0.05). They were also more likely to
have a supportive family and community environment for healthy eating and physical
activity (p=<0.05). Church attendees were more likely to be dissatisfied with their own
body weight, but less likely to have a sound knowledge of the risk factors for obesity
(p=<0.05). Compared with non-attendees, church attendees were less likely to walk/bike
to/from school and more concerned about traffic in their neighbourhood (p=<0.05). Church attendees were more likely to participate in lunch time activities, undertake weight
control and activities to gain muscle size, and spend less time on sedentary activities
(p=<0.05). Protective factors outweighed the risk factors for obesity among church
attendees. However, these results were not consistent with their anthropometric measures.
Churches
CONCLUSION
: Obesity is a key health issue facing Pacific churches. Church leaders had a
sound knowledge of the aetiology and consequences of obesity, and engaged in lifestyle
behaviours that are protective against obesity. They were also supportive of opportunities
to encourage and support healthy eating habits and physical activities at church and at
home. Parents/caregivers, especially mothers/female caregivers, had the most influence
over food and physical activity at church and at home. Church leaders perceived
themselves as role models for healthy lifestyle standards at church, and at home, and
supported church-based health promotion programmes.
Pacific adolescents who attend church are more likely to be obese than non-attendees.
Churches can play a central role in the delivery of obesity prevention and management
strategies to influence positive health behaviours among Pacific adolescents, and the
church community as a whole.
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Flannery, Orla. "Childhood obesity : understanding the user perspective to inform prevention and treatment strategies." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26679/.
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As a result of increasing prevalence in childhood obesity, it is now at the forefront of policy agendas. To date, however, there is a paucity of evidence in the UK, relating to the behavioural and environmental factors which influence diet and physical activity from the user perspective. Using the social-ecological framework, the principle aim of this thesis was to obtain the user perspective to identify priorities for action to inform prevention and treatment strategies for childhood obesity. A series of qualitative studies were carried out to determine the views of professionals, parents and children. In addition, a family based intervention for childhood obesity was evaluated. There was congruence in the findings across all studies. Poor diet and physical inactivity were identified as the main causes of obesity. Cost, availability, a lack of knowledge on portion sizes and food labels, a lack of appropriate facilities for activity and an unsupportive environment emerged as the main barriers. Across the studies, parents were consistently purported to be a contributor and a potential solution to childhood obesity. In terms of interventions, cookery courses which provide parents with practical information were deemed crucial. In addition, the development of a training programme for health care professionals on childhood obesity was identified as a priority. Children identified the use of the media and the internet as mechanisms with which to engage with children. With regard to the family based intervention, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in BMI and a significant increase in self-esteem (/?<0.05) post intervention. Although it is likely that the intervention had an effect, these findings warrant further investigation. In summary, this thesis provides a comprehensive insight to childhood obesity from the user perspective. Whilst change needs to occur to reduce the wider environmental barriers, equally parents are responsible for childhood obesity. However, there needs to be a concerted effort from health care professionals to ensure that parents have the necessary skills and knowledge to change behaviour.
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Campbell, Karen Jane, and karen campbell@deakin edu au. "Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention." Deakin University. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.120915.
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The prevalence of childhood obesity is escalating rapidly and it considered to be a major public health problem. Diet is a recognised precursor of fatness, and current evidence supports the premise that in Westernised countries, the dietary intakes of children are likely to be important in obesity genesis. However, we have a relatively poor understanding of the environments in which a childs eating is learnt and maintained. Much of the existing work in this area is based on small-scale or experimental studies, or has been derived from homogeneous populations within the USA. Despite these limitations, there is evidence that aspects of the childs family environment are likely to be important in determining obesity risk in children.
This thesis examines the impact of the family food environment on a childs eating through two related studies. The first study, titled the Children and Family Eating (CAFÉ) study comprised three phases. Phase one involved qualitative interviews with 17 parents of 5-6 year-old children to explore parental perceptions regarding those factors in a childs environment believed to influence the development of their childs eating habits. These interviews were used to inform the development of quantitative measures of the family food environment. The second phase involved the development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary intake in 5-6 year-olds. The FFQ was informed by analysis of 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey data. In the final phase the relationships between dietary intakes of 5-6 year-old children, and potential predictors of dietary intake were examined in a cross-sectional study of 560 families. Predictors included measures of: parental perceptions of the adequacy of their childs diet; food availability and accessibility; child-feeding; the opportunities for parental modelling of food intake; a childs television exposure; maternal Body Mass Index; and maternal education. Analysis of the CAFÉ data provides unique information regarding the relationships between a childs family food environment and their food consumption. Models developed for a range of dietary outcomes considered to be predictive of increased risk for obesity, including total energy and fat intakes, vegetable variety, vegetable consumption, and high-energy (non-dairy) fluid consumption, explained between 11 and 20 percent of the variance in dietary intake. Two aspects of the family food environment, parental perception of a childs dietary adequacy, and the total minutes of television viewed per day, were frequently found to be predictive of dietary outcomes likely to promote fatness in these children.
The second study, titled the Parent Education and Support (PEAS) Feeding Intervention Study, was a prospective pre/post non-randomised intervention trial that assessed the impact of a feeding intervention to 240 first-time mothers of one-year-old children. This intervention focused on one aspect of the family food environment, child-feeding, which has been proposed as influential in the development of obesogenic eating behaviours. In this study, Maternal and Child Health Nurses (MCHNs), using a Division of Responsibility model of feeding, taught parents to provide nutritious food at regular intervals and to let children decide if to eat and how much to eat. Thus parents were encourages to food their child without exerting pressure, or employing coercion or rewards (controlling behaviours). The aim was to influence parental attitudes and beliefs regarding child-feeding. Through the use of these feeding techniques, this intervention also aimed to increase the variety of fruits and vegetables a child consumed by teaching parents to persist with offering these foods, over the year of the intervention, in non-emotive environments. Fruits and vegetables were chosen in this intervention because they are likely to be protective in the development of obesity. Analysis of the PEAS data suggests that this low-level feeding intervention, delivered through existing Maternal and Child Health services, was modestly effective in changing parental attitudes and beliefs regarding the feeding of young children. Further, the validity of fruits offered to intervention group children increased.
This thesis expands the existing knowledge base by providing a comprehensive analysis of the relative impact of aspects of the family environment on dietary intakes of 5-6 year-olds. Further, the analysis of a feeding intervention in first-time parents provides important insights regarding the potential to influence child-feeding and the impact this may have on the promotion of eating behaviours protective against obesity.
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Häußler, Jan L. [Verfasser]. "Essays in the Economics of Obesity and Diabetes Prevention / Jan L. Häußler." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050348826/34.
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Kelley, Melessa N. "Native American Early Adolescents Response to a Cultural-Based Prevention for Obesity." Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10300325.
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<p> In recent years, an unprecedented level of interest has grown around the prospect of sending humans to Mars for the exploration and eventual settlement of that planet. With the signing of the 2010 NASA Authorization Act, this goal became the official policy of the United States and consequently, has become the long-term objective of NASA's human spaceflight activities.</p><p> A review of past Mars mission planning efforts, however, reveals that while numerous analyses have studied the challenges of transporting people to the red planet, relatively little analyses have been performed in characterizing the challenges of sustaining humans upon arrival. In light of this observation, this thesis develops HabNet – an integrated Habitation, Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS), In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), and Supportability analysis framework – and applies it to three different Mars mission scenarios to analyze the impacts of different system architectures on the costs of deploying and sustaining a continuous human presence on the surface of Mars.</p><p> Through these case studies, a number of new insights on the mass-optimality of Mars surface system architectures are derived. The most significant of these is the finding that ECLS architecture mass-optimality is strongly dependent on the cost of ISRU – where open-loop ECLS architectures become mass-optimal when the cost of ISRU is low, and ECLS architectures with higher levels of resource recycling become mass-optimal when the cost of ISRU is high. For the Martian surface, the relative abundance of resources equates to a low cost of ISRU, which results in an open-loop ECLS system supplemented with ISRU becoming an attractive, if not dominant surface system architecture, over a range of mission scenarios and ISRU performance levels.</p><p> This result, along with the others made in this thesis, demonstrates the large potential of integrated system analyses in uncovering previously unseen trends within the Mars mission architecture tradespace. By integrating multiple traditionally disparate spaceflight disciplines into a unified analysis framework, this thesis attempts to make the first steps towards codifying the human spaceflight mission architecting process, with the ultimate goal of enabling the efficient evaluation of the architectural decisions that will shape humanity's expansion into the cosmos. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - docs@mit.edu)</p>
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Jalali, Seyed Mohammad Javad. "Three Essays on Systems Thinking and Dynamic Modeling in Obesity Prevention Interventions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75171.
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Essay #1 - Parental Social Influence in Childhood Obesity Interventions: a Systematic Review
The objective of this study is to understand the pathways through which social influence at the family level moderates childhood obesity interventions. We conducted a systematic review of obesity interventions in which parents' behaviors are targeted to change children's obesity outcomes, due to the potential social and environmental influence of parents on the nutrition and physical activity behaviors of children. Results for existing mechanisms that moderate parents' influence on children's behavior are discussed and a causal pathway diagram is developed to map out social influence mechanisms that affect childhood obesity. We provide health professionals and researchers with recommendations to leverage family-based social influence mechanisms for increasing the efficacy of the obesity intervention programs.
Essay #2 - Dynamics of Obesity Interventions inside Organizations: a Case Study of Food Carry-Outs in Baltimore
A large number of obesity prevention interventions, from upstream (policy and environmental) to downstream (individual level), have been put forward to curb the obesity trend; however, not all those interventions have been successful. Overall effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions relies not only on the average efficacy of a generic intervention, but also on the successful Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) of that intervention. In this study, we aim to understand how effectiveness of organizational level obesity prevention interventions depends on dynamics of AIM. We focus on an obesity prevention intervention, implemented in food carry-outs in low-income urban areas of Baltimore city, which aims to improve dietary behavior for adults through better food access to healthier foods and point-of-purchase prompts. Building on data from interviews and the literature we develop a dynamic model of the key processes of AIM. We first develop a contextualized map of causal relationships integral to the dynamics of AIM, and then quantify those mechanisms using a system dynamics simulation model. With simulation analysis, we show how as a result of several reinforcing loops that span stakeholder motivation, communications, and implementation quality and costs, small changes in the process of AIM can make a big difference in impact. We present how the dynamics surrounding communication, motivation, and depreciation of interventions can create tipping dynamics in AIM. Specifically, small changes in allocation of resources to an intervention could have a disproportionate long-term impact if those additional resources can turn stakeholders into allies of the intervention, reducing the depreciation rates and enhancing sustainability. We provide researchers with a set of recommendations to increase the sustainability of the interventions.
Essay #3 - Dynamics of Implementation and Maintenance of Organizational Health Interventions: Case Studies of Obesity Interventions
In this study, we present case studies to explore the dynamics of implementation and maintenance of obesity interventions. We analyze how specific obesity prevention interventions are built and eroded, how the building and erosion mechanisms are interconnected, and why we can see significantly different erosion rates across otherwise similar organizations. We use multiple comparative case studies to provide empirical information on the mechanisms of interest, and use qualitative systems modeling to integrate our evolving understanding into an internally consistent and transparent theory of the phenomenon. Our preliminary results identify reinforcing feedback mechanisms, including design of organizational processes, motivation of stakeholders, and communication among stakeholders, which influence implementation and maintenance of intervention components. Over time, these feedback mechanisms may drive a wedge between otherwise similar organizations, leading to distinct configurations of implementation and maintenance processes.<br>Ph. D.
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Liu, Sherry T. "Behavioral, Policy, and Environmental Approaches to Obesity Prevention in Preschool-Aged Children." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395108013.
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Farus-Brown, Susan Janette. "Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity in the Ambulatory Care Setting." Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1399452773.
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Franckle, Rebecca L. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Their Role in Obesity Prevention Programs and Policies." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201729.
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It is well established that sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with obesity and chronic diseases. Although there is some emerging evidence that consumption of added sugars is declining in the United States, on average Americans’ consumption still exceeds recommended levels. Consequently, it is imperative that researchers continue to delve further into the question of exactly how SSBs influence obesity and associated chronic diseases, as well as consider creative and novel strategies for reducing their impact on consumers’ health.
Several important gaps in the research are addressed by this dissertation. Chapter one considers the role of SSBs and overall diet quality with respect to the growing body of evidence that demonstrates an association between sleep duration and obesity. We used linear regression to examine the associations of sleep duration with dietary indicators in elementary school students taking part in a multi-sector, community-based obesity prevention intervention (the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project). We found that students who reported sleeping <10 hours/day consumed soda more frequently and vegetables less frequently compared with students who reported optimal sleep.
Chapter two assesses whether fast food customers are worse at estimating the caloric content of their meal when their purchase includes a high-calorie beverage (HCB). We used linear regression to examine the association between purchasing HCB and calorie estimation among adult and adolescent fast food customers, and found that among adults, drinking HCB contributes to underestimating calories. HCB may be influencing calorie estimation in a unique way compared to high-calorie food items.
Chapter three considers the relevance of SSBs with respect to proposed changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Using sales data from a large supermarket chain in the Northeast, we used multivariate analysis of variance to determine whether there is an association between SNAP receipt and shopping patterns. We found that SNAP shoppers spent more than non-SNAP shoppers on sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, and cold convenience foods, and spent less on fruits, vegetables and poultry.
Each chapter lends additional support for a focus on SSB consumption in obesity prevention efforts and will inform the development of prevention strategies in the future.
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Kheder, Ramiar Kamal. "Immune modulation in the prevention of pathologies relating to diet-induced obesity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39952.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from accumulation of fat in liver, so-called steatosis. Fatty liver may lead to the development of inflammation (steatohepatitis). This study analysed the role of high fat diet, Vitamin D, and complement properdin in mouse models of high fat diet. Properdin knockout mice, and properdin wild type mice on LDLR-/- and LDLR+/+ background were fed a high fat –high sugar diet or Western (high fat) diet. Body weight, fat pad weight, liver histopathology, immunohistochemistry were analysed. Hepatic expression of candidate genes (TNF-α, srebp-1c, TLR4, HMGCR, SR-B1, PPAR-y) was performed by qPCR. ELISA was used to quantify serum insulin, Adiponectin, MDA. Liver function test, endotoxin, complement activation, Western blot were evaluated. in vivo results showed that a high fat–high sugar diet and so-called Western diet led to the development steatosis, inflammation, and properdin has a role in the prevention of obesity, and metabolic syndrome diseases. Vitamin D given to mice fed high fat –high sugar diet led to the prevention of obesity, and associated complications. Exercising mice combined with supplemented Vitamin D had a better effect to prevent metabolic syndrome diseases. in vitro results shown that DHA, Vitamin D, and Allicin had anti-inflammatory roles by reducing TNF-α to LPS stimulation.
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Ciocson, Ana Flor Rasonabe. "A Nurse-Led Evidence-Based Quality Improvement Program on Childhood Obesity Prevention." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4721.
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The increased prevalence rate of childhood obesity in Saudi Arabia is a nationwide health issue. The doctoral project was instituted in the pediatric out-patient clinic (POPC) of a tertiary university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Child obesity clinic and clinical practice guideline (CPG) for primary prevention were not available in the pediatric outpatient clinic with a high incidence of newly diagnose obese children. The focus of this doctoral project was to improve the clinical nursing practice of POPC nurses through the adoption of CPG on primary prevention of childhood obesity. The knowledge translation into action framework provided a summary of descriptive series of ideal CPG implementation steps in POPC. The search for published CPGs was taken from DynaMed, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guideline International Network, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. There were 2 tools applied for analysis and synthesis. First, the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation II instrument was used to assess the quality of the guidelines. Second, the BARRIERS' scale was used to assess the extent of nurses' perception of barriers in CPG utilization. The 1st findings from this study revealed that RNAO CPG was the best and high-quality CPG over the Endocrine Society and the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement CPGs. The 2nd findings showed that most of the nurses perceived BARRIERS to utilization towards on the unclear implications of the CPG in their daily nursing practice. Hence, one of the vital recommendations was to have CPG awareness and education before the implementation. Overall, the doctoral project contributed to positive social change through guidelines, policies, and protocol provision for childhood obesity prevention in similar settings.
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Szelag, Daria Elizabeth. "Development and Evaluation of an Educational Tool on Infant Feeding for Childhood Obesity Prevention." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/593609.
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Introduction and Rationale: Childhood obesity is a public health epidemic in the United States. Prevention of childhood obesity is an important health concern, but there is a lack of prevention efforts focused on infancy (Birch, Anzman-Frasca, & Paul, 2012). Many health behaviors are learned in the very early childhood years (Dattilo et al., 2012), so infancy is an opportune time to begin obesity prevention efforts (Grote, Theurich, & Koletko, 2012; Paul et al., 2011). There are very few resources available to educate mothers and caregivers of infants on protective infant feeding practices to reduce obesity risk. Purpose and Objective: The purpose of this DNP project is to develop educational material about infant feeding practices as a significant modifiable risk factor for the development of childhood obesity. The educational material is directed towards pregnant women and caregivers of infants less than 12 months of age. The objective is to educate parents and caregivers about infant feeding practices and the importance of preventing excessive weight gain during the first year of life for the prevention of childhood obesity. Methods: The Information-Motivation-Behavior (IMB) Model of Health Behavior serves as a framework for the content of the educational material. The Toolkit for Making Written Material Clear and Effective serves as a guide for the design of the educational material. Results: A systematic assessment of the educational material was conducted using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), a validated evaluation tool. The educational material was revised based on the PEMAT score. The PEMAT score was calculated for the revised handout and the handout is presented as an educational tool for the prevention of childhood obesity. Conclusions: This DNP Project demonstrated childhood obesity as a current significant health problem and identified infant feeding practices as a significant modifiable risk factor for the development of childhood obesity. Due to a lack of obesity prevention efforts focused on infancy, educational material was created using the IMB model of health behavior and the Toolkit for Making Written Material Clear and Effective. The final PEMAT evaluation yielded educational material that will likely have a positive health influence on the pediatric population.
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Howarth, Joelene Marie. "Childhood Obesity Prevention: A Parent Administered Behavioural Intervention to Increase Child Physical Activity." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2390.
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Obesity is a complex and increasingly prevalent health disorder that is associated with a wide range of medical, social, and psychological difficulties. People are more likely to be obese if they consume an energy dense diet but do not engage in physical activity. Research has indicated that interventions, when implemented during childhood, have long-term outcomes that are superior to interventions implemented in adulthood. This research piloted a behaviourally based intervention programme, with parents as the agents of change, to promote a lifestyle change for inactive children. The programme focussed on increasing physical play (lifestyle activity) and on decreasing sedentary behaviour (an obesity promoting behaviour) during children's after school leisure time. The intervention was investigated using three case studies. Although no conclusive evidence was gained regarding the effectiveness of the pilot programme there was some evidence that children participating reduced their amount of sedentary behaviour and increased the amount of time they spent in physical play. There was also evidence that parents were able to administer the programme and that they found it useful. The results from the present study suggest that the development and application of parent administered behavioural programmes, in the form of packaged interventions to prevent child obesity, warrant further investigation both in terms of the benefits and costeffectiveness it could offer parents and practitioners alike.
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Eiben, Gabriele. "Overweight and obesity in the young and old : prevalence, prevention and eating behavior /." Göteborg : Dept. of Public Health and Community Medicine, Primary Health Care, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/3144.
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Nafziger, Anne. "A population perspective on obesity prevention : lessons learned from Sweden and the U.S." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-893.
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Zabarauskas, Amber. "A role for the RNA binding protein Sam68 in the prevention of obesity." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=87007.
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Gene expression during adipocyte differentiation is known to be regulated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Few studies have examined the roles of RNA metabolism or posttranscriptional regulation during adipogenesis. Sam68, the Src associated substrate during mitosis of 68kDa, has been shown to be involved in several aspects of RNA metabolism. The Richard lab has generated Sam68-/- mice, which were observed to be leaner than their wildtype counterparts, and are protected from dietary induced obesity. In addition, pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells depleted of Sam68 also exhibited impaired differentiation. Using a microarray approach, a gene expression profile was obtained from Sam68-depleted 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes during differentiation, giving insight into which key players may be affected by Sam68. In addition, using a splicing sensitive exon array, I identified a number of potential alternative splicing gene targets which may be regulated by Sam68 during differentiation. Together these findings shed light on possible roles played by Sam68 during adipogenesis.<br>L'expression génique pendant la différentiation d'adipocytes est contrôlée par des évènements de transcription et post-transcription d'ARN. Il y a présentement un manque d'études sur les rôles des évènements post-transcriptionelles et de métabolisme d'ARN au cours du processus d'adipogenèse. Sam68 (Src associated substrate during mitosis of 68kDa) est impliqué dans plusieurs aspects de métabolisme d'ARN. Des souris ont été générées dont l'expression du gène Sam68 a été supprimé (Sam68-/-). Ces souris apparaissent plus maigres que les souris de phénotype sauvage, et ils sont protégés contre le développement de l'obésité. De plus, les cellules pré-adipocyte 3T3-L1, dont l'expression de Sam68 est réduite, démontrent un défaut de différentiation. A l'aide d'une méthode d'analyse à base de puce d'ADN 'microarray' nous avons obtenu un profil d'expression génique pendant le processus de différentiation pour ces cellules 3T3-L1 qui n'expriment pas de Sam68. Cela nous a donné une liste de gènes qui sont possiblement sous le contrôle de Sam68. De plus, nous avons utilisé une analyse à base de puce d'ADN 'exon array' pour identifier des évènements d'épissage qui peuvent être contrôlés par Sam68 pendant la différentiation d'adipocytes. Ensemble, ces trouvailles nous ont donné une idée des rôles possibles joués par Sam68 pendant le processus d'adipogenèse.
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Dai, Chia-Liang. "Evaluation of an Afterschool Obesity Prevention Program: Children's Healthy Eating and Exercise Program." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406810233.
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Koehn, Cassandra Leigh. "State Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention: Are There Differential Effects by Age Group?" Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1415104098.
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Anderson, Andraya D. "African-American Parents' Nutritional Habits: Implications for the Prevention of Early Childhood Obesity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11062/.
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This research study addressed the nutritional beliefs and habits of African-American parents of children aged 3 to 6 years old. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were employed. Quantitative data was collected via the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire as well as a demographic questionnaire. Qualitative data was collected from oral interviews conducted by the researcher. Seventy-five parents or guardians participated in the study. Findings for the research questions revealed the participants' beliefs about nutrition directly correlated with food they provided for their children and most believed nutrition rather than genetics played a role in their child(ren)'s weight. Furthermore, parents from lower income families consumed more home cooked meals per week and those with higher incomes did not consume more fast food per week. Food intake restriction and control in feeding was similar among all participants, regardless of restriction and control in feeding was similar among all participants, regardless of education or income level. Suggestions for future research were included.
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Anderson, Andraya D. Morrison George S. "African-American parents' nutritional habits implications for the prevention of early childhood obesity /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11062.
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Palacios, Campaña Talia. "Probiotics in the prevention and management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17923.
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Abstract Background: Shifts in the gastrointestinal microbiome have been shown to contribute to the progression of metabolic diseases including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research suggests that in vivo modulation of the gut microbiome by specific probiotic microorganisms may improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar management, preventing or delaying the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, further research is needed to understand the effect of probiotics as a therapy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop and assess the efficacy of an evidence-based multi-strain probiotic in vitro and in vivo. This probiotic was developed to encourage a shift in the gastrointestinal microbial cohort from a disease-prone to a balanced state with the aim of improving metabolic markers associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Three studies were conducted to assess this aim. Study 1 (Chapter 2) is a systematic review of randomised clinical trials to identify the probiotics with the greatest anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects and consequently develop a multi-strain probiotic. Study 2 (Chapter 3) describes a series of in vitro experiments that investigate the effect of metabolites in the supernatant from the multi-strain probiotic on glucose uptake and lipid accumulation in muscle cells and adipocytes. Study 3 (Chapter 4) describes a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study aimed to assess the effect of the multi-strain probiotic on metabolic and inflammatory markers and the intestinal microbial profile of participants with obesity, prediabetes and recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results and discussion: Study 1 found that a multi-strain probiotic containing L. bulgaricus, L. gasseri, L. plantarum, B. breve, B. bifidum, B. lactis, S. thermophilus and Saccharomyces boulardii might have anti-obesity, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Study 2 found the supernatant from this probiotic decreased lipid accumulation in adipocytes and partially restored glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Study 3 found the multi-strain probiotic did not decrease blood glucose levels, however it did improve insulin sensitivity, gut permeability and the production of gut microbial-derived metabolites in participants recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and produced a beneficial shift in the intestinal microbial profile of those taking metformin. Conclusion: Intentional manipulation of beneficial microbes and microbial-derived metabolites in the intestine using an evidence-based multi-strain probiotic may be useful in managing insulin resistance.
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LaBounty, Lauren, and Karen E. Schetzina. "Personnel Perceptions of Child Obesity and Diabetes Prevention Efforts in Northeast Tennessee Schools." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5088.
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Simpson, Courtney C. "Integrating Obesity and Eating Disorder Prevention: A Pilot and Feasibility Trial of INSPIRE." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5644.
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Obesity and eating disorders are pervasive concerns among young adult women, and profoundly impact physical and psychological functioning. Weight-related disorders are typically chronic conditions; their treatment is often complex and frequently ineffective. Moreover, Black and Latina women have disproportionately high rates of obesity, and experience rates of eating disorders comparable to those of their White peers; yet, they are less likely to be referred to appropriate treatment. Given the intractability of weight-related concerns and their detrimental consequences, attempts to prevent unhealthy eating attitudes and behaviors are essential. To date, few prevention programs have significantly reduced both obesity risk and eating disorder symptoms. The purpose of the current study was to develop and pilot an intervention designed to prevent obesity and eating disorders among young adult women (age 18-25). In the first phase of the study, focus groups were conducted with 30 young adult women to explore disparate racial and ethnic appearance ideals and assess cultural acceptability of the proposed intervention. Additionally, an innovative manualized intervention informed by the qualitative data and grounded in social psychological principles and dialectical behavior therapy was developed. In the second phase of the study, 29 young adult women were recruited to participate in the intervention. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires at pretest (baseline), posttest (8-weeks), and 4-week follow-up. Findings reveal vast differences in beauty standards among disparate racial/ethnic women and demonstrate the need to enhance the cultural sensitivity of current intervention approaches. Results suggest the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally sensitive prevention program intended to reduce the risk of both unhealthy weight gain and eating pathology.