Literatura académica sobre el tema "Oil industries Ecuador"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Oil industries Ecuador"
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Swallow, Phillip Sloan. "Ecuador Extractive Imperative and the ITT Initiative." Earth Common Journal 7, no. 1 (October 19, 2017): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31542/j.ecj.1240.
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In Ecuador, following the late 2000’s commodity boom, a populist government invested increased oil revenues into social spending, reducing inequality, and gaining a rare period of political stability. The Yasuní National Park has been the focal point of this dynamic since 2006 when the government endorsed a ground-breaking plan to protect the park called the Yasuni ITT initiative. The initiative’s demise in 2013 raises the question: what explains the government’s initial support of, and then rejection of the ITT initiative? Upon combining the theories of extractive imperative and limited access order, this paper’s thesis is that, given Ecuador’s choice to fund public services through extractive industry rents, reducing extractive industry rents through constraining extractive industries is too painful politically. These theories help to structure a narrative, producing insights into the political dynamic impacting the ITT initiative and its eventual collapse. This thesis pursues its investigation through a case study of Yasuní National Park.
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Grijalva, Diego F., Mary Lou Ponsetto, and Yelitza Pontón. "Does an oil boom promote firms’ R&D expenditure? Evidence from Ecuador." Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 18, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrjiam-11-2018-0889.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how the expansionary phase of a business cycle driven by an exogenous commodity price shock (oil) affects R&D expenditures among Ecuadorian firms. Design/methodology/approach Using two rounds of the Ecuadorian National Science, Technology and Innovation Activities Survey (ACTI 2012 and 2015) and a data set on gross value added (GVA) by industry, we run a sample correction model applied to a panel data of 1,023 firms from 2009 to 2014. Findings In deciding whether to invest in R&D, the higher an industry’s GVA, the lower the predicted probability that firms in that industry would invest. Additionally, R&D investments are not procyclical, and there is marginal evidence that they might actually be countercyclical. These findings are consistent with Schumpeter (1939) and Ouyang (2011) and are likely due to an increased opportunity cost of R&D investment during the oil boom. Originality/value In this study, we examine a boom period and not a full business cycle. This boom is driven by an exogenous shock, deviating from much of the current literature, which focuses on endogenously driven business cycles. This paper examines how the oil shock impacted a variety of industries, and not just attractive ones. Additionally, this paper adds to the limited literature around R&D and business cycles in Latin America.
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Wingfield, Sarah, Andrés Martínez-Moscoso, Diego Quiroga, and Valeria Ochoa-Herrera. "Challenges to Water Management in Ecuador: Legal Authorization, Quality Parameters, and Socio-Political Responses." Water 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081017.
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Ecuador has historically had a unique experience with water law, management, and policy as a result of its constitutional declaration of water access as a human right. In this paper, the legal, environmental, economic, and social aspects related to water management in Ecuador are analyzed. In doing so, the incorporation of local governance structures such as water users’ associations (WUAs) are characterized within a national model of authorization under SENAGUA, Ecuador’s former water agency, highlighting the importance of integrated management for meeting the country’s geographically and environmentally diverse needs. Additionally, the role of anthropogenic activities such as crude oil production, artisanal and small-scale gold (ASGM) mining, agriculture, sewage discharge, and domestic practices are evaluated in the context of policy implementation and environmental quality concerns. Finally, individual and community-level responses are explored, highlighting the importance of geographically specific perceptions of water rights and quality in the adoption of coping strategies. In these ways, a multi-faceted analysis of Ecuadorian water policy shaped by community-level engagement, geographic diversity, and influential economic sectors is developed. This study highlights the need for increased financial and legislative support around extractive and polluting industries such as agriculture, ASGM, and sewage treatment for long-term safety and sustainability of water access in Ecuador. Additionally, increased efforts to educate industry-specific workers, local management boards, and individuals about potential solutions to water-related challenges will help improve the efficiency of current legislation. Finally, this study underscores a need for additional research related to water quality and sustainability in Ecuador, as well as for the social, economic, and environmentally specific factors that influence water security outcomes in the country.
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Rivera-Parra, José Luis, Bernardo Beate, Ximena Diaz, and María Belén Ochoa. "Artisanal and Small Gold Mining and Petroleum Production as Potential Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination in Ecuador: A Call to Action." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062794.
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Mining and petroleum production are the source of many elements and base materials fundamental for our modern way of life. The flip side of these keystone industries is the environmental degradation they can cause if not properly managed. Metallic mining and petroleum production can contaminate the local ecosystem with sediments, chemicals used in the industrial processes and heavy metals, part of the metallic ore or oil reservoir. The objective of this project was to analyze the spatial distribution of the presence of different potentially hazardous elements that make up the metallic deposits and oil reservoirs in Ecuador, focused mainly on artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) districts. Additionally, we were interested in analyzing this information under the local political and administrative contexts which are key to determining how likely it is that mismanagement of the local mineral deposits and petroleum exploitation projects will end up causing environmental degradation. An extensive and intensive literature search was conducted for information on the presence and concentration of 19 potentially harmful elements. We analyzed data on 11 metallic deposits throughout Ecuador and a major oilfield in the Ecuadorian Amazon basin. We used geographic information systems to analyze the spatial distribution of these reservoirs and their mineral compositions. The results indicated a widespread distribution and high concentration of elements potentially harmful for human health, such as mercury, cadmium and arsenic, throughout the metallic deposits in Ecuador. This is particularly true for long-exploited ASGM districts, such as Ponce-Enríquez, Portovelo-Zaruma and Nambija. This study highlights the importance of understanding geological diversity and its potential risks to better protect the biological diversity and public health of its inhabitants. Furthermore, we consider our work not as a call to stop ASGM mining nor petroleum production, but on the contrary as a strong call to plan every mining and petroleum production project considering these risks. Moreover, our work is a call to action by the local government and authorities to stop corruption and fulfill their duties overseeing the activities of mining and petroleum companies, stopping illegal mining, helping ASGM communities to improve their environmental standards, finding alternative income sources and protecting the local environment.
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Dobroserdov, Oleg, Sergey Frolov, Aleksey Schitov, and Ludmila Semenova. "Measurement and evaluation of the earth's magnetic field parameters using the ECUADOR-UTE small cameras (HC1PX)." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 2 (2021): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-31685.
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The paper deals with the use of the small spacecraft Ecuador-UTE (HC1PX) designed to conduct space experiments in autonomous flight conditions and, in particular, to measure the Earth's electromagnetic field and study the ionosphere. The spacecraft has a built-in target load module, including a precision magnetometer that measures the Earth's magnetic field. The measurement results are used to study the properties and state of the circumterranean environment including magnetic anomalies. The latter may indicate certain tectonic structures in the sedimentary stratum, which are indicators of oil and gas, and magnetic pole displacement processes. Measurement results can also be used for prediction and forecasting efforts in anomalous zones. The compiled analytical dependences for the anomalous zones can serve as a forecasting device when studying the magnetic tension of the Earth's geographic regions by means of a spacecraft. Measuring the magnetic anomalies of the Earth's surface is should prove necessary for factoring them in and developing national industries.
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Rice, Roberta. "The Politics of Free, Prior and Informed Consent: Indigenous Rights and Resource Governance in Ecuador and Yukon, Canada." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 27, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02702007.
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What are the institutional arrangements required to implement a genuine process of free, prior and informed consent (fpic)? This article provides a comparative perspective on the politics of consent in the context of relations between Indigenous peoples, states and extractive industries in Canada and Latin America. The case of Ecuador is presented as an emblematic example of a hybrid regime in which Indigenous communities have the right to free, prior and informed consultation, not consent, concerning planned measures affecting them, such as mineral, oil and gas exploitation. In the case of Yukon, Canada, the settlement of a comprehensive land claim with sub-surface mineral rights has provided the institutional basis for the implementation of a genuine fpic process, one that includes participatory decision-making power over natural resource development projects. The article concludes with a discussion on the necessary conditions for moving governments from a consultation to a consent regime.
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Guerrero Cazar, Fernando. "Transformaciones territoriales en la Amazonía: indígenas, campesinos, fronteras y colonización/ Territorial transformations in the Amazon: indigenous, peasants, borders and colonization." Eutopía, Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, no. 12 (December 11, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/eutopia.12.2017.3134.
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El artículo hace un balance sobre los aspectos principales que se deducen del proceso de expansión de la frontera agrícola en la Amazonía ecuatoriana con énfasis en el nororiente en donde se desarrollan actividades de explotación petrolera desde la década de 1960. Tal proceso, al igual que la colonización, junto con el ingreso de las empresas agroindustriales y madereras tuvo como trasfondo el discurso oficial de la “Amazonía como territorio vacío”. Plantea además, el papel que ha jugado la reproducción de las economías campesinas en la expansión del capital y, consecuentemente, en la integración de tierras al mercado interno y al Estado nacional. En el artículo se advierte que gracias a los flujos de colonización y sus efectos acumulados sobre la dinámica de la población está cobrando fuerza la “urbanización” de la Amazonía. En este contexto, los pueblos indígenas, así como los asentamientos poblacionales (afectados por la contaminación ambiental petrolera) permanecen como actores subordinados y excluidos de los frutos del “desarrollo”. Por último, el trabajo presenta de manera breve los artículos que forman parte del No. 12 de la revista EUTOPÍA de FLACSO, sede Ecuador.
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 This article analyses the main issues related with the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the Ecuadorian rainforest, emphasizing oil extraction impacts in the northeast region since 1960. Oil extraction, land colonization, the expansion of agro-processing and wood industries influenced the discourse of “Empty Territory Rainforest”. The article also points out the role of indigenous and peasant economies in capital expansion, as well as the integration of their land to the inner market and State ownership. Thereafter, colonization flows and their cumulative effects over the population dynamics is promoting “urbanization” of the Ecuadorian rainforest. In this context, the indigenous people, as well as human settlements, both affected by the environmental impacts of oil industry, remain as agents subordinated to and excluded from “development”. Lastly, the articles in Journal “EUTOPIA”, No. 12 edition, of FLACSO-ECUADOR are introduced.
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Facchinelli, Francesco, Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo, Daniele Codato, Alberto Diantini, Giuseppe Della Fera, Edoardo Crescini, and Massimo De Marchi. "Unburnable and Unleakable Carbon in Western Amazon: Using VIIRS Nightfire Data to Map Gas Flaring and Policy Compliance in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010058.
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In the Amazon Rainforest, a unique post-carbon plan to mitigate global warming and to protect the exceptional bio-cultural diversity was experimented in 2007–2013 by the Ecuadorian government. To preserve the rainforest ecosystems within the Yasuní-ITT oil block, the release of 410 million metric tons of CO2 would have been avoided. The neologism “yasunization” emerged as an Amazonian narrative on “unburnable carbon” to be replicated worldwide. Considering the unburnable carbon, petroleum-associated gas flaring represents the unleakable part. Flaring is an irrational practice that consists of burning waste gases, representing not only a leak of energy but also a pollution source. The general aim of the paper is to monitor gas flaring as a tool, revealing, at the same time, the implementation of environmental technologies in the oil sector and the compliance of sustainable policies in the Amazon region and the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Specific objectives are: (i) identifying and estimating gas flaring over seven years (2012–2018); (ii) mapping new flaring sites; iii) estimating potentially affected areas among ecosystems and local communities. We processed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nightfire annual dataset, based on the elaboration of imagery from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and developed a GIS-based novel simple method to identify new flaring sites from daily detections. We found that 23.5% of gas flaring sites and 18.4% of volumes of all oil industries operating in Ecuador are located within the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR). Moreover, we detected 34 additional flaring sites not included in the NOAA dataset—12 in the YBR and one in Tiputini field, a key area for biological and cultural diversity conservation. We also found that at least 10 indigenous communities, 18 populated centers and 10 schools are located in the potentially affected area. Gas flaring can be used as a policy indicator to monitor the implementation of sustainable development practices in complex territories.
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Pelaez-Samaniego, Manuel Raul, Juan L. Espinoza, José Jara-Alvear, Pablo Arias-Reyes, Fernando Maldonado-Arias, Patricia Recalde-Galindo, Pablo Rosero, and Tsai Garcia-Perez. "Potential and Impacts of Cogeneration in Tropical Climate Countries: Ecuador as a Case Study." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 5254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205254.
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High dependency on fossil fuels, low energy efficiency, poor diversification of energy sources, and a low rate of access to electricity are challenges that need to be solved in many developing countries to make their energy systems more sustainable. Cogeneration has been identified as a key strategy for increasing energy generation capacity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving energy efficiency in industry, one of the most energy-demanding sectors worldwide. However, more studies are necessary to define approaches for implementing cogeneration, particularly in countries with tropical climates (such as Ecuador). In Ecuador, the National Plan of Energy Efficiency includes cogeneration as one of the four routes for making energy use more sustainable in the industrial sector. The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) to identify the potential of cogeneration in the Ecuadorian industry, and (2) to show the positive impacts of cogeneration on power generation capacity, GHG emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and the economy of the country. The study uses methodologies from works in specific types of industrial processes and puts them together to evaluate the potential and analyze the impacts of cogeneration at national level. The potential of cogeneration in Ecuador is ~600 MWel, which is 12% of Ecuador’s electricity generation capacity. This potential could save ~18.6 × 106 L/month of oil-derived fuels, avoiding up to 576,800 tCO2/year, and creating around 2600 direct jobs. Cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in the Ecuadorian industry by up to 40%.
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Cabrera, Marcelo, Lucía Montenegro, and Jorge Guanulema. "Análisis de la Correlación entre las Emisiones Gaseosas y el Desempeño Energético de Fuentes Fijas de Combustión en Ecuador." Revista Politécnica 48, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33333/rp.vol48n1.04.
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En esta investigación, se analizó la eficiencia de combustión de veinte hornos a gas y fuel oil de refinerías alrededor del Ecuador, y treinta calderos de diferentes industrias en la ciudad de Quito, así como las emisiones de gases generadas y la rentabilidad de la inserción de precalentadores de aire para mejorar los procesos de combustión. El estudio se realizó en un período de 6 meses, obteniéndose los factores de emisión en los hornos a gas de 4,5 kg de SO2/kg de gas quemado; 22,4 de NOX/kg de gas quemado y 44,5 kg de CO/ kg de gas quemado; mientras que los factores de emisión hallados para los hornos a fuel oil fueron de 93,9 kg de SO2/kg de fuel oil; 24,9 kg de NOX/kg de fuel oil y 2,5 kg de CO/kg de fuel oil. Por otra parte, los factores típicos de emisión de los calderos fueron de 1,7 kg de SO2 /kg de diésel quemado; 1,5 kg de NOX/kg de diésel quemado y 1,0 kg de CO/kg de diésel quemado. Finalmente, la implementación de un precalentador de aire aumenta la eficiencia del caldero analizado (CD20) en un 4,1%, lo cual implicó un valor actual neto (VAN) de USD 8 325,77 y un TIR del 31 %, con lo cual se determinó la factibilidad y rentabilidad del proyecto.
Tesis sobre el tema "Oil industries Ecuador"
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Wawryk, Alexandra Sophia. "The protection of indigenous peoples' lands from oil exploitation in emerging economies." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw346.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 651-699. "Through case studies of three emerging economies - Ecuador, Nigeria and Russia - this thesis analyses the factors present to a greater or lesser degree in emerging economies, such as severe foreign indebtedness and the absence of the rule of law, that undermine the effectiveness of the legal system in protecting indigenous peoples from oil exploitation. Having identified these factors, I propose that a dual approach to the protection of indigenous peoples' traditional lands and their environment be adopted, whereby international laws that set out the rights of indigenous peoples and place duties on states in this regard, are reinforced and translated into practice through the self-regulation of the international oil industry through a voluntary code of conduct for oil companies seeking to operate on indigenous peoples' traditional lands."
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López, Medina Fausto. "Impacts environnementaux des activités pétrolières actuelles et passées sur la qualité des eaux en Equateur." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30063.
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Les déversements et le rejet de résidus solides et liquides causés par l'industrie pétrolière en Équateur ont entraîné la présence de déchets à forte teneur en hydrocarbures (HAP et BTEX) et en éléments métalliques (sels), qui sont reconnus pour leur toxicité aiguë et/ou chronique. Cette étude vise à évaluer la qualité du milieu aquatique dans trois bassins versants (Esmeraldas, Napo et Aguarico) sur les zones d'extraction et de raffinage afin de déterminer le niveau de risque environnemental et humain à partir de différentes sources d'eau. Les sources analysées sont conformes aux indicateurs environnementaux et définis comme "non toxiques". La pollution due aux activités pétrolières est ponctuelle. L'urbanisation et l'agriculture sont aussi visualisées comme facteurs de stress des masses d'eau. Le risque humain est lié principalement à la faible minéralisation de l'eau et dans certains cas à la présence d'éléments inorganiques (Mn, As, Al et Zn)<br>Spills and discharges of solid and liquid residues caused by the oil industry in Ecuador have resulted in the presence of pollutants with a high content of hydrocarbons (PAHs and BTEX) and metal elements (salts), which are known for their acute and/or chronic toxicity. This study aims to assess the quality of the aquatic environment in three watersheds (Esmeraldas, Napo and Aguarico) in the extraction and refining zones in order to determine the level of environmental and human risk from different water sources. The sources analyzed are in compliance with environmental guidelines and are defined as "non-toxic". Pollution from oil activities is punctual. Urbanization and agriculture are also visualized as stress factors for water bodies. Human risk is mainly related to low water mineralization and in some cases to the presence of inorganic elements (Mn, As, Al and Zn)
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Juteau-Martineau, Guilhem. "Quand les instruments de participation reconduisent l'incapacité politique : le cas de la régulation sociale et environnementale des activités pétrolières en Équateur." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/id/eprint/7252.
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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la régulation sociale (Reynaud, 1987, 1991) et environnementale des activités pétrolières en Amazonie équatorienne, à travers deux études de cas : les paroisses de Pacayacu et Dayuma, où l’exploitation pétrolière commence au milieu des années 1970. A partir des années 1990, une série de publications (Little, 1992 ; UPPSAE, 1992 ; Kimerling, 1993 ; CESR, 1994 ; San Sebastian, 2000) met en lien les activités pétrolières et différents impacts environnementaux, sanitaires et socio-culturels. Leur médiatisation oblige l’Etat et les entreprises pétrolières à adopter une série de normes sociales et environnementales. Récemment, une série d’instruments de participation politique institutionnalisée prétend intégrer les populations locales à la régulation environnementale des activités pétrolières. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la mise en œuvre de ces normes et leurs effets sur les capacités des populations situées dans l’aire d’influence des activités pétrolières à réduire collectivement leur vulnérabilité globale (Wilches-Chaux, 1989). L’évolution historique de la vulnérabilité structurelle des populations, notamment économique et sociale conduit au détournement des normes environnementales de leur objectif premier (droit à un environnement sain) : d’un côté les populations acceptent la pollution en échange de faveurs économiques et sociales ponctuelles concédées par les entreprises ; d’un autre côté les entreprises acceptent de faire ruisseler une part des bénéfices pétroliers pour assurer la paix sociale. Nous montrons ainsi que, sous couvert de réforme, les nouveaux instruments (Lascoumes, Le Gales, 2012) remplissent une fonction de « socialwashing », de mise en scène de l’acceptation sociale des activités pétrolières par les populations dans l’objectif de produire un effet d’image (participation sociale) au service de la promotion de l’expansion de la frontière pétrolière sur de nouveaux territoires<br>In this thesis, we study the social (Reynaud, 1987, 1991) and environmental regulation of oil activities in the Ecuadorian Amazon, through two case studies: the parishes of Pacayacu and Dayuma, where oil exploitation begins in the mid-1970s. From the 1990s, a series of publications (Little, 1992, UPPSAE, 1992, Kimerling, 1993, CESR, 1994, San Sebastian, 2000) links petroleum activities to different environmental, health and socio-cultural impacts. Their mediatization forces the state and oil companies to adopt a series of social and environmental standards. Recently, a series of instruments of institutionalized political participation claim to integrate local populations in the environmental regulation of oil activities. In this thesis, we study the implementation of these norms and their effects on the capacities of populations located in the area of influence of oil activities to collectively reduce their overall vulnerability (Wilches-Chaux, 1989). The historical evolution of the structural vulnerability of populations, particularly economic and social, leads to the diversion of environmental standards from their primary objective (right to a healthy environment): on the one hand, people accept pollution in exchange for punctual economic and social favors granted by the companies; on the other hand companies agree to run off a portion of the oil profits to ensure social peace. We show that under the guise of reform, the new instruments (Lascoumes, Le Gales, 2012) fulfill a function of "socialwashing", staging the social acceptance of oil activities by the populations with the aim of producing an image effect (social participation) in the service of promoting the expansion of the oil border in new territories
Libros sobre el tema "Oil industries Ecuador"
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(Organization), PETROECUADOR, ed. El petróleo en Ecuador. Quito: PETROECUADOR, 2009.
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Martinez, Edna Yiced. Capitalist Accumulation and Socio-Ecological Resilience: Black People in Border Areas of Colombia and Ecuador and the Palm Oil Industry. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2018.
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Martinez, Edna Yiced. Capitalist Accumulation and Socio-Ecological Resilience: Black People in Border Areas of Colombia and Ecuador and the Palm Oil Industry. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2018.
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Martinez, Edna Yiced. Capitalist Accumulation and Socio-Ecological Resilience: Black People in Border Areas of Colombia and Ecuador and the Palm Oil Industry. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2018.
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Martinez, Edna Yiced. Capitalist Accumulation and Socio-Ecological Resilience: Black People in Border Areas of Colombia and Ecuador and the Palm Oil Industry. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2018.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Oil industries Ecuador"
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Arsel, Murat, Lorenzo Pellegrini, and Carlos F. Mena. "Maria’s Paradox: Oil Extraction and the Misery of Missing Development Alternatives in the Ecuadorian Amazon." In Immiserizing Growth, 203–25. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832317.003.0009.
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Why do some residents of the Ecuadorian Amazon support the expansion of oil extraction in their communities even when they believe that the impact of extractive industries on their communities and families has been negative, environmentally as well as economically? Building on nearly a decade of participatory research in the region, this chapter contextualizes this paradoxical choice within Ecuador’s encounter with oil extraction, which has not only failed to deliver the anticipated economic miracle but also resulted in a variety of immiserizing effects, be they economic, cultural, or ecological. Caught between the state whose functions are governed by an ‘extractive imperative’ and the oil sector whose presence is overwhelming, indigenous and peasant communities have not scored meaningful gains either by protesting against these dominant actors or by engaging with the much vaunted but ultimately ineffective concept of buen vivir (living well). The chapter argues that immiserization in this context is best understood as the absence of meaningful pathways to socio-economic development which force the eponymous Maria to choose intensified extraction despite the sector’s pervasive negative impacts on her family and community.