Artículos de revistas: "Optical Biosensors"

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Damborský, Pavel, Juraj Švitel y Jaroslav Katrlík. "Optical biosensors". Essays in Biochemistry 60, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2016): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20150010.

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Optical biosensors represent the most common type of biosensor. Here we provide a brief classification, a description of underlying principles of operation and their bioanalytical applications. The main focus is placed on the most widely used optical biosensors which are surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors including SPR imaging and localized SPR. In addition, other optical biosensor systems are described, such as evanescent wave fluorescence and bioluminescent optical fibre biosensors, as well as interferometric, ellipsometric and reflectometric interference spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensors. The optical biosensors discussed here allow the sensitive and selective detection of a wide range of analytes including viruses, toxins, drugs, antibodies, tumour biomarkers and tumour cells.

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Rho, Donggee, Caitlyn Breaux y Seunghyun Kim. "Label-Free Optical Resonator-Based Biosensors". Sensors 20, n.º 20 (19 de octubre de 2020): 5901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205901.

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The demand for biosensor technology has grown drastically over the last few decades, mainly in disease diagnosis, drug development, and environmental health and safety. Optical resonator-based biosensors have been widely exploited to achieve highly sensitive, rapid, and label-free detection of biological analytes. The advancements in microfluidic and micro/nanofabrication technologies allow them to be miniaturized and simultaneously detect various analytes in a small sample volume. By virtue of these advantages and advancements, the optical resonator-based biosensor is considered a promising platform not only for general medical diagnostics but also for point-of-care applications. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progresses in label-free optical resonator-based biosensors published mostly over the last 5 years. We categorized them into Fabry-Perot interferometer-based and whispering gallery mode-based biosensors. The principles behind each biosensor are concisely introduced, and recent progresses in configurations, materials, test setup, and light confinement methods are described. Finally, the current challenges and future research topics of the optical resonator-based biosensor are discussed.

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Lai, Meimei y Gymama Slaughter. "Label-Free MicroRNA Optical Biosensors". Nanomaterials 9, n.º 11 (6 de noviembre de 2019): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111573.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating gene expression. Many studies show that miRNAs have been linked to almost all kinds of disease. In addition, miRNAs are well preserved in a variety of specimens, thereby making them ideal biomarkers for biosensing applications when compared to traditional protein biomarkers. Conventional biosensors for miRNA require fluorescent labeling, which is complicated, time-consuming, laborious, costly, and exhibits low sensitivity. The detection of miRNA remains a big challenge due to their intrinsic properties such as small sizes, low abundance, and high sequence similarity. A label-free biosensor can simplify the assay and enable the direct detection of miRNA. The optical approach for a label-free miRNA sensor is very promising and many assays have demonstrated ultra-sensitivity (aM) with a fast response time. Here, we review the most relevant label-free microRNA optical biosensors and the nanomaterials used to enhance the performance of the optical biosensors.

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4

Jiang, Pengfei, Yulin Wang, Lan Zhao, Chenyang Ji, Dongchu Chen y Libo Nie. "Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Non-Optical Biosensors". Nanomaterials 8, n.º 12 (26 de noviembre de 2018): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8120977.

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Due to their unique properties, such as good biocompatibility, excellent conductivity, effective catalysis, high density, and high surface-to-volume ratio, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used in the field of bioassay. Mainly, AuNPs used in optical biosensors have been described in some reviews. In this review, we highlight recent advances in AuNP-based non-optical bioassays, including piezoelectric biosensor, electrochemical biosensor, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) bio-detection. Some representative examples are presented to illustrate the effect of AuNPs in non-optical bioassay and the mechanisms of AuNPs in improving detection performances are described. Finally, the review summarizes the future prospects of AuNPs in non-optical biosensors.

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5

Angelopoulou, Michailia, Sotirios Kakabakos y Panagiota Petrou. "Label-Free Biosensors Based onto Monolithically Integrated onto Silicon Optical Transducers". Chemosensors 6, n.º 4 (12 de noviembre de 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040052.

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The article reviews the current status of label-free integrated optical biosensors focusing on the evolution over the years of their analytical performance. At first, a short introduction to the evanescent wave optics is provided followed by detailed description of the main categories of label-free optical biosensors, including sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), grating couplers, photonic crystals, ring resonators, and interferometric transducers. For each type of biosensor, the detection principle is first provided followed by description of the different transducer configurations so far developed and their performance as biosensors. Finally, a short discussion about the current limitations and future perspectives of integrated label-free optical biosensors is provided.

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Garzón, Vivian, Daniel Pinacho, Rosa-Helena Bustos, Gustavo Garzón y Sandra Bustamante. "Optical Biosensors for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring". Biosensors 9, n.º 4 (11 de noviembre de 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9040132.

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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a fundamental tool when administering drugs that have a limited dosage or high toxicity, which could endanger the lives of patients. To carry out this monitoring, one can use different biological fluids, including blood, plasma, serum, and urine, among others. The help of specialized methodologies for TDM will allow for the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of drugs and help adjust the dose before or during their administration. Techniques that are more versatile and label free for the rapid quantification of drugs employ biosensors, devices that consist of one element for biological recognition coupled to a signal transducer. Among biosensors are those of the optical biosensor type, which have been used for the quantification of different molecules of clinical interest, such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, anti-cancer drugs, and heart failure. This review presents an overview of TDM at the global level considering various aspects and clinical applications. In addition, we review the contributions of optical biosensors to TDM.

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7

Borisov, Sergey M. y Otto S. Wolfbeis. "Optical Biosensors". Chemical Reviews 108, n.º 2 (febrero de 2008): 423–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr068105t.

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8

Ramsden, Jeremy J. "Optical biosensors". Journal of Molecular Recognition 10, n.º 3 (mayo de 1997): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199705/06)10:3<109::aid-jmr361>3.0.co;2-d.

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9

Ivanov, A. S. y A. E. Medvedev. "Optical surface plasmon resonance biosensors in molecular fishing". Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 61, n.º 2 (2015): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20156102231.

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An optical biosensor employing surface plasmon resonance is a highly efficient instrument applicable for direct real time registration of molecular interactions without additional use of any labels or coupled processes. As an independent approach it is especially effective in analysis of various ligand receptor interactions. SPR-biosensors are used for validation of studies on intermolecular interactions in complex biological systems (affinity profiling of various groups of proteins, etc.). Recently, potential application of the SPR-biosensor for molecular fishing (direct affinity binding of target molecules from complex biological mixtures on the optical biosensor surface followed by their elution for identification by LC-MS/MS) has been demonstrated. Using SPR-biosensors in such studies it is possible to solve the following tasks: (a) SPR-based selection of immobilization conditions required for the most effective affinity separation of a particular biological sample; (b) SPR-based molecular fishing for subsequent protein identification by mass spectrometry; (c) SPR-based validation of the interaction of identified proteins with immobilized ligand. This review considers practical application of the SPR technology in the context of recent studies performed in the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry on molecular fishing of real biological objects.

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10

Zinoviev, Kirill, Laura G. Carrascosa, José Sánchez del Río, Borja Sepúlveda, Carlos Domínguez y Laura M. Lechuga. "Silicon Photonic Biosensors for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications". Advances in Optical Technologies 2008 (4 de junio de 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/383927.

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In the last two decades, we have witnessed a remarkable progress in the development of biosensor devices and their application in areas such as environmental monitoring, biotechnology, medical diagnostics, drug screening, food safety, and security, among others. The technology of optical biosensors has reached a high degree of maturity and several commercial products are on the market. But problems of stability, sensitivity, and size have prevented the general use of optical biosensors for real field applications. Integrated photonic biosensors based on silicon technology could solve such drawbacks, offering early diagnostic tools with better sensitivity, specificity, and reliability, which could improve the effectiveness of in-vivo and in-vitro diagnostics. Our last developments in silicon photonic biosensors will be showed, mainly related to the development of portable and highly sensitive integrated photonic sensing platforms.

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Li, Zongwen, Wenfei Zhang y Fei Xing. "Graphene Optical Biosensors". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 10 (18 de mayo de 2019): 2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102461.

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Graphene shows great potential in biosensing owing to its extraordinary optical, electrical and physical properties. In particular, graphene possesses unique optical properties, such as broadband and tunable absorption, and strong polarization-dependent effects. This lays a foundation for building graphene-based optical sensors. This paper selectively reviews recent advances in graphene-based optical sensors and biosensors. Graphene-based optical biosensors can be used for single cell detection, cell line, and anticancer drug detection, protein and antigen–antibody detection. These new high-performance graphene-based optical sensors are able to detect surface structural changes and biomolecular interactions. In all these cases, the optical biosensors perform well with ultra-fast detection, high sensitivities, unmarked, and are able to respond in real time. The future of the field of graphene applications is also discussed.

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12

JACOBY, MITCH. "NANOSIZED OPTICAL BIOSENSORS". Chemical & Engineering News 80, n.º 33 (19 de agosto de 2002): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n033.p010.

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13

Weller, Michael G. "Optical microarray biosensors". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 381, n.º 1 (23 de julio de 2004): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2688-9.

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14

Huang, Fengchun, Yingchao Zhang, Jianhan Lin y Yuanjie Liu. "Biosensors Coupled with Signal Amplification Technology for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria: A Review". Biosensors 11, n.º 6 (9 de junio de 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060190.

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Foodborne disease caused by foodborne pathogens is a very important issue in food safety. Therefore, the rapid screening and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens is of great significance for ensuring food safety. At present, many research works have reported the application of biosensors and signal amplification technologies to achieve the rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria. Thus, this review summarized the use of biosensors coupled with signal amplification technology for the detection of pathogenic bacteria, including (1) the development, concept, and principle of biosensors; (2) types of biosensors, such as electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, microfluidic biosensors, and so on; and (3) different kinds of signal amplification technologies applied in biosensors, such as enzyme catalysis, nucleic acid chain reaction, biotin-streptavidin, click chemistry, cascade reaction, nanomaterials, and so on. In addition, the challenges and future trends for pathogenic bacteria based on biosensor and signal amplification technology were also discussed and summarized.

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15

Frutiger, Andreas, Karl Gatterdam, Yves Blickenstorfer, Andreas Michael Reichmuth, Christof Fattinger y János Vörös. "Ultra Stable Molecular Sensors by Submicron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part II. Experimental Demonstration". Sensors 21, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010009.

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Label-free optical biosensors are an invaluable tool for molecular interaction analysis. Over the past 30 years, refractometric biosensors and, in particular, surface plasmon resonance have matured to the de facto standard of this field despite a significant cross reactivity to environmental and experimental noise sources. In this paper, we demonstrate that sensors that apply the spatial affinity lock-in principle (part I) and perform readout by diffraction overcome the drawbacks of established refractometric biosensors. We show this with a direct comparison of the cover refractive index jump sensitivity as well as the surface mass resolution of an unstabilized diffractometric biosensor with a state-of-the-art Biacore 8k. A combined refractometric diffractometric biosensor demonstrates that a refractometric sensor requires a much higher measurement precision than the diffractometric to achieve the same resolution. In a conceptual and quantitative discussion, we elucidate the physical reasons behind and define the figure of merit of diffractometric biosensors. Because low-precision unstabilized diffractometric devices achieve the same resolution as bulky stabilized refractometric sensors, we believe that label-free optical sensors might soon move beyond the drug discovery lab as miniaturized, mass-produced environmental/medical sensors. In fact, combined with the right surface chemistry and recognition element, they might even bring the senses of smell/taste to our smart devices.

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Camarca, Alessandra, Antonio Varriale, Alessandro Capo, Angela Pennacchio, Alessia Calabrese, Cristina Giannattasio, Carlos Murillo Almuzara, Sabato D’Auria y Maria Staiano. "Emergent Biosensing Technologies Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Surface Plasmon Resonance". Sensors 21, n.º 3 (29 de enero de 2021): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030906.

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The purpose of this work is to provide an exhaustive overview of the emerging biosensor technologies for the detection of analytes of interest for food, environment, security, and health. Over the years, biosensors have acquired increasing importance in a wide range of applications due to synergistic studies of various scientific disciplines, determining their great commercial potential and revealing how nanotechnology and biotechnology can be strictly connected. In the present scenario, biosensors have increased their detection limit and sensitivity unthinkable until a few years ago. The most widely used biosensors are optical-based devices such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors and fluorescence-based biosensors. Here, we will review them by highlighting how the progress in their design and development could impact our daily life.

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17

Lin, Yu-Cheng y Liang-Yü Chen. "Subtle Application of Electrical Field-Induced Lossy Mode Resonance to Enhance Performance of Optical Planar Waveguide Biosensor". Biosensors 11, n.º 3 (18 de marzo de 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11030086.

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Many studies concern the generation of lossy mode resonances (LMRs) using metallic oxide thin films that are deposited on optical fiber. However, the LMR-based optical fiber sensors are frangible, do not allow easy surface modification, and are not suited to mass production. This study proposes an electrical field-induced LMR-based biosensor with an optical planar waveguide to replace surface modification and allow the mass production of protein biosensors and accelerate the speed of the analyte to decrease the detection time. Experimentally, the biosensor is evaluated using charged serum albumin molecules and characterized in terms of the LMR wavelength shift using an externally applied voltage for different durations. The externally applied voltage generates a significant electric field, which drives the non-neutralized biomolecules and increases the LMR wavelength shift. Our experimental results demonstrate that there are two different mechanisms of adsorption of serum albumin molecules for short-term and long-term observations. These are used to calculate the sensitivity of the biosensor. This electrical field-induced method is highly significant for the development and fabrication of LMR-based biosensors.

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18

De Stefano, Luca. "Porous Silicon Optical Biosensors: Still a Promise or a Failure?" Sensors 19, n.º 21 (3 de noviembre de 2019): 4776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214776.

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Even if the first published article on a porous silicon (PSi)-based biosensor dates back to more than twenty years ago, this technology still attracts great attention from many research groups around the world. In this brief review, the pros and cons of porous silicon-based optical biosensors will be highlighted on the basis of some recent results and published papers on this subject. The aim of the paper is to give a straightforward introduction to PhD students and young researchers on this subject, which is particularly full of educative content, since it is highly multidisciplinary. Fabrication of PSi-based optical biosensors requires competencies related to many different scientific topics ranging from material science, physics and optics to healthcare and environmental monitoring through surface chemistry and more.

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19

Hai, Nguyen Ngoc, Vu Duc Chinh, Tran Kim Chi, Ung Thi Dieu Thuy, Nguyen Xuan Nghia, Dao Tran Cao y Pham Thu Nga. "Optical Detection of the Pesticide by Functionalized Quantum Dots as Fluorescence-Based Biosensor". Key Engineering Materials 495 (noviembre de 2011): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.495.314.

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In this work, the results on using biosensor composed from quantum dots as transducer and acetylcholinesterase enzymes (AChE) to detect pesticides optically are presented. The used quantum dots were CdTe, CdSe/ZnS 10 monolayer (ML) and CdSe/ZnSe2ML/ZnS 8 ML – the brand new thick-shell quantum dots (QD). The study results pointed out that the CdSe/ZnS 10 ML and CdSe/ZnSe 2ML/ZnS 8ML quantum dots best fit for the role of transducers in biosensors. In the biosensor, acetylthiocholine (ATCh) is used as indicator for the AChE enzymes to work, since it is a very powerful hydrolyte with the presence of AChE enzymes. Moreover, the organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are the inhibitors for the AChE enzymes, thus, by the biosensors that we designed, we can detect pesticides by the change in photoluminescence (PL) intensity of QDs, with the detection of OP like parathion methyl is 0.05 ppm, and acetamiprid is 2.5 ppm.

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Rasooly, Avraham y Keith E. Herold. "Biosensors for the Analysis of Food- and Waterborne Pathogens and Their Toxins". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2006): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.873.

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Abstract Biosensors are devices which combine a biochemical recognition element with a physical transducer. There are various types of biosensors, including electrochemical, acoustical, and optical sensors. Biosensors are used for medical applications and for environmental testing. Although biosensors are not commonly used for food microbial analysis, they have great potential for the detection of microbial pathogens and their toxins in food. They enable fast or real-time detection, portability, and multipathogen detection for both field and laboratory analysis. Several applications have been developed for microbial analysis of food pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as various microbial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins and mycotoxins. Biosensors have several potential advantages over other methods of analysis, including sensitivity in the range of ng/mL for microbial toxins and <100 colony-forming units/mL for bacteria. Fast or real-time detection can provide almost immediate interactive information about the sample tested, enabling users to take corrective measures before consumption or further contamination can occur. Miniaturization of biosensors enables biosensor integration into various food production equipment and machinery. Potential uses of biosensors for food microbiology include online process microbial monitoring to provide real-time information in food production and analysis ofmicrobial pathogens and their toxins in finished food. Biosensors can also be integrated into Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point programs, enabling critical microbial analysis of the entire food manufacturing process. In this review, the main biosensor approaches, technologies, instrumentation, and applications for food microbial analysis are described.

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21

Passaro, Vittorio, Francesco Dell’Olio, Biagio Casamassima y Francesco De Leonardis. "Guided-Wave Optical Biosensors". Sensors 7, n.º 4 (25 de abril de 2007): 508–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s7040508.

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Giannetti, Ambra y Markéta Bocková. "Optical Chemosensors and Biosensors". Chemosensors 8, n.º 2 (9 de mayo de 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8020033.

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23

Borman, Stu. "Optical and Piezoelectric Biosensors". Analytical Chemistry 59, n.º 19 (octubre de 1987): 1161A—1164A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00146a743.

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Vörös, J., J. J. Ramsden, G. Csúcs, I. Szendrő, S. M. De Paul, M. Textor y N. D. Spencer. "Optical grating coupler biosensors". Biomaterials 23, n.º 17 (septiembre de 2002): 3699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00103-5.

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Chathirat, Naphat, Charndet Hruanun y Amporn Poyai. "Optical Microarray Grating Biosensors". Applied Mechanics and Materials 804 (octubre de 2015): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.155.

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An optical biosensor based on a grating to be utilized for the detection of DNA target molecules was fabricated by photolithographic techniques. The sensor surface implements a grating to create a low effective refractive index platform via the combination of Si3N4and SiO2which allows the detection via changes of the reflectivity spectra. The active surface carried a layer of probe biomolecules for specific binding of the target DNA. Immobilization of the probe molecules was carried out via streptavidin using biotin modified ssDNA complementary to the target ssDNA. When molecules attached to the surface of the device, the position of the reflectance spectrum shifted due to the change of the optical path of light that is coupled into the grating structure. The extent of the wavelength shift of the peaks could be used to quantify the amount of materials bound to the sensor surface thereby allowing detection of the surface modifications as well as the quantification of the DNA analyte. The advantages of this device are that it works with a small sample volumes (few microlitres), are integratable in micro array type of setups and can be used at room temperature.

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Ziegler, Kirk J. "Developing implantable optical biosensors". Trends in Biotechnology 23, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2005): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.07.006.

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Hunt, Heather K. y Andrea M. Armani. "Recycling microcavity optical biosensors". Optics Letters 36, n.º 7 (18 de marzo de 2011): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.001092.

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McShane, Mike y Dustin Ritter. "Microcapsules as optical biosensors". Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, n.º 38 (2010): 8189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01251c.

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Naresh, Varnakavi y Nohyun Lee. "A Review on Biosensors and Recent Development of Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors". Sensors 21, n.º 4 (5 de febrero de 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041109.

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A biosensor is an integrated receptor-transducer device, which can convert a biological response into an electrical signal. The design and development of biosensors have taken a center stage for researchers or scientists in the recent decade owing to the wide range of biosensor applications, such as health care and disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and drug delivery. The main challenges involved in the biosensor progress are (i) the efficient capturing of biorecognition signals and the transformation of these signals into electrochemical, electrical, optical, gravimetric, or acoustic signals (transduction process), (ii) enhancing transducer performance i.e., increasing sensitivity, shorter response time, reproducibility, and low detection limits even to detect individual molecules, and (iii) miniaturization of the biosensing devices using micro-and nano-fabrication technologies. Those challenges can be met through the integration of sensing technology with nanomaterials, which range from zero- to three-dimensional, possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio, good conductivities, shock-bearing abilities, and color tunability. Nanomaterials (NMs) employed in the fabrication and nanobiosensors include nanoparticles (NPs) (high stability and high carrier capacity), nanowires (NWs) and nanorods (NRs) (capable of high detection sensitivity), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (large surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity), and quantum dots (QDs) (color tunability). Furthermore, these nanomaterials can themselves act as transduction elements. This review summarizes the evolution of biosensors, the types of biosensors based on their receptors, transducers, and modern approaches employed in biosensors using nanomaterials such as NPs (e.g., noble metal NPs and metal oxide NPs), NWs, NRs, CNTs, QDs, and dendrimers and their recent advancement in biosensing technology with the expansion of nanotechnology.

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Aydin, Elif Burcu, Muhammet Aydin y Mustafa Kemal Sezginturk. "Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis". Current Analytical Chemistry 15, n.º 4 (3 de julio de 2019): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180912131811.

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Background: The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human biologic fluids is important for pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires low sensitivity, high selectivity and minimum interference effects. Current analytical methods can detect drugs at very low levels but these methods require long sample preparation steps, extraction prior to analysis, highly trained technical staff and high-cost instruments. Biosensors offer several advantages such as short analysis time, high sensitivity, real-time analysis, low-cost instruments, and short pretreatment steps over traditional techniques. Biosensors allow quantification not only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the degradation products and metabolites in biological fluids. The present review gives comprehensive information on the application of biosensors for drug discovery and analysis. Moreover, this review focuses on the fabrication of these biosensors. Methods: Biosensors can be classified as the utilized bioreceptor and the signal transduction mechanism. The classification based on signal transductions includes electrochemical optical, thermal or acoustic. Electrochemical and optic transducers are mostly utilized transducers used for drug analysis. There are many biological recognition elements, such as enzymes, antibodies, cells that have been used in fabricating of biosensors. Aptamers and antibodies are the most widely used recognition elements for the screening of the drugs. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have several advantages such as low detection limits, a wide linear response range, good stability and reproducibility. Optical biosensors have several advantages such as direct, real-time and label-free detection of many biological and chemical substances, high specificity, sensitivity, small size and low cost. Modified electrodes enhance sensitivity of the electrodes to develop a new biosensor with desired features. Chemically modified electrodes have gained attention in drug analysis owing to low background current, wide potential window range, simple surface renewal, low detection limit and low cost. Modified electrodes produced by modifying of a solid surface electrode via different materials (carbonaceous materials, metal nanoparticles, polymer, biomolecules) immobilization. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to design and construct biosensors. Unique features of nanomaterials provide many advantages in the fabrication of biosensors. Nanomaterials have controllable chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, functional groups on their surface. To develop proteininorganic hybrid nanomaterials, four preparation methods have been used. These methods are immobilization, conjugation, crosslinking and self-assembly. In the present manuscript, applications of different biosensors, fabricated by using several materials, for drug analysis are reviewed. The biosensing strategies are investigated and discussed in detail. Results: Several analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, radiometry, immunoassays and electrochemistry have been used for drug analysis and quantification. Methods based on chromatography require timeconsuming procedure, long sample-preparation steps, expensive instruments and trained staff. Compared to chromatographic methods, immunoassays have simple protocols and lower cost. Electrochemical measurements have many advantages over traditional chemical analyses and give information about drug quantity, metabolic fate of drugs, and pharmacological activity. Moreover, the electroanalytical methods are useful to determine drugs sensitively and selectivity. Additionally, these methods decrease analysis cost and require low-cost instruments and simple sample pretreatment steps. Conclusion: In recent years, drug analyses are performed using traditional techniques. These techniques have a good detection limit, but they have some limitations such as long analysis time, expensive device and experienced personnel requirement. Increased demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques biosensor has gained interest for drug determinations in medical sciences. Biosensors are unique and successful devices when compared to traditional techniques. For drug determination, different electrode modification materials and different biorecognition elements are used for biosensor construction. Several biosensor construction strategies have been developed to enhance the biosensor performance. With the considerable progress in electrode surface modification, promotes the selectivity of the biosensor, decreases the production cost and provides miniaturization. In the next years, advances in technology will provide low cost, sensitive, selective biosensors for drug analysis in drug formulations and biological samples.

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Janmanee, Rapiphun, Sopis Chuekachang, Saengrawee Sriwichai, Akira Baba y Sukon Phanichphant. "Functional Conducting Polymers in the Application of SPR Biosensors". Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/620309.

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In recent years, conducting polymers have emerged as one of the most promising transducers for both chemical, sensors and biosensors owing to their unique electrical, electrochemical and optical properties that can be used to convert chemical information or biointeractions into electrical or optical signals, which can easily be detected by modern techniques. Different approaches to the application of conducting polymers in chemo- or biosensing applications have been extensively studied. In order to enhance the application of conducting polymers into the area of biosensors, one approach is to introduce functional groups, including carboxylic acid, amine, sulfonate, or thiol groups, into the conducting polymer chain and to form a so-called “self-doped” or by doping with negatively charged polyelectrolytes. The functional conducting polymers have been successfully utilized to immobilize enzymes for construction of biosensors. Recently, the combination of SPR and electrochemical, known as electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR), spectroscopy, has been used for in situ investigation of optical and electrical properties of conducting polymer films. Moreover, EC-SPR spectroscopy has been applied for monitoring the interaction between biomolecules and electropolymerized conjugated polymer films in biosensor and immunosensor applications. In this paper, recent development and applications on EC-SPR in biosensors will be reviewed.

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Bhatt, Geeta y Shantanu Bhattacharya. "Biosensors on chip: A critical review from an aspect of micro/nanoscales". Journal of Micromanufacturing 2, n.º 2 (17 de junio de 2019): 198–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516598419847913.

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Biosensors are a very well cherished research topic and have found an inseparable status from clinical diagnostics in specific and society at large. As the name suggests, biosensors or biological sensors are devices which detect the presence of biological entities or their constituents and derivatives. The field started decades ago and has matured quite well since its inception. The most important performance factors that are associated with biosensors are sensitivity, specificity, and limit of detection. The remaining efforts of the biosensor research domain focus on miniaturization aspects of the sensors. The growing advancements in this field have evolved the technology of biosensors to cater to full-scale diagnosis on microchips, bedside diagnostics, reduced cost, and increased speed of diagnostics. Biosensors are characterized through many different aspects; for example, one way is to classify them on the basis of the type of bio-recognition step that they would utilize or another way can be based on the type of detection scheme that they may integrate, etc. Depending on the bio-recognition layer’s properties, biosensors can be cell based, nucleic acid probe based, antibody/antigen based, or aptamer based, while depending on the type of detection scheme, biosensors can be viewed as colorimetric sensors, optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, mechanical sensors, etc. There are some other parallel areas of research like microfluidics and microelectromechanical systems where one of the main applications lies in the biosensor domain. This review article discusses the various aspects of biosensors, from their design, realization, to testing, along with various detection strategies. The assembly includes fabrication strategies particularly for microchip technology-based biosensing solutions, microchannels, integration to microfluidics, etc., while categorization deals with various kinds and applications of different biosensors.

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Koyappayil, Aneesh y Min-Ho Lee. "Ultrasensitive Materials for Electrochemical Biosensor Labels". Sensors 21, n.º 1 (25 de diciembre de 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010089.

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Since the fabrication of the first electrochemical biosensor by Leland C. Clark in 1956, various labeled and label-free sensors have been reported for the detection of biomolecules. Labels such as nanoparticles, enzymes, Quantum dots, redox-active molecules, low dimensional carbon materials, etc. have been employed for the detection of biomolecules. Because of the absence of cross-reaction and highly selective detection, labeled biosensors are advantageous and preferred over label-free biosensors. The biosensors with labels depend mainly on optical, magnetic, electrical, and mechanical principles. Labels combined with electrochemical techniques resulted in the selective and sensitive determination of biomolecules. The present review focuses on categorizing the advancement and advantages of different labeling methods applied simultaneously with the electrochemical techniques in the past few decades.

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Fedorenko, Viktoriia, Daina Damberga, Karlis Grundsteins, Arunas Ramanavicius, Simonas Ramanavicius, Emerson Coy, Igor Iatsunskyi y Roman Viter. "Application of Polydopamine Functionalized Zinc Oxide for Glucose Biosensor Design". Polymers 13, n.º 17 (30 de agosto de 2021): 2918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172918.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are widely used in optical sensors and biosensors. Functionalization of these nanostructures with polymers enables optical properties of ZnO to be tailored. Polydopamine (PDA) is a highly biocompatible polymer, which can be used as a versatile coating suitable for application in sensor and biosensor design. In this research, we have grown ZnO-based nanorods on the surface of ITO-modified glass-plated optically transparent electrodes (glass/ITO). Then the deposition of the PDA polymer layer on the surface of ZnO nanorods was performed from an aqueous PDA solution in such a way glass/ITO/ZnO-PDA structure was formed. The ZnO-PDA composite was characterized by SEM, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Then glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized using crosslinking by glutaraldehyde on the surface of the ZnO-PDA composite, and glass/ITO/ZnO-PDA/GOx-based biosensing structure was designed. This structure was applied for the photo-electrochemical determination of glucose (Glc) in aqueous solutions. Photo-electrochemical determination of glucose by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry has been performed by glass/ITO/ZnO-PDA/GOx-based biosensor. Here reported modification/functionalization of ZnO nanorods with PDA enhances the photo-electrochemical performance of ZnO nanorods, which is well suited for the design of photo-electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

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Yu, Lu y Na Li. "Noble Metal Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Biosensor for Visual Quantification: A Mini Review". Chemosensors 7, n.º 4 (31 de octubre de 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7040053.

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Nobel metal can be used to form a category of nanoparticles, termed noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs), which are inert (resistant to oxidation/corrosion) and have unique physical and optical properties. NMNPs, particularly gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs), are highly accurate and sensitive visual biosensors for the analytical detection of a wide range of inorganic and organic compounds. The interaction between noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) and inorganic/organic molecules produces colorimetric shifts that enable the accurate and sensitive detection of toxins, heavy metal ions, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, antibodies, and other molecules. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and steric effects of inorganic/organic molecules with NMNPs surface can react or displacing capping agents, inducing crosslinking and non-crosslinking, broadening, or shifting local surface plasmon resonance absorption. NMNPs-based biosensors have been widely applied to a series of simple, rapid, and low-cost diagnostic products using colorimetric readout or simple visual assessment. In this mini review, we introduce the concepts and properties of NMNPs with chemical reduction synthesis, tunable optical property, and surface modification technique that benefit the development of NMNPs-based colorimetric biosensors, especially for the visual quantification. The “aggregation strategy” based detection principle of NMNPs colorimetric biosensors with the mechanism of crosslinking and non-crosslinking have been discussed, particularly, the critical coagulation concentration-based salt titration methodology have been exhibited by derived equations to explain non-crosslinking strategy be applied to NMNPs based visual quantification. Among the broad categories of NMNPs based biosensor detection analyses, we typically focused on four types of molecules (melamine, single/double strand DNA, mercury ions, and proteins) with discussion from the standpoint of the interaction between NMNPs surface with molecules, and DNA engineered NMNPs-based biosensor applications. Taken together, NMNPs-based colorimetric biosensors have the potential to serve as a simple yet reliable technique to enable visual quantification.

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Deisingh, Anil K. y Michael Thompson. "Biosensors for the detection of bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2004): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-095.

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This review will consider the role of biosensors towards the detection of infectious bacteria, although non-infectious ones will be considered where necessary. Recently, there has been a heightened interest in developing rapid and reliable methods of detection. This is especially true for detection of organisms involved in bioterrorism, food poisoning, and clinical problems such as antibiotic resistance. Biosensors can assist in achieving these goals, and sensors using several of the different types of transduction modes are discussed: electrochemical, high frequency (surface acoustic wave), and optical. The paper concludes with a discussion of three areas that may make a great impact in the next few years: integrated (lab-on-a-chip) systems, molecular beacons, and aptamers.Key words: biosensor, acoustic wave, electronic nose, bacterial detection, molecular beacon.

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37

Imas, José Javier, Carlos Ruiz Zamarreño, Pablo Zubiate, Lorena Sanchez-Martín, Javier Campión y Ignacio Raúl Matías. "Optical Biosensors for the Detection of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review". Sensors 20, n.º 21 (4 de noviembre de 2020): 6289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216289.

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A comprehensive review of optical biosensors for the detection of biomarkers associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is presented here, including microRNAs (miRNAs), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and histidine, which are biomarkers that enable RA detection and/or monitoring. An overview of the different optical biosensors (based on fluorescence, plasmon resonances, interferometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) among other optical techniques) used to detect these biomarkers is given, describing their performance and main characteristics (limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range), as well as the connection between the respective biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis. It has been observed that the relationship between the corresponding biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis tends to be obviated most of the time when explaining the mechanism of the optical biosensor, which forces the researcher to look for further information about the biomarker. This review work attempts to establish a clear association between optical sensors and rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers as well as to be an easy-to-use tool for the researchers working in this field.

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Amouzadeh Tabrizi, Mahmoud, Josep Ferre-Borrull y Lluis F. Marsal. "Advances in Optical Biosensors and Sensors Using Nanoporous Anodic Alumina". Sensors 20, n.º 18 (7 de septiembre de 2020): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185068.

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This review paper focuses on recent progress in optical biosensors using self-ordered nanoporous anodic alumina. We present the fabrication of self-ordered nanoporous anodic alumina, surface functionalization, and optical sensor applications. We show that self-ordered nanoporous anodic alumina has good potential for use in the fabrication of antibody-based (immunosensor), aptamer-based (aptasensor), gene-based (genosensor), peptide-based, and enzyme-based optical biosensors. The fabricated optical biosensors presented high sensitivity and selectivity. In addition, we also showed that the performance of the biosensors and the self-ordered nanoporous anodic alumina can be used for assessing biomolecules, heavy ions, and gas molecules.

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39

Ramsden, Jeremy J. y Robert Horvath. "Optical biosensors for cell adhesion". Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 29, n.º 3-4 (27 de julio de 2009): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10799890903064119.

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40

Guan, Bai-Ou y Yunyun Huang. "Interface Sensitized Optical Microfiber Biosensors". Journal of Lightwave Technology 37, n.º 11 (1 de junio de 2019): 2616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2889324.

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41

Cooper, Matthew A. "Optical biosensors in drug discovery". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1, n.º 7 (julio de 2002): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd838.

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42

Mascini, M. "Enzyme-based optical-fibre biosensors". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 29, n.º 1-3 (octubre de 1995): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(95)01672-4.

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43

Ingenhoff, J., B. Drapp y G. Gauglitz. "Biosensors using integrated optical devices". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 346, n.º 6-9 (1993): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321249.

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44

De Stefano, L., L. Rotiroti, M. De Stefano, A. Lamberti, S. Lettieri, A. Setaro y P. Maddalena. "Marine diatoms as optical biosensors". Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24, n.º 6 (febrero de 2009): 1580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.016.

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45

Evans, Ryan M. y David A. Edwards. "Receptor heterogeneity in optical biosensors". Journal of Mathematical Biology 76, n.º 4 (13 de julio de 2017): 795–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-017-1158-x.

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46

Kazanskiy, N. L., S. N. Khonina, M. A. Butt, A. Kaźmierczak y R. Piramidowicz. "State-of-the-Art Optical Devices for Biomedical Sensing Applications—A Review". Electronics 10, n.º 8 (19 de abril de 2021): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080973.

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Optical sensors for biomedical applications have gained prominence in recent decades due to their compact size, high sensitivity, reliability, portability, and low cost. In this review, we summarized and discussed a few selected techniques and corresponding technological platforms enabling the manufacturing of optical biomedical sensors of different types. We discussed integrated optical biosensors, vertical grating couplers, plasmonic sensors, surface plasmon resonance optical fiber biosensors, and metasurface biosensors, Photonic crystal-based biosensors, thin metal films biosensors, and fiber Bragg grating biosensors as the most representative cases. All of these might enable the identification of symptoms of deadly illnesses in their early stages; thus, potentially saving a patient’s life. The aim of this paper was not to render a definitive judgment in favor of one sensor technology over another. We presented the pros and cons of all the major sensor systems enabling the readers to choose the solution tailored to their needs and demands.

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47

Phiri, Mulder y Vorster. "Plasmonic Detection of Glucose in Serum Based on Biocatalytic Shape-Altering of Gold Nanostars". Biosensors 9, n.º 3 (29 de junio de 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9030083.

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Nanoparticles have been used as signal transducers for optical readouts in biosensors. Optical approaches are cost-effective with easy readout formats for clinical diagnosis. We present a glucose biosensor based on the biocatalytic shape-altering of gold nanostars via silver deposition. Improved sensitivity was observed due to the nanostars clustering after being functionalised with glucose oxidase (GOx). The biosensor quantified glucose in the serum samples with a 1:1000 dilution factor, and colorimetrically distinguished between the concentrations. The assay demonstrated good specificity and sensitivity. The fabricated glucose biosensor is a rapid kinetic assay using a basic entry level laboratory spectrophotometric microplate reader. Such a biosensor could be very useful in resource-constrained regions without state-of-the-art laboratory equipment. Furthermore, naked eye detection of glucose makes this a suitable biosensor for technology transfer to other point-of-care devices.

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48

Contreras Rozo, J. A., F. Severiano Carrillo, V. L. Gayou, H. Martínez Gutierrez y R. Delgado Macuil. "Optical biosensor for biogenic amines detection used a porous silicon matrix". Suplemento de la Revista Mexicana de Física 1, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/suplrevmexfis.1.3.49.

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The content of biogenic amines has been studied due to the toxicity of these compounds in humans when are consumed exogenously, and is used as an indicator of quality in the food industry. The manly method for its determination is high performance liquid chromatography. However, it requires a long time for analysis. An alternative method is the use of biosensors, porous silicon with gold nanoparticles were obtained by electrochemical attack assisted with metal salt. These substrates were used for the construction of a biosensor capable of detecting BA using diamine oxidase enzyme as an element of biological recognition and is binding using the self-assembled monolayers method. The correlation between scanning electron microscopy, X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, demonstrated the correct construction of the biosensor and the detection of biogenic amines by interaction with the enzyme. Finally, with the built biosensor it was possible to detect three important biogenic amines found in food.

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Chen, Yung-Tsan, Ya-Chu Lee, Yao-Hsuan Lai, Jin-Chun Lim, Nien-Tsu Huang, Chih-Ting Lin y Jian-Jang Huang. "Review of Integrated Optical Biosensors for Point-of-Care Applications". Biosensors 10, n.º 12 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10120209.

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This article reviews optical biosensors and their integration with microfluidic channels. The integrated biosensors have the advantages of higher accuracy and sensitivity because they can simultaneously monitor two or more parameters. They can further incorporate many functionalities such as electrical control and signal readout monolithically in a single semiconductor chip, making them ideal candidates for point-of-care testing. In this article, we discuss the applications by specifically looking into point-of-care testing (POCT) using integrated optical sensors. The requirement and future perspective of integrated optical biosensors for POC is addressed.

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van der Laan, Kiran J., Aryan Morita, Felipe P. Perona-Martinez y Romana Schirhagl. "Evaluation of the Oxidative Stress Response of Aging Yeast Cells in Response to Internalization of Fluorescent Nanodiamond Biosensors". Nanomaterials 10, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020372.

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Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are proposed to be used as free radical biosensors, as they function as magnetic sensors, changing their optical properties depending on their magnetic surroundings. Free radicals are produced during natural cell metabolism, but when the natural balance is disturbed, they are also associated with diseases and aging. Sensitive methods to detect free radicals are challenging, due to their high reactivity and transiency, providing the need for new biosensors such as FNDs. Here we have studied in detail the stress response of an aging model system, yeast cells, upon FND internalization to assess whether one can safely use this biosensor in the desired model. This was done by measuring metabolic activity, the activity of genes involved in different steps and the locations of the oxidative stress defense systems and general free radical activity. Only minimal, transient FND-related stress effects were observed, highlighting excellent biocompatibility in the long term. This is a crucial milestone towards the applicability of FNDs as biosensors in free radical research.

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