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Libros sobre el tema "Optical concentrators"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 16 de febrero de 2022

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1

Williams, Michael D. Influence of refractive index and solar concentration on optical power absorption in slabs. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1988.

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2

Piszczor, Michael F. A high-efficiency refractive secondary solar concentrator for high temperature solar thermal applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2000.

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3

Zacharopoulos, Aggelos. Optical design modelling and experimental characterisation of line-axis concentrators for solar photovoltaic and thermal applications. [s.l: The Author], 2001.

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4

O'Neill, M. J. Conceptual design study of a 5 kilowatt solar dynamic Brayton power system using a dome Fresnel lens solar concentrator. [Cleveland, OH: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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5

Optical evaluation of a refractive secondary concentrator. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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6

Suzuki, Akio y Ralf Leutz. Nonimaging Fresnel Lenses: Design and Performance of Solar Concentrators (Springer Series in Optical Sciences). Springer, 2001.

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7

A high-efficiency refractive secondary solar concentrator for high temperature solar thermal applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2000.

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8

P, Macosko Robert y NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. A high-efficiency refractive secondary solar concentrator for high temperature solar thermal applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2000.

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9

A high-efficiency refractive secondary solar concentrator for high temperature solar thermal applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2000.

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10

P, Macosko Robert y NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Refractive secondary concentrators for solar thermal applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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11

Center, Lewis Research, ed. Optical analysis of parabolic dish concentrators for solar dynamic power systems in space. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1985.

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12

Optical analysis of parabolic dish concentrators for solar dynamic power systems in space. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1985.

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13

Center, Lewis Research, ed. Optical analysis of parabolic dish concentrators for solar dynamic power systems in space. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1985.

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14

The optical design of a system using a Fresnel lens that gathers light for a solar concentrator and that feeds into solar alignment optics. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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15

Optical materials technology for energy efficiency and solar energy conversion XI: Selective materials, concentrators and reflectors, transparent insulation, and superwindows : 18 May 1992, Toulouse-Labège, France. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1992.

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16

Concentrator testing using projected images. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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17

(Editor), Antonio L. Luque y Viacheslav M. Andreev (Editor), eds. Concentrator Photovoltaics (Springer Series in Optical Sciences) (Springer Series in Optical Sciences). Springer, 2007.

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18

O'gallagher, Joseph J. Non-imaging Optics in Solar Energy (Synthesis Lectures on Energy and the Environment: Technology, Science, and Society). Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2007.

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19

Derik, Ehresman y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Solar concentrator advanced development program: Final report. Melbourne, Fla: Harris Corporation, Government Aerospace Systems Division, 1989.

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20

Derik, Ehresman y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Solar concentrator advanced development program: Final report. Melbourne, Fla: Harris Corporation, Government Aerospace Systems Division, 1989.

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21

Wright, A. G. The Photomultiplier Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.001.0001.

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This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.
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22

Organization, World Health. Determination of Airbone Fibre Number Concentrations: A Recommended Method, by Phase Contrast Optical Microscopy (Membrane Filter Method). World Health Organization, 1997.

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23

Organization, World Health, ed. Determination of airborne fibre number concentrations: A recommended method, by phase-contrast optical microscopy, membrane filter method. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997.

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24

Solymar, L., D. Walsh y R. R. A. Syms. Semiconductors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0008.

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Both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are discussed in terms of their band structure. The acceptor and donor energy levels are introduced. Scattering is discussed, from which the conductivity of semiconductors is derived. Some mathematical relations between electron and hole densities are derived. The mobilities of III–V and II–VI compounds and their dependence on impurity concentrations are discussed. Band structures of real and idealized semiconductors are contrasted. Measurements of semiconductor properties are reviewed. Various possibilities for optical excitation of electrons are discussed. The technology of crystal growth and purification are reviewed, in particular, molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapour deposition.
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25

Capmany, José y Daniel Pérez. Programmable Integrated Photonics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844402.001.0001.

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Programmable Integrated Photonics (PIP) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that, in turn, can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmability enables by means of external control signals both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operation due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows activating parts of the chip, which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections. After some years where the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (ASPIC) paradigm has completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there is an increasing interest in PIP justified by the surge of a number of emerging applications that are and will be calling for true flexibility, reconfigurability as well as low-cost, compact and low-power consuming devices. This book aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this emergent field covering aspects that range from the basic aspects of technologies and building photonic component blocks to the design alternatives and principles of complex programmable photonics circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focuses mainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics as compared to more traditional ASPIC approaches.
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26

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, Dimitrios Sakellariou y Vasiliki Tsirka. Electroencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0011.

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This chapter concentrates on essential technical aspects of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and its role in the clinical and aetiological diagnosis of people with epilepsy. The technical subsection explores important stages of the largely ‘mystifying’ process from the generation of the abnormal signals in the brain to their final visualization on the screen, including digitalization of the signal and sampling rate, montages, and derivations, focusing on their clinical relevance. The second part reviews the behavioural attributes of the interictal and ictal discharges in the different epilepsy types and syndromes, discusses the optimal use of activation methods, including sleep deprivation and sleep, hyperventilation, photic, and other specific stimulation, and describes specific diagnostic tools like polygraphy and cognitive assessment during apparently subclinical discharges. It also discusses aspects of the clinical EEG interpretation and reporting and delineates indications and limitations of the EEG.
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27

Ho, Kwok M. Kidney and acid–base physiology in anaesthetic practice. Editado por Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0005.

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Anatomically the kidney consists of the cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis. The kidneys have approximately 2 million nephrons and receive 20% of the resting cardiac output making the kidneys the richest blood flow per gram of tissue in the body. A high blood and plasma flow to the kidneys is essential for the generation of a large amount of glomerular filtrate, up to 125 ml min−1, to regulate the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body. The kidneys also have many other important physiological functions, including excretion of metabolic wastes or toxins, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and also production and metabolism of many hormones. Although plasma creatinine concentration has been frequently used to estimate glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation in stable chronic kidney diseases, the MDRD equation has limitations and does not reflect glomerular filtration rate accurately in healthy individuals or patients with acute kidney injury. An optimal acid–base environment is essential for many body functions, including haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation, transcellular shift of electrolytes, membrane excitability, function of many enzymes, and energy production. Based on the concepts of electrochemical neutrality, law of conservation of mass, and law of mass action, according to Stewart’s approach, hydrogen ion concentration is determined by three independent variables: (1) carbon dioxide tension, (2) total concentrations of weak acids such as albumin and phosphate, and (3) strong ion difference, also known as SID. It is important to understand that the main advantage of Stewart over the bicarbonate-centred approach is in the interpretation of metabolic acidosis.
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