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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Optical detection of ultrafast phenomena"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 17 de febrero de 2022

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1

Cheskis, Dima. "Magneto-Optical Tools to Study Effects in Dirac and Weyl Semimetals". Symmetry 12, n.º 9 (25 de agosto de 2020): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091412.

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Research regarding topological Dirac and Weyl semimetals contributes to our understanding not only of the field of solid-state physics, but also the field of high-energy physics as the physics of Dirac and Weyl semimetals resembles the physics of Dirac and Weyl massless fermions. In condensed matter physics, the Weyl nodes are detached in momentum space and may be realized as emergent quasiparticles with a distinct chirality, left-handed or right-handed. These states lead to phenomena like the chiral anomaly and the anomalous Hall effect (AHE). Furthermore, the combination of quantum effects and magnetic effects in magnetic Weyl semimetals is very intriguing. Magneto-optical tools, which are usually used to study magnetic phenomena, also contribute to magnetic Weyl semimetals. Moreover, with the magneto-optical technique, it is possible to follow the dynamics of the processes and to study the lifetime of the Weyl states. In this work, we review and discuss the effects of using magneto-optical tools for studying quantum effects like the chiral anomaly or magnetic effects in magnetic Weyl and Dirac systems using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) or Faraday systems including a single detection and imaging. Examples of using magneto-optical systems in the research of ultrafast magnetic dynamics of thin polycrystalline nickel and permaloy are reviewed as are the magnetic spatial dynamics by employing magneto-optical Kerr or Faraday microscopy tools with ferromagnetic thin films. Interestingly, the excitation of a circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulse could lead to the breakage of time-reversal symmetry and to the transformation of the Dirac state to the Floquet–Weyl semimetal state. The development of a suitable ultrafast magneto-optical system for Weyl systems is discussed, and the practical difficulties for the realization of such a system are considered.
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2

Guedri, Kamel, Shougi Suliman Abosuliman y Mowffaq Oreijah. "FTn Finite Volume Analysis of Ultrafast Laser Radiation Transport through Human Skin Cancer". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 20 (12 de octubre de 2020): 7090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207090.

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In this work, we develop a numerical tool for the early detection of skin cancer using a 3D numerical transient radiative heat transfer study of ultrafast-laser transport through normal and malignant human skins. The curved-line advection method (CLAM) spatial scheme and the FTn angular scheme of the finite volume method (FVM) are investigated to analyze the above-cited physical phenomena. Both Fresnel specular and diffuse boundary conditions are analyzed. Human skin is considered based on optical properties available from other sources. The temporal radiative signals of skin with malignancies were compared to those of normal skin. Malignancies in the basal layer and epidermis were simulated. Further, the effects of laser light wavelength and the volume of the cancerous region and its scattering coefficient on these signals were studied. The results show that (1) the effect of the Fresnel boundary in the modeling was pronounced; (2) the peak magnitude for human skin with the cutaneous melanoma (CM) had the maximum value in comparison with those obtained for the two other malignancies; and (3) when cancer fully affected the living epidermis with any of these malignancies, the reflectance was more than its predicted value when affected by the basal only.
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3

Kuznetsov, Alex V. "S-Matrix Theory of Ultrafast Optical Phenomena in Semiconductors". Annals of Physics 258, n.º 2 (agosto de 1997): 157–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/aphy.1997.5701.

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4

TSUCHIYA, Yutaka. "Imaging and Analysis of Ultra-Low-Light-Level Phenomena and Ultrafast Optical Phenomena". Review of Laser Engineering 13, n.º 1 (1985): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.13.52.

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5

Ferguson, A. I. "Ultrafast Phenomena IV. Chemical Physics Series Vol. 38". Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics 32, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1985): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/716099682.

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6

Hurley, David H. y Oliver B. Wright. "Detection of ultrafast phenomena by use of a modified Sagnac interferometer". Optics Letters 24, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 1999): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.24.001305.

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7

Chaliasos, E. "Detection of black holes from optical phenomena". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 237, n.º 3 (1 de abril de 1989): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/237.3.653.

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8

Ferry, D. K. "Theory of ultrafast phenomena in laser-excited semiconductors". Semiconductor Science and Technology 9, n.º 11S (1 de noviembre de 1994): 1978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/9/11s/020.

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9

Haug, Hartmut. "Quantum Coherence in Ultrafast Semiconductor Spectroscopy". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 07, n.º 02 (junio de 1998): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863598000193.

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Coherent optical phenomena such as the optical Stark effect, Rabi flopping, photon echo and quantum beating which are well-known in atomic spectroscopy can also be observed in semiconductors by using femtosecond laser pulses. On these short time scales, the quantum coherence of the optical excitations in the solid do not only influence the optical properties but change at the same time the relaxation and dephasing kinetics. The quasi-classical Boltzmann kinetics has to be replaced by quantum kinetics. Coherence leads to the appearance of memory in the scattering integrals. For femtosecond four-wave mixing and pump-and-probe spectroscopy the use of quantum kinetics for LO-phonon and for carrier-carrier scattering will be reviewed.
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10

Lavoie, C., C. Cabral, J. M. E. Harper, G. Tas, C. J. Morath, R. J. Stoner y H. J. Maris. "Detection of cobalt silicide phase formations by ultrafast optical measurements". Thin Solid Films 374, n.º 1 (octubre de 2000): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)01191-3.

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11

Viswanath, Annamraju Kasi, J. I. Lee, S. T. Kim, G. M. Yang, H. J. Lee y Dongho Kim. "Luminescence and ultrafast phenomena in InGaN multiple quantum wells". Thin Solid Films 515, n.º 10 (marzo de 2007): 4401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.07.110.

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12

Karasawa, Naoki, Shogo Yamada y Hiroki Kanaya. "Observation of ultrafast phenomena using chirped pulse digital holography". Optics Communications 473 (octubre de 2020): 125941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125941.

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13

NAKAGAWA, Keiichi. "STAMP (Sequentially Timed All-optical Mapping Photography) for Observation of Ultrafast Non-Repetitive Phenomena". Review of Laser Engineering 43, n.º 4 (2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.43.4_199.

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14

Ghosh, Supriya, Rajeev Ray y Suman Kalyan Pal. "Ultrafast Many-Particle Phenomena in Lead Bromide Hybrid Perovskite Nanocrystals Under Strong Optical Excitation". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, n.º 5 (1 de febrero de 2021): 3198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10140.

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15

Raymer, M. G., J. Cooper, H. J. Carmichael, M. Beck y D. T. Smithey. "Ultrafast measurement of optical-field statistics by dc-balanced homodyne detection". Journal of the Optical Society of America B 12, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1995): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.12.001801.

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16

Appavoo, Kannatassen y Matthew Y. Sfeir. "Enhanced broadband ultrafast detection of ultraviolet emission using optical Kerr gating". Review of Scientific Instruments 85, n.º 5 (mayo de 2014): 055114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873475.

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17

Ito, F. "Demultiplexed detection of ultrafast optical signal using interferometric cross-correlation technique". Journal of Lightwave Technology 15, n.º 6 (junio de 1997): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.588661.

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18

Shalihah, Fithriyah, Arnan Mitchell y Lam Bui. "Optical Correlation Using Four Wave Mixing in a Highly Nonlinear Fibre for Real-Time Serialized Ultrafast Systems". International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 59, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2013): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eletel-2013-0024.

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Abstract A method of all-optical correlation is proposed using the nonlinear phenomena Four Wave Mixing (FWM) of two different signals. The method shows a serial solution where correlation of an ultrafast real-time serialized broadband source is demonstrated using a Highly Non-Linear Fibre (HNLF) with correlation rate reaching 200MHz.
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19

Dykaar, D. R. y U. D. Keil. "Ultrafast electrical signal generation, propagation and detection". Optical and Quantum Electronics 28, n.º 7 (julio de 1996): 731–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00820147.

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20

Kurman, Yaniv, Raphael Dahan, Hanan Herzig Sheinfux, Kangpeng Wang, Michael Yannai, Yuval Adiv, Ori Reinhardt et al. "Spatiotemporal imaging of 2D polariton wave packet dynamics using free electrons". Science 372, n.º 6547 (10 de junio de 2021): 1181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9015.

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Coherent optical excitations in two-dimensional (2D) materials, 2D polaritons, can generate a plethora of optical phenomena that arise from the extraordinary dispersion relations that do not exist in regular materials. Probing of the dynamical phenomena of 2D polaritons requires simultaneous spatial and temporal imaging capabilities and could reveal unknown coherent optical phenomena in 2D materials. Here, we present a spatiotemporal measurement of 2D wave packet dynamics, from its formation to its decay, using an ultrafast transmission electron microscope driven by femtosecond midinfrared pulses. The ability to coherently excite phonon-polariton wave packets and probe their evolution in a nondestructive manner reveals intriguing dispersion-dependent dynamics that includes splitting of multibranch wave packets and, unexpectedly, wave packet deceleration and acceleration. Having access to the full spatiotemporal dynamics of 2D wave packets can be used to illuminate puzzles in topological polaritons and discover exotic nonlinear optical phenomena in 2D materials.
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21

Trigo, M., T. A. Eckhause, J. K. Wahlstrand, R. Merlin, M. Reason y R. S. Goldman. "Ultrafast optical generation and remote detection of terahertz sound using semiconductor superlattices". Applied Physics Letters 91, n.º 2 (9 de julio de 2007): 023115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2754353.

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22

King, Wayne E., Michael Armstrong, Victor Malka, Bryan W. Reed y Antoine Rousse. "Ultrafast Imaging of Materials: Exploring the Gap of Space and Time". MRS Bulletin 31, n.º 8 (agosto de 2006): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.158.

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AbstractThe materials science community is poised to take advantage of new technologies that add unprecedented time resolution to already existing spatial-resolution capabilities. In the same way that chemists and biologists are using ultrafast optical, photon, and particle techniques to reveal transition pathways, materials scientists can expect to use variations of these methods to probe the most fundamental aspects of complex transient phenomena in materials. The combination of high-spatial-resolution imaging with high time resolution is critical because it enables the observation of specific phenomena that are important to developing fundamental understanding. Such a capability is also important because it enables experiments that are on the same time and length scales as recent high-performance computer simulations. This article describes several new techniques that have great potential for broader application in materials science, including electron, x-ray, and γ-ray imaging.
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23

Kim, Taewoo, Jinyang Liang, Liren Zhu y Lihong V. Wang. "Picosecond-resolution phase-sensitive imaging of transparent objects in a single shot". Science Advances 6, n.º 3 (enero de 2020): eaay6200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6200.

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With the growing interest in the optical imaging of ultrafast phenomena in transparent objects, from shock wave to neuronal action potentials, high contrast imaging at high frame rates has become desirable. While phase sensitivity provides the contrast, the frame rates and sequence depths are highly limited by the detectors. Here, we present phase-sensitive compressed ultrafast photography (pCUP) for single-shot real-time ultrafast imaging of transparent objects by combining the contrast of dark-field imaging with the speed and the sequence depth of CUP. By imaging the optical Kerr effect and shock wave propagation, we demonstrate that pCUP can image light-speed phase signals in a single shot with up to 350 frames captured at up to 1 trillion frames per second. We expect pCUP to be broadly used for a vast range of fundamental and applied sciences.
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24

Nguyen, Duy N., Luke A. Emmert, Dinesh Patel, Carmen S. Menoni y Wolfgang Rudolph. "Transient phenomena in the dielectric breakdown of HfO2 optical films probed by ultrafast laser pulse pairs". Applied Physics Letters 97, n.º 19 (8 de noviembre de 2010): 191909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3511286.

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25

Mihailov, Stephen J., Cyril Hnatovsky, Nurmemet Abdukerim, Robert B. Walker, Ping Lu, Yanping Xu, Xiaoyi Bao et al. "Ultrafast Laser Processing of Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications". Sensors 21, n.º 4 (19 de febrero de 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041447.

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A review of recent progress in the use of infrared femtosecond lasers to fabricate optical fiber sensors that incorporate fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and random fiber gratings (RFG) is presented. The important advancements in femtosecond laser writing based on the phase mask technique now allow through-the-coating (TTC) fabrication of Bragg gratings in ultra-thin fiber filaments, tilted fiber Bragg gratings, and 1000 °C-resistant fiber Bragg gratings with very strong cladding modes. As an example, through-the-coating femtosecond laser writing is used to manufacture distributed fiber Bragg grating sensor arrays for oil pipeline leak detection. The plane-by-plane femtosecond laser writing technique used for the inscription of random fiber gratings is also reviewed and novel applications of the resultant devices in distributed temperature sensing, fiber lasers and fiber laser sensors are discussed.
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26

Benatti, Fabio, Martina Esposito, Daniele Fausti, Roberto Floreanini, Kelvin Titimbo y Klaus Zimmermann. "Generation and detection of squeezed phonons in lattice dynamics by ultrafast optical excitations". New Journal of Physics 19, n.º 2 (17 de febrero de 2017): 023032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa50bc.

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27

Song Lu, 宋露 y 冯元华 Feng Yuanhua. "Ultrafast Flow Cytometric Quantitative Phase Imaging System Based on Optical Coherent Detection Technology". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 55, n.º 12 (2018): 121102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop55.121102.

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28

Alfano, R. R. "Advances in ultrafast time resolved fluorescence physics for cancer detection in optical biopsy". AIP Advances 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2012): 011103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3697961.

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29

Lejman, Mariusz, Viktor Shalagatskyi, Oleksandr Kovalenko, Thomas Pezeril, Vasily V. Temnov y Pascal Ruello. "Ultrafast optical detection of coherent acoustic phonons emission driven by superdiffusive hot electrons". Journal of the Optical Society of America B 31, n.º 2 (17 de enero de 2014): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.31.000282.

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30

Wang, Tao, Jin Wang, Jian Wu, Pengfei Ma, Rongtao Su, Yanxing Ma y Pu Zhou. "Near-Infrared Optical Modulation for Ultrashort Pulse Generation Employing Indium Monosulfide (InS) Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanocrystals". Nanomaterials 9, n.º 6 (7 de junio de 2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9060865.

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In recent years, metal chalcogenide nanomaterials have received much attention in the field of ultrafast lasers due to their unique band-gap characteristic and excellent optical properties. In this work, two-dimensional (2D) indium monosulfide (InS) nanosheets were synthesized through a modified liquid-phase exfoliation method. In addition, a film-type InS-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) saturable absorber (SA) was prepared as an optical modulator to generate ultrashort pulses. The nonlinear properties of the InS-PVA SA were systematically investigated. The modulation depth and saturation intensity of the InS-SA were 5.7% and 6.79 MW/cm2, respectively. By employing this InS-PVA SA, a stable, passively mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser was demonstrated. At the fundamental frequency, the laser operated at 1.02 MHz, with a pulse width of 486.7 ps, and the maximum output power was 1.91 mW. By adjusting the polarization states in the cavity, harmonic mode-locked phenomena were also observed. To our knowledge, this is the first time an ultrashort pulse output based on InS has been achieved. The experimental findings indicate that InS is a viable candidate in the field of ultrafast lasers due to its excellent saturable absorption characteristics, which thereby promotes the ultrafast optical applications of InX (X = S, Se, and Te) and expands the category of new SAs.
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31

Tsuchiya, Yutaka. "Special edition. Imaging techniques of invisible information. Imaging technology in ultralow light level and ultrafast optical phenomena." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 41, n.º 5 (1987): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.41.415.

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32

Xiang, Bo, Raphael F. Ribeiro, Yingmin Li, Adam D. Dunkelberger, Blake B. Simpkins, Joel Yuen-Zhou y Wei Xiong. "Manipulating optical nonlinearities of molecular polaritons by delocalization". Science Advances 5, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2019): eaax5196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5196.

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Optical nonlinearities are key resources in the contemporary photonics toolbox, relevant to quantum gate operations and all-optical switches. Chemical modification is often used to control the nonlinear response of materials at the microscopic level, but on-the-fly manipulation of such response is challenging. Tunability of optical nonlinearities in the mid-infrared (IR) is even less developed, hindering its applications in chemical sensing or IR photonic circuitry. Here, we report control of vibrational polariton coherent nonlinearities by manipulation of macroscopic parameters such as cavity longitudinal length or molecular concentration. Further two-dimensional IR investigations reveal that nonlinear dephasing provides the dominant source of the observed ultrafast polariton nonlinearities. The reported phenomena originate from the nonlinear macroscopic polarization stemming from strong coupling between microscopic molecular excitations and a macroscopic photonic cavity mode.
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33

Na, Yongjin, Chan-Gi Jeon, Changmin Ahn, Minji Hyun, Dohyeon Kwon, Junho Shin y Jungwon Kim. "Ultrafast, sub-nanometre-precision and multifunctional time-of-flight detection". Nature Photonics 14, n.º 6 (10 de febrero de 2020): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-0586-0.

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34

Mironov, B. N., S. A. Aseyev, A. A. Ischenko, I. V. Kochikov, S. V. Chekalin y E. A. Ryabov. "Detection of coherent optical phonons in a thin bismuth film by ultrafast electron diffraction". Quantum Electronics 50, n.º 3 (13 de marzo de 2020): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel17251.

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35

Gong, Y., Z. Zhang, D. Ascienzo, Y. Abranyos, H. B. Zhao, G. Lüpke, Qi Li y Y. H. Ren. "Ultrafast optical detection of magnetic inhomogeneity in ferromagnetic La 0.67 Ca 0.33 MnO 3". EPL (Europhysics Letters) 108, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2014): 17010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/108/17010.

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36

Woody, Michael S., Marco Capitanio, E. Michael Ostap y Yale E. Goldman. "Detection of Ultrafast Mechanical Transitions in β-Cardiac Myosin using High-Speed Optical Trapping". Biophysical Journal 108, n.º 2 (enero de 2015): 301a—302a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1640.

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37

Pavlov, Victor, Valerii Gridnev, Roman Pisarev, Martin Pohl, Ilya Akimov, Dmitri Yakovlev y Manfred Bayer. "Femtosecond Photo-Induced Phenomena in Multiferroic Hexagonal Manganite YMnO3". Solid State Phenomena 233-234 (julio de 2015): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.233-234.149.

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Transient optical anisotropy in the hexagonal manganite YMnO3excited by linearly and circularly polarized laser pulses has been observed. The photo-induced anisotropy was investigated by the pump-probe technique based on a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser generating optical pulses at the photon energy of 1.55 eV. Temporal and spectral dependencies of the photo-induced optical rotation and ellipticity were analyzed by a theoretical model considering ultrafast population and relaxation processes near the interband transitions from the hybridized O2−(2p)-Mn3+(3d) (Γ1) to the Mn3+(3d3z2−r2) (Γ5) states at photon energies of the laser excitation. Very short relaxation time of ~10 fs, which is the Raman coherence time between the excited Γ5|x> and Γ5|y> states, has been determined. It is found that this coherence time is much shorter than a charge relaxation time of ~500 fs between the Γ5|x,y> and Γ1|g> states for the interband electronic transition Γ1→Γ5.
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38

Nakayama, Tomohito, Shunsuke Yoshizawa, Atsushi Hirano, Takeshi Tanaka, Kentaro Shiraki y Muneaki Hase. "Ultrafast Vibrational Energy Transfer from Photoexcited Carbon Nanotubes to Proteins". EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920505009.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) and protein complexes are one of the most important nanomaterials in physical and biological fields, especially for building biomedical systems based on their unique electronic and optical properties. However, there is little knowledge about ultrafast vibrational phenomena and energy flow in CNT-protein complexes. Here, we study the ultrafast vibrational energy transfer (VET) from photoexcited carbon nanotubes to adsorbed materials, such as protein and surfactant, by observing relaxation dynamics of coherent radial breathing modes (RBMs) of CNT. As a result, we found the vibrational relaxation time of the RBMs depends on phonon density of states (PDOS) of adsorbed materials. Our findings are particularly useful for designing a highly efficient phonon energy flow system from photo-excited CNT to biomaterials, and such vibrational energy transfer can be controlled by the PDOS originated from the structure of coupled biomaterials.
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39

El Sayed Said, Yousef. "Linear and Non-Linear Optical Phenomena of Glasses (Photonics-Photo Chromic-Electro and Magneto Optics): A Review". Solid State Phenomena 207 (septiembre de 2013): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.207.1.

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The linear and non-linear properties of material have gained in both scientific interest and technological importance. Over the last few years, there has been much interest in developing materials with large nonlinearities in order to exploit their potential for use in ultrafast nonlinear optical devices. The different factors that play a role for controlling the refractive indices such as density, molar refraction, photon energy, coordination number, electronic polarizability, field strength of cations, bridging and nonbridging oxygen, and optical basicity are discussed in accordance with the obtained linear refractive index data. The nonlinear phenomena which include intensity dependent on refractive index, excitation energy, dispersion energy, optical energy, metallization criterion, second and third harmonic generations have been discussed. Finally, the optical application, viz. photonics, electro-optics, photo chromic and magneto-optics of the material have been studied.Keywords:Glass; linear; nonlinear indices; optical application
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40

Edward, S., A. Antoncecchi, H. Zhang, H. Sielcken, S. Witte y P. C. M. Planken. "Detection of periodic structures through opaque metal layers by optical measurements of ultrafast electron dynamics". Optics Express 26, n.º 18 (28 de agosto de 2018): 23380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.023380.

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41

Stoica, Vladimir A., Yu-Miin Sheu, David A. Reis y Roy Clarke. "Wideband detection of transient solid-state dynamics using ultrafast fiber lasers and asynchronous optical sampling". Optics Express 16, n.º 4 (2008): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.002322.

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42

Hassan, Mohammed T., Haihua Liu, John Spencer Baskin y Ahmed H. Zewail. "Photon gating in four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n.º 42 (5 de octubre de 2015): 12944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517942112.

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Ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) is a pivotal tool for imaging of nanoscale structural dynamics with subparticle resolution on the time scale of atomic motion. Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM), a key UEM technique, involves the detection of electrons that have gained energy from a femtosecond optical pulse via photon–electron coupling on nanostructures. PINEM has been applied in various fields of study, from materials science to biological imaging, exploiting the unique spatial, energy, and temporal characteristics of the PINEM electrons gained by interaction with a “single” light pulse. The further potential of photon-gated PINEM electrons in probing ultrafast dynamics of matter and the optical gating of electrons by invoking a “second” optical pulse has previously been proposed and examined theoretically in our group. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this photon-gating technique, and, through diffraction, visualize the phase transition dynamics in vanadium dioxide nanoparticles. With optical gating of PINEM electrons, imaging temporal resolution was improved by a factor of 3 or better, being limited only by the optical pulse widths. This work enables the combination of the high spatial resolution of electron microscopy and the ultrafast temporal response of the optical pulses, which provides a promising approach to attain the resolution of few femtoseconds and attoseconds in UEM.
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43

Soni, Gautam V. y Amit Meller. "Progress toward Ultrafast DNA Sequencing Using Solid-State Nanopores". Clinical Chemistry 53, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2007): 1996–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.091231.

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Abstract Background: Measurements of the ionic current flowing through nanometer-scale pores (nanopores) have been used to analyze single DNA and RNA molecules, with the ultimate goal of achieving ultrafast DNA sequencing. However, attempts at purely electronic measurements have not achieved the signal contrast required for single nucleotide differentiation. In this report we propose a novel method of optical detection of DNA sequence translocating through a nanopore. Methods: Each base of the target DNA sequence is 1st mapped onto a 2-unit code, 2 10-bp nucleotide sequence, by biochemical conversion into Designed DNA Polymers. These 2-unit codes are then hybridized to complementary, fluorescently labeled, and self-quenching molecular beacons. As the molecular beacons are sequentially unzipped during translocation through a <2-nm-wide nanopore, their fluorescent tags are unquenched and are detected by a custom-built dual-color total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope. The 2-color optical signal is then correlated to the target DNA sequence. Results: A dual-color TIRFM microscope with single-molecule resolution was constructed, and controlled fabrication of 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional arrays of solid-state nanopores was performed. A nanofluidic cell assembly was constructed for TIRF-based optical detection of voltage-driven DNA translocation through a nanopore. Conclusions: We present a novel nanopore-based DNA sequencing technique that uses an optical readout of DNA translocating unzipping through a nanopore. Our technique offers better single nucleotide differentiation in sequence readout, as well as the possibility of large-scale parallelism using nanopore arrays.
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44

Young, Linda, Emily T. Nienhuis, Dimitris Koulentianos, Gilles Doumy, Anne Marie March, Stephen H. Southworth, Sue B. Clark, Thomas M. Orlando, Jay A. LaVerne y Carolyn I. Pearce. "Photon-In/Photon-Out X-ray Free-Electron Laser Studies of Radiolysis". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 2 (13 de enero de 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020701.

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Understanding the origin of reactive species following ionization in aqueous systems is an important aspect of radiation–matter interactions as the initial reactive species lead to production of radicals and subsequent long-term radiation damage. Tunable ultrafast X-ray free-electron pulses provide a new window to probe events occurring on the sub-picosecond timescale, supplementing other methodologies, such as pulse radiolysis, scavenger studies, and stop flow that capture longer timescale chemical phenomena. We review initial work capturing the fastest chemical processes in liquid water radiolysis using optical pump/X-ray probe spectroscopy in the water window and discuss how ultrafast X-ray pump/X-ray probe spectroscopies can examine ionization-induced processes more generally and with better time resolution. Ultimately, these methods will be applied to understanding radiation effects in complex aqueous solutions present in high-level nuclear waste.
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45

McIlhagga, W. y A. Pääkkönen. "Noisy Template Matching: A Model for Detection and Discrimination". Perception 26, n.º 1_suppl (agosto de 1997): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970041.

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The detection and discrimination of simple patterns occupies a central place in visual psychophysics. A wide variety of phenomena have been observed in this paradigm, such as: Weber's law; masking (simultaneous, forward, and backward); masking by noise; spatial frequency tuning; orientation tuning; and area summation. We suggest that many of these phenomena can be explained by a simple model which we call ‘noisy template matching’. In this model, the encoded stimulus is matched to a memorised template. Both stimulus and template are corrupted by additive noise. The template matching operation yields a decision variable, to which more noise is added. This model is very simple, but it has many interesting consequences. It provides qualitative explanations for many of the phenomena mentioned above, and with additional (but we think reasonable) assumptions about lens blur, contrast nonlinearity (Whittle, 1986 Vision Research26 1677 – 1691), uncertainty (Pelli, 1985 Journal of the Optical Society of America2 1508 – 1532), and suboptimal templates, the model also provides good quantitative accounts of these phenomena.
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46

Saha, Susmita, Saswati Barman, YoshiChika Otani y Anjan Barman. "All-optical investigation of tunable picosecond magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic nanostripes with a width down to 50 nm". Nanoscale 7, n.º 43 (2015): 18312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr05634a.

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Optically induced ultrafast magnetization dynamics in arrays of Ni80Fe20 nanostripes showed strong width dependent frequency, anisotropy and the spatial nature of spin waves. We also demonstrated detection of dynamics of single nanostripes with width down to 50 nm.
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47

Wang Bo, Bai Yong-Lin, Cao Wei-Wei, Xu Peng, Liu Bai-Yu, Gou Yong-Sheng, Zhu Bing-Li y Hou Xun. "Picosecond resolving detection method and experiment for ultrafast X-ray by modulation of an optical probe". Acta Physica Sinica 64, n.º 20 (2015): 200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.200701.

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48

Bencivenga, F., R. Mincigrucci, F. Capotondi, L. Foglia, D. Naumenko, A. A. Maznev, E. Pedersoli et al. "Nanoscale transient gratings excited and probed by extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses". Science Advances 5, n.º 7 (julio de 2019): eaaw5805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw5805.

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Advances in developing ultrafast coherent sources operating at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray wavelengths allow the extension of nonlinear optical techniques to shorter wavelengths. Here, we describe EUV transient grating spectroscopy, in which two crossed femtosecond EUV pulses produce spatially periodic nanoscale excitations in the sample and their dynamics is probed via diffraction of a third time-delayed EUV pulse. The use of radiation with wavelengths down to 13.3 nm allowed us to produce transient gratings with periods as short as 28 nm and observe thermal and coherent phonon dynamics in crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon nitride. This approach allows measurements of thermal transport on the ~10-nm scale, where the two samples show different heat transport regimes, and can be applied to study other phenomena showing nontrivial behaviors at the nanoscale, such as structural relaxations in complex liquids and ultrafast magnetic dynamics.
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49

Baik, Son y Kim. "Detection of Liquefaction Phenomena from the 2017 Pohang (Korea) Earthquake Using Remote Sensing Data". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 18 (19 de septiembre de 2019): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182184.

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On 15 November 2017, liquefaction phenomena were observed around the epicenter after a 5.4 magnitude earthquake occurred in Pohang in southeast Korea. In this study, we attempted to detect areas of sudden water content increase by using SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and optical satellite images. We analyzed coherence changes using Sentinel-1 SAR coseismic image pairs and analyzed NDWI (normalized difference water index) changes using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 optical satellite images from before and after the earthquake. Coherence analysis showed no liquefaction-induced surface changes. The NDWI time series analysis models using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 optical images confirmed liquefaction phenomena close to the epicenter but could not detect liquefaction phenomena far from the epicenter. We proposed and evaluated the TDLI (temporal difference liquefaction index), which uses only one SWIR (short-wave infrared) band at 2200 nm, which is sensitive to soil moisture content. The Sentinel-2 TDLI was most consistent with field observations where sand blow from liquefaction was confirmed. We found that Sentinel-2, with its relatively shorter revisit period compared to that of Landsat 8 (5 days vs. 16 days), was more effective for detecting traces of short-lived liquefaction phenomena on the surface. The Sentinel-2 TDLI could help facilitate rapid investigations and responses to liquefaction damage.
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50

Demsar, J. "Non-equilibrium Phenomena in Superconductors Probed by Femtosecond Time-Domain Spectroscopy". Journal of Low Temperature Physics 201, n.º 5-6 (29 de abril de 2020): 676–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02461-y.

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AbstractDevelopment of ultrafast lasers and nonlinear optical techniques over the last two decades provides tools to access real-time dynamics of low energy excitations in superconductors. For example, time-resolved THz spectroscopy and time- and angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy provide access to the real-time dynamics of the superconducting gap amplitude. Such studies enable determination of microscopic parameters like quasi-particle recombination rates, pair-breaking rates and electron–boson coupling constants. Recently, intense THz pulses have been used to probe the nonlinear dynamics, including observation of collective modes. Moreover, using low-frequency electromagnetic pulses, there are several reports of amplification of superconductivity in both conventional and unconventional superconductors. Starting with a brief historical overview of the pioneering work, where non-equilibrium phenomena in superconductors were investigated using quasi-continuous excitation, we review some of the insights that are provided by using real-time approaches. We focus on conventional BCS superconductors, whose ground state is reasonably well understood, and address similarities and open questions related to the corresponding studies in high-$${T}_{c}$$ T c superconductors.
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