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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Orcas"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 26 de enero de 2023

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1

Santos Decanini Marangoni, Isadora y Luís Gustavo Da Conceição Galego. "Representações cinematográficas das orcas". Revista Thema 21, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2022): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15536/thema.v21.2022.303-322.2501.

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O cinema pode criar perspectivas acerca dos temas que retrata, o que inclui abordagens fílmicas voltadas para diferentes espécies de organismos, como ocorre no caso de diferentes animais marinhos. Nesse sentido, este trabalho analisou a construção das representações cinematográficas sobre as orcas (Orcinus orca) e seus possíveis desdobramentos no imaginário popular, além de discutir o seu impacto sobre a manutenção e manejo desses animais em cativeiro e apresentar uma proposta didática na perspectiva da Educação Ambiental que utilize esses filmes. Para isto, foram selecionadas cenas de três filmes nos quais as orcas são protagonistas e as narrativas e cinematografia foram analisadas na perspectiva da construção de personagem e das informações biológicas veiculadas. Nesse sentido, houve uma mudança na forma que as orcas eram representadas, outrora apresentadas como assassinas vingadoras e mais recentemente como animais afetivos, o que as torna mais suscetíveis para a sua utilização em espetáculos aquáticos e, com isso, maior probabilidade de um manejo inadequado. A partir dessa análise, foi possível propor uma ação didática com a utilização desses longas-metragens voltada para o conhecimento sobre esses cetáceos e para a reflexão sobre sua conservação e não-manutenção em cativeiro. Palavras-chave: Orca, a baleia assassina; Free Willy; Blackfish; espécies-bandeira.

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2

Santos Decanini Marangoni, Isadora y Luís Gustavo Da Conceição Galego. "Representações cinematográficas das orcas". Revista Thema 21, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2022): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15536/thema.v21.2022.303-322.2501.

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O cinema pode criar perspectivas acerca dos temas que retrata, o que inclui abordagens fílmicas voltadas para diferentes espécies de organismos, como ocorre no caso de diferentes animais marinhos. Nesse sentido, este trabalho analisou a construção das representações cinematográficas sobre as orcas (Orcinus orca) e seus possíveis desdobramentos no imaginário popular, além de discutir o seu impacto sobre a manutenção e manejo desses animais em cativeiro e apresentar uma proposta didática na perspectiva da Educação Ambiental que utilize esses filmes. Para isto, foram selecionadas cenas de três filmes nos quais as orcas são protagonistas e as narrativas e cinematografia foram analisadas na perspectiva da construção de personagem e das informações biológicas veiculadas. Nesse sentido, houve uma mudança na forma que as orcas eram representadas, outrora apresentadas como assassinas vingadoras e mais recentemente como animais afetivos, o que as torna mais suscetíveis para a sua utilização em espetáculos aquáticos e, com isso, maior probabilidade de um manejo inadequado. A partir dessa análise, foi possível propor uma ação didática com a utilização desses longas-metragens voltada para o conhecimento sobre esses cetáceos e para a reflexão sobre sua conservação e não-manutenção em cativeiro. Palavras-chave: Orca, a baleia assassina; Free Willy; Blackfish; espécies-bandeira.

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3

Reckendorf, A., E. Ludes-Wehrmeister, P. Wohlsein, R. Tiedemann, U. Siebert y K. Lehnert. "First record of Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae) lungworm infections in two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca)". Parasitology 145, n.º 12 (25 de abril de 2018): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000586.

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AbstractOrca (Orcinus orca) strandings are rare and post-mortem examinations on fresh individuals are scarce. Thus, little is known about their parasitological fauna, prevalence of infections, associated pathology and the impact on their health. During post-mortem examinations of two male neonatal orcas stranded in Germany and Norway, lungworm infections were found within the bronchi of both individuals. The nematodes were identified as Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae), which have been described in the respiratory tract of multiple odontocete species, but not yet in orcas. The life cycle and transmission pathways of some pseudaliid nematodes are incompletely understood. Lungworm infections in neonatal cetaceans are an unusual finding and thus seem to be an indicator for direct mother-to-calf transmission (transplacental or transmammary) of Halocercus sp. nematodes in orcas.

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4

Colby, Jason. "The Whale and the Region: Orca Capture and Environmentalism in the New Pacific Northwest". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 24, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2014): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025084ar.

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Although the orca is today widely recognized as a cultural and ecological icon of the Pacific Northwest, historians have ignored the impact of killer whale capture on the development of the region’s environmental values and identity. Between 1964 and 1976, the waters in southern British Columbia and Washington State were the world’s principal source of captive killer whales. The display of orcas by the region’s aquariums transformed human perceptions of this marine predator, and soon aquariums around the world were placing orders for Pacific Northwest killer whales. Yet the expanding capture and export of orcas in the late 1960s and early 1970s raised troubling ecological and moral questions for the region’s human residents. In the context of shifting attitudes toward cetaceans and rising environmental awareness throughout North America, Pacific Northwesters on both sides of the border increasingly viewed orcas as symbols of their region’s shared ecological concerns. The transnational nature of the region’s killer whale pods helped spur not only ecological reflection but also transborder cooperation among activists, scientists, and government officials to study and eventually protect the species. In the process, the shifting human relations with orcas helped redefine the Pacific Northwest.

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5

Jett, John, Ingrid N. Visser, Jeffrey Ventre, Jordan Waltz y Carolina Loch. "Tooth damage in captive orcas ( Orcinus orca )". Archives of Oral Biology 84 (diciembre de 2017): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.031.

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6

Sánchez–Hernández, Paula, Anastasia Krasheninnikova, Javier Almunia y Miguel Molina–Borja. "Social interaction analysis in captive orcas ( Orcinus orca )". Zoo Biology 38, n.º 4 (18 de junio de 2019): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21502.

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7

Norton, Robert A., Jacqueline King y Gary A. Moulton. "‘Orcas’ Pear". HortScience 23, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1988): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.1090.

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Abstract ‘Orcas’ is a fall pear (Pyrus communis L.) with size and flavor characteristics that make it suitable for use in home canning and drying and for fresh eating in season. In observations since 1971, trees and fruit of this cultivar appear to show good resistance to pear scab (Venturia pyrina).

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8

McMillan, Alan D. "Non-Human Whalers in Nuu-chah-nulth Art and Ritual: Reappraising Orca in Archaeological Context". Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, n.º 2 (4 de febrero de 2019): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000549.

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Whaling was a central aspect of Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht and Makah culture on the northwest coast of North America. Not only was it economically important, it was vital to chiefly prestige. Art and ceremonial life were dominated by themes related to whaling. Thunderbird, the great supernatural whaler, was the source of hereditary prerogatives held by chiefs, including names, dances, regalia and rights to display images of thunderbird and whale. This paper argues that human observations of predatory behaviour by orcas (or killer whales) led to these animals also being perceived as non-human whalers from which chiefly prerogatives could be obtained. Wolves, the main figures in Nuu-chah-nulth ceremonial life, had the power to transform into orcas, explaining their frequent presence in the art with thunderbirds and whales. This paper presents archaeological evidence for orca in the context of whaling and offers interpretations based on the extensive ethnographic and oral historical records. It also places perceptions of animals, the role of the hunter's wife and beliefs about orca in a broader context involving hunting societies in northwestern North America.

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9

Martins, Germânio Buenos Aires, Manoel Cícero Ribeiro Júnior, José Geovânio Buenos Aires Martins y Luciano Silva Figueiredo. "Farol das Orcas". Cadernos do PET Filosofia 10, n.º 19 (7 de agosto de 2020): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/cadpetfil.v10i19.10254.

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10

Garshelis, D. L. "Otter-Eating Orcas". Science 283, n.º 5399 (8 de enero de 1999): 175d—175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5399.175d.

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11

Grimm, D. "An oasis for orcas". Science 352, n.º 6286 (5 de mayo de 2016): 641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.352.6286.641.

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12

Milius, Susan. "Din among the Orcas". Science News 165, n.º 18 (1 de mayo de 2004): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4015285.

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13

Karenina, Karina, Andrey Giljov, Tatiana Ivkovich, Alexandr Burdin y Yegor Malashichev. "Lateralization of spatial relationships between wild mother and infant orcas, Orcinus orca". Animal Behaviour 86, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2013): 1225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.025.

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14

Huggan, Graham. "Killers: Orcas and Their Followers". Public Culture 29, n.º 2 82 (27 de marzo de 2017): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08992363-3749069.

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15

Holmes, Bob. "Orcas herd and ambush dolphins". New Scientist 228, n.º 3051 (diciembre de 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31735-8.

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16

Stephens, Britton B., Matthew C. Long, Ralph F. Keeling, Eric A. Kort, Colm Sweeney, Eric C. Apel, Elliot L. Atlas et al. "The O2/N2 Ratio and CO2 Airborne Southern Ocean Study". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2018): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0206.1.

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Abstract The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in the global climate system by mediating atmosphere–ocean partitioning of heat and carbon dioxide. However, Earth system models are demonstrably deficient in the Southern Ocean, leading to large uncertainties in future air–sea CO2 flux projections under climate warming and incomplete interpretations of natural variability on interannual to geologic time scales. Here, we describe a recent aircraft observational campaign, the O2/N2 Ratio and CO2 Airborne Southern Ocean (ORCAS) study, which collected measurements over the Southern Ocean during January and February 2016. The primary research objective of the ORCAS campaign was to improve observational constraints on the seasonal exchange of atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen with the Southern Ocean. The campaign also included measurements of anthropogenic and marine biogenic reactive gases; high-resolution, hyperspectral ocean color imaging of the ocean surface; and microphysical data relevant for understanding and modeling cloud processes. In each of these components of the ORCAS project, the campaign has significantly expanded the amount of observational data available for this remote region. Ongoing research based on these observations will contribute to advancing our understanding of this climatically important system across a range of topics including carbon cycling, atmospheric chemistry and transport, and cloud physics. This article presents an overview of the scientific and methodological aspects of the ORCAS project and highlights early findings.

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17

Dobrynin, Sergey, Sergei Kutseikin, Denis Morozov, Olesya Krumkacheva, Anna Spitsyna, Yurii Gatilov, Vladimir Silnikov et al. "Human Serum Albumin Labelled with Sterically-Hindered Nitroxides as Potential MRI Contrast Agents". Molecules 25, n.º 7 (8 de abril de 2020): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071709.

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Four albumin-nitroxide conjugates were prepared and tested as metal-free organic radical contrast agents (ORCAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Each human serum albumin (HSA) carrier bears multiple nitroxides conjugated via homocysteine thiolactones. These molecular conjugates retain important physical and biological properties of their HSA component, and the resistance of their nitroxide groups to bioreduction was retained or enhanced. The relaxivities are similar for these four conjugates and are much greater than those of their individual components: the HSA or the small nitroxide molecules. This new family of conjugates has excellent prospects for optimization as ORCAs.

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18

Whitehead, H. y C. Glass. "Orcas (Killer Whales) Attack Humpback Whales". Journal of Mammalogy 66, n.º 1 (26 de febrero de 1985): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1380982.

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19

Picard, M. Dane. "Otters and Orcas, Glaciers and Gold". Journal of Geoscience Education 49, n.º 3 (mayo de 2001): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-49.3.322.

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20

Gabay, Aimee. "Why have orcas started ramming boats?" New Scientist 251, n.º 3352 (septiembre de 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01637-7.

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21

Caruso, Catherine. "Why Do Orcas Go through Menopause?" Scientific American Mind 28, n.º 3 (13 de abril de 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0517-11.

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22

Etnier, Michael A. "Neptune's Ark: From Ichthyosaurs to Orcas". Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 3, n.º 2 (27 de octubre de 2008): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564890802083832.

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23

Le Page, Michael. "Orcas seen hunting rare beaked whales". New Scientist 233, n.º 3107 (enero de 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)30017-9.

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24

Zelnio, Kevin. "Should orcas be kept in captivity?" New Scientist 215, n.º 2873 (julio de 2012): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)61826-0.

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25

Naivar, Mark A., Jimmie D. Parson, Mark E. Wilder, Robert C. Habbersett, Bruce S. Edwards, Larry Sklar, John P. Nolan et al. "Open, reconfigurable cytometric acquisition system: ORCAS". Cytometry Part A 71A, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2007): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.20445.

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26

Kremers, Dorothee, Alban Lemasson, Javier Almunia y Ralf Wanker. "Vocal sharing and individual acoustic distinctiveness within a group of captive orcas (Orcinus orca)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 126, n.º 4 (2012): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028858.

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27

Higuera-Rivas, Jesús Erick, Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla, Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken, Hiram Rosales-Nanduca, Rick Rosenthal y Jorge Urbán R. "Orcas (Orcinus orca) Use Different Strategies to Prey on Rays in the Gulf of California". Aquatic Mammals 49, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.49.1.2023.7.

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28

Nguyen, Hung V. T., Alexandre Detappe, Peter Harvey, Nolan Gallagher, Clelia Mathieu, Michael P. Agius, Oksana Zavidij et al. "Pro-organic radical contrast agents (“pro-ORCAs”) for real-time MRI of pro-drug activation in biological systems". Polymer Chemistry 11, n.º 29 (2020): 4768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00558d.

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Pro-organic radical contrast agents (pro-ORCAs) that enable real-time monitoring of doxorubicin prodrug activation in vitro and in vivo are prepared through brush-first ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).

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29

Marino, Lori, Naomi A. Rose, Ingrid N. Visser, Heather Rally, Hope Ferdowsian y Veronica Slootsky. "The harmful effects of captivity and chronic stress on the well-being of orcas (Orcinus orca)". Journal of Veterinary Behavior 35 (enero de 2020): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.005.

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30

Jett, John, Ingrid N. Visser, Jeffrey Ventre, Jordan Waltz y Carolina Loch. "Corrigendum to “Tooth damage in captive orcas (Orcinus orca)” [Arch. Oral Biol. 84 (2017) 151–160]". Archives of Oral Biology 89 (mayo de 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.015.

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31

Schutten, Julie “Madrone” Kalil y Caitlyn Burford. "“Killer” Metaphors and the Wisdom of Captive Orcas". Rhetoric Society Quarterly 47, n.º 3 (12 de mayo de 2017): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2017.1309911.

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32

Leopold, Estella B., Peter W. Dunwiddie, Cathy Whitlock, Rudy Nickmann y William A. Watts. "Postglacial vegetation history of Orcas Island, northwestern Washington". Quaternary Research 85, n.º 3 (mayo de 2016): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2016.02.004.

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The revegetation of islands following retreat of Pleistocene glaciers is of great biogeographical interest. The San Juan Islands, Washington, feature regionally distinctive xerophytic plant communities, yet their vegetation history, as it relates to past climate and sea level, is poorly known. We describe a 13,700-year-old pollen record from Killebrew Lake Fen and compare the vegetation reconstruction with others from the region. The data suggest that the narrow channels surrounding Orcas Island were not a barrier to early postglacial immigration of plants. Between 13,700 and 12,000 cal yr BP, Pinus, Tsuga, Picea, Alnus viridis, and possibly Juniperus maritima were present in a mosaic that supported Bison antiquus and Megalonyx. The rise of Alnus rubra-type pollen and Pteridium spores at ca. 12,000 cal yr BP suggests a warming trend and probably more fires. Temperate conifer taxa, including Cupressaceae, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga heterophylla, and Abies, increased after 11,000 cal yr BP and especially in the last 7000 cal yr BP. After 6000 cal yr BP, Pseudotsuga and Cupressaceae dominated the vegetation. The last 1500 yr were the wettest period of the record. Due to its rain shadow location, Orcas Island experienced drier conditions than on the mainland during most of the postglacial period.

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33

Antunes, Betina, Danieli Trevisan, Giovana Pilecco, Maria Eduarda da Silva, Natalia Fontinelli y Janaína Pereira Pretto Carlesso. "Análise do filme “Farol das Orcas” sob o olhar da Psicologia Cognitiva". Research, Society and Development 9, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2020): e91922081. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i2.2081.

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O presente estudo abordou uma análise cinematográfica do filme "O farol das Orcas". Através do olhar da Psicologia, tal atividade é a resultante da aplicação prática dos conteúdos vistos na disciplina de Processos Básicos. O objetivo do presente artigo foi apresentar um estudo de caso clínico pelo viés da Psicologia Cognitiva, por meio da análise do comportamento do personagem principal do filme. Por meio da análise de cenas do filme, foi possível investigar especificamente como os deslocamentos do personagem estão associados aos processos básicos cognitivos, como memória, aprendizagem, percepção, atenção e linguagem. Os resultados da análise fílmica apontam que o paciente Tristán, do ponto de vista da Psicologia Cognitiva, apresentava alterações nas funções cognitivas. Assim, através da análise fílmica foi possível associar os comportamentos do personagem do filme O farol das Orcas aos conteúdos aprendidos na disciplina de Processos Básicos. Essa atividade, ainda que pelo viés ficcional, oportunizou a observação de aspectos e sintomas característicos do transtorno mental apresentado em uma análise do filme baseado na perspectiva da Psicologia Cognitiva.

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34

Hairr, John. "Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Off the North Carolina Coast 1709–2011". Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 128, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2012): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-128.2.39.

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Abstract Killer whales, Orcinus orca, were first reported off North Carolina by naturalist John Lawson in 1709, and during the 20th century were documented from North Carolina eight times in the scientific and popular literature. The most recent confirmed sighting of killer whales off North Carolina was in the spring of 2011. There have been no reports of killer whale deaths from North Carolina. There has been only one killer whale stranded along the North Carolina coast, with the animal being alive when it was returned to the sea. All sightings have been in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, none on the west side of the Outer Banks in the waters of Pamlico or Currituck sounds. Only three confirmed reports are from nearshore waters, while the rest were spotted more than 20 km offshore. Orcas are most frequently reported from the waters off the Outer Banks from Cape Lookout north to the Virginia border. A 200 yr gap exists in the historical record of killer whales from North Carolina.

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35

Wilson, Michael C., Stephen M. Kenady y Randall F. Schalk. "Late PleistoceneBison antiquusfrom Orcas Island, Washington, and the biogeographic importance of an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor from the mainland to Vancouver Island". Quaternary Research 71, n.º 1 (enero de 2009): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.09.001.

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AbstractABison antiquuscranium and partial skeleton from Ayer Pond wetland on Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, Washington, date to 11,760 ± 7014C yr BP. They lay in lacustrine sediments below peat, unconformably above emergent Everson Glaciomarine Drift (> 12,00014C yr BP). Several bison finds in similar contexts on Orcas and Vancouver Islands dating between 11,750 and 10,80014C yr BP indicate an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor with reduced water barriers between mainland and islands. New bison dates and published shell dates allow estimation of early postglacial relative sea-level trends for the San Juans, with a drop below modern datum ∼ 12,00014C yr BP, and assist in evaluation of marine reservoir corrections. Emergence by ∼ 60 m is suggested by data from nearby areas. A tundra-like or meadow community and succeeding open pine parkland before 11,00014C yr BP supported bison but horn-core reduction suggests suboptimal forage or restricted habitat. Expanding mixed-conifer forests after 11,00014C yr BP contributed to bison extirpation. Dispersing ungulates such as bison must have influenced island vegetation establishment and early succession. Possible evidence for butchering by early coastal people adds significance to the Ayer Pond discovery, given its pre-Clovis age.

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36

Newman, Murray A. "Gone Whaling: A Search for Orcas in Northwest Waters.Douglas Hand". Quarterly Review of Biology 69, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1994): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/418811.

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37

Shedd, Taylor, Allison Northey y Shawn Larson. "Epimeletic behaviour in a Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)". Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, n.º 4 (12 de marzo de 2021): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i4.2555.

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Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW, Orcinus orca) may be found year round in the Salish Sea. These orcas comprise three matrilineal pods (J, K, and L) and were listed as Endangered under the Canadian Species at Risk Act in 2003 and under the United States Endangered Species Act in 2005 because of prey scarcity, vessel noise and disturbance, small population size, and exposure to toxins. Since 1993, the Whale Museum has been operating Soundwatch, a boater education program for vessels. Soundwatch personnel are on the water in the central Salish Sea throughout the summer educating boaters on how to maneuver near marine mammals legally and documenting vessel regulation violations and marine mammal presence and behaviour. Starting on 24 July 2018, Soundwatch documented an adult female SRKW of J pod (J35) carrying a dead neonate calf. J35 continued to carry her dead calf for 17 consecutive days covering ~1600 km. Her story riveted the attention of the people of the Salish Sea as well as people around the world, evoking empathy for J35 and her loss as well as the plight of the Endangered SRKW population. Here, we tell her story and evaluate whether the behaviour J35 displayed toward her dead calf was an example of epimeletic behaviour, animal grief.

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38

Drias, Habiba, Lydia Sonia Bendimerad y Yassine Drias. "A Three-Phase Artificial Orcas Algorithm for Continuous and Discrete Problems". International Journal of Applied Metaheuristic Computing 13, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamc.304073.

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In this paper, a new swarm intelligence algorithm based on orca behaviors is proposed for problem solving. The algorithm called artificial orca algorithm (AOA) consists of simulating the orca lifestyle and in particular the social organization, the echolocation mechanism, and some hunting techniques. The originality of the proposal is that for the first time a meta-heuristic simulates simultaneously several behaviors of just one animal species. AOA was adapted to discrete problems and applied on the maze game with four level of complexity. A bunch of substantial experiments were undertaken to set the algorithm parameters for this issue. The algorithm performance was assessed by considering the success rate, the run time, and the solution path size. Finally, for comparison purposes, the authors conducted a set of experiments on state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms, namely ACO, BA, BSO, EHO, PSO, and WOA. The overall obtained results clearly show the superiority of AOA over the other tested algorithms.

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39

Sakib, Sadman, Steven Bergner, Dave Campbell, Mike Dowd, Fabio Frazao, Ruth Joy, Oliver S. Kirsebom et al. "Open-source deep learning models for acoustic detection and classification of orcas". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, n.º 4 (octubre de 2021): A286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0008312.

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40

Renken, Martin C. "Initial application of spectrogram‐based cross correlation to the localization of Orcas". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, n.º 5 (mayo de 2006): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786913.

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41

Garmendia, Sofiem, Daniele Mantione, Silvia Alonso-de Castro, Coralie Jehanno, Luis Lezama, James L. Hedrick, David Mecerreyes, Luca Salassa y Haritz Sardon. "Polyurethane based organic macromolecular contrast agents (PU-ORCAs) for magnetic resonance imaging". Polymer Chemistry 8, n.º 17 (2017): 2693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00166e.

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42

Hanke, Gavin F. y Guntram Deichsel. "First record of an Italian Wall Lizard (Podarcis siculus) in British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, n.º 1 (8 de julio de 2020): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i1.2483.

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Italian Wall Lizard (Podarcis siculus) is known from scattered locations in the United States, including Orcas Island, Washington, where a population went unreported for about a decade, but was confirmed in 2017. On 19 June 2019, a single adult female P. siculus was caught in an industrial area along the northern arm of the Fraser River in Vancouver, British Columbia; this represents the first record of this species on the loose in Canada. No other P. siculus were sighted in the Vancouver area. We assume this Canadian P. siculus was a lone stow-away and had not deposited eggs. We could not determine how it entered the province.

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43

Herbert, Steve. "Fear and Loathing in the San Juan Islands: Endangered Orcas and the Legitimacy of Environmental Law". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, n.º 8 (enero de 2014): 1781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a130173p.

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44

Kenady, Stephen M., Michael C. Wilson, Randall F. Schalk y Robert R. Mierendorf. "Late Pleistocene butchered Bison antiquus from Ayer Pond, Orcas Island, Pacific Northwest: Age confirmation and taphonomy". Quaternary International 233, n.º 2 (marzo de 2011): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.013.

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45

Williams, Laura B. A., Steven E. Edmonds, Susan R. Kerr, Liam E. Broughton-Neiswanger y Kevin R. Snekvik. "Clinical and pathologic findings in an outbreak in rabbits of natural infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the northwestern United States". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, n.º 4 (7 de junio de 2021): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211022466.

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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) causes an often-fatal disease of rabbits that has resulted in outbreaks in rabbitries in Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia. RHD has historically been characterized as a foreign animal disease in the United States. In July 2019, RHDV2 was detected in rabbits on Orcas Island along the northwestern coast of Washington (WA) State following reports of deaths in multiple feral and domestic rabbits. We document and highlight here the unique clinical presentation and gross and histologic lesions observed in this recent WA outbreak. Affected rabbits died without premonitory signs or displayed hyporexia and/or lethargy for ≤1 d prior to death. The most consistent pathologic finding was random, multifocal hepatocellular necrosis, often with concurrent multifocal-to-diffuse splenic necrosis. The lack of significant clinical signs in conjunction with the random distribution of hepatic necrosis in the WA outbreak contrasts with previous reports of RHDV2 disease progression.

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46

Milius, Susan. "Life & evolution: Postmenopausal orcas guide hunts: By finding fish, older females may improve survival of kin". Science News 187, n.º 7 (24 de marzo de 2015): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2015.187007005.

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47

Melo-Santos, Gabriel, Angélica Lúcia Figueiredo Rodrigues, Rodrigo Hipólito Tardin, Israel de Sá Maciel, Miriam Marmontel, Maria Luisa Da Silva y Laura Johanna May-Collado. "The newly described Araguaian river dolphins, Inia araguaiaensis (Cetartiodactyla, Iniidae), produce a diverse repertoire of acoustic signals". PeerJ 7 (19 de abril de 2019): e6670. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6670.

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The recent discovery of the Araguaian river dolphin (Inia araguaiaensis) highlights how little we know about the diversity and biology of river dolphins. In this study, we described the acoustic repertoire of this newly discovered species in concert with their behaviour. We analysed frequency contours of 727 signals (sampled at 10 ms temporal resolution). These contours were analyzed using an adaptive resonance theory neural network combined with dynamic time-warping (ARTwarp). Using a critical similarity value of 96%, frequency contours were categorized into 237 sound-types. The most common types were emitted when calves were present suggesting a key role in mother-calf communication. Our findings show that the acoustic repertoire of river dolphins is far from simple. Furthermore, the calls described here are similar in acoustic structure to those produced by social delphinids, such as orcas and pilot whales. Uncovering the context in which these signals are produced may help understand the social structure of this species and contribute to our understanding of the evolution of acoustic communication in whales.

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48

Braun, Benjamin A., Amir Marcovitz, J. Gray Camp, Robin Jia y Gill Bejerano. "Mx1 and Mx2 key antiviral proteins are surprisingly lost in toothed whales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n.º 26 (15 de junio de 2015): 8036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501844112.

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Viral outbreaks in dolphins and otherDelphinoideafamily members warrant investigation into the integrity of the cetacean immune system. The dynamin-like GTPase genes Myxovirus 1 (Mx1) andMx2defend mammals against a broad range of viral infections. Loss of Mx1 function in human and mice enhances infectivity by multiple RNA and DNA viruses, including orthomyxoviruses (influenza A), paramyxoviruses (measles), and hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B), whereas loss of Mx2 function leads to decreased resistance to HIV-1 and other viruses. Here we show that bothMx1andMx2have been rendered nonfunctional inOdontoceticetaceans (toothed whales, including dolphins and orcas). We discovered multiple exon deletions, frameshift mutations, premature stop codons, and transcriptional evidence of decay in the coding sequence of bothMx1andMx2in four species ofOdontocetes. We trace the likely loss event for both proteins to soon after the divergence ofOdontocetesandMystocetes(baleen whales) ∼33–37 Mya. Our data raise intriguing questions as to what drove the loss of bothMx1andMx2genes in theOdontocetilineage, a double loss seen in none of 56 other mammalian genomes, and suggests a hitherto unappreciated fundamental genetic difference in the way these magnificent mammals respond to viral infections.

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49

Self, Robert F. L., Patrick A'Hearn, Peter A. Jumars, Darrell R. Jackson, Michael D. Richardson y Kevin B. Briggs. "Effects of macrofauna on acoustic backscatter from the seabed: Field manipulations in West Sound, Orcas Island, Washington, U.S.A." Journal of Marine Research 59, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2001): 991–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/00222400160497742.

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50

Francisco, Francisco y Jan Sundberg. "Detection of Visual Signatures of Marine Mammals and Fish within Marine Renewable Energy Farms using Multibeam Imaging Sonar". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7020022.

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Techniques for marine monitoring have been greatly evolved over the past decades, making the acquisition of environmental data safer, more reliable and more efficient. On the other hand, the marine renewable energy sector has introduced dissimilar ways of exploring the oceans. Marine energy is mostly harvested in murky and high energetic places where conventional data acquisition techniques are impractical. This new frontier on marine operations brings the need for finding new techniques for environmental data acquisition, processing and analysis. Modern sonar systems, operating at high frequencies, can acquire detailed images of the underwater environment. Variables such as occurrence, size, class and behavior of a variety of aquatic species of fish, birds, and mammals that coexist within marine energy sites can be monitored using imaging sonar systems. Although sonar images can provide high levels of detail, in most of the cases they are still difficult to decipher. In order to facilitate the classification of targets using sonar images, this study introduces a framework of extracting visual features of marine animals that would serve as unique signatures. The acoustic visibility measure (AVM) is here introduced as technique of identification and classification of targets by comparing the observed size with a standard value. This information can be used to instruct algorithms and protocols in order to automate the identification and classification of underwater targets using imaging sonar systems. Using image processing algorithms embedded in Proviwer4 and FIJI software, this study found that acoustic images can be effectively used to classify cod, harbour and grey seals, and orcas through their size, shape and swimming behavior. The sonar images showed that cod occurred as bright, 0.9 m long, ellipsoidal targets shoaling in groups. Harbour seals occurred as bright torpedo-like fast moving targets, whereas grey seals occurred as bulky-ellipsoidal targets with serpentine movements. Orca or larger marine mammals occurred with relatively low visibility on the acoustic images compared to their body size, which measured between 4 m and 7 m. This framework provide a new window of performing qualitative and quantitative observations of underwater targets, and with further improvements, this method can be useful for environmental studies within marine renewable energy farms and for other purposes.

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