Tesis sobre el tema "Pagu language"

Pro gradu -pargostân mun lam tutkâm anarâškielâsâš Uđđâ testament teevstâi jurgâlmijd. Anarâškielâsâš ráámmátteevstah iä lah ovdil tutkum. Tutkâmuš lii empiirisâš já kulá kielâtieđâlâš jurgâlemtutkâmuš pirrâsân. Tutkâmuš ulmen lii čielgiđ, maht kreikakielâsâš Uđđâ testament algâteevstâ teermah σῴζω (piäluštiđ), πνεῦμα (jieggâ) já πληρόω (tevdiđ) realistuvvojeh anarâškielâsâš Uđđâ testament teevstâin. Tutkâmušamnâstâhhân láá teevstah, moh láá jurgâlum suomâkielâsâš ive 1992 kirkkoráámmát teevstâ vuáđuld. Nubben ulmen tutkâmušâst lii selvâttiđ siämmáá amnâstuv vuáđuld, magareh anarâškielâsâš Uđđâ testament teevstah láá jurgâlussân. Ton selvâttem várás toh viärdádâllojeh vuolgâtekstâsis, ive 1992 suomâkielâsâš kirkkorámátân, já nube tááhust vuolgâteevstâ vuolgâteekstân ađai kreikakielâsâš algâteekstân. Viärdâdâllâm ulmen lii lamaš čielgiđ, monmit ráámmátteevstâid puáhtá jurgâliđ suomâkielâsâš teevstâin kreikâkielâsâš algâteevstâ saajeest. Tutkâmuš puátusijd puáhtá anneeđ ävkkin ive 2013 aalgâst álgám anarâškielâsâš ráámmátteevstâi jurgâlempargoost. Tutkâmuš analyysuásist árvuštâlâm anarâškielâsâš jurgálmij já toi vuolgâteevstâ västideijeevuotâ ađai ekvivalens. Analyysist anarâškielâsâš teevstah viärdádâllojeh sehe suomâkielâsâš vuolgâteekstân ete kreikâkielâsâš algâteekstân, vuosmustáá teermâi tááhust já ton maŋa ubâ tekstâpitá uáinust. Tutkâm vyelni lijjii kulmâ teermâ vuottumsajeh anarâškielâsâš teevstâin, ohtsis 107 verstâd já verstâuássid. Kuulmâ teermâ uásild láá oovdânpuohtum toi kreikâkielâsâš olgospyehtimij merhâšumeh já kiävttutäävih. Tutkâmuš analyys vuáđuduvá jurgâlemtiettuu teoriaid já prinsiipáid. Jurgâlmij analyys čáittá, et teermâi uásild anarâškielâsâš jurgâlusah nuávditteh iänááš sänitárkká vuolgâteevstâ olgospyehtimijd. Merhâšume peeleest teermâi jurgâlmeh västideh sehe suomâkielâsâš vuolgâteekstâ ete kreikâkielâsâš algâteekstâ. Veerbâ σῴζω já substantiiv πνεῦμα jurgâlusah láá morfeemtääsi räi sänitárkká jurgâlum pic oovtâ saajeest. Veerbâ πληρόω peht stuárráb uási teermâin láá jurgâlum puustâvlávt, tastko kyevtsáánág suomâkielâsâš olgospyehtim lii jurgâlum oovtsáánág anarâškielâsâš olgospyehtimáin. Tutkum veerstâi uásild anarâškielâsâš Uđđâ testament teevstah láá viehâ sänitárkká jurgâlum. Tot lii máhđulâš tondiet, et anarâškielâ já suomâkielâ láá hyelkkikielah. 107 veerstâst já verstâuásist 27 % lijjii morfeemtääsi räi sänitárkká jurgâlum já 71 % lijjii puustâvlávt jurgâlum. Kyevti veerstâst kavnui merhâšume muttee feilâ; feeilah lijjii čielgâsávt tábáhtum editistemmuddoost. Puustâvlávt jurgâlum veerstâin vuáttojii spiekâstmeh vuolgâteevstâ morfeem- já sänitääsi ráhtusijn iänááš talle, ko tot lâi taarbâšlâš tâi velttidmettum puátukielâ idiomaatlâš- já luándulâšvuođâ tiet. Taan tutkâmuš puátusij vuáđuld puáhtá anneeđ čielgâsin, et anarâškielâsâš ráámmátteevstâid ij lah tárbu viggâđ jurgâliđ algâkielâst, Uđđâ testament uásild kreikâkielâst. Ráámmátteevstâid puáhtá jurgâliđ anarâškielân koskâkielâ ađai suomâkielâ peht, já kreikâkielâtáiđusâš äššitobdee vuod tarbâšuvvoo eskin tärhistemmuddoost. Taat lii merhâšittee, tastko uccâ kielâ uásild sehe olmoošresurseh ete ekonoomliih máhđulâšvuođah láá vääniht
Olen tutkinut pro gradu -työssäni inarinsaamenkielisiä Uuden testamentin tekstien käännöksiä. Inarinsaamenkielisiä raamatuntekstejä ei ole tutkittu aiemmin. Tutkimus on empiirinen ja kuuluu kielitieteellisen käännöstutkimuksen piiriin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kreikankieliset Uuden testamentin alkutekstin termit σῴζω (pelastaa), πνεῦμα (henki) ja πληρόω (täyttää) reaalistuvat inarinsaamenkielisissä Uuden testamentin teksteissä. Tutkimusaineistona ovat raamatuntekstit, jotka on käännetty suomenkielisen vuoden 1992 raamatunkäännöksen pohjalta. Tutkimuksen toisena tavoitteena on selvittää saman aineiston osalta, millaisia inarinsaamenkieliset Uuden testamentin tekstit ovat käännöksenä. Sen selvittämiseksi niitä verrattiin lähtötekstiinsä, vuoden 1992 suomenkieliseen kirkkoraamattuun, ja toisaalta lähtötekstin lähtötekstiin eli kreikankieliseen alkutekstiin. Vertailun tarkoituksena on selvittää, missä määrin raamatuntekstejä voidaan kääntää inarinsaamen kielelle suomenkielisistä teksteistä kreikankielisen alkutekstin sijaan. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää vuoden 2013 alussa alkaneessa inarinsaamenkielisten raamatuntekstien käännöstyössä. Tutkimukseni analyysiosiossa arvioin inarinsaamenkielisten käännösten ja niiden lähtötekstin vastaavuutta eli ekvivalenssia. Analyysissä inarinsaamenkielisiä tekstejä verrataan sekä suomenkieliseen lähtötekstiin että kreikankieliseen alkutekstiin, ensin termien osalta ja sen jälkeen koko tekstikappaleen kannalta. Tutkittavina olivat kolmen termin esiintymiskohdat inarinsaamenkielisissä teksteissä, yhteensä 107 jaetta ja jakeen osaa. Kolmen termin osalta on esitetty niiden kreikankielisten ilmaisujen merkitykset ja käyttötavat. Tutkimukseni analyysi perustuu käännöstieteen teorioihin ja periaatteisiin. Käännösten analyysi osoittaa, että termien osalta inarinsaamenkieliset käännökset noudattavat pääosin sanatarkasti lähtötekstin ilmaisuja. Merkityksen osalta termien käännökset vastaavat sekä suomenkielistä lähtötekstiä että kreikankielistä alkutekstiä. Verbin σῴζω ja substantiivin πνεῦμα käännökset on käännetty morfeemitasoa myöten sanatarkasti lähes kaikissa kohdissa. Verbin πληρόω kohdalla suuri osa termeistä on käännetty kirjaimellisesti, sillä kaksisanainen suomenkielinen ilmaisu on käännetty yksisanaisella inarinsaamenkielisellä ilmaisulla. Tutkittujen jakeiden osalta inarinsaamenkieliset Uuden testamentin tekstit on käännetty varsin sanatarkasti. Tämä on mahdollista, koska inarinsaamen kieli ja suomen kieli ovat sukulaiskieliä. 107 jakeesta ja jakeen osasta 27 % oli käännetty sanatarkasti morfeemitasoa myöten ja 71 % oli käännetty kirjaimellisesti. Kahdesta jakeesta löytyi merkityksen muuttava virhe; virheet olivat selvästikin tapahtuneet editointivaiheessa. Kirjaimellisesti käännetyissä jakeissa esiintyi poikkeamia lähtötekstin morfeemi- ja sanatason rakenteista lähinnä sellaisissa tapauksissa, joissa se oli tarpeellista tai välttämätöntä tulokielen idiomaattisuuden tai luontevuuden kannalta. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksien pohjalta voidaan pitää selvänä, että inarinsaamenkielisiä raamatuntekstejä ei tarvitse pyrkiä kääntämään alkukielestä, Uuden testamentin osalta kreikan kielestä. Raamatuntekstit voidaan kääntää inarinsaamen kielelle välikielen eli suomen kielen kautta, jolloin alkukielentaitoinen asiantuntija on tarpeen vasta tarkistusvaiheessa. Tämä on merkittävää, sillä pienen kielen kohdalla sekä ihmisresurssit että taloudelliset mahdollisuudet ovat rajalliset

This thesis examines the production of the Middle English poetic manuscript. It analyses the mise-en-page of manuscripts created during a crucial period for book production, immediately after 1400, when there was a sudden explosion in the production of vernacular manuscripts of literary texts, when the demand for books increased, and the commercial book trade swiftly followed. It offers a close analysis of the mise-en-page of the manuscripts of three central authors: Chaucer’s, Gower’s, and Hoccleve’s manuscripts were at the heart of this sudden flourishing and were, crucially, produced when scribal methods for creating the literary page were still unformed. Previous studies have focused on the localised readings produced by single scribes, manuscripts, or authors, offering a limited examination of broader trends. This study offers a wider comparison: where individual studies offer localised analysis, the multi-textuality of this thesis offers broader perceptions of book production and of scribal responses to the new literary texts being produced. In analysing the layout of seventy-six manuscripts, including borders, initials, paraphs, rubrics, running titles, speaker markers, glosses and notes, this thesis argues that scribes were deeply concerned with creating a manuscript page specifically to showcase texts of poetry. The introduction outlines current scholarship on mise-en-page and defines the scribe as one who offers an individual response to the text on the page within the context of the inherited, commercial, and practical practices of layout. The three analytical chapters address the placement of the features of mise-en-page in each of the seventy-six manuscripts, each chapter offering three contrasting manuscript situations. Chapter 1 analyses the manuscripts of Chaucer, who left no plan for the look of his page, causing scribes to make decisions on layout that illuminate fifteenth-century scribal responses to literature. These are then compared to the manuscripts of Gower in Chapter 2, directly or indirectly supervised by the poet, which display rigorous uniformity in their layout. This chapter argues that scribes responded in much the same way, despite the strict control over meaning. Chapter 3 focuses on Hoccleve’s autograph manuscripts which are unique in demonstrating authorial control over layout. This chapter compares the autograph to the non-autograph manuscripts to argue that scribal responses differed from authorial intentions. Each of the three chapters analyses the development of mise-en-page specifically for literary texts. Focussing on the mise-en-page, this thesis is able to compare across a range of texts, manuscripts, scribes, and authors to mount a substantial challenge to current perceptions that poetic manuscripts were laid out in order to assist readers’ understanding of the meaning of the texts they contain. Instead, it argues that though there was a concern with representing the nuances of poetic meaning, often scribal responses to poetry were bound up with presenting poetic form.

Bibliography: leaves 311-345.
As the first detailed study of the Southern Rhodesian romantic. novels of Cynthia Stockley (Lilian Julia Webb) and Gertrude Page (Gertrude Dobbin), this dissertation presents biographical information about the two writers as well as an analysis of the historical reception and discursive context of the novels - focusing primarily on the novels as rewritings of the gendered discourses of the British "New Imperialism" and of a nascent Rhodesian nationalism. Their novels reveal ambivalences about and conflicts between feminism and maternalism, heroic and bourgeois versions of the romance genre, and bourgeois imperialism and the representation of feminine sexuality.

This study evaluates methods for clustering web users via vector space models, for the purpose of web page prefetching for possible applications of server optimization. An experiment using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is deployed to investigate whether LSA can reproduce the encouraging results obtained from previous research with Random Indexing (RI) and a chaos based optimization algorithm (CAS-C). This is not only motivated by LSA being yet another vector space model, but also by a study indicating LSA to outperform RI in a task similar to the web user clustering and prefetching task. The prefetching task was used to verify the applicability of LSA, where both RI and CAS-C have shown promising results. The original data set from the RI web user clustering and prefetching task was modeled using weighted (tf-idf) LSA. Clusters were defined using a common clustering algorithm (k-means). The least scattered cluster configuration for the model was identified by combining an internal validity measure (SSE) and a relative criterion validity measure (SD index). The assumed optimal cluster configuration was used for the web page prefetching task.   Precision and recall of the LSA based method is found to be on par with RI and CAS-C, in as much that it solves the web user clustering and web task with similar characteristics as unweighted RI. The hypothesized inherent gains to precision and recall by using LSA was neither confirmed nor conclusively disproved. The effects of different weighting functions for RI are discussed and a number of methodological factors are identified for further research concerning LSA based clustering and prefetching.

The Victorian governess occupied a difficult position in Victorian society. Straddling the line between genteel and working-class femininity, the governess did not fit neatly into the rigid categories of gender and class according to which Victorian society organized itself. This troubling liminality caused the governess to become implicitly associated with another disturbing domestic presence caught between worlds: the Victorian literary ghost. Using Henry James’s novella The Turn of the Screw as a touchstone for each chapter, this thesis examines how the spectral mirrors the governess’s own spectrality – that is, her own discursive construction as a psychosocially unsettling force within the Victorian domestic sphere.

Que peut-il bien cacher ce titre ? Ou plutôt révéler ? Il laisse entendre une certaine inclinaison au jeu de mots. Ceci parle déjà du style. « Tourner la page » puisqu’il s’agit de livre, de lecture. « Tourner la page » puisque le temps du livre semble être compté, à en croire certains pronostics auxquels ce travail ne réagit pas. «Autour de la matérialité » puisque la page papier du codex tourne littéralement autour d’un axe matériel, soit-il cousu, broché ou collé. « Autour » encore car il est question de matérialité, qualité intrinsèque et fondamentale qui définit l’écriture, détermine le rapport au langage écrit et le distingue de sa version numérique. « Objet de lecture », terme qui permet d’élargir le cercle des supports de lecture traditionnellement représentés par des livres aux objets technologiques, tout en précisant qu’ils ne sont pas des livres. « Objet » encore, car l’approche sémio-pragmatique tient à souligner le côté objectal de la lecture face à son côté linguistique. « Observations », ce mot précise et qualifie le non-aboutissement et la teneur approximative de ce qui est dit et comment il est dit dans ce mémoire. « Sémiotiques » indique la méthode et le point de vue sous lequel le propos est déployé. « Perspectives pédagogiques », c’est pour annoncer l’ambition de cette étude de se projeter vers le domaine dont elle est inspirée et vers lequel elle retourne, en espérant créer des passerelles et y apporter des propositions pluridisciplinaires. Ce résumé en forme d’explicitation du titre prétend également servir de plan qui suit le cheminement de la réflexion sur le rapport de l’homme à l’écriture à la base de la matérialité de celle-ci
What could this title hide? Or reveal instead? It insinuates a certain tendency to a play on words. It hints at style. “Turn the page” since it’s about books, about reading practice. “Turn the page” because the days of books seem numbered, to believe certain prognostication to which this work does not address. However, there are new, digital pages. "About the materiality", since the paper page of the codex is turning literally around a material axis, sewn, stapled or glued. “Materiality", it is as an intrinsic quality of the book object which defines the products of writing. “Reading object,” it means different objects of reading, traditionally represented by printed books. While, now, it is possible to read technological objects too. “Object” once more, for the semio-pragmatic approach that desires to emphasize the material aspect of reading practice versus its linguistic aspect. “Observations,” it specifies and qualifies the approximate tenor of what is said and how it is said. “Semiotics,” it is the definition of the method and of the point of view under which these objects are investigated. “Pedagogical perspectives”, it is to refer to the field from which this study took its inspiration. Also, towards that it returns hoping to create bridges between several disciplines. This summary is a kind of explanation of the title, also intends to indicate the way of the reflection that develops the relationship of man to the written word that is based on the materiality

Aquesta tesi se centra en l’edició i l’estudi de la Gramàtica catalana de Pau Cardellach i Busquets (1814-1879), una obra inèdita de la qual només existeix una còpia, manuscrita, avui dipositada a la Universitat de Girona. La gramàtica de Cardellach, només coneguda fins ara per referències indirectes, és una obra original que exemplifica una perspectiva davant la llengua catalana diferent de les que coneixíem fins ara en el segle XIX. El seu estudi contribueix a precisar millor el procés, tardà, de codificació gramatical de la llengua catalana i enriqueix la història de la filologia al nostre país. El treball necessari de contextualització de l’obra ha exigit també un estudi exhaustiu del seu autor i de les circumstàncies en què va produir la gramàtica. És per això que la tesi s’estructura internament en tres grans blocs: a) l’estudi biobibliogràfic de Pau Cardellach i de les circumstàncies en què va produir la Gramàtica catalana; b) l’edició crítica de l’obra, amb l’advertiment de tots els aspectes materials, dels problemes textuals i de les intervencions que s’hi han fet per posar-la a l’abast dels estudiosos; i c) l’estudi detallat dels continguts i de les particularitats de la gramàtica, i de la seva rellevància respecte del context gramatical contemporani
This thesis focuses on the edition and study of the Catalan Grammar of Pau Cardellach i Busquets (1818-1879), an unpublished work of which there is only one copy, handwritten, today at the University of Girona. Cardellach's grammar, which only known by indirect references, is an original work that exemplifies a different outlook on the Catalan language than those we knew so far in the nineteenth century. Its study helps to better define the late process of grammatical encoding of Catalan, and enriches the history of philology of Catalan. The necessary work to contextualize this book has also demanded a thorough study of its author and the circumstances that led to his grammar. Therefore, the thesis is divided internally into three sections: a) the bio-bibliographic study of Pau Cardellach and the circumstances in which he produced his Catalan Grammar; b) the critical edition of the work, with attention to all material respects, to the textual problems and to interventions to make it available to scholars; and c) the detailed contents and peculiarities of grammar, and their relevance to contemporary grammatical context study

Uma compacta linguagem descritora de páginas, destinada a impressoras não-impacto de estrutura raster é apresentada. Tal linguagem foi implementada usando o processador gráfico TMS4010, da Texas Instruments e possui uma estrutura muito similar à encontrada nas linguagens interpretativas encadeadas. A linguagem é totalmente modular e interativa, e se utiliza um modelo gráfico simples, visando simular as tarefas normalmente encontradas nas artes tipográficas. São efetuadas comparações com outras linguagens comerciais, visando avaliar suas possibilidades. Uma pequena introdução à tecnologia das impressoras laser é apresentada.
A small Page description language intended for raster non-impact printers is presented. The language is implemented using the Texas Instruments TMS4010 Graphics system processor and its structure is similar that encountered in threaded interpretative languages. The language is fully modular and interactive, and uses a simple graphic model to simulate the same common tasks encoutered in typographical arts. Comparison are made with other comercial languages to perform some evaluations on its possibilities. A small introduction on the laser printer technology is presented.

This study focuses on a series of late-century works by women writers that incorporate facets of theatrical performance into the printed book. Literary drama was a common genre of the Victorian and Edwardian period, used by writers such as Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold to elevate drama to the status of literature, a term synonymous with the printed page and the experience of reading. However, this project examines a series of women writers who, in contrast, used this hybrid form to challenge the assumed superiority of text. The values ascribed to the printed page—that it was a disembodied enterprise unattached to the whims of its audience or the particularities of its author—were antithetical to the experiences of women writers, whose work was often read in the context of their gendered bodies. My study proceeds chronologically, reading the literary dramas of five writers—George Eliot, Augusta Webster, Katharine Bradley and Edith Emma Cooper (writing under the pseudonym “Michael Field”), and Elizabeth Robins—alongside changes in print practice and theatrical staging as well as evolving discourses about “literariness.” I argue that these women allude to theatrical performance in the text to show that the page always bears the physical traces of its authors and its audience. Each chapter blends book studies with performance studies, showing the way the form of a work invites particular responses from its readers. Overall, this project has two goals: one, to recover marginalized texts by women writers and revise narratives about the period to incorporate these pieces; and two, to span the scholarly chasm between Victorian poetry and drama and demonstrate, instead, the mutually constitutive relationship of these two art forms.

The goal of this essay is to look at the poems “The Weary Blues” and “JAZZTETMUTED” (hereafter to be referred to as “JAZZTET”) by Langston Hughes andexamine their relationships to both the blues and jazz structurally, lyrically, andthematically. I examine the relationship of blues and jazz to the African-Americancommunity of Harlem, New York in the 1920’s and the 1950’s when the poems wererespectively published. Integral to any understanding of what Hughes sought toaccomplish by associating his poetry so closely with these music styles are the contexts,socially and politically, in which they are produced, particularly with respect to theAfrican-American experience.I will examine Hughes’ understanding of not only the sound of the two stylesof music but of what the music represents in the context of African-American historyand how he combines these to effectively communicate blues and jazz to the page.

A

Nowadays people heavily rely on the Internet for information and knowledge. Wikipedia is an online multilingual encyclopaedia that contains a very large number of detailed articles covering most written languages. It is often considered to be a treasury of human knowledge. It includes extensive hypertext links between documents of the same language for easy navigation. However, the pages in different languages are rarely cross-linked except for direct equivalent pages on the same subject in different languages. This could pose serious difficulties to users seeking information or knowledge from different lingual sources, or where there is no equivalent page in one language or another. In this thesis, a new information retrieval task—cross-lingual link discovery (CLLD) is proposed to tackle the problem of the lack of cross-lingual anchored links in a knowledge base such as Wikipedia. In contrast to traditional information retrieval tasks, cross language link discovery algorithms actively recommend a set of meaningful anchors in a source document and establish links to documents in an alternative language. In other words, cross-lingual link discovery is a way of automatically finding hypertext links between documents in different languages, which is particularly helpful for knowledge discovery in different language domains. This study is specifically focused on Chinese / English link discovery (C/ELD). Chinese / English link discovery is a special case of cross-lingual link discovery task. It involves tasks including natural language processing (NLP), cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) and cross-lingual link discovery. To justify the effectiveness of CLLD, a standard evaluation framework is also proposed. The evaluation framework includes topics, document collections, a gold standard dataset, evaluation metrics, and toolkits for run pooling, link assessment and system evaluation. With the evaluation framework, performance of CLLD approaches and systems can be quantified. This thesis contributes to the research on natural language processing and cross-lingual information retrieval in CLLD: 1) a new simple, but effective Chinese segmentation method, n-gram mutual information, is presented for determining the boundaries of Chinese text; 2) a voting mechanism of name entity translation is demonstrated for achieving a high precision of English / Chinese machine translation; 3) a link mining approach that mines the existing link structure for anchor probabilities achieves encouraging results in suggesting cross-lingual Chinese / English links in Wikipedia. This approach was examined in the experiments for better, automatic generation of cross-lingual links that were carried out as part of the study. The overall major contribution of this thesis is the provision of a standard evaluation framework for cross-lingual link discovery research. It is important in CLLD evaluation to have this framework which helps in benchmarking the performance of various CLLD systems and in identifying good CLLD realisation approaches. The evaluation methods and the evaluation framework described in this thesis have been utilised to quantify the system performance in the NTCIR-9 Crosslink task which is the first information retrieval track of this kind.

Today, information is the most important instrument in all areas of our life. It`s important to develop tools that can transfer pieces of information one point to another. Moreover, it`s adaptive for every user. Web-application is the best choice.
На сьогоднішній день, інформація відіграє ключову роль у всіх сферах нашого життя. Актуальним питанням є розробка швидких та комфортних засобів, завданням яких є доставка цієї інформації з одного вузла до іншого, максимальна простота у користуванні та адаптація під кожного користувача окремо. Одними із найкращих таких застосунків є веб-додатки

Le romani, ou romanes, est une langue parlée historiquement par des communautés qui s’autodénomment « Roms », « Sintos » et « Calos ». Dans cette thèse, on se propose d'analyser une page du réseau social Facebook, comportant de nombreux messages en langue romani. Dans un premier temps, nous identifierons les dialectes présents sur la page et étudierons la diversité des pratiques orthographiques. Puis, on analysera comment la variation est prise en compte par les locuteurs, en évoquant les problématiques d'intercompréhension, d'identité et de revitalisation. Le but de notre recherche est de faire un état des lieux des besoins, réussites et représentations des locuteurs du romani afin d’accompagner ce qui pourrait être un processus d’autogestion langagière
Romani, also known as Romanes, is a language historically spoken by communities who call themselves “Roma”, “Sinti” and “Kalo”. The purpose of this thesis is to study a page of the social network Facebook which includes many messages written in Romani language. First of all, we will identify the dialects used on the page and we will describe the diversity of spelling practices. Then, we wil analyze the way variation is taken into account by the speakers, discussing the issues of mutual understanding, identity and revitalization. Our research focuses on determining the needs, successes and representations of the Romani speakers in order to support a possible linguistic self-management

A dissertação trata de Pau Brasil, de Oswald de Andrade, e Feuilles de Route: I. Le Formose e II. Sao-Paulo, de Blaise Cendrars, e pretende verificar como a cidade de São Paulo - em sua condição particular no contexto da modernidade brasileira - é transformada em matéria poética nessas obras. Em contraponto aos elementos do cosmopolitismo da metrópole, apresenta-se a vida rural no ambiente das fazendas do interior do Estado. Com base na análise das obras, procuro avaliar a poética dos autores em suas relações com a metrópole, considerando ainda temáticas associadas a outras questões da modernidade, como o progresso x a natureza e o tema da viagem. Na recomposição dos projetos poéticos dos autores nas obras estudadas, os desenhos elaborados por Tarsila do Amaral para ambas produções poéticas serão considerados como um ponto-chave.
This dissertation examines Oswald de Andrade´s Pau Brasil, and Blaise Cendrars´ Feuilles de Route: I. Le Formose and II. Sao-Paulo, and intents to verify how São Paulo has been - in its particular condition in the context of Brazilian modernity - transformed in poetic subject in these works. In contrast to the elements of metropolis´ cosmopolitism, presents the rural life in inner state farms. Based on work analysis, I attempt to evaluate the authors´ poetic in their relationship with the metropolis, considering also a subject matter associated to other modernity issues, like progress x nature and the travelling theme. In rearrangement of poetic projects from the authors in the studied works, the drawings created by Tarsila do Amaral for both poetic produtions are considered key-points.

Notre travail principal est une étude des traités orthographiques grecs antiques et byzantins. La première partie étudie les traites paléobyzantins de Thimotheios de Gaza et de Jean Charax, ainsi que deux ouvrages anonymes qu'on peut situer à la même époque. La deuxième partie présente les éléments orthographiques des lexiques étymologiques byzantins, les canons de Theognostos et l'orthographe de Choiroboscos, et divers recueils d'epimerismes, qui se situent à peu près à la fin de l'iconoclasme et à l'époque macédonienne. La troisième partie concerne des ouvrages postérieurs à 1150. La conclusion revient sur les ouvrages antiques perdus, et principalement sur le traité d'Hérodien. Nous étudions pour tous ces ouvrages la tradition directe et indirecte, signalant divers manuscrits qui avaient échappé à nos prédécesseurs. Nous avons lu dans les manuscrits plusieurs ouvrages inédits, et complété par le recours aux manuscrits divers éditions insuffisantes. Nous avons essayé de reconnaitre les sources utilisées dans ces divers ouvrages. L'appendice sur le "rire sardonique" s'inspire de la même méthode, puisque nous avons recherché dans tous les ouvrages érudits, édités ou inédits, les explications proposées pour cette expression en essayant de reconnaitre les sources de chacun
Our principal work is a study of the Greek orthographical treatises, antiques and byzantine. The first part studies the paleobyzantine treatises of Timotheos of Gaza and of Joannes Charax, as well as two anonymous works which we may place at the same time. The second part presents the orthographical elements of the byzantine etymological lexica, the "canones" of Theognostos, Choiroboscos' orthography, and a few collection of epimerisms, which belong to the end of iconoclasm and to the Macedonian period. The third part searches works posterior to 1150. The conclusion comes back to the lost antique works, mainly Herodian's treatise. We study, for all those works, the direct and indirect tradition, referring to manuscripts which had escaped our predecessors. We have read in manuscripts a few inedited works, and completed with manuscripts a few defective editions. We have tried to recognize the sources used in these various works. The appendix on the "sardonic laughter" proceeds with the same method, for we have sought in all the erudite works, published or not, the explanations proposed for that expression, trying to to recognize their sources

Poursuivant la tradition médiévale selon laquelle le paragraphe sépare dans la controverse les arguments de différents adversaires, on définit généralement l'alinéa comme la marque d'un changement d'idée ou de thème sans considération des types d'énoncés, des contextes d'énonciation et des contraintes de production. La distinction entre textes linéaires et non linéaires permet d'identifier une grande diversité de paragraphes dont l'analyse dans les récits révèle une coïncidence remarquable avec la récurrence obstinée de changements de temps et ou de lieu et ou de personnage(s), et d'autre part un changement de moment énonciatif (rapport d'action ou de propos, description, explication, commentaire, évaluation. . . ). Dans 80 % des cas étudiés, le paragraphe narratif peut être décrit comme un épisode, partie de l'intrigue comprise entre deux entrées ou sorties de personnage(s) que recoupe un changement du cadre spatio-temporel de l'action et ou un changement de moment énonciatif. Mais les 20 % restants ne constituent pas un lot d'exceptions hétéroclites. Eux aussi montrent que l'alinéa est lie à la mise en mots, signe linguistique qui reflète non pas un affrontement entre des tiers mais un dialogue entre l'auteur et le lecteur
Still following the medieval tradition for which paragraph is marking, in plea, each piece of argument from another, paragraph is generally defined as a change of idea o topic, without any consideration for texts types, contexts nor constraints of production. The distinction between linear and non linear texts allready permits to identify a great variety of paragraphs. The indented lines of French printed narrative linear texts reveal a remarkable coincidence with the obstinate recurrence of changes in when, where and who, as well as, in the other hand, with changes in the local enonciative moment (report of action or speach, explanation, description, evaluation, etc. ) In 80 % of cases, narrative paragraph can be described as an episode, part of the plot between two character(s) entrances or exits, together with a change in place and time and textual orientation. As for the remaining 20 %, they are not oddities but confirm that indented line is a fully linguistic sign that does not reflect a conflict between arguers but a dialogue between the author and the reader

The research is a hermeneutic-cum-semiotic approach to the study of the translatability of religious language in a secular play, using The Merchant of Venice in China as a reference. Under the ”power turn” or “political turn” in translation studies, omissions and untranslatability of religious material are often seen as the product of censorship or self-censorship in the prevalent socio-political context. But the theology of each individual translating agent is often neglected as an important contributing factor to such untranslatability. This thesis offers a comprehensive approach in tracing the hermeneutical process of the translators/directors as a reader and the situational process and semiotics of theatre translation, which altogether gives rise to the image of translated literature which in turn influences audience reception. This interdisciplinary study thus traverses the disciplines of translation studies, hermeneutics, theatre studies, and sociology. In this thesis I argue that while translation theorists under the current “sociological turn” view social factors as the overarching factors in determining translation activities and strategies, I will show how the interaction between the translator’s or the dramatist’s theology and religious values interact with the socio-cultural milieu to carve out a unique drama production. Often, as one can see from my case studies, it is the religious values of the translating agents that become the overarching factor in determining the translation product, rather than social factors. This thesis further argues that the translatability of religious discourse should be understood in a broader sense according to the seven dimensions proposed by Ninian Smart, rather than merely focusing on untranslatability as a result of semantic and linguistic differences.

In this work the main aspects were discussed that need to be evaluated by establishing graphical user interface. There were discussed some user interface languages and technologies such as XML, XUL, XIML, XSLT, CSS, XHTML, analyzed some used methods for automated user interface generation. On a basis of this analysis, the proper method was chosen to apply for generating of user interface using ODRES method results. On the next stadeges of the work it was designed and developed prototype of the GUI generation system. The main goals were to develop cross-platform user interface, using as mutch as possible simplyer technologies along with that securing constant design on different web browsers. Generation process operates using the GUI specification stored in the MS SQL database and converting it to XML and along with the XSLT files used as parser. After these files are opened using web browser, XML and XSLT code is processed to an XHTML code. The process of the user interface generation is flexible and alows user change GUI’s appearance on the fly adjusting it’s specification stored on the database or XSLT rooles as well. During this work were made some ot the modifications to the ODRES database: appended few more attributes, describing graphical elements characteristics and web form relations; added extra tables.

"Attualmente più della metà della popolazione globale utilizza mensilmente i Social Network. Il loro impiego nell’ambito dell’educazione e dell’istruzione è diventato oggetto di studio negli ultimi due decenni e particolare attenzione è stata dedicata anche ai loro risvolti nell’apprendimento delle lingue straniere. Ricerche precedenti si sono principalmente concentrate sull’analizzare come l’uso dei Social Network potesse favorire l’apprendimento linguistico in maniera implicita, o come gli insegnanti stessi potessero impiegarli durante le lezioni. Il presente studio mira invece ad investigare il loro utilizzo come luogo di apprendimento intenzionale, in cui i fruitori scelgono di accedere a contenuti volti esclusivamente alla trasmissione di nozioni specifiche. Oggetto di questa ricerca sono pertanto le pagine per l’insegnamento delle lingue su Instagram e TikTok. Attraverso un questionario ne è stata valutata l’efficacia in termini di miglioramento non solo della propria competenza linguistica, ma anche della motivazione e del piacere nell’apprendimento. I dati raccolti sono in seguito stati utilizzati per creare una pagina per l’insegnamento dell’italiano su Instagram e TikTok, la cui efficacia è stata provata tramite la somministrazione di due questionari a un gruppo di fruitori. Dalla comparazione dei due questionari, somministrati uno prima di iniziare a seguire la pagina e l’altro dopo averla seguita per un mese, sono stati verificati i benefici che questa tipologia di pagine può apportare nell’esperienza di apprendimento linguistico. Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are currently used by more than half of the world total population every month. Their employment in the educational field has been largely studied in the last two decades with particular attention drawn to their effects on foreign language learning. Previous research mainly focused on the analysis of how language learning could benefit from the use of SNSs, and of how teachers themselves employed these tools during classroom lessons. The present study aims at investigating their usage as a place where learning purposively occurs instead, meaning that users choose to access contents that are specifically designed to convey notions. Instagram and TikTok accounts to teach foreign languages are therefore object of this research. A questionnaire was administrated to assess their efficacy in terms of improvement not only of the linguistic competence but also of motivation and pleasantness in the learning process. Data collected were then used as basis to create an Instagram and TikTok account to teach Italian. Its efficacy was proved through two questionnaires administrated to a group of users before and after following the mentioned account for one month. They were later compared to verify the benefits that this type of accounts can bring to language learning experience. "

Les problématiques abordées dans ma thèse sont de définir une adaptation unifiée entre la sélection des documents et les stratégies de recherche de la réponse à partir du type des documents et de celui des questions, intégrer la solution au système de Questions-Réponses (QR) RITEL du LIMSI et évaluer son apport. Nous développons et étudions une méthode basée sur une approche de Recherche d'Information pour la sélection de documents en QR. Celle-ci s'appuie sur un modèle de langue et un modèle de classification binaire de texte en catégorie pertinent ou non pertinent d'un point de vue QR. Cette méthode permet de filtrer les documents sélectionnés pour l'extraction de réponses par un système QR. Nous présentons la méthode et ses modèles, et la testons dans le cadre QR à l'aide de RITEL. L'évaluation est faite en français en contexte web sur un corpus de 500 000 pages web et de questions factuelles fournis par le programme Quaero. Celle-ci est menée soit sur des documents complets, soit sur des segments de documents. L'hypothèse suivie est que le contenu informationnel des segments est plus cohérent et facilite l'extraction de réponses. Dans le premier cas, les gains obtenus sont faibles comparés aux résultats de référence (sans filtrage). Dans le second cas, les gains sont plus élevés et confortent l'hypothèse, sans pour autant être significatifs. Une étude approfondie des liens existant entre les performances de RITEL et les paramètres de filtrage complète ces évaluations. Le système de segmentation créé pour travailler sur des segments est détaillé et évalué. Son évaluation nous sert à mesurer l'impact de la variabilité naturelle des pages web (en taille et en contenu) sur la tâche QR, en lien avec l'hypothèse précédente. En général, les résultats expérimentaux obtenus suggèrent que notre méthode aide un système QR dans sa tâche. Cependant, de nouvelles évaluations sont à mener pour rendre ces résultats significatifs, et notamment en utilisant des corpus de questions plus importants.

Cette thèse porte sur l’influence de l’anglais comme langue mondiale sur la presse numérique grecque. C’est une étude qualitative d’un corpus de 126 textes de la presse grecque et d’un corpus complémentaire de 15 textes de la presse anglophone publiés en ligne entre 2011-2015. Les données sont tirées de trois genres, les articles d’actualité, les articles d’opinion et les interviews, et cinq thématiques : art et mode, économie et politique, monde et environnement, science et technologie et santé et sport. Le cadre théorique s’appuie sur l’emprunt linguistique et la rhétorique d’un texte numérique. Quant à l’influence de l’anglais, nous notons des traces au niveau du lexique, de la syntaxe, de la sémantique, du discours et de la titraille. Pour la mise en scène d’un texte numérique, nous notons divers modèles de lecture, ainsi que les différences entre la presse grecque et anglophone. Finalement, ces résultats soulignent une combinaison de l’implantation de l’anglais dans la presse grecque du haut vers le bas et du bas vers le haut
This thesis focuses on the influence of English as a global language on the Greek digital press. It is a qualitative study of a corpus of 126 texts from the Greek online press and a complementary corpus of 15 texts from the anglophone press published on the Internet between 2011-2015. The data are drawn from three journalistic genres: news articles, opinion articles and interviews, and 5 column-themes: art and fashion, economy and politics, world and environment, science and technology and health and sports. The theoretical framework is based on the linguistic borrowing and the rhetorical theory of a digital text. As for the influence of English, traces on the lexicon, syntax, semantics, discourse and headlines are mainly pointed out. Concerning the layout of a digital text, we found various reading models, as well as some differences between the Greek and anglophone press. Finally, these results underline a combination of the implantation of English borrowing on the Greek press from a top down and a bottom up point of view

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There are countless social situations in which subjects must take a placement, issue an opinion, present justifications to legitimize the thesis and/or refute contrary opinions. That is, in social life, often, we are called to discursive practice the argumentation, which can be defined as a social activity of fundamentally dialogical nature. The argument writing plays crucial role in the integration of young people in social communicative practices developed by today's society. Given this role, the research that led to this thesis aimed to analyze argumentative essays produced by graduating high school students, checking what are the structural and discursive character of resources that draw students to write the dissertative-argumentative text. The hypothesis that guided the research was that students can build argumentative texts, mobilizing various structural and discursive resources. However, despite this, the produced argumentative essays must overcome certain limitations of the argumentative employed standard, which lacks more sophisticated strategies. Based on this hypothesis, we have set as a general objective to analyze the construction of argumentation in written texts produced by thirty (30) graduating high school students, checking what are the structural and discursive character of resources that draw them to sustain their point of view. As a theoretical basis, we make use of the work of Anscombre and Ducrot (1994), Aristotle (sd), Bakhtin (1988, 1997, 2002), Bunzen (2006), Ducrot (1990, 2009), Marcuschi (1983, 1986, 2002 , 2008), Platin (2005), Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), Reinaldo (2001), Toulmin (2006), Van Dijk (1989, 2010), among other authors. As can be seen by the authors mentioned above, we do not restricted ourselves to a theoretical approach, given the complex nature of our object of analysis. The focus of the analysis was predominantly qualitative. The results we have come to confirms our hypothesis. With regard to the fact that most of the volunteer students can build argumentative texts, mobilizing various structural and discursive resources, it is clear that this is due to: the titles, mostly, of a kind suggestive and mostly argumentative; the appropriate division of paragraphs; the presence of different text blocks (introduction, development and conclusion), even in texts that were not properly divided into paragraphs; the presence of a thesis to be defended. In what concerns the limitations to overcome, we find these are linked to the organization of arguments, since most volunteers build arguments with minimum standard (data, justificative and conclusion), taking us call to mind the low occurrence use of backup and refutation in the arguments. This latter finding is consistent with the findings in relation to the critical positioning, which is discursively constructed by means of the verb-axiological position that is assumed in front of heteroglossia. The subject takes a point of view, as it performs two major dialogical evaluative movements: assimilation and taking distance of other people's speech. The analyzed corpus, In dominated the assimilation of other people's speeches, the main strategy incorporating voices without the delimitation of unrelated sayings. The authors that incorporate others voice turn it into his own voice, because of its critical positioning. We found that the greater the distance, the more explicit becomes the responsibility of the enunciated, and the greater assimilation the less clear becomes the boundaries between speech of the enunciator subject and another's speech
Il existe d'innombrables situations sociales dans lesquelles les sujets doivent prendre un placement, émettre un avis, présenter des justifications qui légitiment la thèse défendue et/ou réfuter les opinions contraires. C’est-à-dire, dans la vie sociale, souvent, nous sommes appelés à la pratique discursive de l'argumentation, qui peut être définie comme une activité sociale fondamentalement de nature dialogique. L'argumentation écrite joue un rôle crucial dans l'intégration des jeunes dans les pratiques sócio-comunicatives développées par la société d'aujourd'hui. Étant donné que, la recherche qui a conduit à cette thèse vise à analyser dissertations argumentatifs produits par les étudiants de la fin du lycée, en vérifiant ceux qui sont les recours de caractère structurel et discursif qui attirent les étudiants à écrire le texte dissertatif-argumentatif. L'hypothèse qui a guidé la recherche était que les étudiants peuvent construire des textes argumentatifs, mobiliser diverses ressources structurelles et discursives. Cependant, malgré cela, les dissertations argumentatives produits doivent surmonter certaines limitations provenants de la norme argumentative employée, qui manque de stratégies plus sophistiquées. Basé sur cette hypothèse, nous avons fixé comme objectif général d'analyser la construction de l'argumentation dans les textes produits par les trente (30) étudiants de la fin du lycée, en vérifiant ceux qui sont les recours de caractère structurel et discursif qui attirent les étudiants à soutenir la défense d’un point de vue. Comme une base théorique, nous nous soutenons sur l'oeuvre de Anscombre et Ducrot (1994), Aristote (s.d.), Bakhtine (1988, 1997, 2002), Bunzen (2006), Ducrot (1990, 2009), Marcuschi (1983, 1986, 2002 , 2008), Platin (2005), Perelman et Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), Reinaldo (2001), Toulmin (2006), Van Dijk (1989, 2010), entre autres auteurs. Comme on peut le voir par les auteurs mentionnés cidessus, nous ne nous limitons pas à une approche théorique, étant donné la nature complexe de l'objet de notre analyse. L'objectif de l'analyse était essentiellement qualitative. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus, ils ont confirmé notre hypothèse. En ce qui concerne le fait que la plupart des étudiants volontaires réussissent à élaborer des textes argumentatifs, en mobilisant diverses ressources structurelles et discursives, il est clair que cela est dû : aux titres, pour la plupart, d'un genre suggestif et correctement argumentatif; la division appropriée des paragraphes; la présence de différents blocs de texte (introduction, développement et conclusion), même dans les textes qui n’ont pas été correctement répartis en paragraphes; la présence d'une thèse à défendre. En ce qui concerne les limitations à surmonter, nous trouvons qui ceux-ci sont liés à l'organisation d'arguments, puisque la plupart des volontaires construisent des arguments avec la norme minimale (étant donné la justification et la conclusion), en faisant attention à l'esprit de la faible occurrence de soutien et de réfutation aux arguments. Cette dernière constatation est conforme aux conclusions relatives à la position critique, qui est discursivement construit à partir de la position du verbeaxiologique qui est supposé devant hétéroglossie. Le sujet prend un point de vue, car il effectue deux grands mouvements d'évaluation dialogique: assimilation et d’éloignement de la parole des autres. Dans le corpus analysé, il a dominé l'assimilation des discours d'autres personnes, en ayant comme principale stratégie d’intégration des voix sans la délimitation des énonciations non apparentées. Les auteurs, qui en prenant ce discours de l’autre, les transforment en sa propre voix. Nous avons constaté que, plus il y a l’éloignement, plus explicité devient la responsabilité de ce qui parle, et plus grande l’assimilation devient, moins clair sont les frontières entre le discours du sujet qui porte la parole et le discours d’autre.
São inúmeras as situações sociais em que os sujeitos precisam assumir um posicionamento, emitir uma opinião, apresentar justificativas que legitimem a tese defendida e/ou refutar opiniões contrárias. Ou seja, na vida social, frequentemente, somos convocados à prática discursiva da argumentação, que pode ser definida como uma atividade social de natureza fundamentalmente dialógica. A argumentação escrita exerce papel crucial para a inserção dos jovens nas práticas sociocomunicativas desenvolvidas pela sociedade atual. Considerando esse papel, a pesquisa que gerou esta tese se propôs a analisar dissertações argumentativas produzidas por estudantes concluintes do Ensino Médio, averiguando quais são os recursos de caráter estrutural e discursivo de que se valem os alunos para redigir o texto dissertativo-argumentativo. A hipótese que norteou a pesquisa foi a de que os estudantes conseguem construir textos argumentativos, mobilizando variados recursos estruturais e discursivos. No entanto, apesar disso, as dissertações argumentativas produzidas precisam superar certas limitações decorrentes do padrão argumentativo empregado, que carece de estratégias mais sofisticadas. Com base nessa hipótese, estabelecemos, como objetivo geral, analisar a construção da argumentação em textos escritos produzidos por 30 (trinta) estudantes concluintes do Ensino Médio, averiguando quais são os recursos de caráter estrutural e discursivo de que se valem os alunos para sustentar a defesa de um ponto de vista. Como base teórica, valemo-nos dos trabalhos de Anscombre e Ducrot (1994), Aristóteles (s.d.), Bakhtin (1988, 1997, 2002), Bunzen (2006), Ducrot (1990, 2009), Marcuschi (1983, 1986, 2002, 2008), Platin (2005), Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), Reinaldo (2001), Toulmin (2006), Van Dijk (1989, 2010), entre outros autores. Como é possível constatar pelos autores anteriormente citados, não nos restringimos a um enfoque teórico, dada a natureza complexa do nosso objeto de análise. O enfoque da análise foi predominantemente qualitativo. Os resultados a que chegamos confirmam nossa hipótese. No que diz respeito ao fato de a maioria dos estudantes voluntários conseguirem construir textos argumentativos, mobilizando variados recursos estruturais e discursivos, percebe-se que isso se deve aos seguintes aspectos: os títulos, em sua maioria, dos tipos sugestivos e propriamente argumentativos; a adequada divisão dos parágrafos; a presença de distintos blocos textuais (introdução, desenvolvimento e conclusão), mesmo nos textos que não foram corretamente divididos em parágrafos; a presença de uma tese a ser defendida. Já no que diz respeito às limitações a serem superadas, verificamos que estas estão ligadas à organização dos argumentos, uma vez que a maioria dos voluntários constrói os argumentos com padrão mínimo (dado, justificativa e conclusão), tendo-nos chamado à atenção a baixa ocorrência de uso de apoio e de refutação nos argumentos. Essa última constatação se coaduna com os achados em relação ao posicionamento crítico, que é discursivamente construído por meio da posição verbo-axiológica que se assume frente à heteroglossia. O sujeito assume um ponto de vista, à medida que realiza dois grandes movimentos dialógico-valorativos: a assimilação e o afastamento do discurso alheio. No corpus analisado, predominou a assimilação de discursos de outrem, tendo como principal estratégia a incorporação de vozes, sem a delimitação de dizeres alheios. Os autores que incorporam o dizer alheio o transformam em sua própria voz, em função de seu posicionamento crítico. Constatamos que, quanto maior o afastamento, mais explícita se torna a responsabilidade de quem enunciou, e quanto maior a assimilação, menos nítidas se tornam as fronteiras entre o discurso do sujeito enunciador e o discurso de outrem.

La recherche dont les résultats sont exposés dans ce mémoire a pour ambition de retracer l’histoire complète, dans le temps et dans l’espace, de ce nouveau média qu’est la pièce gothique. L’histoire totale de ces petits cahiers imprimés en lettres gothiques dès le dernier tiers du XVe siècle et tout au long du XVIe siècle montre combien ces livrets constituent des agents privilégiés de la transformation des rapports au pouvoir et de l’évolution de la culture à l’aube de la première modernité. Avec les pièces gothiques dont plus de 2 200 ont pu être recensées, naît un type de livre résolument nouveau. Précurseurs du genre des « nouvelles » (politiques, militaires et prodigieuses) et du « livre populaire », elles disséminent un éventail de petits textes en langue vernaculaire, dont elles permettent une circulation à une échelle inédite. Lancées par des éditeurs-imprimeurs pour s’adapter aux nouveaux mécanismes de production et de diffusion du livre que l’imprimerie a induits, ces brochures apparaissent comme le signe d’une appropriation et d’une adaptation de cette technologie de communication sociale qu’est le livre imprimé aux audaces et nécessités éditoriales et aux nouveaux besoins culturels. Au-delà des savoirs qu’elles divulguent, elles constituent en fait des vecteurs de normes et de valeurs qui concourent à façonner l’opinion, l’âme et le comportement de leurs lecteurs (et auditeurs). Elles contribuent ainsi au développement et au fonctionnement de deux structures indispensables et complémentaires à l’État moderne : celle de la légitimation idéologique et celle de l’opinion
This research gives an account of the history of the « pièces gothiques ». By focusing on the production of these means of thin French black-letter printed brochures from the 1470s to the end of the sixteenth century, it is shown that these booklets played a special role in the transformation of the relationship between their readers and the authorities, and in the evolution of culture during the Renaissance. The « pièces gothiques » (over 2 200 are known) were a new kind of inexpensive book for a large audience, and were spread in the form of a series of small texts printed in French, heralding the new genres of « newspaper » and « popular book ». They were produced by some editors who adapted their publication to the news mechanisms of production and distribution of books then being seen following the invention of the printing press. The « pièces gothiques » were a sign of the appropriation and adaptation of this new technology of social communication (i. E. , the printed book) to editorial audacity and necessity, as well as to new cultural needs. Apart from the spread of information, they also tended to inculcate some of the norms and values that shaped the opinions and behaviour of their readers (or listeners). These texts therefore contributed to the development and functioning of two essential and complementary structures of the modern state: ideological legitimization and opinion

Le nombre d’auteurs contemporains qui écrit pour les adultes et pour les enfants va croissant, à tel point que la critique anglophone a forgé le terme de crosswriters pour les désigner. Ce travail se propose d’observer ces va-et-vient entre L’école des loisirs et les Éditions de l’Olivier de 1991 à 2011. Ces circulations répondent à d’importants enjeux éditoriaux et témoignent du rôle crucial des éditeurs dans l’accompagnement des écrivains. Cette thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement à Christophe Honoré et Manuela Draeger (un des hétéronymes d’Antoine Volodine). Tous deux usent singulièrement du crosswriting puisque certains de leurs textes pour enfants et de leurs textes pour adultes se répondent au point qu’un inter-dit peut siéger dans le blanc qui sépare ces deux corpus. Ce phénomène d’intratextualité, adossé à un geste de polyadresse, remet en cause l’intransitivité supposée de la littérature car pour être décrypté, ce dit en suspens appelle un lecteur transgénérationnel. Cet inter-dit est le lieu où se jouent des transitions d’un âge vers un autre, des transmissions d’une génération à une autre... Mais c’est aussi le lieu de ce qui ne passe pas et vient trouer l’œuvre pour faire écho au trauma individuel ou collectif. Et si c’est toujours le texte pour adultes qui délègue au texte pour enfants ce qui ne peut être articulé dans une langue adultocentrée, ces transferts ne viennent jamais suturer la béance du dispositif intratextuel mais explorent en littérature jeunesse d’autres rapports à la langue et disent quelque chose de l’être de langage que nous sommes
The number of contemporary authors who write both for adults and children keeps rising, so much so that anglophone criticism has coined the term crosswriters to label the phenomenon. This work proposes to observe back-and-forth crossings between L’école des loisirs and Éditions de l’Olivier between 1991 and 2011. What motivate these crossings are important editorial stakes that attest to the crucial role played by publishers in guiding their authors. This dissertation will look more specifically to Christophe Honoré and Manuela Draeger (one of Antoine Volodine’s heteronyms). Both writers resort to crosswriting in singular ways as some of their children’s books and books for adults respond to one another to such an extent that what I call an “inter-diction” lodges itself in the interstice that divides their respective corpuses. This phenomenon of intratextuality, supported by a gesture of polyaddress, calls into question literature’s supposed intransitivity given that, in order to be decrypted, this suspended diction calls for a transgenerational reader. This inter-diction is the stage where are performed transitions from one age to another and where occur transmissions from one generation to the next. But it is also the site of what does not pass, of what punctures the work in an echo to individual or collective trauma. And if it is always the texts written for an adult readership that devolve to those for children what cannot be articulated in an adultocentered language, these transfers never seek to suture the abyss opened by intratextuality but rather explore through children’s literature alternative relations to language, thereby teaching us something about the linguistic beings that we are

The thesis is dealing with research of automatic evaluation of e-learning tests. That technology is useful for domain of computer aided learning and e-learning and intelligent tutoring systems. This is extending possibility of online testing the student's knowledge. This thesis is also dealing with norms for learning and intelligent tutoring systems. Briefly introduce some project of domain of intelligent tutoring systems.

Gilles Le Muisit, abbé au milieu du XIVème siècle du couvent de Saint-Martin de Tournai, a rassemblé entre 1349 et 1352, alors qu'il était aveugle, l'ensemble de son oeuvre en français dans un énorme volume réunissant des pièces en octosyllabes, quatrains d'alexandrins et prose. Le tout forme une oeuvre littéraire inclassable, mélange de chronique, d'entreprise didactique et de poésie, posant beaucoup de problèmes de compréhension littérale. Il existe une édition ancienne de ce texte (Joseph Kervyn de Lettenhove, Louvain, 1882) qui souffre de nombreuses erreurs de transcription et propose un texte brut, sans balisage interne ni structure, accompagné d'un glossaire lacunaire et fautif. Notre travail tente d'établir une seconde édition répondant aux exigences scientifiques actuelles et permettant l'accès à cette oeuvre d'un intérêt certain autant sur le plan littéraire que linguistique, en particulier lexicographique ; la langue de Gilles Le Muisit se signale par sa forte couleur régionale (picard, wallon) et une richesse de vocabulaire remarquable, le texte de son "Registre" présentant beaucoup de mots peu ou pas attestés avant 1350. L'édition se limite pour l'instant aux neuf premiers chapitres du texte ; la transcription s'accompagne d'une introduction (présentation de l'auteur et du manuscrit, étude linguistique, commentaire littéraire), d'un ensemble de notes critiques (tentatives d'élucidation des sources et références, remarques linguistiques et littéraires ponctuelles, leçons rejetées du manuscrit ou de l'édition ancienne), d'un important glossaire et d'un index des noms propres. Nous publions pour la première fois en annexes les pièces finales du "Registre"

Bien qu’ils soient largement utilisés dans le domaine, les mesures vibratoires classiques présentent plusieurs limites. A la base, l’analyse vibratoire ne peut identifier qu’environ 60% des défauts qui peuvent survenir dans les machines. Cependant, les principaux inconvénients des mesures de la vibration sont l’accès difficile au système de transmission afin d’y placer le capteur ainsi que le coût conséquent de la mise en œuvre. Ceci résulte en des problèmes de sensibilité relatifs à la position de l’installation et ceux de difficulté pour distinguer la source de vibration à cause de la diversité des excitations mécaniques qui existent dans l’environnement industriel.Par conséquent, l’analyse des signatures du courant électrique des moteurs s’impose comme une alternative prometteuse à l’analyse vibratoire et a donc fait l’objet d’une attention grandissante au cours des dernières années. En effet, l’analyse des signatures électriques a l’avantage d’être une méthode techniquement accessible, non-intrusive au système et peu coûteuse. Les techniques basées sur le courant et la tension ne requièrent que les mesures électriques du moteur qui sont souvent déjà surveillées pour le contrôle et la protection des machines électriques. Ce processus a été principalement utilisé pour la détection des défauts de moteur tels que la rupture de barres du rotor et les défauts d’excentricité ainsi que les défauts de roulements. En revanche, très peu de recherches concernent la détection des défauts en utilisant l’analyse du courant. En outre, les signaux électriques triphasés sont caractérisés par des représentations géométriques particulières liées à leur forme d’onde qui peuvent servir en tant qu’indicateurs différents offrant des informations supplémentaires. Parmi ces indicateurs géométriques, les transformées de Park et de Concordia modélisent les composantes électriques dans un repère bidimensionnel et toute déviation par rapport à la représentation d’origine indique l’apparition d’un dysfonctionnement. Aussi, les équations différentielles de Frenet-Serret représentent la trajectoire du signal dans un espace euclidien tridimensionnel et indiquent ainsi tout changement dans l’état du système. Bien qu’ils aient été utilisés pour les défauts de roulements, ces indicateurs n’ont pas été appliqués dans la détection des défauts d’engrenages en utilisant l’analyse des signatures des courants électriques. D’où l’idée novatrice de combiner ces indicateurs avec des techniques de traitement de signal, ainsi que des techniques de classification pour le diagnostic des engrenages en utilisant l’analyse des signatures de courant et de tension du moteur électrique.Ainsi, dans ce travail, on propose une nouvelle approche pour le diagnostic des défauts d’engrenages en utilisant l’analyse des courants et des tensions électriques du stator de la machine et ceci en se basant sur un ensemble d’indicateurs géométriques (Transformées de Park et de Concordia ainsi que les propriétés du repère Frenet-Serret). Ces indicateurs font partie d’une bibliothèque de signatures de défauts qui a été construite et qui comprend également les indicateurs classiques utilisés pour un large éventail de défauts. Ainsi, un algorithme combine les acquisitions expérimentales des signaux électriques à des méthodes de traitement de signal avancées (décomposition modale empirique,…). Ensuite, celui-ci sélectionne les indicateurs les plus pertinents au sein de la bibliothèque en se basant sur les algorithmes de sélection de paramètres (sélection séquentielle rétrograde et analyse des composantes principales). Enfin, cette sélection est utilisée pour la classification non-supervisée (K-moyennes) pour la distinction entre l’état sain et l’état défaillant
Although they are widely used, classical vibration measurements have several limitations. Vibration analysis can only identify about 60% of the defects that may occur in mechanical systems. However, the main drawbacks of vibration measurements are the difficult access to the transmission system in order to place the sensor as well as the consequent cost of implementation. This results in sensitivity problems relative to the position of the installation and the difficulty to distinguish the source of vibration because of the diversity of mechanical excitations that exist in the industrial environment.Hence, the Motor Current Signatures Analysis (M.C.S.A.) represents a promising alternative to the vibration analysis and has therefore been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, the analysis of electrical signatures has the advantage of being a technically accessible method as well as inexpensive and non-intrusive to the system. Techniques based on currents and voltages only require the motor’s electrical measurements which are often already supervised for the purposes of the control and the protection of the electrical machines. This process was mainly used for the detection of motors faults such as rotor bars breakage and eccentricity faults as well as bearings defects. On the other hand, very little research has been focused on gear faults detection using the current analysis. In addition, three-phase electrical signals are characterized by specific geometric representations related to their waveforms and they can serve as different indicators providing additional information. Among these geometric indicators, the Park and Concordia transforms model the electrical components in a two-dimensional coordinate system and any deviation from the original representation indicates the apparition of a malfunction. Moreover, the differential equations of Frenet-Serret represent the trajectory of the signal in a three-dimensional euclidean space and thus indicate any changes in the state of the system. Although they have been previously used for bearing defects, these indicators have not been applied in the detection of gear defects using the analysis of electrical current signatures. Hence, the innovative idea of combining these indicators with signal processing techniques, as well as classification techniques for gears diagnosis using the three-phase motor’s electrical current signatures analysis is established.Hence, in this work, a new approach is proposed for gear faults diagnosis using the motor currents analysis, based on a set of geometric indicators (Park and Concordia transforms as well as the properties of the Frenet-Serret frame). These indicators are part of a specifically built fault signatures library and which also includes the classical indicators used for a wide range of faults. Thus, a proposed estimation algorithm combines experimental measurements of electrical signals with advanced signal processing methods (Empirical Mode Decomposition, ...). Next, it selects the most relevant indicators within the library based on feature selection algorithms (Sequential Backward Selection and Principal Component Analysis). Finally, this selection is combined with non-supervised classification (K-means) for the distinction between the healthy state and faulty states. It was finally validated with a an additional experimental configuration in different cases with gear faults, bearing faults and combined faults with various load levels

碩士
國立成功大學
資訊工程學系碩博士班
96
Traditional search engines take single page as the unit to index its titles and contents. However, these indexing methods may loss the order and hierarchical structure relationship between web pages. Traditional search engines also have no effective solutions to correctly return the result that user really want in natural language question search. To solve these two problems, we employ an effective algorithm GRIPP to reduce the time complexity in searching the whole website. We regard each website as a tree and indexing the link structure between nodes of this tree. According to our observations, user’s questions may contain implicit semantic entity-feature relations. Therefore, we pre-process original natural language question and find relevant web pages according to the pre-processing results. The link structures between these web pages seem are similar to the structure of original natural language question. In this paper, We proposed Page Link Set Table Construction Algorithm to find page link set of these related pages, and then exploited Top-Down Based Page Link Path Search Algorithm and Bottom-Up Based Page Link Path Search Algorithm to find these candidate path which map to the implicit structure of natural language question and involve the answers. Finally, we proposed implicit structure matching model (ISMM) to calculate the probability of relevant web pages, lead-in the possible entity-feature relationships, of each candidate path. The bigger probability value maybe more closely to the result we want. According to our experiments, we can see that our proposed method which find those web pages based on multi-level link structure of web site has higher accuracy than traditional search engines which use single-page indexing. Besides, comparing with other methods which handle the implicit structure of natural language question, our method significantly outperforms these methods much in accuracy and other evaluation metrics.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
89
Due to the rapid expansion of the Internet, applications that execute on top of this Internet platform are becoming more and more popular. Many new methods of designing Web applications have been developed. However, current Web design methods such as OOHDM and RMM, are limited in user interface design and do not provide sufficient support to the design of user/application interactions. This research presents a Web application design method that uses UML to model how a Web application interacts with users using a series of "submit requests and return response" steps. This method should improve the efficiency of the design and development of Web applications.

The aim of the project is to demonstrate that the traditional processes of printmaking, in particular etching, are relevant as a medium for artistic engagement with the subject of violence. My research investigates how printmaking has developed its own unique visual language as a means of addressing violence in our society, and specifically how artists have depicted violence using the medium of printmaking. To provide a context for my own practice, I examine artists from the past such as Jacques Callot, Francisco Goya, Käthe Kollwitz, Otto Dix and Pablo Picasso, all of whom engaged with the medium of etching to convey violence, as well as the work of contemporary artists Leon Golub, Nancy Spero, William Kentridge, Diane Victor, Sandow Birk, and Jake and Dinos Chapman which addresses issues such as war, social unrest and abuse of political power. The tradition of socio-political printmaking in Australia is also briefly examined, revealing a relative lack of contemporary artists in this field dealing with the theme of violence. This research informed the directions for my own work. My own work began by addressing global violence issues. Experimentation with unconventional materials and processes formed an integral part of the journey. The resultant effects from this experimentation were layered into and became part of the work. The focus of my final work is on social violence in Australia, in particular the Cronulla riots of 2005. Thousands of people were involved in these riots, making them the largest racially motivated riots in Australian history. The major work, The Cronulla Riot, is a large etching completely covering the gallery wall. My intention is to emphasise the chaos of the riot, imparted through the layers of figurative imagery, imbuing a sense of time. The scale of the work enables the viewer to feel immersed in the violence. The work challenges traditional printmaking boundaries by virtue of scale, methodology and subject matter. The power of etching, using a painstaking autographic process, has given new life to the theme of violence; an issue not explored in the medium in relation to the Cronulla riots by any other contemporary Australian artist. The core technology of etching may be ancient, but it continues to present the contemporary artist with a powerful and dynamic medium for personal artistic expression.

This dissertation reports on an action research project that guided the development of the Goudmyn (www.onnet.up.ac.za), a web-based information resource for Afrikaans language teachers. The information needs and utilisation of information resources by 78 Afrikaans First Language teachers were determined by means of a questionnaire and focus group discussions. The quality of the Goudmyn as information resource for and Afrikaans teachers' utilisation thereof were formally assessed. From the data it is evident that Afrikaans language teachers do not utilise the Internet as an information resource to a high degree. Nevertheless, statistics of visits to the Goudmyn indicate that the resource is being utilised increasingly. Reasons for low levels of Internet utilisation by the respondents include the following: a lack of Internet access, time, training, relevant information, awareness of resources and integration of ICT skills into the curriculum. The study found that a web site such as the Goudmyn has the potential to play a central role in supporting Afrikaans language teachers, if the teachers are trained and made aware of the use and applications of the Internet for teaching purposes.
Thesis (MA (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Information Science
unrestricted

The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) heralds the beginning of a new curriculum for Grades 10 to 12 in South Africa. Underpinned by the South African Constitution, and based on the tenets of Outcomes-based Education, the NCS seeks to provide contextually-relevant education for all South African learners, so that they are able to embrace inevitable change. Although the NCS highlights the importance of assessment, an analysis of the English Home Language (EHL) NCS reveals tensions between policy and practice. This study attempts to contextualise the role of relevant assessment for the 21st century. It then proceeds to engage in a historical evaluation of assessment within the NSC in terms of how assessment was conducted in the former Natal Education Department, a liberal education department within former apartheid South Africa. The conclusions drawn from the evaluation are used to provide recommendations to relieve the tensions identified within the EHL NSC.
Educational Studies
M.Ed.

Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska jest zestawieniem i analizą dwóch zagadnień: nauczania form wypowiedzi (edukacji tekstotwórcza w kształceniu językowym) oraz pracy z uczniami ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi i próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie – Jak rozwijać wiedzę, świadomość i kompetencje tekstotwórcze (w odniesieniu do funkcjonalnego modelu nauki o języku/języka) u uczniów z ASD na drugim etapie edukacji w szkole podstawowej? W jaki sposób uczyć tworzenia tekstów narracyjnych uczniów szkoły podstawowej posiadających specyficzne potrzeby edukacyjne i całościowe jakościowe zaburzenia w komunikowaniu się wynikające z diagnozy ASD? Zaprezentowane rozważania mają charakter interdyscyplinarny, czerpią przede wszystkim z doświadczeń i stanu badań z zakresu lingwodydaktyki, psychiatrii (neurologii) i psychologii oraz pedagogiki (dydaktyki). Skupiają się na pisanych formach narracyjnych: opowiadaniu i kartce z pamiętnika ze względu na obligatoryjną obecność tych form w kształceniu polonistycznym na etapie szkoły podstawowej (wprowadzanych w prostej formie już na pierwszym etapie edukacji, czyli na poziomie klas 1-3). Praca podzielona jest na wstęp, pięć głównych rozdziałów i podsumowanie. W części teoretycznej zostały omówione kolejno następujące zagadnienia: ASD, tekst w kształceniu polonistycznym, opowiadanie i kartka z pamiętnika jako przykłady pisanych form narracyjnych. Pierwszy rozdział części teoretycznej to prezentacja stanu badań dotyczących autyzmu i jego definiowania w literaturze czterech dziedzin naukowych zajmujących się ASD. Zawiera genezę i opis badań nad autyzmem (ASD) w psychiatrii, neurologii i psychologii, a także wyjaśnia kolejne definicje tego zaburzenia i podaje symptomy klasyfikujące dane zaburzenie. Następnie przedstawiono znaczenie pojęcia ASD w pedagogice. Istotny jest fakt, że specjaliści przekierowali swoje zainteresowania tym zaburzeniem na praktyczne działania ukierunkowane na teorie służące poprawie funkcjonowania dzieci z ASD w środowiskach społecznych, jakimi są przedszkola i szkoły. Drugi rozdział części teoretycznej zawiera wyjaśnienia kluczowych pojęć z zakresu polonistyki. Punktem wyjścia jest teza o tekstocentrycznym charakterze kształcenia polonistycznego. Ten rozdział podzielony jest na trzy podrozdziały opisujące coraz węższe pojęcia z zakresu edukacji tekstotwórczej: tekst pisany, tekst uczniowski, opowiadanie i kartka z pamiętnika. Część badawcza składa się z trzech rozdziałów. Pierwszy jest wprowadzeniem do części analitycznej, opisuje: cel, sposób prowadzenia badań i grupę badawczą, prezentuje hipotezy i wstępne wnioski kluczowe dla dalszego etapu analizy prac uczniowskich. W rozdziale 3.3. Twórcze pisanie czy realizacja formy?- dokonuję omówienia dwóch wymiarów nauczania form narracyjnych i realizacji wypowiedzi pisemnych przez uczniów na poziomie klas 4-6 szkoły podstawowej: twórczego pisania oraz praktycznego ćwiczenia językowego, polegającego na zredagowaniu narracji wokół komponentów i cech formalnych. Prezentuję i omawiam stworzone przez siebie schematy opowiadania i kartki z pamiętnika, pomocne uczniom z ASD w tworzeniu wypowiedzi pisemnych. Zaprezentowane przeze mnie schematy stanowiły ważny element w procesie badawczym, ponieważ uwzględniały specyficzne trudności i potrzeby uczniów z ASD, odpowiednio dostosowane łączyły treści kształcenia językowego z celami terapeutycznymi (i funkcjonalnością). Pomogły badanym zrozumieć konkretną formę narracyjną i jej stylistykę, przypominały o cechach językowych niezbędnych w prawidłowym redagowaniu wypowiedzi, które posłużyły jako materiał badawczy rozprawy. Materiał badawczy stanowią dokumenty szkolne (orzeczenia poradni psychologiczno-pedagogicznej) poszczególnych uczniów oraz prace (testy osiągnięć szkolnych) realizujące te dwie formy gatunkowe, pisane na przestrzeni trzech lat (od klasy czwartej do klasy szóstej szkoły podstawowej) przez uczniów z ASD uczących się w szkole podstawowej z oddziałami integracyjnymi. Kolejne dwa rozdziały (4 i 5) właściwej części analitycznej zawierają analizę i wnioski materiału badawczego - tekstów uczniowskich tworzonych przez uczniów z ASD na przestrzeni lat 2012 - 2019. Analogicznie rozdziały 4 i 5 podzielone są na podrozdziały szczegółowo opisujące poszczególne elementy warstwy tekstowej oraz poziomy analizy tekstów uczniowskich (zgodnie ze schematami zaprezentowanymi w rozdziale 3.). Są to odpowiednio: 1. Poziom umiejętności na początku klasy czwartej 2. Komponenty formalne 3. Spójność i poprawność językowa 4. Oryginalność narracji 5. Ortografia i interpunkcja Punktem wyjścia w badaniach nad rozwojem umiejętności tekstotwórczych jest test diagnozujący, sprawdzający poziom opanowania podstawowych treści z pierwszego etapu edukacji, przeprowadzony na początku klasy czwartej, czyli odpowiednio w latach 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016. Testy diagnozujące nie były dostosowane do specyficznych trudności wynikających z dysfunkcji i zaburzeń uczniów, miały sprawdzać poziom wiedzy każdego badanego ucznia w odniesieniu do normy. Natomiast w niewielkim stopniu różniły się od siebie w poszczególnych latach treścią i poleceniami. Analiza materiału badawczego, komentarze i wnioski poparte są także obserwacją pedagogiczną uczniów w danych zespołach klasowych, prowadzoną w ramach codziennej, czynnej pracy nauczyciela języka polskiego w jednej z warszawskich szkół podstawowych z oddziałami integracyjnymi.
This doctoral dissertation is a juxtaposition and an analysis of two issues: students with special educational needs and teaching forms of expression as well as an attempt to answer the question: how to develop knowledge, language awareness and text creation skills (a functional model of teaching) among students with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) on the second educational level in elementary school? Considerations presented in this dissertation are interdisciplinary, they mainly draw from experiments and the status of research from linguodidactics, psychiatry (neurology) and pedagogy (didactics). The dissertation centres on written narrative forms: a narrative essay and a page from a diary due to the fact that these two forms are obligatory in Polish education in elementary school (these forms are introduced in a simplified manner at the first level of education in grades from first to third). The dissertation in divided into an introduction, five main chapter and a conclusion. The theoretical segment on the dissertation concentrates on discussing the following issues: ASD, the text in Polish education, a narrative essay and a page from a diary as the example of written narrative forms. The first chapter of the theoretical segment in a presentation of the status of the research considering autism and its definition in literature of four scientific areas dealing with ASD. The chapter contains the genesis and the description of research on autism (ASD) in psychiatry, neurology and psychology and also it explains subsequent definitions of this disorder along with presenting symptoms that classify given disorder. Afterwards, the meaning of ASD in pedagogy is presented. The important fact is that specialists redirected their interests in this disorder to practical steps aimed at theories used to improve functioning of children with ASD in social environments such as kindergarten or school. The analysis segment consists of three chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the analysis segment, and it describes: the goal, the method of conducting the research and the experimental group. This chapter also presents hypotheses and preliminary conclusions which are key to the further stage of students texts analysis. Chapter 3.3: Creative writing or realisation of the form? discusses the two aspects of teaching narrative forms and realisation of written expression by elementary school students in grades from fourth to sixth. I discuss and present narrative essay and a page from a diary models I created which are helpful to students with ASD when they attempt to create a written narrative form. The models I presented were the important element in the research process because they took into consideration specific difficulties and needs of students with ASD, they were properly adapted for the students and they combined the content of language education with therapeutic goals (and functionality). The models helped the examined students to understand the particular narrative form as well as its style, they reminded them about linguistic characteristics that are necessary in the correct editing of written narrative forms which were used as the research material for this dissertation. The research material consists of school documents (diagnoses by psychological and pedagogical counselling centre) of particular students and their work (the narrative essay and the card from a diary) that meet the criteria of the two written narrative forms which were written over the period of three years (from the fourth grade to the sixth grade of elementary school) and that were created by students with ASD attending school with integration classes. The following two chapters (4 and 5) of the main analysis section contain the analysis and conclusions of the research material – written narrative forms created by students with ASD from 2012 to 2019. Both chapters are divided into subsections describing in detail particular elements of text layers and levels of students written narrative forms analysis (in accordance with models presented in chapter 3). The subsections are as follows: 1. Abilities level at the beginning of the fourth grade. 2. Formal components 3. Coherence and language correctness 4. Originality of narration 5. Orthography and punctuation The starting point in research on developing text creating skills is the diagnostic test verifying the level of mastering basic content from the first level of education which is carried out at the beginning of the fourth grade so in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016. Diagnostic tests were not adapted to particular difficulties connected to students’ disabilities because the goal was to verify the level of knowledge of the examined student in accordance with the norm. The test varied in instruction and content to a small extent in different years. The analysis of research material, comments and conclusions are supported by pedagogical observation of the students in given students’ groups that were performed as part of the daily, routine Polish teacher’s work in one of the Warsaw’s elementary schools with integrated classes.

Mobile widgets now form a new paradigm of simplified web. Probably, the best experience of the Web is when a user has a widget for every frequently executed task, and can execute it anytime, anywhere on any device. However, the current method of programmatically creating personally relevant mobile widgets for every user does not scale. Creation of these mobile web widgets requires application programming as well as knowledge of web-related protocols. Furthermore, these mobile widgets are also limited to smart phones with data connectivity and such smart phones form just about 15% of the mobile phones in India. How do we make web accessible on devices that most people can afford? How does one create simple relevant tasks for the numerous diverse needs of every person? In this thesis, we attempt to address these issues and propose a new method of web simplification that enables an end-user to create simple single-click widgets for a complex personal task - without any programming. The proposed solution enables even low-end phones to access personal web tasks over SMS and voice. We propose a system that enables end users to create personal widgets via programming-by-browsing. A new concept called Tasklets to represent a user’s personal interaction, and a notion of programming over websites using a Web Virtual Machine are presented. Ensuring correct execution of these end user widgets posed interesting problems in web data mining and required us to investigate new methods to characterize and semantically model browser-based interactions. In particular, an instruction set for programming over web sites, new domain-specific similarity measures using ontologies, algorithms for frequent-pattern mining of web interactions and change detection with a proof of its NP-completeness are presented. A quantitative metric to measure the interaction complexity of web browsing and a method of classifying relational data using semantics hidden in the schema are introduced as well. This new web architecture to enable multi-device access to user's personal tasks over low-end phones was piloted with real users, as a solution named SiteOnMobile, and has received very positive response.

This diploma work deals with the use of the Internet in German language teaching, especially while working with the text book Team Deutsch. The first part of the work summarises general aspects of using the Internet in the language teaching and describes the interactive German text book Deutsch mit Max. The practical part of the work concentrates on the connecting of the text book Team Deutsch with the Internet, brings a list of suitable links to the particular lessons, several worksheets for using in the class and a list of useful web pages for everyday teachers{\crq} work.