Tesis sobre el tema "Paint color"

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66).
Both color keyed and color specific liquid primers have been used successfully in automotive paint application, reducing the use of costly topcoat materials. Generally, color keyed primer is close in color to the topcoat and is applied to the exterior surfaces of the vehicle body. Color specific primer identically matches the topcoat material color, and can be used as a replacement for topcoat on interior surfaces. Application of color powder paint primer would provide for additional cost savings, more environment-friendly manufacturing, and higher customer satisfaction. Recent technology breakthroughs have led to the technical feasibility of applying multicolor powder paint with full reclaim and therefore 100% material utilization. The field feasibility of applying multicolor powder paint in an automotive manufacturing facility is being assessed and validated by GM. More specifically, GM has developed the GM Canister Powder Paint Delivery System to meet the challenges of color powder paint application. In anticipation of multicolor powder paint application, GM is completing its Manufacturing Systems Qualification (MSQ) Process for the Canister System. Due to the newness of the enabling technology, GM is investigating all aspects of materials, process designs, facilities, operations, and people, for the implementation of color keyed/color specific powder paint primer into new GM paint shops. Similar to GM's MSQ Process, qualification requirements in the pharmaceutical and medical device industry attest to the importance of validation in the implementation of new manufacturing technology. Beyond its technical purposes, validation can serve as a bridge between development and operation. During development, formal and relational contracts with
(cont.) suppliers should be established to provide incentives for the supplier to perform throughout validation and commissioning. Involving the plant in validation along with suppliers is one means of education and thus empowerment, a key phase of organizational change as described by Professor Shoji Shiba. Leadership can use several change management techniques to help prepare the plant organization for operation of the new manufacturing technology.
by Bevin Barberich.
M.B.A.
S.M.

Graduate school has been a time of travel through experimentation. The journey has almost always been a search for materials and sources that match my need for working with the self-referential narrative within the framework of a process. Repeatedly, I would venture out and turn back, only to venture out again, packed with new materials and image sources, in search of a complete process. In retrospect, there have been no dead ends, only quenched curiosities that sometimes cleanly, often clumsily, lead one to the other. What is left is a series of explorations from which I can pluck similarities, clues to my core interests and methods. In the end, I believe I have found a place of clarity, where interests and process converge.

Wooden railway sleeper inspections in Sweden are currently performed manually by a human operator; such inspections are based on visual analysis. Machine vision based approach has been done to emulate the visual abilities of human operator to enable automation of the process. Through this process bad sleepers are identified, and a spot is marked on it with specific color (blue in the current case) on the rail so that the maintenance operators are able to identify the spot and replace the sleeper. The motive of this thesis is to help the operators to identify those sleepers which are marked by color (spots), using an “Intelligent Vehicle” which is capable of running on the track. Capturing video while running on the track and segmenting the object of interest (spot) through this vehicle; we can automate this work and minimize the human intuitions. The video acquisition process depends on camera position and source light to obtain fine brightness in acquisition, we have tested 4 different types of combinations (camera position and source light) here to record the video and test the validity of proposed method. A sequence of real time rail frames are extracted from these videos and further processing (depending upon the data acquisition process) is done to identify the spots. After identification of spot each frame is divided in to 9 regions to know the particular region where the spot lies to avoid overlapping with noise, and so on. The proposed method will generate the information regarding in which region the spot lies, based on nine regions in each frame. From the generated results we have made some classification regarding data collection techniques, efficiency, time and speed. In this report, extensive experiments using image sequences from particular camera are reported and the experiments were done using intelligent vehicle as well as test vehicle and the results shows that we have achieved 95% success in identifying the spots when we use video as it is, in other method were we can skip some frames in pre-processing to increase the speed of video but the segmentation results we reduced to 85% and the time was very less compared to previous one. This shows the validity of proposed method in identification of spots lying on wooden railway sleepers where we can compromise between time and efficiency to get the desired result.

In 21st century Scandinavia, the use of colored paint in the built environment has decreasedconsiderably. Instead, color changing LEDs can be found in many homes. In this thesis, an experimentwas set up to investigate how these two coloring methods differ and coincide with regards toemotional response and perception of materiality. Four cubicles, two painted and two colored bylight, were evaluated by ten participants. The painted cubicles were perceived as more material intheir appearance with regards to texture and color than their counterparts. A greater feeling ofnervousness, stress, and disorientation was felt in the light-colored cubicles as opposed to aheightened feeling of inspiration, excitement and calmness in the painted cubicles. Though it isimportant to remember the difference was not significant. In addition, preconceived connotations tothe color tone could be an influencing factor and so further studies on additional tones should beconducted. Lastly, benefits and drawbacks with the coloring methods were discussed.

This project is an in-depth investigation on the impact of lighting, marking and paint schemes on the operational aspects of police vehicles. This investigation consisted of two phases that ultimately consisted of four experiments. An array of lighting and marking schemes were implemented on police vehicles in a variety of jurisdictions for evaluation. The study then investigated the change in the visibility of police officers, the public reaction to these schemes, and the operational impacts of these systems. The first phase of the project was a naturalistic observation study where the goal was to better understand how traffic behaved around traffic stops. Test vehicles were positioned in simulated traffic stops and patrol locations to determine how traffic behavior was affected by various configurations of police lighting and markings. Camera and radar systems were used to measure the changes in driver speed and when drivers responded to the move over law. Based on the results of the naturalistic studies, the impact of the lighting system on officer visibility was investigated in a controlled human factors test where the ability of a driver to see a police officer outside of their vehicle was measured in the presence of the lighting systems. The purpose of this interjected effort was to verify that the experimental schemes would not increase risk to law enforcement despite data from the first phase indicating the vehicles were more visible. A second part to that study evaluated conventional methods of bolstering an officer's visibility outside of their vehicle at night. The second phase took the findings of the first phase and implemented changes to several police vehicles from local and state agencies to be in operation for at least 18 months. This was to assess the rate of near-misses and crash rate to relate the vehicle changes to law enforcement safety. Additionally, rates of citations were assessed, and surveys offered an opportunity for law enforcement to provide their own feedback on the implementations. The lighting systems evaluated included a completely blue lighting system, an enhanced all blue lighting system with twice the light output, a red and blue system, and a single flashing blue beacon. In terms of markings, retroreflective markings along the side of the vehicle, a retroreflective contour line, chevrons on the rear of the vehicle and unmarked vehicles were evaluated. Finally, a variety of vehicle colors were used to investigate the impact of the base vehicle paint color. The results indicate that both the red and blue lighting system and the high output blue lighting system increase the distance at which drivers moved over significantly. In general, at least 95% of traffic attempted to merge away from an actively lighted police vehicle, when possible. In terms of the speed change, drivers began reducing their speed by approximately 600 m from the police vehicle. Similarly, the addition of retroreflectivity to the rear of the vehicle showed an additional benefit for causing drivers to move over sooner. However, these benefits came at a cost to the officer's visibility. When outside of their vehicle, the high output blue system significantly reduced officer detectability while the red and blue configuration only impacted detection distance by 3 meters. The investigation did find that these impacts could be overcome with retroreflective vests worn by the officers. In the second phase, a preference revealed by officers favored the red-blue configuration. They stated that this configuration provided greater comfort for them and less glare to approaching drivers. The study also revealed that the alternative configurations did not impact the operational activities of police authority.
Doctor of Philosophy
This project evaluated how lighting, marking and paint schemes on police vehicles affected their visibility and how traffic responded to them. An observational study positioned police vehicles with alternative lighting and markings in simulated traffic stops and patrol locations to evaluate traffic behavior. Camera and radar systems were used to measure the changes in driver speed and when drivers responded to the Move Over law. A second study evaluated how the lighting systems on a police car affect the visibility of an officer at night in a traffic stop scenario. A followup experiment looked into methods for bolstering the visibility of officers at night through conventional implementations such as body worn LED lighting, the use of a retroreflective vest, or by using lighting on the police vehicle's light bar to increase illumination of the police officer. A third study took the findings of the previous experiments and outfitted 64 Virginia State Police vehicles for 18 months. Another 64 Virginia State Police vehicles participated in a control condition where no changes were made to their vehicles. Data collected included the rate of near-misses or crashes and the rates of written citations. Surveys were administered to each participating officer regarding their perception of safety and comfort and allowed their open feedback and suggestions. The lighting systems evaluated included a completely blue lighting system, an enhanced all blue lighting system with twice the light output, a red and blue system, and a single flashing blue beacon. In terms of markings, retroreflective markings along the side of the vehicle, a retroreflective contour line, chevrons on the rear of the vehicle, and unmarked vehicles were evaluated. Finally, a variety of vehicle colors were used to investigate the impact of the base vehicle paint color. The results indicate that both the red and blue lighting system and the high output blue lighting system increase the distance at which drivers moved over significantly. In general, at least 95% of traffic attempted to merge away from an actively lighted police vehicle, when possible. In terms of the speed change, drivers began reducing their speed by approximately 600 m from the police vehicle. Similarly, the addition of retroreflectivity to the rear of the vehicle showed an additional benefit for causing drivers to move over sooner. However, these benefits came at a cost to the officer's visibility. When outside of their vehicle, the high output blue system significantly reduced officer detectability while the red and blue configuration only impacted detection distance by 3 meters. The investigation did find that these impacts could be overcome with retroreflective vests worn by the officers. In the second phase, a preference revealed by officers favored the red-blue configuration. They stated that this configuration provided greater comfort for them and less glare to approaching drivers. The study also revealed that the alternative configurations did not impact the rate of citations.

A proteção de materiais com alto valor agregado contra as intempéries é de grande importância tecnológica e econômica. Atualmente, a principal defesa diante do desgaste natural destes materiais é o revestimento, seja inorgânico, orgânico ou metálico. Um revestimento pode atuar de diversas formas para proteger o material em questão, atuando como barreira física, metal de sacrifício ou proteção anódica. O desenvolvimento de revestimentos protetores de alta durabilidade e baixo custo é de suma importância para o crescimento da indústria e das cidades em todo o mundo. Diante disso, este trabalho estuda a degradação de quatro revestimentos orgânicos comerciais, de diferentes composições químicas e propriedades físicas, com o objetivo de interpretar os fenômenos que ocorrem durante os ensaios e investigar as falhas apresentadas ao longo do tempo. As análises foram realizadas com uma tinta epóxi branca, uma tinta poliuretânica branca, uma tinta alquídica branca e um verniz acrílico. Cada um dos revestimentos estudados possui um mecanismo diferente de formação do filme sobre o substrato escolhido, aço carbono, e, portanto, possui características individuais específicas. A degradação dos filmes orgânicos foi realizada com a exposição dos corpos de prova à radiação ultravioleta (UV), de forma natural e acelerada, a fim também de avaliar diferenças e o comportamento destes revestimentos As amostras em exposição natural permaneceram durante um ano em contato com radiações solares, umidade, chuva e variações de temperatura. Já as amostras em exposição acelerada foram ensaiadas em uma câmara de intempéries aceleradas de UV por até 2000 horas. A degradação dos filmes foi acompanhada durante todos os ensaios e analisada por diferentes técnicas de caracterização, tais como: DSC, FTIR, MEV, EDS, FRX, microscopia óptica, espectrofotometria de cor; ensaios mecânicos de impacto, flexibilidade, aderência, rugosidade, além de medições periódicas de espessura. Paralelamente, exposições prolongadas em câmara úmida e névoa salina foram realizadas como parâmetro de comparação. Os resultados demonstram que a tinta poliuretânica sofre menores variações de cor e brilho, após os ensaios de degradação e que o verniz acrílico é o mais afetado na maioria dos casos. A tinta alquídica sofreu alterações significativas em névoa salina, entretanto, teve melhoras em suas propriedades mecânicas após as exposições ao UV. Quanto à comparação entre o ensaio de degradação natural e o artificial, conclui-se que cada ensaio interfere de diferentes maneiras nas propriedades dos revestimentos.
The protection of materials with high added value against the weather has great technological and economic significance. Currently, the main defense against the natural wear of these materials is the coating, whether inorganic, organic or metallic. A coating can act in various ways to protect the material in question, acting as a physical barrier, sacrificial metal or anodic protection. The development of protective coatings of high durability and low cost is very important for the growth of industry and cities around the world. Therefore, in this work are studied the degradation of four organic coatings, with different chemical compositions and physical properties, in order to interpret the phenomena that occur during the tests and to investigate the failures presented over time. The analyses were performed with a white epoxy paint, a white polyurethane paint, a white alkyd paint and an acrylic lacquer. Each one of the studied coatings has a different mechanism of film formation on the chosen substrate, carbon steel, and therefore has specific individual characteristics. The degradation of the organic films was carried out by exposing the specimens to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in a natural and accelerated way, in order to clarify their differences and establish comparisons. The samples in natural exposure remained for a year outside, in contact with solar radiation, humidity, rainfall and temperature variations The accelerated exposure samples were tested in a chamber of accelerated UV for up to 2000 hours. The films degradation were monitored during all the tests and analysed by different characterization techniques, such as: DSC, FTIR, SEM, EDS, FRX, optical microscopy, color spectrophotometry; mechanical impact tests, flexibility, adhesion, roughness, in addition to periodic thickness measurements. At the same time, prolonged exposures in humidity chamber and salt spray were performed as a parameter of comparison. The results demonstrate that the polyurethane paint undergoes smaller variations of its properties after the tests and that the acrylic varnish is the most affected in most cases. About the comparison between the natural and the artificial degradation test, it is concluded that each test interferes in different ways in the properties of the coatings.

Esta tese expõem a produção artística da autora por meio de uma caixa de fotografias e de relatos escritos. Casas de arquitetura vernacular do Brasil são o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de uma linguagem fotográfica particular sobre a luz, a cor e o tempo. O recorte aqui apresentado mapeia a experiência visual da artista e investiga as origens e o desenvolvimento de sua poética, realizada com filmes fotográficos coloridos 35mm.
This Ph.D. thesis exposes the author\'s artistic production through a box of photographs and written accounts. Brazil\'s houses of vernacular architecture are the starting point for the evelopment of a particular photographic language about light, color and time. The outline presented here maps the visual experience of the artist and investigates the origins and development of her poetry, made with a 35mm color film.

O dióxido de titânio, TiO2, é o pigmento branco mais importante na indústria de tintas devido à sua capacidade de refletir o espectro da radiação solar nas regiões do visível e do infravermelho. Ao refletir os comprimentos de onda da região do visível, o observador percebe a cor branca. A região do infravermelho é percebida pelo ser humano na forma de calor e a radiação ao ser refletida pelo pigmento diminui o aquecimento da superfície pintada. Neste trabalho foram investigados os aspectos morfológicos do TiO2 e avaliado o seu impacto nas propriedades ópticas de tintas base água. Quatro tipos de TiO2 foram utilizados, um de tamanho nanométrico, dois pigmentos comercias com diferentes tamanhos de partículas e o quarto obtido da calcinação do pigmento nanométrico. A calcinação objetivou a alteração da estrutura cristalina da fase anatase para rutilo do TiO2 nanométrico. Os pigmentos e carga (CaCO3) utilizados foram caracterizados através de análises morfológicas (tamanho e formato das partículas, estrutura cristalina, área superficial), absorção de óleo e espectroscopia de refletância difusa (regiões do ultravioleta, visível e infravermelho próximo). Foram produzidas tintas com diferentes teores de pigmentos (5%, 10%, 15% e 20%) As tintas foram caracterizadas através dos seguintes ensaios: viscosidade, espessura do filme seco, determinação de cor e brilho e espectroscopia de refletância difusa. Constatou-se que as propriedades ópticas das tintas são fortemente dependentes do tamanho de partícula do pigmento TiO2. A refletância da região do visível (400 a 700 nm) apresentou valores ótimos nas tintas produzidas com 15 e 20% dos pigmentos comerciais com tamanho médio de partícula entre 140 e 600 nm, produzindo um filme branco com elevada opacidade. A tinta com TiO2 nanométrico (15 a 60 nm para as partículas unitárias) apresentou baixos valores de refletância difusa nas regiões do visível e do infravermelho. As tintas produzidas com TiO2 calcinado, com elevado tamanho de partícula, refletiram mais eficientemente a região do infravermelho (700 – 2500 nm). O tratamento térmico do TiO2 nanométrico resultou num pigmento com tamanho de partícula adequado para aplicação de tintas reflexivas ao calor.
Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is the most important white pigment in coating industry due to its ability to reflect solar radiation spectrum in visible and infrared regions. When TiO2 reflects the light wavelengths in the visible region, the observer perceives the white color. The infrared region is perceived by human being in the form of heat and when the radiation is reflected by pigment decreases the heating of painted surface. In this work, the morphological aspects of TiO2 were investigated and evaluated their impact on optical properties of waterborne paints. Four types of TiO2 were used; one nanosized pigment, two commercial pigments with different particle sizes and the last one was obtained from the calcination of nanoparticles pigments. The main objective of calcination was to alter the crystalline structure of anatase phase to rutile phase of nanometric TiO2. The pigments and filler used (CaCO3) were characterized by morphological analysis (particle size distribution and shape analysis, crystalline structure, surface area), oil absorption and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions) Paints were prepared using different pigments concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The followings tests were carried out to characterize the paints: viscosity, dry film thickness, color and brightness determination and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. It was observed that the optical properties of the paints are strongly dependent on TiO2 pigment particle size. The reflectance of the visible region (400 to 700 nm) showed better results in the paints produced with 15% and 20% of commercial pigment whose average particle size ranges were between 140 and 600 nm, producing a white film with high opacity. The paint with nanosized TiO2 showed lowest values of diffuse reflectance in visible and infrared regions. The paints formulated with calcined TiO2, pigment showing higher particle sizes, reflected more efficiently the infrared region (700 to 2500 nm). Thermal treatment of nanometric TiO2 resulted in a pigment with particle size suitable for application of heat reflective paints.

Ce travail de thèse a contribué au développement d'un outil numérique multi-échelle capable de restituer l'aspect visuel de revêtements de peinture de carrosserie automobile à partir des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et des propriétés diélectriques des différents constituants de base ; l'objectif est la prédiction et la complète maîtrise de l'aspect visuel des matériaux. Dans cette étude, des nanoparticules d'hématite (variété α-Fe2O3), d'oxyde et d'hydroxyde de nickel de différentes formes et tailles ont été synthétisées par un procédé hydrothermal. Les particularités de ces particules en termes de morphologie, de taille et de structure ont été soulignées car elles sont susceptibles d'affecter ses propriétés diélectriques, et donc la couleur obtenue. La réponse diélectrique des particules a été mesurée par spectroscopie de pertes d'énergie des électrons (EELS). Dans un revêtement de peinture, les pigments, qui interagissent les uns avec les autres pour former des floculats, modifient la diffusion de la lumière et donc la couleur perçue. Au cours d'une deuxième phase, des revêtements de peinture « modèles », constitués de particules d'hématite dispersées dans une résine polymère, ont été élaborés. L'auto-organisation spatiale de ces nanoparticules au sein du revêtement a été décrite à partir d'images 2D enregistrées à différentes échelles d'observation. Sur la base des mesures diélectriques locales réalisées sur les nanoparticules et peintures « modèles » synthétisées dans le présent travail, des modèles aléatoires de matériaux hétérogènes ont alors été établis par le Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, pour générer une « microstructure diélectrique» 3D de ces revêtements. Sur la base de ces modèles morphologiques, les propriétés diélectriques effectives des revêtements ont été prédites; les fonctions diélectriques alors obtenues sont en bon accord avec les mesures macroscopiques réalisées par ellipsométrie
This work contributed to the development of a multi-scale numerical tool able to reproduce the visual appearance of coatings for motor vehicle bodywork from the physico-chemical characteristics and dielectric properties of various base constituents; the goal is the prediction and complete control of the visual appearance of materials. In this study, hematite nanoparticles (the α-Fe2O3 variety), nickel oxides and hydroxides of different shapes and sizes were synthesised using a hydrothermal process. The characteristics of these particles in terms of morphology, size and structure have been particularly emphasised since they are likely to affect the overall dielectric properties of the coating, and therefore the color obtained. The dielectric response of the particles was measured by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). In a coating of automobile paint, pigments which interact with each other to form flocs alter the light scattering and therefore the perceived color. During a second phase, model paint coatings consisting of hematite particles dispersed in a polymer resin were developed. The volume self-organisation of nanoparticles in the coating has been described from 2D images recorded at different scales of observation. Based on our local measurements of the dielectric function at different scales of the nanoparticules and model paint that were synthetized in the present work, random models of heterogeneous materials were then established by a partner within the consortium to generate a "dielectric 3D microstructure" of these coatings. Based on these morphological models, effective dielectric properties of the coatings were predicted, and then satisfactorily compared with macroscopic measurements from ellipsometry

Aujourd’hui, le marché de la peinture automobile est gouverné par une demande pour des couleurs profondes et vives avec effets. Dans le domaine de la peinture automobile, l’exigence est très haute car la couleur est associée à un signe de qualité. Dans une collision classique, différentes parties du véhicule peuvent être endommagées avec généralement une partie de la carrosserie qui est touchée. La partie endommagée doit être réparée, poncée et préparée avant d’être repeinte. Pour réduire les coûts, le carrossier doit préparer une peinture avec un bon contretypage de teinte, et ce aussi vite que possible. Il s’agit donc pour la formulation de la peinture de réparation de reproduire les effets, aussi bien colorés que texturés, à partir de pigments absorbants ou à effets (particules d’aluminium, de nacre …). Il est relativement simple de qualifier les effets colorés à partir des courbes de réflectance puis des coordonnées CIELab. Cependant, la définition de la texture engendrée par les particules à effets est assez complexe et n’est encore qu’à ses prémices, avec des paramètres qui souvent ne correspondant pas aux phénomènes réellement perçus par l’œil humain. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, la mobilisation de connaissances expertes à travers différentes sessions de tri libre et de brainstorming a permis la mise en évidence de descripteurs de texture réellement perceptifs. De plus, la mise en place de métriques de texture conçues à partir de préconisations réellement perceptives, a rendu possible l’obtention de valeurs correspondant à un observateur moyen pour chacun de ces paramètres descripteurs. Ces paramètres ayant été élaborés à partir des observations d‘évaluateurs expérimentés. La transposition de ces vérités terrain en descripteurs physiques de texture a permis l’obtention d’une corrélation entre le perceptible et le mesurable. Dans la procédure développée, l’œil humain a été remplacé par un appareil photo numérique agissant en qualité d’intégrateur tristimulaire d’informations radiométriques. En essayant de reproduire les conditions d’observation lors de la phase d’acquisition d’images, il a été ainsi possible de caractériser les phénomènes de texture par analyse d’image et de les corréler aux valeurs de l’observateur moyen préalablement défini
Nowadays, the automotive coating market is governed by a demand for deep and vibrant colors with effects. In this field, the requirement is very high because the color is associated with a sign of quality. In a typical collision, different parts of the vehicle may be damaged. The damaged part must be repaired, sanded and prepared before being painted. To reduce costs, the body shop must then prepare a paint with a good color matching, and thus as fast as possible. It is therefore necessary for the formulation of the repair coating to reproduce the effects, both colored and textured, from absorbent or effect pigments (aluminum particles, pearlescent materials …) from a characterization of the concerned vehicle coating. It is relatively simple to qualify the colored effects from the reflectance curves and then the CIELab coordinates. However, the description of the texturing effect generated by the distribution of effect particles at the microstructure scale is quite complex. The metrological approach of the perceptive properties is still at its beginnings. The parameters used do not necessarily correspond directly to the phenomena actually perceived by the human eye. As part of this thesis work, the mobilization of expert knowledge through various sessions of free sorting and brainstorming on coated samples made it possible to highlight really perceptive texture descriptors. These descriptors have been the subject of "objective" evaluations by experienced observers. They thus made it possible to associate a quantitative evaluation scale with each descriptor. This stage of the present thesis work allowed the establishment of ground truth data materialized by a set of reference samples representing different ordered levels of a descriptor. These ground truth data were then used to design a set of measurable physical texture descriptors that were directly correlated to perceptual scales constructed in the previous step. In the procedure developed, the human eye has been replaced by a digital camera acting as a tristimulus integrator of radiometric information. The image acquisition phase was a decisive step in the process: it was necessary to reproduce the conditions of evaluation of the properties perceived, recognized and retained during the various stages using expert human observers. It was then possible to characterize the texture phenomena by image analysis and to correlate them with the values of the previously defined mean observer

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING
Includes bibliographies.
by Stuart Inkpen.
Ph.D.

This thesis is concerned with the colour change and microstructural evolution of wet paint when subject of shear. When different processing shear histories are applied to certain paints, the resulting colour of the paint can vary. Paint consists of pigment particles suspended in a mixture of resin and solvent, and this multi-phase structure results in a complex microstructure. For this reason there can be many possible causes of this colour change, one of which was thought to relate to the organisation of the pigment dispersion. Rheological measurements of paint were carried out to investigate whether there was a link between rheology and colour change. The measurements were performed using a Rheometrics Dynamic Spectrometer (RDS II) at low shear rates and a Multi-Pass Rheometer (MPR) at high shear rates. Although the shear ranges of the RDS II and MPR did not overlap, extrapolation of data obtained at low shear rates matched those from the MPR at high shear rates. The rheological response of the material was described using a viscoelastic K-BKZ integral constitutive equation in combination with a Wagner damping factor. Systematic tests under controlled conditions were successfully performed, and the results of three paint samples were compared. The experimental findings indicated that the observed colour change behaviour of paint was related to the modification of size and size distribution of pigment agglomerates, both during and after shear. In order to correlate pigment size with the resulting paint colour, an attempt was made to model these experimental findings. A mathematical model was developed on the basis of the Mie scattering theory. This model was verified by a case study, and its prediction gave semi-quantitative agreement with the experimental findings.

During the first quarter of the twelfth century artists in the scriptoria of English monastic houses began using a painting technique with a more extensive range of colours than had been usual, and used with thicker and more opaque paint. Later, the use of gold leaf increased and gesso grounds were introduced. Such materials were reserved mainly for prestigious liturgical manuscripts such as Bibles and psalters, and also for illustrated saints’ lives. The prefatory miniatures in the St Albans Psalter and the illustrations in the Bury and Winchester Bibles are examples. This study provides a visual and physical examination of many important illuminations—their paint, gold and colour—and explores their relationship with the texts they illustrate. Original contributions to the scholarship can be found in the chapter on colour, which provides a focus for discussion not available in the previous literature; this includes a survey of colour words used in the Vulgate, and an analysis of the symbolic use of colours by the Alexis Master which reflected centuries of biblical exegesis; in the new analysis and interpretation of the ‘Elkanah’s Gift’ miniature in the Bury Bible; in a new understanding of the materiality of the Four Psalter Leaves; in a clearer view of how the use of vellum was modified to accommodate thicker and heavier materials; in a better understanding of how gold was used, including details of a previously unrecognized decorative technique in the Auct. Bible; in the analysis and identification of hands in some of the manuscripts; in the new identification of an artist’s mark in the Bury Bible, and in the emphasis on the writings of Jerome as a source of novel imagery.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0330103-135724. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

Virginia City once exemplified the cutting edge of culture and taste in the Rocky Mountain mining frontier. Weathering economic downturns, mining booms and busts, and the loss of the territorial capital to Helena, Virginia City survives today as a heritage tourism site with a substantial building stock from its period of significance, 1863-1875. However, the poor physical condition and interpretation of the town offers tourists an inauthentic experience. Without paint analysis, the Montana Heritage Commission, state-appointed caretakers of Virginia City cannot engage in rehabilitation. As of 2017, no published architectural finishes research exists that provides comparative case studies for the Anglo-American settlement of the American West between 1840-1880, for American industrial landscapes, or for vernacular architecture in Montana. This thesis offers a case study of five buildings to add to the body of scholarly architectural finishes research, provide rehabilitation recommendations, and provide a published, baseline study for future research.

O uso de pinturas \"frias\", em coberturas e fachadas, é uma estratégia utilizada para melhorar a sensação térmica dos usuários por meio do aumento desempenho térmico das edificações, potencializar a eficiência energética e mitigar ilhas de calor. Por outro lado, a exposição ao longo do tempo pode alterar a capacidade refletiva dessas superfícies, devido à deposição de sujidades e crescimento microbiológico. Esse estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a manutenção da capacidade refletiva, a alteração da cor, do aspecto e da emissividade de pinturas expostas por três anos ao envelhecimento natural. Para esse estudo foram produzidos, em laboratório, dois grupos de tintas tipo premium, para uso em superfícies externas de fachadas e coberturas, com dois acabamentos: acetinado (PVC 30%) e fosco (PVC 50%), nas cores: branco, cinza, amarelo e marrom, que são cores usualmente utilizadas em fachadas e coberturas no Brasil. Um grupo é composto por tintas convencionais, formuladas com pigmentos inorgânicos naturais e orgânicos. O outro grupo é composto por tintas formuladas com pigmentos, com alta capacidade de refletância solar na região do infravermelho próximo, conhecidos como pigmentos \"frios\". Ainda há um terceiro grupo de tintas que foi coletado do mercado e utilizado como referência. Na exposição ao envelhecimento natural o microclima é um dos fatores determinantes no tipo de degradação da pintura, por isso esse estudo contempla os três microclimas predominantes do Estado de São Paulo: rural (Pirassununga), urbano (São Paulo) e costeiro (Ubatuba). Nesse trabalho estão sendo apresentados os resultados obtidos com três anos de exposição e já foi possível observar redução da refletância inicial, alteração de cor (diminuição do índice L luminosidade) e indícios de crescimento microbiológico.
The application of cool paints, on roofs and facades components, is a strategy to improve indoor thermal comfort for users in rooms that are not air conditioned. Increasing the thermal performance of buildings, enhance thermal efficiency and mitigate urban heat island. On the other hand, the exposure of paints over time can change reflectance capability of the surface, due to dirty deposition and microbiological colonization. The objectives of this study is evaluate the level of maintenance of reflectance, emissivity, color and visual aspects of paints after three years of natural aging exposure. Two groups of \"premium\" type paints, formulation recommended for applications on facades and roofs, we prepared in laboratory. Each group of paints was produced with two sheen type, two ratios pigment to binder, gloss finish (PVC 30%) and silk finish (PVC 50%), for the colors white, yellow, grey and brown, which are the most used colors in facades and roofs in Brazil. One group, the standard paint, was produced with natural inorganic and organic pigments and the other group was produced with cool pigments, which has high solar reflectance capacity in the near-infrared spectrum. Additionally, a third group of paints was acquired from the market and used as reference data. The microclimate is one of the key factors for paint degradation by natural aging, so in this study was considered three major microclimates of São Paulo State: rural (Pirassununga City),urban (São Paulo city) and oceanic climate (Ubatuba). The present study shows the results of the paints after three years exposure, which was observed significant reduction in reflectance, color change (reduction of the luminance L index) and evidences of microbiological colonization.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux pigments thermochromes irréversibles avec le cobalt divalent pour chromophore principal en vue de les intégrer à une peinture thermosensible commerciale.Le travail a été réalisé en suivant trois phases. La première phase a consisté en l'identification de matrices thermosensibles présentant des évolutions structurales irréversibles en température dues à des transitions de phase du premier ordre ou des dégradations chimiques. Puis la synthèse de ces matrices a été effectuée par des voies compatibles avec les méthodes d'élaboration industrielle et permettant un dopage au cobalt. Enfin la troisième et dernière étape est l'étude in-situ et ex-situ des propriétés thermosensibles des pigments synthétisés à l'aide de techniques comme la diffraction des rayons X et des neutrons en température, l'analyse thermogravimétrique et la réflexion diffuse en température.À l'issue de ce travail de recherche, les solutions les plus efficaces ont été synthétisées à l'échelle industrielle puis intégrées à une peinture commerciale en phase aqueuse.

In this work, I propose a digital painting process to create virtual paintings that can be created with paint layers. The process enables the artists to manipulate the look of the painting by placing lights in the three-dimensional environment, changing the surface properties of the geometry, and changing the camera angle that the audience views the work. The initial step is the development of a digital paint system for use with a tablet device. Artist's decisions such as pen pressure, color choice, and brush placement are recorded and exported to a RenderMan scene file. A height parameter is incremented on a per-pixel basis each time the artist draws over a portion of the digital painting. Once the digital painting is complete, the artist may then render the scene file to reveal the build-up of paint layers. This approach aims to merge ideas from the field of digital painting with those of non-photorealistic rendering. The digital painting interface builds on previous research and should be familiar to the artists using the system. I have addressed the need for more research in terms of the build-up of digital paint layers based on an artist's decisions.

碩士
國立成功大學
歷史學系
103
Since Liu Geng-Gu earned the right to create the mural artwork in the Provincial Art Gallery with his art piece,“Song of My Land,” he successfully established his outstanding mark among Taiwanese artists. His painting style mixed Chinese techniques with Western ones, and integrated every school of thoughts. The style of Liu’s artwork can be divided into three stages. The first stage is “the Style of Realism (1960-1989)”, the second stage is “the Complex Multiculturalism (1960-1989) ,” and the third is “the Light of Heart (2000-2006).” During the first stage, he attempted to apply each of the painting techniques from the West, such as Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, and so on. This stage came at the end of the native realism style during the 1980s. Liu’s main theme for creation was about the local color of Taiwan at the same time. In addition, he tried hard to deepen the depth of his thought. During the second stage, he extracted the most representative images of Taiwan to create his paintings from his first stage. He praised the spirits of Taiwanese farmers in “Series of Farmers’ Songs.” “Series of Huangshan.” exudes the characteristics of Taoism. An atmosphere of great history is demonstrated in “Series of Caves,” providing an epic scene. During the third stage, he turned his sights towards constructing himself. He used artificial light to replace natural light. He displayed the change and twist of his mind by the light from “Plein-air” to “I'intérieu.” He merged many schools of thought into his paintings, like Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. His sensitivity to history added feeling of each era to his works. For him, art not only focused on beauty, but also ideas. Liu revolutionized the decorative style of glue color painting in Taiwan, creating a brand-new dimension.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
色彩與照明科技研究所
107
How to quantify material appearance is important as new materials and new finishing methods are available for CMF (Color, Material and Finish) designers. However, several ap-pearance attributes, such as sparkle and graininess, are not easy to be measured and quantified. In this study, we developed a sparkle measuring system of metallic paints to obtain their mul-ti-angle image appearances. In this way, the sparkle grade (15˚, 45˚, 75˚) were analyzed and the predicted results were matched to the sparkle grade (Sg) measured by a BYK’s multi-angle spectrophotometer. Furthermore, a professional-level digital camera was used to capture dif-ferent sparkle grades of metallic paints. Multiple metallic images in different exposure times were captured to form a High Dynamic Range (HDR) image with realistic sparkle effect. A visual assessment experiment based on pair comparison method was conducted to rank the metallic images composed of three/ five/ seven different exposure images. The evaluated result showed that five pieces of component images is the best choice to simulate the real sparkle of metallic paints.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
企業管理系所
101
In recent years the metal processing industry in Taiwan has been challenged by the international market. With the advantage of cheap production factors, Mainland China has become the most powerful competitor in the metal processing industry. Facing pressure from Mainland Chinese global-market competition, excellent quality and innovative design style have become the indispensable core competence. However, when encountering more than two quality problems, operating personnel always use relative experience to determine the effect factors in the metal processing industry. This causes unstable product quality and higher defective rate, making the company unable to meet the customer’s needs. This seriously affects business goodwill. This study applied experimental design with the orthogonal array and Taguchi method to analysis the data, to find the key factors and levels. Using T Company for example, the reasons for color-painting key defect and making improvements are studied. The results from this study could provide practical references and applications for verifying the reproducibility of the optimal parameter level combination. The practical results showed that effective cost reduction and improved product yield were obtained. The Yield was decreased in three months, from70% to 95%.The proposed method will allow enterprises to be more competitive and engage sustainably in this high quality awareness area.

Chronic abdominal pain is a major cause of patient morbidity in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A balance of pro- and anti-nociceptive factors regulating colonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which synapse onto second order dorsal horn neurons, are known to regulate chronic pain but the mechanisms are poorly understood. This thesis examined whether neuroanatomical remodeling of DRG central nerve terminals underlies pro-nociceptive signaling and whether subsets of immune cells source the anti-nociceptive factor, β-endorphin. To examine pro-nociceptive mechanisms, acute and chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse models of colitis were established and substance P (SP; marker of nociceptor terminals) immunohistochemistry used to investigate changes in immunoreactivity of DRG terminals in the thoracic dorsal horn (segments T9-T13). SP immunoreactivity was increased in the dorsal horn (4 fold; P < 0.001) and central canal (P < 0.001) following chronic colitis. In contrast, SP immunoreactivity was unchanged in acute colitis. However, five weeks later SP immunoreactivity was increased both in the dorsal horn (4 fold; P < 0.01) and central canal (P < 0.001). In the cervical spinal cord, SP immunoreactivity was not increased following colitis, suggesting that changes seen in the thoracic level were specific to signaling from colonic DRG neurons. Immunoreactivity for the SP NK1 receptor on second order neurons was also examined and a significant increase in immunoreactivity was observed on post-synaptic second order cell bodies following chronic DSS. This could provide an additional mechanism for enhanced SP neurotransmission centrally. ii The source of the anti-nociceptive mediator, β-endorphin, during chronic DSS colitis was investigated using magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. The number of β- endorphin expressing CD4+ (2.4 fold; P < 0.05) and CD11b+ (2.6 fold; P < 0.05) cells in mice increased following chronic colitis. These findings suggest that during colitis there is a time-dependent increase of SP immunoreactivity in thoracic DRG central terminals, which could play a role in pro- nociceptive signaling in chronic inflammation. These actions may be balanced by anti- nociceptive factors such as β-endorphin which are found in subsets of immune cells.
Thesis (Master, Physiology) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-29 16:28:41.166