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1
Meding, Holger M. "Panama : Staat und Nation im Wandel (1903 - 1941) /". Köln [u.a.] : Böhlau, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/351935118.pdf.
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Richard, Alfred Charles. "The Panama Canal in American national consciousness, 1870-1990 /". New York : Garland, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35697133w.
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Calvo, Arlene. "Social construction of cervical cancer screening among women in Panama City, Panama". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001231.
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Jackoby, Joanna C. "Panama: owning the canal". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41395.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.It is rare that Americans wonder about what happened to the Panama Canal after the United States turned it over to Panama in 1999. Since 2000, the Panamanians have been able to transform the canal into a profitable enterprise and successfully revert a good deal of Canal Zone infrastructure to public use through a combination of positive political decision-making, fiscally beneficial economic policies, and constructive management. The United States created the nation of Panama, built and managed the canal, and finally begrudgingly handed over sovereignty. To this extent, Panama's success is our success. Yet there has been surprising little real analysis of the changes in Panama that have resulted from a decade of ownership of the canal and the land surrounding it. It is time to appraise the results so far.
5
Archibold, T. E. M. "Panama Viejo : an analysis of the construction of archaeological time in eastern Panama". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446464/.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate how different methods for ceramic classification can produce different chronologies, ultimately creating different historical interpretations or histories. To this end the most widespread methods for building chronology in the Americas, the "taxonomical" and the "modal" methods shall be compared using the recently excavated ceramic sample from Precolumbian Panama Viejo, one of the largest archaeological sites in Panama. It is also intended to review different conceptions of history and time because they are the theoretical background from which chronologies are built and thus have a direct impact on these archaeological histories. The site of Panama Viejo and the Eastern Region of Panama, where it is located lack a Precolumbian ceramic sequence. Building a chronology for Panama Viejo affords a good opportunity to address the problem of both the local and the regional chronologies, and also to compare both methods in every step of the chronology building process, underlining the assumptions and consequences, and the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Ultimately, it is hoped this thesis could show that both methods can be used complementarily to solve different problems, fostering a more comprehensive synchronic characterisation and a finer chronological division of ceramic assemblages. The two classifications revealed a homogeneous ceramic assemblage where continuity rather than change is the norm. It also yielded two chronologies for the site, one taxonomical with one cultural phase, and one modal with two cultural phases. These in turn gave rise to different historical accounts about the kind of behaviour that produced the pottery deposit in Panama Viejo, accounts where the difference is mostly of chronological resolution. The new ceramic data coupled with that from burial contexts helped rewrite the history of Panama Viejo, emphasising the longevity of occupation at the site by a possibly stable socio-cultural group from the mid-first millennium AD until the European Conquest.
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Viquez, Bladimir. "Le Canal de Panama : mémoire et identité d’une nation : une reconstruction historique-littéraire de la route de l’Isthme de Panama". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN20015.
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Le Canal de Panama est une référence nationale et mondiale. L’idée d’un canal a émergé dès la colonie espagnole. Cette thèse est une étude sociocritique qui représente une vision littéraire des faits historiques. Ces faits révèlent les perturbations de la société panaméenne marquée par la présence des sociétés étrangères tout au long de l’histoire de l’Isthme de Panama : la période coloniale, la période d’union à la Colombie et la présence états-unienne installée sur le territoire de Panama en raison de l’existence du Canal. Cette réalité historique nous révèle que le Canal représente une manifestation sociale et identitaire que les écrivains enregistrent comme la mémoire d'une société. Cette étude permettra de révéler une relation entre les aspects historiques et le discours littéraire qui naît de la réalité controversée et complexe qui a eu un impact dans la vie du peuple de Panama et de l'Amérique Latine. Ce problème oblige à voir le discours comme une expérience collective et sociale couplée avec le travail et les expériences des auteurs devenant la voix de la société. L’Isthme de Panama et le Canal sont un passage obligé pour le commerce mondial qui a engendré la migration, le mélange culturel, des idiosyncrasies et la mise en place d'une cellule impérialiste qui a lacéré la nationalité et l’identité du peuple panaméenThe panama canal is a national and global reference. The canal’s idea emerged from the Spanish colony. This thesis is a Social critic study which represents a literary vision of the historical events. Those facts reveal disturbance of the Panamanian society marked by the presence of foreign society all along the Isthmus of Panama history: The colonial period, the Colombia’s union period and the presence of the north American settled in the Panamanian territory for the Panamanian canal. This historical reality reveals that Panama canal represent a social and identity manifestation which writers describe as the memory of the society. This study reveals a relation between the historical aspects and the literary discourse which is born from the controversy and complex reality that impact the Panamanian lives and the Latin Americans. This problem obliged to see the discourse as a collective and societal experience linked with the worked of the authors which become the society voce. The Isthmus of Panama and the canal are a obliged crossing for the international business which leads to migration, the cultural mix, the idiosyncrasies, and the creation of an imperialist unit which tear apart the identity and nationality of the Panamanian people
El Canal de Panamá es una referencia mundial. La idea de un canal por el Istmo data de la colonia española. Esta tesis es un estudio sociocrítico que representa una visión literaria de los hechos históricos. Estos hechos revelan las perturbaciones de la sociedad panameña marcadas por la presencia de sociedades extranjeras a lo largo de su historia: el periodo colonial, el periodo de unión a Colombia y el periodo de la presencia de los Estados Unidos instalada sobre el territorio de Panamá en razón de la existencia del Canal. Esta realidad nos revela que el Canal de Panamá representa una manifestación social e identitaria que los escritores registran como memoria de una sociedad. Este estudio permitirá revelar una relación entre los aspectos históricos y el discurso literario que nace de la realidad controvertida y compleja que ha tenido un impacto en la vida del pueblo panameño y de América Latina. Este problema obliga a ver el discurso poético como experiencia colectiva y social amalgamada al trabajo y a las experiencias de los autores que se convierten en voz de la sociedad. El Istmo de Panamá y el Canal son un paso obligado para el comercio mundial que ha engendrado la migración, la mezcla cultural, idiosincrasias diferentes y el establecimiento de una célula imperialista que ha lacerado la identidad del panameño
7
Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara. "Potential for using insects to guide the search for medicinally-active chemical compounds in plants". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80859.
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This thesis investigates the possibility of using aposematic insects as guides to plants that contain pharmacologically-active compounds. Plants were monitored within national parks in the Republic of Panama over a period of six months and all insects feeding on them were collected and raised in captivity. The insects were then extracted and analyzed to determine how they were treating toxic chemical compounds in their host plant. Two principal plants were investigated with their associated insects: (1) Vismia baccifera and (2) Mikania guaco. One generalist and one specialist Lepidopteran species were found to sequester vismione B from their host plant Vismia baccifera, a cytotoxic compound active against three cancer cell lines. Two specialist Coleopterans were found to sequester the novel compound Guacanone, isolated by the primary author from the vine Mikania guaco and active against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. A generalist Coleopteran was found to not sequester this compound. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
8
Kraenzel, Margaret. "Carbon storage of Panamanian harvest-age teak (Tectona grandis) plantations". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31249.
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Reforestation is being considered as a mitigation option to help combat the climate change predicted to result from atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution. Forestry-based carbon storage projects are being introduced in many tropical countries, and assessment of species-specific carbon storage potentials is made difficult by a lack of species-level information. This study focuses on teak (Tectona grandis), to measure many of the characteristics affecting the carbon storage potential both of the trees themselves and of the plantations they are in. Root-to-shoot ratio, above- and belowground biomass, as well as tissue carbon content were measured in 20-year-old teak trees in Panamanian plantations. A regression relating diameter at breast height (DBH) to total tree carbon storage for trees of various sizes was developed. To scale up to the plantation level, this regression was used to estimate the carbon storage of the trees of four plantations. Litter, undergrowth, and soil were studied to estimate carbon storage in these compartments. These estimates were collated to form a global estimate of carbon storage in Panamanian harvest age teak plantations. Various methods of calculation of carbon storage in short-rotation plantations are discussed. This work will allow greater precision in the assessment of carbon storage in individual plantations.
9
Brooks, Mark 1971. "Economic growth, ecological limits, and the expansion of the Panama Canal". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82689.
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This thesis explores the controversial Panama Canal expansion proposals using an analytical framework developed by Herman Daly, an ecological economist at the University of Maryland and a critic of traditional models economic development. At a time when nearly every nation seeks to increase the size of its economy, Daly has been an ardent advocate of setting limits to economic growth, arguing that, as the earth is materially closed, there cannot be infinite growth of the consumption of material and energy resources within a finite (nongrowing) biosphere. These limits should be defined by the regenerative and waste absorptive capacities of the biosphere. My objective here is to test the feasibility of implementing a policy at the local resource management level that is guided by the recognition of ecological limits to economic growth. I employ a water management technique developed by The Nature Conservancy called the Range of Variability Approach (RVA) and test its utility in setting an ecologically-based limit to water withdrawal and river system modification in the Panama Canal watershed. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
10
Hooper, Elaine R. "Factors affecting natural tree regeneration in abandoned pastures in Panama". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30667.
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Our objective was to identify the major barriers to natural regeneration of tree species in abandoned Panamanian pastures as a first step in formulating management strategies to facilitate forest recovery. We tested whether fire, seed dispersal, and the presence of an introduced grass, Saccharum spontaneum L., were barriers to forest regeneration. We examined growth, survival, and density of both experimentally-introduced and naturally-regenerating tree seedlings using a series of multifactorial experiments.We found that seed dispersal limits forest regeneration. Large-seeded species have the highest performance in the Saccharum spontaneum, but were found in the lowest abundance in natural conditions. Small-seeded species were most frequently observed, but they have the lowest survival. We conclude that dispersal limitations preclude entry of the larger-seeded species. Distance from the forest limits dispersal of many small-seeded species. Fire is a major barrier to natural regeneration because it lowers species diversity.
11
Gutiérrez, Hernández Julián Eli. "Drought Indices in Panama Canal". Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258961.
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Panama has a warm, wet, tropical climate. Unlike countries that are farther from the equator, Panama does not experience seasons marked by changes in temperature. Instead, Panama's seasons are divided into Wet and Dry. The Dry Season generally begins around mid-December, but this may vary by as much 3 to 4 weeks. Around this time, strong northeasterly winds known as "trade winds" begin to blow and little or no rain may fall for many weeks in a row. Daytime air temperatures increase slightly to around 30-31 Celsius (86-88 Fahrenheit), but nighttime temperatures remain around 22-23 Celsius (72-73 Fahrenheit). Relative humidity drops throughout the season, reaching average values as low as 70 percent. The Wet Season usually begins around May 1, but again this may vary by 1 or 2 weeks. May is often one of the wettest months, especially in the Panama Canal area, so the transition from the very dry conditions at the end of the Dry Season to the beginning of Wet Season can be very dramatic. With the arrival of the rain, temperatures cool down a little during the day and the trade winds disappear. Relative humidity rises quickly and may hover around 90 to 100% throughout the Wet Season. Drought forecasts can be an effective tool for mitigating some of the more adverse consequences of drought. The presented thesis compares forecast of drought indices based on seven different models of artificial neural networks model. The analyzed drought indices are SPI and SPEI-ANN Drought forecast, and was derived for the period of 1985-2014 on Panama Canal basin; I've selected seven of sixty-one Hydro-meteorological networks, existing in the Panama Canal basin. The rainfall is 1784 mm per year. The meteorological data were obtained from the PANAMA CANAL AUTHORITY, Section of Water Resources, and Panama Canal Authority, Panama. The performance of all the models was compared using ME, MAE, RMSE, NS, and PI. The results of drought indices forecast, explained by the values of seven model performance indices, show, that in Panama Canal has problem with the drought. Even though The Panama is generally seen as a wet country, droughts can cause severe problems. Significant drought conditions are observed in the index based on precipitation and potential evaporation found in this thesis; The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), were used to quantify drought in the Panama Canal basin, Panama Canal, at multiple time scales within the period 1985-2014. The results indicate that drought indices based on different variables show the same major drought events. Drought indices based on precipitation and potential evaporation are more variable in time while drought indices based on discharge. Spatial distribution of meteorological drought is uniform over Panama Canal.
12
Guionneau-Sinclair, Françoise. "Le chamanisme chez les peuples amérindiens de Panama". Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05H075.
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L’objet de notre étude est d'identifier les différents acteurs thérapeutes que l'on peut observer chez les peuples amérindiens de panama et d'analyser leurs fonctions sociologiques dans le but d'établir les points de convergence divergence ou de complémentarité qui les caractérisent. Par ailleurs, nous les définissons par rapport aux sociétés productrices ces de chamanes dans une tentative de constat de la dite fonction chez les guaymi cuna embera c'est dans ce but que nous posons le problème de définition du conceptThe subject of our study is to identify the different actors therapists that we can observe among the guaymi cuna embera we analyze their function and we try to definish them in relation to the societies that produce shamans to compare the function among those different cultures and we try to definish the real meaning of shaman too much generalized in the anthropological literature we study the Amerindian peoples of panama in an ethnohistoric and ethnographic perspective to investigate the phenomena and its evolution among them
13
Desrochers, Anne. "Water harvesting through ponds in the Arco Seco region of the Republic of Panama : decision support system for pond storage capacity estimation". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80908.
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The 'Arco Seco' or 'Dry Arc' region of the Republic of Panama is considered to be the driest in the country, where many areas of this region experience severe water stress during the months of January through May. This study was conducted to develop a tool for the assessment of sustainable implementation of water harvesting through ponds for agricultural purposes in the region. A computer based Decision Support System (DSS) has been developed specifically for the Arco Seco region in order to facilitate pond storage capacity estimation. As part of the DSS, four computer programs have been designed for four different case scenarios; the first one is for sites that have high water demand and no topographical restrictions for pond size; the second is for fairly high water demand, no topographical restrictions for pond size, and for farmers who wish to have a backup of water to use mostly during drier years; the third is for low water demand, usage during the dry season only, and topographical restrictions for pond size, and finally the fourth is for constant water demand throughout the year, and for sites where runoff is the only water source.**This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation).
14
Hinkson, James Robert. "Of Gog and Naboth : the Christian response to the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977 /". Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/hinksonj/jameshinkson.html.
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Healy, Chrystal. "The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship : separating the effects of species richness, from those of species identity and environmental heterogeneity in a tropical tree plantation". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101136.
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This study attempts to expand existing knowledge on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, by studying a four year old tropical tree plantation. The growth of trees coming from monocultures, three species mixtures and six species mixtures was compared. Through multivariate statistical analysis, the variation in tree productivity was partitioned into different components: variation explained by (1) species richness, (2) species identity and (3) the environment. Results reveal that the environment explains the largest portion of variability in tree growth. Moreover, of the small amount of variation explained by diversity, species identity is found to be twice as important then species richness. Of notable significance was the amount of variation explained by the interaction of diversity with the environment.
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Modena, Dominique. "Le mouvement ouvrier au Panama, de 1850 à 1972". Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX10047.
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Des 1501 l'existence de la voie interoceanique scelle le destin de l'istme panameen. Une aire economique puis politique se construit a partir de ce carrefour strategique entre deux oceans. En 1850 ce "centre du monde" entre dans le sphere d'influence nord-americaine. Le 18 novembre 1903 le traite herran-hay assure aux etats-unis le controle exclusif de la gestion et de la securite du canal qui devient une veritable enclave coloniale. Ainsi place entre l'influence exercee directement par les nord-americains principal employeur et les courants plus particuliers a l'amerique latine le mouvement ouvrier panameen sera forcement different. Malgre des elements partages avec les autres mouvements ouvriers latino-americains (chronologie des structures; formes et pratiques semblables) il presente une double originalite dans le statut meme du milieu ouvrier et dans son rapport au nationalisme. Il apparait avec la mise en place des infrastructures qui faciliteront l'utilisation de la ressource geographique du pays et non l'exploitation de ses ressources minieres ou agricoles. Le proletariat est immigre, heterogene par ses origines mais aussi par sa culture. C'est le vice originel du mouvement ouvrier panameen. La perception de classe dominante et de classe exploitee se fait par rapport a la presence des americains et non par rapport a la bourgeoisie du pays. Aussi le mouvement ouvrier panameen est tres lie au mouvement nationaliste mais il ne se confond jamais avec lui sachant retrouver son independance et sa raison d'etreFrom 1501 onwards the existence of the interoceanic passage sealed the fate of the panama isthmus, at first economically then politically, a geographic area was built up around this strategic crossroads between two oceans, in 1850, this "centre of the world" was brought into north america's sphere of influence. On 18th november 1903, the herran-hay gave the united states exclusive control over the management and security of the canal, which became a veritable enclave, being thus subjected to both the direct influence of the north americans, the main providers of employment, and to more specifically latin american currents of opinion, the panamanian labour movement was necessarily of a district kind. Despite elements in commo, with the other latin americanlabour movements (chronology of structures and forms, and similar methods), the panamanian labour movement was characterized by two original features : the very nature of the working class itself and its relations with nationalism, its beginnings correspond to the setting up of the infrastructures aimed at developing the country's geographic importance and not the exploitation of its mining or agricultural resources, this was the original vice of the panamanian labour movement. Ruling class and exploited class were perceived in relation to the presence of the americans and not in relation to the national bourgeoisie. Thus the panamanian labour movement had very close ties with the nationalist movement, although it never completely identified itself with it and was able to keep its own independence and raison d'etre
17
Blanton, Troy Franklin. "Prudence in Panama: George H.W. Bush, Noriega, and economic aid, May 1989-May 1990". Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4731.
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In front of the White House press corps, George H. W. Bush stood with
Panamanian President Guillermo Endara and proclaimed âÂÂdemocracy has been
restored,â the âÂÂpeace is now preserved,â and âÂÂwe must see that prosperity returns to the
people of Panama.â True, democracy had been restored, but at a great price to the
Panamanians and without a plan for recovery.
The struggle to remove Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega began with Ronald
Reagan and ended in the first year of BushâÂÂs presidency. While sanctions decimated the
Panamanian economy, the military invasion left the country with inexperienced political
leaders and internal instability. Academics who have studied the Panamanian crisis
have not focused on the crucial twelve-month period between May 1989 and May 1990.
It was the first military action without Cold War priorities for the United States and first
attempt at economic restoration in what would become standard practice for later
administrations.
Scholars have not thoroughly examined the Bush administrationâÂÂs crisis with
Panama. The literature is scarce, but what has been written can be divided into three groups: disgruntled policy makers, academics, and journalists. Principally, this literature
investigates the December 1989 military invasion, and only a few scholarly articles and
books examine both the pre- and post-invasion periods. Lacking primary source
material, journalists and scholars relied on articles and participant interviews.
This thesis focuses on events and the outcome. It examines BushâÂÂs policy toward
Panama and the successes it engendered along with the failures it brought. Unlike
Reagan, Bush successfully removed Noriega from power, but his administrationâÂÂs
unsuccessful post-invasion planning hindered the needs of Panama during the
establishment of the young democratic government. Noriega may have decimated
PanamaâÂÂs economy, but the United States also failed by not helping with a clear and
concise objective after NoriegaâÂÂs departure. This thesis demonstrates that Bush acted
with prudence in 1989, invading Panama only when all other diplomatic options failed.
Yet, this thesis shows that the Bush administration did not have a plan for PanamaâÂÂs
economic restoration. By focusing too much energy on removing Noriega rather than on
helping Panama regain a solid economic foundation, Bush allowed his desire to help the
fledging country to be overshadowed by a lack of post-invasion plans.
18
Valencia, Mestre Gabriela L. "From rural to urban studying informal settlements in Panama /". Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/446.
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Guay, Bruno. "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and policy-making in Panama". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112396.
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The Framework Convention on Climate Change has yet to deal with tropical deforestation although it represents an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2005 negotiations on a possible regime to reduce emissions from deforestation resume under the impulse of a regime proposal based on the concept of compensated reduction. Over the course of 2006 Panamanian policy-makers working within the National Environmental Authority (ANAM) determine that such a regime is in the interest of Panama given that the integrity of the Kyoto Protocol's existing flexibility mechanisms is protected. However reducing its deforestation rate is not currently possible for Panama due to ANAM's limited institutional capacity to act on the field and limited political capacity to influence the national agenda. Important up-front flows of funds from developed countries combined with the adoption of a progressive project based compensation mechanism could contribute to reverse this trend.
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Helson, Julie Elizabeth. "Tropical host plant-insect relationships as guides to medicinally-active plants". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98723.
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Previous studies have shown that: (1) plant defensive compounds may have medicinal properties; and (2) defensive compounds present in aposematic insects are often sequestered from their host-plant(s). This study addresses whether aposematic insects can be used as guides to detect plants containing medicinally-active compounds. First, ten tropical medicinally-active plants and ten non-active plants, selected using previous ICBG bioassay results, were observed regularly to determine their insect populations. Aposematic insects were found more frequently on active than non-active plants ( X2=8.167, P=0.01). Second, three aposematic insects feeding on Tithonia diversifolia were examined chemically to determine the fate of the plant's pharmaceutically-active compounds. They were not found to sequester or excrete these compounds. Therefore, using aposematic insects could increase the likelihood of finding plants with medicinally-active compounds; however, these insects may not necessarily utilize these compounds for defensive purposes. The underlying basis for this significant association between aposematic insects and medicinally-active plants requires further investigation.
21
Mellado, María Eugenia. "Turismo: una nueva marea para el Archipiélago de Las Perlas. Pasados y presentes de unas poblaciones del Pacífico Oriental Tropical panameño". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399635.
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Esta tesis doctoral expone el trabajo de investigación antropológico e histórico realizado durante los años 2009-2015 sobre el Archipiélago de Las Perlas, República de Panamá. Desde fines del siglo pasado, este conjunto de islas y sus habitantes se han visto expuestos a intereses, en apariencia, turísticos de las élites político-económicas nacionales y trasnacionales. Pese a que se trata de un modelo de promoción y especulación sobre la tierra sin desarrollos genuinos de servicios y por tanto sin un número de turistas significativo (a diferencia de los modelos clásicos de turismo), la operación para la construcción de numerosas y grandes infraestructuras ha venido modificando no sólo la apariencia física de cada isla sino también la composición y organización social de las poblaciones residentes. El objetivo de esta tesis es entonces describir analizar estas cuestiones. El caso de Las Perlas es un reflejo de una situación que se evidencia en varios lugares de Panamá: la apertura de un mercado de tierras bajo el rótulo de turismo-residencial, fomentado principalmente por los diferentes gobiernos para ser desarrollado de manera privada. Su particularidad se justifica sobre tres hechos: la ausencia de trabajos de investigación social en la zona, la repetición histórica de un patrón de ejercicio del poder externo y la compleja relación entre la discreta resistencia y los procesos de adaptación de las poblaciones locales.Aquesta tesi doctoral exposa el treball de recerca antropològic i històric realitzat durant els anys 2009-2015 sobre l'Arxipèlag de Les Perles, República de Panamà. Des de la fi del segle passat, aquest conjunt d'illes i els seus habitants s'han vist exposats a interessos, en aparença, turístics, de les elits político-econòmiques nacionals i transnacionals. Malgrat que es tracta d'un model de promoció i especulació sobre la terra sense desenvolupaments genuïns de serveis i per tant sense un nombre de turistes significatiu (a diferència dels models clàssics de turisme), l'operació per a la construcció de nombroses i grans infraestrcutures ha anat modificant no només l'aparença física de cada illa sinó també la composició i l'organització social de les poblacions residents. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és llavors descriure i analitzar aquestes qüestions. El cas de Les Perles és un reflex d'una situació que s'evidencia en diversos altres llocs de Panamà: l'obertura d'un mercat de terres sota el títol de turisme-residencial, fomentat principalment pels diferents governs per a ser desenvolupat de manera privada. La seva particularitat es justifica a partir de tres fets: l'absència de treballs de recerca social a la zona, la repetició històrica d'un patró d'exercici del poder extern i la complexa relació entre la discreta resistència i els processos d'adaptació de les poblacions locals a la nova realitat que se'ls presenta.
This thesis presents an anthropological and historical research conducted during the years 2009-2015 about the Pearl Islands, Panama. Since the late 20th century, these islands and their inhabitants have been exposed to apparently tourist interests of national and transnational political and economic elites. The model promoted is based not only on the construction of numerous and large infrastructures but also on land speculation without genuine development of services and therefore without a significant number of tourists (unlike the classical models of tourism). This context has been changing besides the physical appearance of each island, the composition and social organization of resident populations. The aim of this thesis is to describe and anayse these issues. The Pearl Islands case is a reflection of a situation that is becoming more evident in several other places in Panama: The opening of a land market under the label of residential-tourism, mainly promoted by different governments to be developed privately. This particularity is justified by three facts: The absence of social research work in the area, the historical repetition of an external power pattern, and the complex relationship between the discrete resistance and adaptation processes of local populations to their new reality.
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Gracia, Guillermina-Itzel de. "De Tierra Firme a Natá: La Retaguardia de la Conquista de Centro y Sudamérica (1501-1560)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672648.
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La dominación española en América se caracterizó por ser un proceso de ensayo y error, que se materializó en la sucesiva creación de ciudades, como espacios físicos donde debían adaptarse nuevos y diferentes modos de vida, a la vez que servían para concentrar a la mano de obra indígena a evangelizar. De esta manera, los conquistadores dominaron rápidamente la zona, mientras registraban información de carácter etnográfico sobre la población indígena y se cartografiaban los nuevos territorios.
Fundar ciudades fue decisivo para la conquista de las nuevas tierras. Los cambios drásticos para las poblaciones que entraron en “contacto” sucedieron en dos vías: la dominante y la dominada, aunque sin duda esta última se llevó la peor parte. Más de cinco siglos han pasado y todavía sigue despertando un gran entusiasmo en quienes nos encargamos de utilizar la historia como una herramienta para entender el presente de las sociedades.
Esta investigación se centra en indagar los primeros años de vida colonial de la Ciudad de Natá, fundada por Pedrarias Dávila, quien había llegado en 1513 a la zona del Darién con las ordenanzas establecidas por Rey Fernando, convirtiéndole en su representante en la Gobernación de Castilla del Oro de Tierra Firme. Los acontecimientos que aquí se narran revelan cómo en las primeras décadas del siglo XVI la principal máxima era poblar y es que “solo poblando, se conquistará la tierra”, como bien apuntó el historiador Francisco López de Gómara.
La ciudad de Santa María la Antigua del Darién fue el lugar para comenzar las expediciones de reconocimiento y es desde allí que en 1514 Gonzalo de Badajoz emprendió camino hacia el centro del istmo. Así es como otro colonizador de nombre Gaspar de Espinosa, con su título de alcalde mayor, siguió el sendero abierto por su antecesor. Las expediciones de Badajoz y Espinosa son referentes para conocer aquellas primeras pesquisas sobre Natá como cacique y cacicazgo; sus descripciones nos dan a conocer esa parte del istmo como una zona bien poblada y de fértiles suelos, siendo ambas características necesarias para la permanencia continua.
Quizás una de las mayores cualidades de la gestión de Pedrarias fuera su cautela, esto se asevera porque la segunda expedición de Espinosa de 1519 tenía una doble función: por un lado, obtener y hacer llegar rápidamente los alimentos a la recién fundada ciudad de Panamá; y por otro, ir consolidando la posibilidad de seleccionar el sitio ideal para fundar otra ciudad. Esto último, solo se podía garantizar tras la experiencia de haber vivido en esas tierras. Un año le tomó a la hueste de Espinosa comprobar las cualidades de la zona y asegurar el suministro de los suficientes bastimentos, necesarios para la manutención de los vecinos y de la gran Ciudad de Panamá.
Es así como el 20 de mayo de 1522, el mismísimo Pedrarias, en un evento protocolar, llevó a cabo la fundación de Natá, como la segunda ciudad del litoral del Mar del Sur. Este hecho ha llegado hasta nuestros días gracias a los sucesivos gobernantes que han resguardado y realizado oportunas y fieles transcripciones de su Acta de Fundación, documento valioso como ninguno, que nos permite hoy en día poder interpretar los acontecimientos que se llevaron a cabo hace ya casi 500 años.The City of Natá was founded on May 20th, 1522, by Pedrarias Dávila, Governor of Castilla del Oro. For a year before its foundation, the high mayor of said governorship, Gaspar de Espinosa, had been living there with his host of men to guarantee the good disposition of the land. In this area of the isthmus of Panamá where Natá is, there is evidence for human occupation from at least a thousand years before the arrival of the Spanish. At the moment of the invasion, the area was governed by chief Natá, whose name was kept when the colonial city was founded. This dissertation references that Prehispanic past and the transformation of the indigenous settlement into a colonial city. The official recording document of the foundation has been relied upon to partake in this historiographical narrative, which allows us to recreate the first moments of life of the city and analyze its purposes besides serving as a “granary city”. At the same time, this work analyzes the different depopulation periods, such as the most acute crisis the colonial city lived through in those first few years of life. In 1534 part of its inhabitants left for the conquest of Perú and in the mid-16th century the elimination of the indigenous “encomienda” system drove its citizens to live in their rural estates or farms, establishing new population strategies in the zone. Natá is located in the same place were it was founded by the Europeans almost 500 years ago. This research encourages us to reflect on how the reconstruction of historical memory can further the comprehension of the development of today’s Panamanian population.
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Campbell, Castillo Inez. "The effects of physical, biological and anthropogenic noise on the occurrence of dolphins in the Pacific region of the Panama Canal". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4484.
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The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the occurrence of dolphins in Pacific waters adjacent to the Panama Canal in the context of biological, temporal and spatial factors. Acoustic data were collected at 101 sites at a range of distances and depths from the shipping region. Data were collected between March 2010 and April 2011 in a diurnal cycle over a total of 114 recording days. Received sound levels were split into 1/3 Octave bandwidths to study variation in sound pressure levels and then converted to spectrum density levels to show the sound components of the background noise in this region. Generalised Linear Models were used to relate dolphin whistle detections to temporal, spatial, environmental and acoustic variables. The major sources of background noise were biological noise from soniferous fish and snapping shrimp and anthropogenic noise from vessels characterised by mid to high frequencies produced by artisanal fishing boats. There was monthly and diurnal variation with some locations characterised by loud sounds in the mid to high frequencies at night. Whistle characteristics analysis revealed that the frequencies and range of the whistles were different to those previously reported under similar conditions. Whistles varied diurnally and in the presence of fish chorus and fishing boats. The study highlights a strong correlation between fish choruses and whistle detection. Temporal and spatial models showed that whistle detections varied monthly and in relation to fish noise and small vessel engine noise. Dolphins were distributed throughout most of the study area; however, whistle detections varied with distance from the coast. The results provide new knowledge about background noise composition in this region and provide the first information on the ecology of dolphin whistles in relation to this background noise, especially to fish chorus.
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Ngoma-Ngoma, Aymard-Cedric. "L'évangélisation de Panama : les fondements des missions jésuites dans la société coloniale (XVIe-XVIIe siècles)". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL022/document.
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Cette thèse étudie l’implantation et l’action apostolique des jésuites dans la ville de Panama entre 1578 et 1671. Cette chronologie correspond à la création du premier domicile jésuite dans cette ville, et à la destruction de celle-ci par le corsaire anglais Henry Morgan. De passage à Lima où il allait établir la Compagnie avec quelques compagnons, Jéronimo Ruiz del Portillo, chef de l’expédition, arrive donc à Panama en 1568 dans le cadre de la route des Indes. Immédiatement, il écrit à François de Borgia, préposé général, pour lui demander de faire de cette ville une mission stable, et par-dessus tout, le siège de la Compagnie du Pérou. Face aux réticences de Borgia et de ses successeurs, c’est seulement en 1578 que deux jésuites s’y établissent avec le concours des bourgeois et des autorités locales, après une mission dans les montagnes de Bayano contre les Noirs marron. A travers l’étude croisée des sources de la Compagnie et celles de la monarchie, nous avons pu définir le type de domicile que les disciples d’Ignace de Loyola implantent à Panama d’abord en cette année 1578, puis en 1585. A partir de cette deuxième date, ils entremêlent les missions citadines et rurales au travers desquelles il est possible d’analyser les relations qu’ils nouent avec les oligarchies locales, avec la monarchie et avec les dirigeants de l’Ordre du Pérou et de Rome. L’étude de ces relations permet donc de mettre en évidence les agissements des jésuites dans la société coloniale panaméenneThis dissertation examines the establishment and the action of the jesuits in the city of Panama from 1578 to 1671. This chronology corresponds to the creaction of the first Jesuit house in this city, and to the destruction of this one by the English privateer Henry Morgan. On his way to Lima, where he was to set up the Compagny with a few companions, JéronimoRuiz del Portillo, chief of the expedition, arrived in Panama in 1568 as part of Indian Route. Immediately, he wrote to Francis de Borgia, general attendant, asking him to make this city a stable mission, and above all, the headquarters of the Peruvian Compagny. Faced with the refusal of Borgia and his successors, it was only in 1578 that two Jesuits settled there with the help of the bourgeois and the local authorities, after a mission in the mountains of Bayano against the maroons. Through the cross-examination of the sources of the Compagny and those of the monarchy, we have been able to define the type of domicile that the disciples of Ignatius of Loyola established in Panama first in this year 1578 and then in 1585. From this second date, they intermingled the urban and rural missions through wich it is possible to analyse the relations that they established with the local oligarchies, with the monarchy and with the leaders of the Order of Peru and of Rome. The study of these relations makes it possible to highlight the actions of the Jesuits in the Panamanian colonial society
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Payne, Leslie G. "Vitamin A supplementation reduces reinfection with Ascaris in indigenous Panamanian preschool children". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98764.
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Vitamin A deficiency and intestinal parasitism coexist in developing countries. This study evaluated whether a national program of vitamin A supplementation (200,000IU retinyl palmitate every 6 months), if combined with deworming (400mg albendazole), slows reinfection with Ascaris . A baseline survey of 595 indigenous preschool children in the Bocas del Toro region of Panama showed high rates of stunting (61%) and nematode infection (Ascaris 79.5%, Trichuris 19%). All children were dewormed and 328 were included in the 5 month follow-up study. Of these, 106 children received vitamin A supplementation through the Ministry of Health (Vit A S+) and 222 children received no supplementation (Vit A S-). At 3 months post deworming, both the prevalence (P= 0.0004) and intensity (P= 0.0124) of Ascaris infection were higher in Vit A S- children than in Vit A S+ children, indicating that reinfection occurred more slowly in supplemented children. When the two supplement groups were further sub-divided by stature, Vit A S+ resulted in lower reinfection rates (P=0.0002) only in normal height children, and not in stunted children. Despite the tendency of public health policy to target malnourished children our study provides evidence of increased benefit of vitamin A supplementation in normal height children living in areas with chronic parasitosis.
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Bernal, Vega Juan A. "Untersuchung zum Einsatz natürlicher und synthetischer Insektizide und zur Parasitierung von Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) im Tomatenanbau in Panama". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009457136&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Cansari, Rogelio. "Cultivation of wild palms in the rainforest of Darién, Panamá". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50731.pdf.
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Vecchiato, Beatrice <1992>. "The Panama Papers scandal. A closer look to the economic and social impact of the Panama Papers in the country". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12638.
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April, 3rd 2016. One of the biggest financial scandals hit the news: 11.5 million confidential documents were released by the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca, under the name of “Panama Papers”.
These documents contained information about more than 214,000 offshore companies, included the names of the leaders of five powerful countries, and exposed shareholders, managers, government officials, etc.
The aim of this paper is to provide a complete description of the economic and financial history of Panama as one of the most famous tax havens from the ’70s till present time, with particular regard to the recent evolution of the financial and banking system and the new international anti-money laundering legislation. Finally, it will go deeper into the phenomenon of the Panama Papers and will analyze the economic and social impact of the events that took place this past year.
Weren’t tax havens supposed to be over? What happened to the transparency policies and multilateral agreements that countries had to follow in order to be in line with the requests of the OECD?
More specifically, what’s the implication of such a big scandal in the Panamanian economy? Will the population be affected, and if so, in which way?
Recent evaluations say that after this, firms with subsidiaries in Panama, the British Virgin Islands, Bahamas, and Seychelles suffered a drop of firm value at 0.5-0.6% around the leak. What does this mean? What will be the future implications of this drop?
The complexity of these kinds of events brings about structural changes in the behaviors and lifestyles of the native community of the country, compromises the world’s vision of the country itself, and consequently influence the economy as a whole.
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Saganová, Lucia. "Postavenie Panamy v medzinárodnom obchode". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76463.
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The thesis analyzes the role of Panama in international trade. The first chapter is dedicated to basic information about Panama. It describes its history and briefly describes the specifics of Panama's market. The second chapter discusses the business environment, its general characteristics. Its main ingredient is a special tax regime, because of which Panama is considered as a tax haven. It analyzes the economic situation in Panama and it is dedicated more to two major pillars of the economy of Panama, the Panama Canal and the Colon free zone. It focuses on potential investment opportunities in Panama, which are stimulated by tax incentives. Characteristic of the social environment focuses on the facilities of Panama's population as workforce and education level in the country. It describes the evolution of culture and Panama is characterized by its cultural peculiarities of the universal cultural dimensions of Hofstede. Also describes specifics relating to business dealings and activities associated with it. The technological environment draws attention to the technological amenities of the country, the government organizations that are specialized to promote its activities in this area. The third chapter deals with foreign trade of Panama. It describes the national strategy designed for the years 2004 to 2009, government institutions supporting the Panamanian foreign trade and agreements that Panama has signed for development of foreign trade. It also discusses evolution foreign trade indicators in 2008. The last chapter focuses on trade cooperation between Panama and the Czech Republic.
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Kirby, Kathryn. "Land-use change in the Neotropics : regional-scale predictors of deforestation and local effects on carbon storage and tree-species diversity". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82264.
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Land-use change, and in particular tropical deforestation, is the leading cause of species extinctions globally, and is the second most important source of CO2 emissions after fossil fuel combustion. I examine two policy-relevant questions that relate to tropical deforestation and land use change: (1) At regional scales, what biophysical and infrastructure-related factors are associated with deforestation? and (2) At a local scale, what are some of the impacts of land use change on above- and below-ground carbon stocks and on tree-species richness? The first question was examined for the Brazilian Amazon through spatially-explicit correlation analyses of deforestation and a series of predictor variables that included highways and roads, annual rainfall, dry season length, soil characteristics, site accessibility, and population density. The proximity of a site to roads and highways was the strongest predictor of deforestation, with more accessible sites more likely to be deforested. Dry season length was also a strong, positive predictor of deforestation. The results suggest that current plans to expand road infrastructure in Amazonia will have a significant impact on the forests of the areas transected.The second question was examined in the context of a 3,198 ha area in Eastern Panama that is managed collectively by an Indigenous Embera community.
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Moeser, Andrew A. "Genetic analyses of sympatric cryptic species in the Neotropical catfish, Pimelodella chagresi". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82294.
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I used microsatellite markers to assess reproductive isolation between cryptic, sympatric lineages of a freshwater catfish (Pimelodella chagresi ). These are "cryptic" lineages because they cannot be distinguished visually on the basis of morphological characters, and currently they are recognized as a single species. Previous analyses utilizing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that two highly divergent lineages are present in lower Central America, and that these lineages are the result of independent colonization events from South American source populations. I isolated eight dinucleotide repeats from P. chagresi and designed primers to amplify these microsatellite loci. I sampled fishes from four Panamanian watersheds. The congruence of microsatellite data with mtDNA indicated that these taxa are reproductively isolated and should be considered as separate species despite the lack of morphological differentiation. Both lineages exhibit a high degree of divergence among populations inhabiting isolated freshwater drainages, but the lineages differ in their intra-watershed population structure.
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Chamboneth, Silvia A. "Analysis and interpretation of the process of collaborative learning and the influence of the cultural context among fifteen Panamanian faculty members". Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1409501.
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The following research study analyze and interpret collaborative learning process phenomenon and the influence of the culturalcontext.. For this research, the process of collaborative learning is defined as people who "labor together to construct something that did not exist before the collaboration, something that does not and cannot fully exist in the lives of individual collaborators" (Peters & Armstrong, 1998, p. 75). This study was based on a workshop in which the participants learned about collaborative learning and had the opportunity to experience the process. The qualitative research paradigm used as the framework for this study was a modify Phenomenology. Fifteen Panamanian faculty members who work at different public and private universities were the participants. They were nine females and six males who had diversified academic backgrounds such as architects, lawyers, psychologists, and educators among other professions. In this study, qualitative data was collected through semi-structured phenomenological interviews that were recorded, transcribed, and then translated. The data analysis covered four phases and was thematic.Once the analysis and interpretation were completed, participants were interviewed for a second time in order to cross-check the accuracy of the translation of the interview transcripts, to clarify the interpretation of the interviewee's quotes, ask any questions, and discuss the tentative findings. From the data collected two main themes emerged (the process of collaborative learning and the cultural context) and nine sub-themes (dialogue,reflection, values, interpersonal relationships, conflicts, facilitator's role, learner's role, transformation, and meaningful experiences). The nine sub-themes lay within the two major themes. Finally, the findings and conclusions of this study suggest that the process of collaborative learning was perceived as a dialogic way to work in collective interdependence in which all participants in the group were compelled to engage and be active participants. Also, it was found that even though the collaborative learning process should be considered neither a panacea nor cure all, it has the potential to transform the dynamic of the traditional classroom setting.Indeed, findings in this study indicate that the collaborative learning process demands a change in the perceptions educators and learners have about the teaching and learning process. It also requires a shift in the roles that both should perform.Last but not least, it was found that there was reciprocal influence between the collaborative learning process, the participants' Panamanian cultural context, and the cultural context created by the participants as a learning community.Department of Educational Studies
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Ruiz, Luz Nidian. "La sécession de Panama à travers les sources diplomatiques en France". Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010655.
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La France étant l'un des pays les plus étroitement associe à la construction du canal de Panama, l'étude de la sécession a partir des sources diplomatiques françaises nous a paru des plus importantes. Ainsi, la correspondance diplomatique constitue notre outil de travail le plus important, car elle montre les acteurs de la sécession, mais dresse aussi un panorama politique, économique et social de ce qui deviendrait plus tard le théâtre de la séparation panaméenne. L'intérêt de relier deux océans: Atlantique et Pacifique, a incite les puissances - tant anciennes que naissantes - à s'en approprier. Des tentatives individuelles ou communes de le neutraliser par la conclusion des traites allaient avoir lieu à partir de 1846. La concrétisation de ce qui allait s'avérer comme étant le premier germe de la sécession est la concession accordée par la nouvelle grenade (actuelle Colombie), a la compagnie universelle du canal de panama. Durant la réalisation des travaux par la compagnie française, les États-Unis ont exercé tous les moyens de pression possibles pour empêcher la réussite de celle-ci. Par ailleurs à cette conjoncture internationale s'ajoute la situation interne de la Colombie caractérisée par des luttes internes entre les deux partis traditionnels: libéral et conservateur. En 1903, Panama cessera de faire partie de la Colombie. C'est le résultat de sa méconnaissance des rapports de force en pensant pouvoir compter sur son seul droit de souveraineté, et d'une faiblesse de l'ordre interne colombien. De cette manière, les États-Unis auront un canal américain, sur territoire américain pour le peuple américainFrance being one of the countries most closely associated with the construction of the Panama canal, the study of the secession based on french diplomatic documents appeared to be the most logical first step. The diplomatic correspondance of the period is a very important work tool because it shows us the different international protagonists who were to take the centerstage in setting up of the indepandance of Panama. The strategic importance of linking the two oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic meant that the established world powers could not sit adly by. All were only too keenly aware of the future canal's commercial political and military importance. From 1846 onwards a series of bilateral and multilateral troaties were signed, the ambition of these agreements was to exclude this strategic zone from any one political sphere of influence. The french construction company "la compagnie universelle du canal" won a concession from agreement the new Grenada government (present day Colombia). While the work was being carried out on the canal, the United States never stopped working behind the scenes to hindar its successful completion. These problems were warsened by the internal political climate in Colombia, strife between the opposition parties. The panamian indepandance movement helped by outside factors gained strength. Panama slipped through colombien and international vigilance to win indepandance in 1903
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Löving, Anna. "Rättfärdigade argument? USA:s militära intervention i Panama 1989". Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2246.
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In 1989 the United States choose, after years of conflict, to carry out a military intervention in Panama, to remove Manuel Noriega, convicted for drug dealing and for threatening the lives of the Americans living in Panama. The aim of this study is to examine whether George H. W Bush’s arguments for the military intervention comply with the principles of the just war.
The method chosen for this study is a qualitative literature study, based primarily on secondary data. It is a case study with two complementing theories, the theory of the just war and the world system theory.
The result showed that the American intervention both can be justified and unjustified following the principles of the Just War Theory. The World system Theory shows typical signs for a relationship between USA and Panama, built on economic, political and military control.
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Mardonovich, Sandra. "The Natural Diversity of Carica papaya in Panama". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1461835428.
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Gill, Bruce Douglas Carleton University Dissertation Biology. "Foraging behaviour of tropical forest Scarabaeinae in Panama". Ottawa, 1986.
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CIANTELLI, Chiara. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON UNESCO HERITAGE SITES IN PANAMA". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487994.
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The Panamanian isthmus hosts two sites inscribed on the World Heritage List: the Archaeological site of Panama Viejo (XVI cent.) and the Fortresses of Portobelo and San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII cent.).
In order to support the conservation and valorisation of these places, in 2014 a collaboration work has been started among the Patronages of Panama Viejo and of Portobelo and San Lorenzo, the Italian CNR-ISAC and the Department of Physics and Earth Sciences of the University of Ferrara. Firstly, the project was focused on the characterization of rocks belonging to the masonries, in conjunction with the evaluation of their state of conservation and damage estimation in relation with the environmental impact. Furthermore, potential quarries of raw material supply have been identified and sampled. Therefore, after a survey and sampling campaign, specimens underwent the following analyses: stereomicroscope, PLM, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP and IC, highlighting at Panamá Viejo masonries mainly composed of polygenic breccias, tuffites, basaltic andesites, rhyolites and sporadic rhyodacites, while outcrops of breccias and andesites were identified. Considering Portobelo fortifications, coral limestones and sandstones have been identified as principal construction materials; while basaltic andesite has been observed only at Fuerte de San Fernando, where an outcrop of this material was present. Finally, at Fort San Lorenzo, tuffites and grainstones have been detected in the masonries and possible quarries of both have been found. Concerning the state of conservation, the most diffused deterioration phenomena are due to biological growth, exfoliation and detachment, disintegration, salt encrustations and chromatic alteration.
Successively, in order to determine the environmental context, a selection of monitoring stations, recording climate parameters (near-surface air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall amount), have been chosen near the sites among national Panamanian networks. Besides, the same parameters were collected from two climate models, both from historical simulations and future scenarios: EC-Earth, 25 km of resolution, and Arpege 50 km of resolution, and compared with the monitored records. Utilizing environmental data obtained and applying specific damage functions it was possible to assess the deterioration phenomena occurring on heritage materials, as surface recession, cycles of salts transition and biomass accumulation. Considering the first one, it was utilized Lipfert function modified, related to the karst effect. The area of Portobelo and San Lorenzo showed a higher surface recession, especially considering the data extracted from EC-Earth experiment, both for the past and the future situation. In consideration of the salts cycles of dissolution and crystallization, halite has been elected as a priority phase of investigation, since sodium and chloride resulted ones of the most abundant ions in the samples, detected in all sites, also taking into account their proximity to the sea. The past situation (1979-2008) highlighted that the higher frequency of halite transition cycles is recorded during the dry season (November/December to April/ May). In general, Portobelo results the less interested by this phenomenon, while the area near San Lorenzo seems to be the most affected. In order to estimate the biomass accumulation on hard acid stones, the function developed by Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012) was applied. The highest yearly biomass values are recorded at Portobelo, both in the past and future.
In conclusion, the obtained results contribute significantly to the formulation of guidelines and development of strategies for current and future preservation of the sites, and represent a fundamental knowledge for further related analysis, in order to increase the awareness of the possible risks connected with the climate change impact on Cultural Heritage.L'istmo di Panama ospita due siti iscritti alla World Heritage List, ossia il sito Archeologico di Panama Viejo (XVI sec.) e i Fortini di Portobelo e San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII sec.). Al fine di supportare la conservazione e la valorizzazione di questi luoghi, è stato avviato un lavoro di collaborazione tra i Patronati di Panama Viejo e di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, il CNR-ISAC e il Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra dell'Università di Ferrara. In primo luogo il progetto è stato focalizzato sulla caratterizzazione dei materiali lapidei naturali costituenti le murature, compresa la valutazione del loro stato di conservazione e dei fenomeni di degrado dovuti all'impatto ambientale. In aggiunta sono state identificate possibili cave di approvvigionamento dei materiali da costruzione. Pertanto, a seguito di una campagna di campionamento, i frammenti ottenuti sono stati sottoposti ad analisi per mezzo di stereomicroscopio, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP e IC. Queste hanno permesso di identificare brecce poligeniche, tufiti, andesiti basaltiche, rioliti e alcune riodaciti, come materiali impiegati nelle murature dei monumenti di Panamá Viejo; mentre sono stati individuati affioramenti di brecce e andesiti basaltiche. Considerando le fortificazioni di Portobelo, calcari corallini e arenarie sono i principali materiali costituenti le strutture murarie. Andesiti basaltiche sono state rinvenute solo a Fuerte de San Fernando, dove erano presenti anche in affioramento. Infine, presso Forte San Lorenzo, i materiali da costruzione impiegati sono tufiti e grainstone, delle quali sono state individuate anche possibili cave. Prendendo in considerazione lo stato di conservazione, i fenomeni di alterazione più diffusi sono ascrivibili a crescita biologica, esfoliazione e distacchi, disgregazione, incrostazioni saline ed alterazioni cromatiche. Successivamente, al fine di determinare il contesto ambientale, sono state selezionate delle stazioni di monitoraggio, appartenenti alla rete nazionale panamense, situate nei pressi dei siti oggetto di studio, che registrassero parametri climatici quali temperatura dell’aria, umidità relativa e pioggia. Gli stessi parametri sono stati estratti anche da simulazioni storiche e scenari futuri di due modelli climatici: EC-Earth, con risoluzione di 25 km, e Arpege, con risoluzione di 50 km, comparandoli con quelli ottenuti dalle centraline. Utilizzando i dati ambientali in specifiche funzioni di danno, è stato possibile valutare diverse morfologie di degrado come la recessione superficiale, cicli di transizioni saline e accumulo di biomassa. Riguardo alla prima, è stata utilizzata la funzione di Lipfert modificata, relativa all’effetto carsico. Questa ha permesso di rilevare una maggiore recessione nelle aree di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, specialmente considerando i dati di EC-Earth, sia per la situazione passata che futura. Considerando i cicli di dissoluzione e cristallizzazione dei sali, lo studio si è incentrato sulla halite, poiché sodio e cloro sono risultati essere gli ioni più abbondanti nei campioni di tutti i siti, essendo infatti tutte aree costiere marine. In generale, paragonando le condizioni passate e future, Portobelo risulta essere il meno interessato dal fenomeno, mentre l’area in prossimità di San Lorenzo la più soggetta. Al fine di stimare l’accumulo di biomassa su rocce acide, è stata impiegata la funzione messa a punto da Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012), rivelando valori di biomassa più elevati nella costa Nord, specialmente a Portobelo. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di contribuire significativamente alla futura formulazione di linee guida e nello sviluppo delle attuali e future strategie di preservazione dei siti, rappresentando una conoscenza fondamentale per studi successivi, al fine di incrementare la consapevolezza dei possibili rischi connessi all’impatto dei cambiamenti climatici sul patrimonio culturale.
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Adames, María De Los Angeles. ""No Place Like Home:" Revitalization in the Neighborhood of San Felipe de Neri in the Historic District of Panama [City], Panama". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74426.
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San Felipe de Neri, a neighborhood located in the Historic District of Panama, is the object of physical, economic and social transformations that are affecting its residents' daily lives. Revitalization and gentrification drive these transformations as wealthy Panamanians invest in the neighborhood, and affluent foreigners flock to it since it became a World Heritage Site in 1997. This dissertation addresses perceptions and reactions residents have because of these physical, economic and social challenges.
This study poses four main questions: 1. What physical, economic, and social (quality of life) changes have taken place in the Historic District of San Felipe from the early twentieth century to the present? To what extent are these changes the result of global processes, local processes, or both? 2. How do residents perceive these changes? Is there any significant difference in opinions and attitudes among residents regarding changes that revitalization and gentrification impose on the neighborhood? If so, how and why are they different? 3. To what extent have residents participated in these transformations? and 4. How do residents who have been relocated perceive these changes?
My research analyzes Smith's five characteristics of a third wave of gentrification: first, the transformed role of the state; second, the penetration by global finance; third, changing levels of political opposition; fourth, geographical dispersal; and fifth, the sectoral generalization of gentrification and its relevance for my case study of San Felipe.
This methodology enlists quantitative and qualitative methods to address these research questions to gain insight about residents' perspectives regarding these transformations. Findings indicate that both residents and ex-residents of San Felipe view the outcomes of revitalization and gentrification in mixed ways. Both groups mostly agree that the improvement of the physical conditions of the neighborhood is a positive outcome for preserving the material heritage, and for encouraging international and national tourism benefiting the country.
Regardless of their economic and social status, residents claim that the place where they have lived for a long time is no longer theirs, except in their memories. They face the threat of eviction and an uncertain future. Former residents—those who have been displaced—have mixed views as well. On the one hand, they have improved their living standards because they now have better housing infrastructures. On the other hand, their new locations are scattered about the city and are often in dangerous areas that lack the amenities of San Felipe. Others feel that in the process they have lost a home; a place filled with meaningful memories and to which one day they dream of returning.
A diverse residential population is the only way to save historic centers from becoming museums that present a pastiche and a 'façadism' catered to the international consumer. Preserving the human and physical patrimony is the most viable way to achieve sustainability and development in historic areas.
Associations had no permanent places to meet with residents. This eroded the desire of residents to participate, and encouraged them to accept whatever owners wanted to give them to move out of the neighborhood. In the end, they became disenfranchised.
A lack of both leadership and strong social movements, and the dissemblance of grass-root organizations through co-optation, clientelism, and even deception became the norm in the neighborhood.Ph. D.
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Barsallo, Vanessa. "Le droit de propriété comme garantie non traditionnelle du crédit bancaire au Panama et en France". Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020058.
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Cette these comporte une etude sur le droit de propriete dans le droit des suretes au panama et en france. Nous verrons les differentes techniques par lesquelles le droit de propriete joue un role de garantie en matiere du credit bancaire. Dans une premiere partie nous analyserons la propriete cedee a titre de garantie : la cession de creances en propriete a titre de garantie et la fiducie, et dans la deuxieme partie nous etudierons la propriete retenue a titre de garantie c'est-a-dire le credit-bail et la clause de reserve de proprieteThis thesis involves a study of the role of property as a guarantes of bank credit in panama and in france. We will see the differentes techniques by which property has a role of guarantes in bank credit. This study consists of two parts. In part one, we shall discuss the transfer of property as a guarantes : the transfer of credits as a guarantes and the trust. In the second part, we shall examine the reserve of property as a guarantes as the leasing and the conditional sale
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Negy, Kevin. "Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/888.
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Latin America is a region that has deep roots in Spanish colonialism. Since its independence, many countries in the region have heavily depended on agriculture exports to industrialized states to support their economies. This has led to political theorists to label Latin America as an area full of "periphery" countries that are exploited for resources by "core countries. Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua were not the exception. In recent years, however, a noticeable difference between the economies of the countries has helped Costa Rica and Panama become more successful than Nicaragua, on the basis of GDP, GNI, and other similar measures. This thesis attempts to explain this economic difference by analyzing what type of relationship the three countries have had with the United States (which has acted as a regional hegemon) and analyzing how each country has handled economic dependence on agriculture. Through this comparative case study, the thesis tries to add to development and dependency theory literature.B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Zenger, Robin Elizabeth. "West Indians in Panama: Diversity and Activism, 1910s – 1940s". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581411.
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At least 50,000 working-class laborers from the West Indies, many of them poor and unemployed, remained with their families in central Panama after the construction of the Panama Canal in 1914. Over the next thirty years, along with a small number of West Indian professionals, religious leaders, and business owners, they established ways to sustain themselves in locales, both in Panama and the American-controlled Canal Zone, where they faced challenges and opposition. Their sizable presence interrupted ideals of elite politicians in Panama to Hispanicize the population. Nationalist Panamanians stigmatized them as culturally different competitors for canal maintenance jobs, and lacking in loyalty to the state because they clung to English and their British colonial citizenship. In the Canal Zone, they faced racial segregation and second-class status. This dissertation examines critical physical and cultural spaces the immigrants created to foster community, provide social and economic security, educate their children, and as a corollary, develop new identities. Using archival material, land records, interviews and historical newspapers from Panama and the United States, and informed by a wide range of secondary sources, the chapters examine the activism of West Indians, in the context of Panamanian historical trends. The case studies analyze involvement of the immigrants in three particular settings: as members of voluntary associations called lodges, as renters and residents of neighborhoods, and as shapers of education for their children, who were born into citizenship in Panama. West Indians had come to Panama from different island cultures and maintained many differences, yet in these settings they developed commonalities and shared experiences as West Indian Panamanians. In the process, West Indian immigrants influenced Panama's development in ways little acknowledged in Panamanian or American national, social or economic history.
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Underwood, Brent William. "More than a canal real estate investment in Panama /". Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/244596.
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Yanoviak, Stephen P. "Community ecology of water-filled tree holes in Panama /". Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1999.
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Fort, Jessica Fort. "Large Carnivore Occupancy and Human-Wildlife Conflict in Panama". OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1889.
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Although Panamá is an important global hotspot for biodiversity, basic information on large carnivore and prey distributions as well as habitat needs is largely unknown. Wildlife studies in Panamá have been limited to populations located in protected areas along the Panamanian Atlantic Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (PAMBC) and have not considered potentially important refuge habitats located outside the PAMBC. Further, research on human attitudes and perceptions associated with large carnivores, such as jaguars (Panthera onca), is limited in Panamá. My study was conducted in 2 disparate study areas: Cerro Hoya National Park (CHNP), an isolated remnant of tropical rainforest habitat 125 km from the PAMBC that straddles the Veraguas and Los Santos provinces on the Azuero Peninsula; and Serranía de Pirre (SP), a comparative study area in the PAMBC located in Darién National Park (DNP). I used remote cameras to investigate patterns of site occupancy and detection probabilities, as affected by habitat and anthropogenic influences, for 3 species of felids (jaguars, pumas [Puma concolor], and ocelots [Leopardus pardalis]) and 2 species of peccaries (white-lipped [Tayassu pecari] and collared [Pecari tajacu]). In addition, I assessed attitudes and perceptions of rural Panamanians about jaguars and the conservation of CHNP and DNP via oral surveys. Site occupancy did not appear to differ between study areas for any felid or peccary, but detection frequencies and detection probabilities of focal species were overall higher in SP than CHNP. For collared peccaries, probability of detection was a function of survey year, study area, and Julian date, and estimated occupancy was higher in CHNP than SP. For ocelots, probability of detection was significantly higher in SP than CHNP when an ocelot was detected in a previous occasion. For pumas, detection increased with Julian date in CHNP but was seasonally unaffected in SP. Puma occupancy was higher closer to river systems. For jaguars, detection probability decreased with Julian date, increased with number of camera days per occasion, and was higher in SP than CHNP. Jaguars were more likely to use habitat at higher elevations in both study areas. White-lipped peccaries were never detected in CHNP, which may indicate their local extirpation in this region of Panamá. Regarding surveys measuring perceptions of rural people, factors such as gender, level of education, land ownership, and number of cattle affected knowledge and attitudes towards jaguars and criticism towards park management. Additionally, there was a higher frequency of human-jaguar conflict in SP than CHNP and coyotes (Canis latrans) were the most commonly reported threat to livestock in CHNP. My research elucidates previously unknown distribution limits of jaguars and coyotes in the Azuero Peninsula, as well as providing evidence for the potential local extirpation of white lipped peccaries in CHNP. I provide wildlife managers with improvements for survey design of future occupancy studies in the Neotropics. Further, my research provides targeted areas to prioritize for future wildlife conservation efforts and mitigation efforts concerning human-jaguar conflict.
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Marca, Gutierrez Janet y Barnes René A. Araúz. "Relanzamiento de Labial Studio Look de Cyzone en Panama". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/165785.
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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN MARKETINGMarca Gutierrez, Janet, [Parte I], Araúz Barnes, René A., [Parte II
Tres factores de la industria de labiales en Panamá brindan al labial Studio Look de Cyzone la oportunidad de incrementar las ventas totales de la marca Cyzone en el país. En primer lugar está la tendencia de crecimiento de la industria de labiales que en Panamá es del 8% anual, según reporte de Euromonitor del 2017. En segundo lugar, según los hallazgos de nuestra investigación exploratoria, está el interés en adquirir labiales mate de larga duración por 93% de las encuestadas, y además se revela que hasta un 70% de ellas busca información de labiales en Internet. Y por último, en tercer lugar, dada la restricción de importación de productos cosméticos a solo tres productos por persona para uso personal, se limita la participación a competidores exclusivamente online en el mercado panameño. En nuestro plan nos centraremos en el segmento que hemos denominado como “Selfies”, mujeres con tendencia a querer mostrar su estilo y personalidad todo el día, tanto dentro como fuera del mundo digital. La tecnología Photo Expert del labial sirve de ancla para esto debido a que es una tecnología única de Cyzone que permite evitar los destellos de luz al momento de tomar una fotografía, incluyendo los autorretratos, popularmente conocidos como selfies, logrando que las chicas luzcan como sus fotos de perfil en todo momento, sin reflejos de luz que distorsionen su look. El plan plantea la exploración y utilización de medios digitales para el mejoramiento del posicionamiento debido a que hoy en día es muy poca la publicidad y agresividad de marcas de labiales en los medios digitales, incluyendo redes sociales. La propuesta señala la utilización de herramientas como Google AdWords, Facebook, Instagram e influencers locales para el exitoso relanzamiento del producto. En términos de ventas, las acciones propuestas conducen a un crecimiento estimado de 25% en comparación al año anterior, y un crecimiento en market share que resultaría en 1.09% al final del período de un año. En términos de marketing, el plan busca tres mejoramientos en el mercado objetivo: el posicionamiento de la marca Cyzone en el top of mind (5% del mercado), reconocimiento del labial Studio Look bajo la marca Cyzone (2.5% del mercado) y asociación del labial Studio Look como un labial que no brilla en las fotos (1.0% del mercado). Este plan de marketing detalla la propuesta de relanzamiento del Labial Studio Look de Cyzone en Panamá en el año 2018, comenzando a partir del mes de Julio.
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Top, Papa Madior. "Impact de la microfinance sur la performance des firmes et le bien-être des entrepreneurs au Panama". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10495.
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Dans ce document, nous évaluons l’impact de la microfinance sur des entrepreneurs panaméens, aussi bien sur leur niveau de performance de leurs entreprises que sur leur niveau de vie. Nous allons utiliser une méthode de différence-en-différence et un appariement pour voir l’effet des institutions financières sur les entrepreneurs. La principale contribution de ce mémoire est d’évaluer l’impact des prêts sur les entrepreneurs à travers le temps et pour ce, nous utilisons la différence-en-différence dynamique. D’après nos résultats, la microfinance ne semble pas avoir une influence significative sur les entrepreneurs avec la différence-en-différence. Ce constat est valable aussi bien sur les variables de performances des entrepreneurs que sur les variables de bien-être. Cependant, l’obtention de prêt auprès d’une IMF a un effet sur le revenu avec le modèle d’appariement.
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Daley, Mercedes Chen. "Colonial political culture in eighteenth-century Panama : the Urriolas, servants of God, king, and state /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Abraham, Muriel. "Spatial variation in soil organic carbon and stable carbon isotope signature in a pasture and a primary forest in central Panamá". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80159.
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Soil properties and their spatial variability was measured to provide a strong database to assess the modification in soil properties associated with future changes in land use. Surface (0--10 cm) soil samples were collected from a 9 ha, 46-year-old pasture being converted to a native tree plantation and a neighboring control pasture near Sardinilla, Panama. A small-scale nested grid of surface soil samples was replicated in the future plantation and a primary forest in the region to evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties. Seven 1 m profiles were sampled in the future plantation and litter samples were collected at the forest and the future plantation.Assuming the three sites were identical before the conversion to pasture, the difference in surface soil organic carbon (SOC) was 0.75 kg m-2 or equivalent to a loss of 0.017 kg m-2 yr -1 since the original land-use change. The control pasture is higher in bulk density but lower in percent SOC than the future plantation, which is critical to future comparisons.
The pasture soils showed signs of soil compaction and of the homogenization of soil properties. For the 7 profiles in the future plantation, total SOC mass ranged from 13.45 to 23.80 kg m-2, and stable isotopes revealed that 82% of the SOC in the top 10 cm is derived from the pasture vegetation, down to 23% at 1 m depth.
Spatially, the full scale of spatial variability was not determined from the nested grids alone. In addition, the 15 x 15 m grid in the future plantation generally over-estimated the semivariance at the scales below 3 m. The nested grids assessed the minimum measurable semivariance below 5 m.
The precision of surface estimations from point observations can be improved by adding a 5 x 5 m grid to any large-scale sampling scheme.
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Cochran, Jason. "Patterns of sustainable agriculture adoptionnon-adoption in Panamá". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80240.
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The promoter system of agriculture extension has been widely studied and accepted as a tool for agriculture development where local resources are scarce. Much development work has been done in Panama using the promoter model. In order to ascertain the local success of this model, promoters trained by World Vision were visited. The adoption of sustainable agriculture practices were measured in five communities where 7 promoters were trained and placed in Veraguas, Panama. Despite the long-term presence of World Vision and trained promoters, only six farmers have adopted at least one sustainable agriculture technique as a result of these extension efforts. Low adoption rates do not necessarily indicate project failure, but does indicate several barriers. These barriers are explored as well as reasons farmers gave for land use. Reasons for S/A use are also explored. Finally, recommendations for improving extension methods and future research are made.
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Gaël-Moutou, Marie-Françoise. "L'émigration des Guadeloupéens et des Martiniquais au Panama et la contribution de leur descendance à l'essor de la Nation de 1880 à 2008". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0393/document.
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Nous traiterons successivement des circonstances de l'émergence du Panama depuis la période précolombienne, les premières expéditions espagnoles à la recherche d'un détroit vers les Indes, de l'indépendance du Panama. Dans la première partie, nous traiteront de l'Isthme du Panama comme terre de passage et de son Canal de1880 à 1914, du rêve séculaire à la réalité où, successivement, nous étudierons son destin français, sa position entre intérêts français et aspirations américaines. Les États-Unis et le Panama nous conduiront à traiter de l'installation des Américains, la construction du Canal (1904-1914) ; les traités Carter-Torrijos, entre compromis et ambiguïtés. La deuxième partie traitera des stratégies de développement du Panama; l'importance des facteurs socioéconomiques et la dynamique des structures sociopolitiques seront mises en exergue. L'intégration des Antillais de Guadeloupe et de Martinique dans le cercle communautaire panaméen de 1914 à nos jours. Àcet égard, nous traiterons des apports de la culture antillaise dans la représentation panaméenne, un brassage culturel. En troisième lieu, leur contribution à l'essor de la nation. Il s'agira ici d'étudier les arts et la culture, la musique et les danses, la littérature et la linguistique de même que les revendications culturelles des minorités ethniques. Enfin, nous orienterons nos recherches sur la question de l'unité panaméenne à l'aube du Ille millénaire, l'organisation des diverses communautés et l'installation européenne au PanamaWe will successively deal with the circumstances of the emergence of Panama since the pre-Colum bian period, the first Spanish shipping expeditions in search of a strait towards India, and the independence of Panama. ln the first part, we shall deal with the Isthmus of Panama as a land of passage and with its Channel from 1880 to 1914, from the secular dream to reality where, successively, we shall study its French fate, its position in regards to French interests and American aspiration. The relationship between the United States and Panama will lead us to deal with the settling of the Americans, the construction of the Channel (1904-1914), the "Carter-Torrijos" treaties, between compromises and ambiguities. The second part will deal with strategies of development for Panama; the importance of socioeconomic factors and the dynamics of the sociopolitical structures will be highlighted. The integration of the people of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Panamanian community circle from 1914 to nowadays. In this respect, we shall treat contributions of the French West Indian culture within the Panamanian representation; the cultural admixture. In the third part, their contribution at the development of the Panamanian nation. The issue will be to study arts and culture, music and dances, Iiterature and Iinguistics as weil as the cultural demands from ethnic minorities. Finally, we shall direct our researches towards the question of Panamanian unity at the dawn of the third millennium, the organization of the diverse communities and the European settling in Panama