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Ribeiro, Junior Artur Guido Muniz. "Epidemiologia das parasitoses intestinais e toxocariase no municipio Pedro de Toledo - SP". [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308556.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Apresenta-se um estudo transversal de base populacional no município de Pedro de Toledo -Vale do Ribeira - São Paulo - Brasil, que teve por objetivo estimar a prevalência de enteroparasitos, a intensidade de infecção por helmintos e a prevalência de Toxocara canis, e relacionar essas prevalências com as variáveis sexo, idade, zona de moradia, esgoto, tipo de água, bronquite, dor abdominal, diarréia, hemoglobina e eosinófilos. Em 2000, foram estudados de forma aleatória 224 pacientes e destes foram coletadas 224 amostras de fezes para exame microscópico, 177 amostras de sangue para realização do estudo sorológico de T. canis e 162 amostras de sangue para dosagem dos níveis de hemoglobina e contagem de eosinófilos. A prevalência de enteroparasitos foi de 56,7%, com 72,4% na zona rural e 33,3% na zona urbana. A prevalência de T. canis foi 39%, com 31,8% na zona rural e 50% na zona urbana. o enteroparasito mais prevalente foi Ascaris lumbricoides (36,6%), cujas prevalências foram 52,2% na zona rural e 13,3% na zona urbana; seguido pelo Trichuris trichiura (16,5%,) cujas fteqüências foram 16,4% na zona rural e 16,6% na zona urbana; Strongyloides stercoraZis(13,8%), cujas prevalências foram 16,4% na zona rural e 10% na zona urbana; ancilostomatídeos (12,9%) cujas fteqüências foram 20,2% na zona rural e 2,2% na zona urbana; Giardia duodenaZis (8,%), cujas prevalências foram 5,2% na zona rural e 12,2% na zona urbana e Schistosoma mansoni (1,8%), cujas prevalências foram 1,5% na zona rural e 2,2% na zona urbana. Outros parasitos encontrados foram Entamoeba histolytica-dispar (0,9%), Enterobius vermicularis (0,9%) e Hymenolepis nana (0,45%) que por seus baixos números, não foram incluídos no estudo. Protozoários comensais foram encontrados, tais como, EndoZimax nana (8,9%) e Entamoeba coZi (10,7%), não foram incluídos no estudo. Blastocystis hominis foi encontrado em 4,5% da população, foi discutido separadamente não foi incluído na conclusão pelo fato de sua patogenicidade ainda não ter sido comprovada. A intensidade severa de infecção por helmintos na população foi 18,8%, somente na infecção por A. lumbricoides. Os enteroparasitos infectaram igualmente ambos os sexos, foram mais prevalentes na população cujas casas não possuíam fossas e estiveram associados com a zona rural, idade abaixo ou igual à quinze anos e ingestão de água não filtrada. Toxocara canis infectou igualmente ambos os sexos, foi mais prevalente na população com idade igual ou inferior à quinze anos e esteve associado com a zona urbana e com a ausência de fossas. Houve associação da infecção por enteroparasitos e T canis com dor abdominal e diarréia e associação entre intensidade severa de infecção por A. lumbricoides e infecção por ancilostomatídeos com a dor abdominal. Houve associação entre infecção por enteroparasitos, A. lumbricoides, T trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, ancilostomatídeos e infecção por T canis com a contagem de eosinófilos acima de 600/mm3. Não houve diferenças entre os níveis de hemoglobina da população parasitada e da população não parasitada
Abstract: A base population cross sectional study on Pedro de Toledo county is presented with objectives to stimate the prevalence of enteroparasites, the helminths intensity infecction and prevalence of Toxocara canis and to conect these prevalences with the variables; sex, age, residence area, kind of waste, kind of water, bronchitis, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, eosinophil and hemoglobin. In 2.000, 224 pacients were studied and of these 224 feces samples were colected for microscopic examination, 177 blood samples were colected to achieve the serological study for Toxocara canis and 162 bood samples were colected to estimate the hemoglobin levels and eosinophil count. The prevalence of enteroparasites was 56,7%, with 72,4% in the rural area and 33,3% in the urban area. The prevalence of T. canis was 39%, with 31,8% in the rural area and 50% in the urban area. The most prevalent enteroparasite was Ascaris lumbricoides (36,6%), whose prevalences were 52,2% in the rural area and 13,3% in the urban area, followed by Trichuris trichiura (16,5%) whose frequencies were 16,4% in the rural area and 16,6% in the urban area; Strongyloides stercoralis (13,8%) whose prevalences were 16,4% in the rural area and 10% in the urban area; hookworm (12,9%) whose frequencies were 20,2% in the rural area and 2,2% in the urban area; Giardia duodenalis ( 8,%) whose prevalences were 5,2% in the rural area and 12,2% in the urban area and Schistosoma mansoni (1,8%), whose frequencies were 1,5%in the rural area and 2,2% in the urban area. Other parasites found, were Entamoeba histolytica-dispar (0,9%), Enterobius vermicularis (0,9%) and Hymenolepis nana (0,45%), tOOtby their low numbers, were not included in the study. Comensal protozoans were found, like Endolimax nana (8,9%) and Entamoeba coli (10,7%), were not included in the study. Blastocystis hominis was found in the 4,5% from population, was discussed separately and was not included in the conclusion because his patogenicity has not proved yet. The severe intensity of infection by helminths in population was 18,8%, only in A. lumbricoides infection. The enteroparasites infected equally both sexs, were more prevalent in the population whose houses had not septic tanks in their houses and were associated with the rural area, age under or same to fifteen years and ingestion of non filtered water. Toxocara canis infected equally both sexs, was more prevalent in the population with age under or same to fifteen years and was associated with urban area and absence of septi tanks. There was association between enteroparasites and T. canis infection with abdominal pain and diarrhoea, and association between the severe intensity of infection by A. lumbricoides and hookworm infection with abdominal pain. There was associaton between enteroparasites infection, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm and T. canis infection with eosinophil count above then 600/mm3. There were not diferences between the levels of hemoglobin from parasited population and from the non parasited population
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Lima, Meire Maria de. "Propriedades termodinâmicas da Prolil Oligopeptidase de Trypanosoma brucei". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2008. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8895.
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Trypanosoma brucei secreta uma prolil oligopeptidase (POPTb) que parece estar envolvida na patogênese da doença do sono. Essa enzima é capaz de hidrolizar hormônios peptídicos contendo resíduos de prolina e considerada um potencial alvo para o desenvolvimento de drogas contra a patologia. Como a estrutura tridimensional da POPTb ainda não foi resolvida, dicroísmo circular e espectroscopia de fluorescência foram utilizados para estudo da estrutura e estabilidade da enzima bem como para a identificação de aditivos que possam ser utilizados nos experimentos de cristalização e na estocagem da proteína. Parâmetros termodinâmicos e estruturais foram calculados a partir de experimentos de desnaturação térmica e química e de estudos de atenuação da fluorescência. Cloreto de guanidina (GuHCl) promoveu a desnaturação da proteína em concentrações quase 30% menores que uréia. Divergência encontrada nos valores de ΔG determinados a partir de experimentos de desnaturação química e térmica sugere a presença de intermediários no processo de desdobramento da proteína. Sugere, também, maior estabilidade estrutural. Sorbitol se mostrou capaz de estabilizar a POPTb enquanto brometo de hexadecil-trimetilamônia (CTAB), na concentração de 0,1 mM, provocou o efeito oposto levando à quase total inatividade da enzima. A ação do ditiotreitol (DTT) é pH-dependente, reduzindo a estabilidade da enzima em pH neutro e aumentando-a em pH alkalino. Experimetos de atenuação da fluorescência mostraram dependência do pH e heterogeneidade no ambiente dos triptofanos com pelo menos um resíduo desse aminoácido próximo ao sítio ativo. A enzima parece estar menos sujeita a alterações conformacionais em pH 7.5. A elevação da temperatura resultou na redução da concentração micelar crítica (cmc) do CTAB. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Trypanosoma brucei secrets a prolyl oligopeptidase (POPTb) which is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of sleeping sickness. It is able to hydrolyze prolinecontaining peptide hormones and is therefore considered a good target for the development of drugs to treat the disease. As the crystal structure of POPTb has not been solved yet, we used circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy to gain some knowledge on the enzyme structure, stability and on additive effects for both crystallization assays and storage. Thermodynamic and structural parameters were calculated from thermal and chemical denaturation studies as well as from fluorescence quenching experiments, respectively. The concentration of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) that led to protein denaturation was nearly 30% that of urea needed to reach the same effect. Divergence in the ΔG values derived from chemical and thermal unfolding assays suggests the presence of intermediate states in the process. It also suggests higher structural stability. Sorbitol increases enzyme stability and 0.1 mM cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) decreases it almost halting enzyme activity. Ditiotreitol (DTT), however, has the former effect in alkaline pH and the latter effect in neutral pH. Fluorescence quenching experiments show dependence on pH and indicate heterogeneity in the environment of the surface-accessible tryptophan residues with at least one such residue near the enzyme active site. POPTb molecule seems to be less subjected to conformational changes at pH 7.5. The increase in temperature lowers CTAB critical micelle concentration (cmc).
FERREIRA, Daniela. "Sequênciação e análise do genoma de um presumível flavivírus isolado de Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13988.
Texto completoThe genus Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) includes over seventy viruses with ssRNA genomes, many of which are important pathogens of humans and other animals. Flaviviruses comprehend tick-borne, mosquito-borne and no known vector viral agents, as well as so-called “non-classical flaviviruses” (Cook and Holmes, 2006) with no known vertebrate host. They are commonly placed at the roots of phylogenetic trees of the genus, are frequently found in mosquitoes, and have been tentatively designated insect-specific flaviviruses (ISF) (Farfan-Ale et al., 2009). While classification of ISF as flaviviruses is supported by their genetic organization, protein hydropathy plots, conserved polyprotein cleavage sites and enzyme domains, they are antigenically distinct from other flaviviruses, and share approximately the same level of nucleotide sequence identity with other members of the genus as when compared to the members of the two other established genera in the Flaviviridae family (Cook and Holmes, 2006; Gould et al., 2003). This work reports the initial characterization, including near full-length sequence and genome analysis, of an new ISF, tentatively designated OCFVPt, that was isolated from Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) adult mosquitoes, found in high densities in the coastal, and estuarine, districts of Setúbal and Faro (Almeida et al., 2008). This virus replicates rapidly in the Ae. albopitus-derived C6/36 cell line and, as expected for an ISF, does not replicate in Vero cells. Unexpectedly, unlike most ISF, OCFVPt seems to cause pronounced cytophatic effect in C6/36 cells, which round-up and rapidly detach from a solid support soon after infection. Electron microscope analysis of thin sections of C6/36 cells at 48h post-infection with OCFVPt revealed nuclear hyperplasy, and evident enlargement of the intercisternal space of the nuclear envelope, which is also filled with multiple sized vesicles. The OCFVPt genome is, at least, 9,839 nt long and encodes a single polyprotein showing all the features expected for a flaviviruses. The phylogenetic trees, based on alignment of viral sequences, resulted in similar topologies, in which OCFVPt always seems to form, along with the recently reported HANKV (Huhtamo et al., 2012), a divergent genetic line within the ISF radiation.
OLIVEIRA, Marta Margarida de Figueiredo. "Optimization of screening methods for the evaluation of the antileishmanial potential of halophytes and macroalgae from the Iberian coast". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19168.
Texto completoSOUSA, Karina Pires. "Caracterização bioquímica de metaloproteinases de parasitas tripanosomatídeos". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14029.
Texto completoThe identification and characterization of metalloprotease-mediated processes from a variety of eukaryotes is progressing at a rapid rate, both at the molecular and cellular levels – and the many roles that proteases play in these organisms are coming into focus. Matrix metalloproteinases carry out housekeeping tasks common to many eukaryotes, as well as functioning at a much more specific level in parasitic life cycles, for instance. Central roles have been proposed in diverse processes, such as cell invasion and egress, encystation, excystation, catabolism of proteins, differentiation, cell cycle progression, cytoadherence, and both stimulation and evasion from immune responses. In this study, a characterization of the metalloproteases from two different extracts is presented: Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania infantum. Classification into the metalloprotease class has been accomplished by means of differential inhibition of the activity of these proteases over different substrates (gelatin and casein), and a survey of selective inhibitors with potential use on new chemotherapeutical strategies against these agents was performed. Additionally, a bioinformatic study regarding a metalloprotease which is common to the parasites in study is conducted, and branches out this study to related organisms. The results herein presented demonstrate the presence of metalloproteases capable of degrading matrix proteins in all of the extracts studied, and that their activity can be inhibited with moderate concentrations of inhibitors. Furthermore, the results suggest that in all the pathological events discussed here, the presence of active metalloproteases is indeed stable to their life cycles and in the progression of the pathology caused by the diverse biological agents in study. The analysis of all the results and observations may possibly lead to the identification and integration of common elements in the processes of cellular invasion and parasitic progression explained here. For that reason, the understanding of these interactions remains an outstanding challenge.
Flores, Rodrigo Echeverria. "Níveis séricos de interleucina-12 e fator de necrose tumoral-a em diferentes apresentações clínicas de toxoplasmose". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4336.
Texto completoToxoplasmosis is an universal zoonosis, transmitted so much through oral contamination, as well by congenital route. The protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, provokes a strong cellular immune response, pattern Th1, that do not overcome the infection but that takes most of the patients to an asymptomatic chronic stage. In some areas of the south of the country, there is a high prevalence of ocular lesions, caused by toxoplasmosis, most of them acquired cases. In this study was determined the variability of the seric levels of two important citokynes in the immune response to the Toxoplasma, Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and Tumor Necrosis Factor- a (TNF-a). The analisis were performed in 106 patients' sera with different clinical forms of the disease (scarred ocular lesion, lesion ocular reactivated, recent disease and chronic toxoplasmosis) and in 31 healthy controls. Significantly higher levels of IL-12 were observed in individuals with scarred ocular lesions, when compared with all groups of pacients and controls (p<0,005). There was no significant diference in the TNF-a seric levels beetwen the groups. The results shows the viability of new studies, in order to obtain a possible application of the seric determination of IL-12 in medical routine, as a prognostic test, mainly in the cases of ocular toxoplasmosis.
A Toxoplasmose é uma zoonose universal, transmitida tanto através de contaminação oral, quanto de maneira congênita. O protozoário causador, Toxoplasma gondii, provoca no organismo uma forte resposta imune celular, padrão Th1, que não resolve a infecção mas que leva a maioria das pessoas a um estágio crônico assintomático. Em algumas regiões do sul do país, há uma elevada prevalência de lesões oculares, causadas por toxoplasmose, a maioria delas adquiridas. Nesse estudo determinou-se a variabilidade dos níveis séricos de duas citocinas importantes na resposta imune ao Toxoplasma, a Interleucina 12 (IL-12) ) e o Fator de Necrose Tumoral-α (TNF-α). Foram analisados soros de 106 pacientes com diferentes apresentações clínicas da doença (lesão ocular cicatrizada, lesão ocular recidivante, doença recente e toxoplasmose crônica assintomática) e de 31 controles sadios, obtendo-se valores significativamente mais elevados de IL-12 nos indivíduos que apresentavam lesões oculares cicatrizadas, quando comparados com todos os outros grupos de pacientes e controles (p<0,005). Os valores de TNF-α não apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos. Os resultados apontam para a viabilidade de novos estudos, visando a uma possível aplicação da determinação de IL-12 sérica na prática clínica, como teste prognóstico nos casos de toxoplasmose ocular.
LEMOS, Joana Catarina Matias de. "Prevalência e distribuição de coinfecção por dirofilariose e leishmaniose canina em Portugal". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19156.
Texto completoDirofilariasis and Leishmaniasis are infections caused by the parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis and the protozoan Leishmania infantum, respectively. These two vector-borne parasites share, not only the same geographic distribution, as well as similar endemic foci. As other Mediterranean countries, Portugal is also endemic for both parasitic diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and co-infection caused by D. immitis and L. infantum in dogs in central Portugal regions (Coimbra, Santarém and Setúbal). For this purpose, 299 dogs, with more than six months old, housed in kennels from those districts were evaluated. The prevalence of D. immitis in the districts of Coimbra, Setúbal and Santarém was 13.8%, 22.7% and 35.4%, respectively, while the prevalence of L. infantum was 1.06%, 2.3% and 2.7%, respectively. It was found a statistically significant association (χ2 = 13.417, P = 0.001) between the prevalence of D. immitis infection and the districts. Santarém was the district with more positive cases of D. immitis (46/77). Associations between individual parameters (age, sex and body hair) and clinical manifestations (skin lesions, lymph nodes, oedema/ascites and respiratory signs) with the prevalence for each parasite were established. Statistically significant associations were only detected between D. immitis infection and the dog’s age. Co-infection with both parasites was detected only in one case from the district of Setúbal [0.33% (0,1-1,9; 95% CI)]. This study sought to investigate the occurrence of co-infection and co-endemicity in those regions in order to design, if required, integrated control measures against dirofilariasis and leishmaniasis. It was found that co-infection is not significant, possibly due to the low prevalence of L. infantum infection.
ALVES, Joana Baptista. "Epidemiologia da malária em Cabo Verde - factores genéticos humanos e estrutura populacional do mosquito vector". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6040.
Texto completoMalaria is one of the main health problems worldwide and involves complex interactions between human, vector and parasite. As otherparasitic and infectious diseases, malaria has had an important signature on evolution viewing the human genetic contribution to the disease susceptibility and outcome.Despite control measureshave being applied for decades,malaria continues to bepresent on Santiago Island where it persistsinlow endemic condition. Nowadays,people present moderate manifestation, submicroscopic infectionisdetected, and vectors occur nearbysusceptible populations. The frequency of the main human genetic polymorphism associated to malaria and the population structure of the vector are unknown. The general mainobjectivesof this work were1) to study two classic human genetics factors associated to malaria, namely sickle cell trait andglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyand to analyse a putative evolvement of other erythrocyte enzymopathy-pyruvate kinase deficiency) and 2) to analyse the population structure of the malaria vector, aiming at understandingmalaria epidemiology and better designing ofappropriate measures. The work addressed the detection ofthe allele associated to haemoglobinSandpolymorphismson the G6PDand PKLRgenes in unrelated individuals (Infected and Non-Infected), trying to assessa putative association with infection. Regarding mosquito vectors, a PCR-basedanalysis and genotyping of microsatellite lociof Anopheles arabiensiswas carried out.ConcerningHBBgene, the sickle cell trait frequency (Individual HbAS) was 6%, with HbSfrequency of 5%and G6PDvariants was 0,8% for G6PDA-and0,0% for G6PDMed.No association between genotypes of these two factors and infection was detected. As regardsPKLR gene, no clear association was detected between polymorphisms and the state of infection but marked linkage disequilibrium among distant lociand lociin the gene was revealed only in the Non Infected individuals, which maymean that this could be a more conserved region selected in association to protection against the infection and/or disease.The genetic diversity of A. arabiensis, at the 11 microsatellitelocianalysed,was moderate with values of Herangingfrom 0,481 to 0,522 and Rsfrom 4 to 5. The level of genetic differentiation,based on 7 polymorphic loci,was low but significant with a mean estimated pairwise FSTof 0,012 (p<0,001), ranging from 0,001 to 0,023 between population pairs. TheKdrallele associated to insecticide resistance was not detected.The low frequencyof G6PD-deficiency associated alleles(A-and Med) have strong implication on the strategy for the malaria control defined by the National Programme of Malaria Control (PNLP) once primaquinemust be administered as therapeuticsregimen. The analysis of A. arabiensisfrom Santiago Island revealedahomogeneous and weakly structured population. Thisresult, on one partmay mean a disadvantage to the control of mosquito vectors as it may facilitate a putative dispersion of resistance genes. However, on the other part this homogeneity could make an introduction of transgenic vectors feasible.
NETO, Zoraima Naymbi da Silva. "Biological characterization of de-ubiquitylating enzymes (UBPs/UCHs) in Plasmodium spp as potential drug targets". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19274.
Texto completoMalaria continues to be a major public healthconcern. Drug resistance continues to threaten all efforts made to control the disease. Hence there is a race to identify new antimalarial drugs that act on newer targets, in order to minimize the spread of drug resistance. The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway has been idientified as a potential drug target. Mutations in de-ubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs),which catalyze the removal of ubiquitin,havebeen associated with the developmentof infectiousand non infectious diseases. In this project four DUBs namely pfuch-l1, pfuch-l3, pfuch-l54and pfubp-8were identified in the Plasmodiumfalciparumgenome and were characterized. Theexpression profile of genes encoding DUBsthroughout the parasite ́s life cycle with and without drug treatment wascarried out by RT-PCR.Polyclonal antibodies raised in mice were used to detect protein abundance in different stages of the parasite ́s life cycle. An attempt was made to produce a DUB knockoutlineand determine whether they are essential for the parasite. Recombinant proteins were expressed in E.colicells and their de-ubiquitylating activity was tested usinga specific substrate for DUBs.The activity of curcumin (a Dub inhibitor)was evalutedinvitroon the recombinant proteinsand its antimalarialactivity was testedin association with chloroquine and artemisininin anin vivorodent malaria model,Plasmodium chabaudi. A proteomics approach was also used to determine what proteins were deregulated in response to curcumin treatment.The results show that P.falciparumgenes pfuch-l1, pfuch-l3, pfuch-l54and pfubp-8are differentially expressed throughout the parasite ́s life cycle and those proteins are more abundant at the trophozoite and schizont stages of the parasite.Treatment of parasites with artemisinin, chloroquine, and curcumin induced a transientincrease in the expression of those genes,followed by a steadydecrease in the gene expressionpattern.No viable pfuch-l1and pfuch-l3gene knockout lines were obtained.Recombinant proteins were successfully expressed in E.colicellswith the exception of Pfuch-l54.Pfuch-l1, Pfuch-l3, Pfubp-8demonstrated de-ubiquitylating activity by cleaving the substrate Ub-AMC. In vitroIC50 of curcumin towards recombinant Pfuch-l1was 15μM, for recombinant Pfuch-l3was 25.4μM and forPfubp-8was 10μM and for human USP2 was 5μM. Curcumin displayed some toxicity to the HepG2 cell lines, but the in vivoantimalarial activityassays in the rodent model of malaria Plasmodium chabaudishowedthat curcumin is non toxic to miceand the association of curcumin with chloroquine displayedsynergism whereas theassociation of curcumin with artemisinin showed antagonism. The proteomics assay performed in P.falciparumcultures treated with curcuminrevealed10deregulatedproteins.The proteins identified were involved in sulfur metabolism, protein translation and degradation, cell cycleand cellular organization. In conclusion, the presentstudyshowed that P.falciparumDUBs are indeed potential drug targets. However further molecular, biochemicaland phamacological studies will be required in ordertoturn the inhibitors more specific towards the parasite ́s enzymes andminimise damage to the host ́s proteins.
Candido, Renata Russo Frasca. "Estudo das características físico-químicas e propriedades magnéticas da superfície do ovo de Schistosoma mansoni e Schistosoma japonicum". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7095.
Texto completoSchistososmiasis is a chronic endemic infection caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, and it occurs in 74 countries in Africa, South America and Asia. The three main agents of this infection in humans are: Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, that cause the hepatic-intestinal disease, and Schistosoma haematobium, responsible for the genitourinary infection. Despite the effective treatment like praziquantel, schistososmiasis remains as the second most prevalent parasitic disease in the world. Diagnosis of the intestinal schistososmiasis is achieved through the direct visualization of the eggs in fecal samples. The current method recommended by the World Health Organization in epidemiological studies is the Kato-Katz method. Despite it being simple and cheap, in areas of low endemicity this technique loose sensibility, leading to the occurrence of false-negative cases and underestimation of the prevalence in the studied area. Helmintex™ is a coproparasitological method highly sensitive that allows the isolation of Schistosoma eggs from 30 grams of feces, based in the interaction between the eggs and paramagnetic microspheres in a magnetic field. However, this method demands time and specialized equipment, being of difficult manipulation in work field. The mechanism that promotes the interaction between the paramagnetic spheres with the Schistosoma eggs is not known. Considering the necessity of sensitive diagnostic tools of easy applicability in epidemiological studies in low endemicity areas, this work has the purpose to study the surface physical-chemical characteristics of S. mansoni and S. japonicum eggs, in order to enhance the efficiency of the Helmintex™ method. S. mansoni and S. japonicum eggs were isolated from livers of experimentally infected mice. The eggs were submitted to morphological and structural analysis using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy and elemental analysis using Energy Disperssion Spectroscopy. The magnetic susceptibility was determined using SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) and the concentration of the chemical elements was determined through Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Experiments to elucidate the interaction properties of the eggs of the eggs and the microspheres were conducted incubating the eggs from both species with different paramagnetic microspheres. The results show that the egg surface of both species is recovered by a dense layer of microspines, being those shorter and less spaced in S. mansoni. The eggs spontaneously bind the particles, with a greater preference for magnetic material. S. japonicum eggs have a higher affinity for paramagnetic microspheres than S. mansoni eggs. The presence of streptavidin in the surface of the microspheres enhances the affinity of both species for non-magnetic material, however it decreases the affinity for paramagnetic microspheres. Despite the presence of iron in the eggshell of S. mansoni and S. japonicum, the origin of the interaction does not seem to be magnetic, but, based in the difference of electrostatic charges present in the surface of the eggs and the microspheres. The continuity of this study is important to determine the physical-chemical characteristics of eggs from human feces, and it can lead to the upgrading and optimization of the Helmintex™ method. Studies using Atomic Force Microscopy are in progress.
A esquistossomose é uma infecção crônica endêmica causada por parasitos do gênero Schistosoma, e ocorre em países 74 países na África, América do Sul e Ásia. Os três principais agentes desta infecção em humanos são: Schistosoma mansoni e Schistosoma japonicum, causadores da doença hepato-intestinal, e Schistosoma haematobium, responsável pela infecção genitourinária. Apesar de haver tratamento efetivo como o praziquantel, a esquistossomose permanece como a segunda infecção parasitária mais prevalente no mundo. O diagnóstico da esquistossomose intestinal é feito através da direta visualização dos ovos em amostras fecais. O método atualmente recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde em estudos epidemiológicos é o método de Kato-Katz. Apesar de simples e barato, em áreas de baixa endemicidade esta técnica perde sensibilidade, levando à ocorrência de casos falso-negativos e subestimação da prevalência da área estudada. O Helmintex® é um método coproparasitológico altamente sensível que permite o isolamento de ovos de Schistosoma à partir de 30 gramas de fezes, baseado na interação entre os ovos e esferas paramagnéticas em um campo magnético. Entretanto, este método demanda tempo e equipamentos especializados, sendo de difícil manipulação em estudos de campo.O mecanismo que promove a interação das esferas paramagnéticas com os ovos de Schistosoma não é conhecido. Tendo em vista a necessidade de ferramentas diagnósticas sensíveis e de fácil aplicabilidade em estudos epidemiológicos em áreas de baixa transmissão, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar características físico-químicas da superfície dos ovos de S. mansoni e S. japonicum, afim de aprimorar a eficiência do método Helmintex®. Ovos de S. mansoni e S. japonicum foram isolados de fígados de camundongos experimentalmente infectados. Os ovos foram submetidos à analise morfológica e estrutural utilizando Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Transmissão e análise elementar utilizando Espectroscopia por Dispersão de Energia. A susceptibilidade magnética foi determinada utilizando-se o SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) e a concentração dos elementos químicos foi determinada através de Espectroscopia por Emissão Atômica. Experimentos para elucidar as propriedades de interação dos ovos e das microesferas foram conduzidos incubando ovos de ambas as espécies com diferentes microesferas paramagnéticas. Os resultados mostram que a superfície do ovo de ambas as espécies é recoberta por uma camada densa de microespinhos, sendo estes mais curtos e menos espaçados em S. mansoni. Os ovos espontaneamente ligam-se às partículas, com maior preferência por material magnético. Os ovos de S. japonicum possuem maior afinidade pelas microsesferas paramagnéticas do que os ovos de S. mansoni. A presença de estreptavidina na superfície das microesferas aumenta a afinidade de ambas as espécies por microesferas não-magnéticas, porém diminui a afinidade por microesferas paramagnéticas. Apesar da presença de ferro na casca do ovo tanto de S. mansoni quanto de S. japonicum, a origem da interação não parece ser magnética, e sim, baseada na diferença de cargas eletrostáticas presentes na superfície dos ovos e das microesferas. A continuidade deste estudo é importante para determinar as características físico-químicas de ovos provenientes de fezes humanas, e pode levar ao aprimoramento e otimização do método Helmintex®. Estudos utilizando-se Microscopia de Força Atômica encontram-se em andamento.
Silva, Renata Kelly Novais Rodrigues. "Avaliação da etiologia das infecções enteroparasitárias em diferentes grupos pediátricos e genotipagem de isolados de Giardia duodenalis". Faculdade de Farmácia, 2013. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/22680.
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A infecção por parasitos ocorre com maior frequência na população infantil e pode evoluir com gravidade em pacientes com alterações no sistema imunológico, como por exemplo, aqueles com desnutrição ou câncer. A Giardia duodenalis é o parasito mais frequente em crianças, causando infecções intestinais que variam de assintomáticas à presença de diarreia aguda ou crônica, sendo imprescindível que seu diagnóstico seja realizado corretamente. Entretanto, as técnicas diagnósticas mais sensíveis, também são as mais caras, sendo necessária uma análise mais detalhada do custo-benefício de sua utilização na rotina clínica. Além do diagnóstico de rotina, a caracterização molecular da Giardia contribui para um melhor entendimento da taxonomia, epidemiologia, potencial zoonótico de transmissão e associação entre o quadro clínico e um determinado genótipo (A H). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a etiologia das infecções enteroparasitárias em diversos grupos pediátricos, utilizando diferentes técnicas de diagnóstico, e caracterizar os genótipos de Giardia duodenalis isolados de crianças de creche. Foram coletadas amostras fecais de 824 crianças: 70 de pacientes oncológicos, 110 internadas com desnutrição energéticoprotéica grave, 151 internadas devido à doença diarreica e 493 saudáveis atendidas em creches. As amostras foram submetidas às seguintes técnicas de diagnóstico: a) exame direto; b) Baermann-Moraes; c) cultura de fezes em placas de agar; d) Faust; e) sedimentação por centrifugação; g) coloração Ziehl-Nielsen modificado e h) pesquisa de coproantígenos de Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis e Entamoeba histolytica por ELISA. Setenta e uma amostras fecais positivas para Giardia duodenalis oriundas das crianças de creche foram submetidas a genotipagem através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), tendo como alvo os genes β-giardina e Gdh, seguida pela Análise do Polimorfismo do Fragmento de Restrição (RFLP). Dentre as 824 crianças, 30,3% estavam infectadas por pelo menos um parasito. As crianças com câncer apresentaram a maior ocorrência de enteroparasitos (47,1%), seguidas pelo grupo de creche (35,4%), crianças com diarreia (16,6%), e por último, crianças com desnutrição (15,5%). A Giardia duodenalis foi o parasito mais frequente (18,4%) e se destacou na população sem diarreia, enquanto o Cryptosporidium e a E. histolytica apresentaram associação significativa com o quadro de diarreia. Comparando as técnicas de diagnóstico para Giardia, utilizando como padrão de referência a positividade em pelo menos uma das técnicas, o ELISA se mostrou mais sensível que a microscopia (97% versus 55%). Dos 71 isolados de G. duodenalis de crianças de creche submetidos à PCR, 51 (77,4%) tiveram os DNAs amplificados. Foram identificados os genótipos AII, BIII, BIV e E, com predomínio do AII, sugerindo que a principal via de transmissão é antroponótica, seja pela ingestão de água ou alimentos contaminados com fezes humanas, ou através do contato pessoa a pessoa, uma vez que esse subtipo tem sido encontrado apenas em humanos.
Parasitic infections occur most frequently in children and can lead to severe disease in patients with alterations in the immune system, such as those with malnutrition or cancer. Giardia duodenalis is the most frequent parasite in children, causing intestinal infections ranging from asymptomatic to the development of acute or chronic diarrhea, being essential the correct diagnosis of the parasite. However, the more sensitive diagnostic techniques are also the most expensive, requiring a detailed analysis of the cost-benefit of their use in clinical routine. In addition to the routine diagnosis, the molecular characterization of Giardia contributes to a better understanding of the taxonomy, epidemiology and zoonotic potential of transmission and clinical forms of infection associated to a specific genotype (A - H). This study aimed to evaluate the etiology of parasitic infections in pediatric groups, using different diagnostic techniques, and characterize the genotypes of Giardia duodenalis isolates from children attending day care centers. There were collected fecal samples from 824 children: 70 oncologic patients, 110 hospitalized with severe protein-energy malnutrition, 151 hospitalized due to diarrheic disease and 493 healthy day care children. The samples were subjected to the following diagnostic techniques: a) direct examination, b) Baermann-Moraes c) stool culture on agar plates d) Faust e) sedimentation by centrifugation; g) modified Ziehl-Nielsen staining h) search of coproantigens of Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica by ELISA. Seventy-one fecal samples positive for Giardia duodenalis from day care centers children were subjected to genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the target genes β-giardina and Gdh, followed by Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Among the 824 children, 30.3% were infected with at least one parasite. Children with cancer had the highest frequency of intestinal parasites (47.1%), followed by the day care group (35.4%), children with diarrhea (16.6%), and those with malnutrition (15.5 %). The parasite Giardia duodenalis was the most frequent (18.4%) in stood of the population without diarrhea, while Cryptosporidium and E. histolytica were significantly associated with the diarrheic disease. Comparing the diagnostic techniques for Giardia using as reference standard the positivity in at least one technique, the ELISA was more highly sensitive than microscopy (97% versus 55%). Of the 71 isolates of G. duodenalis from day care children subjected to PCR, 51 (77.4%) had the DNAs amplified. There were identified genotypes IIA, BIII, BIV and E, with a predominance of the IIA, suggesting that the main route of transmission is anthroponotic, either by ingesting food or water contaminated with human feces, or through the contact person-to-person, since this subtype has been found only in humans.
CLAIROUIN, Isabel Neves. "Estudo dos culicídeos (Diptera: Culicidae) nos cemitérios das ilhas da Madeira e Porto Santo". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10222.
Texto completoThe bio-ecological study of mosquitoes is of major importance because it may detect the presence of several species of mosquitoes, vectors of pathogens to humans and other animals. In addition, mosquitoes can be considered a nuisance factor for human populations due to allergic reactions caused by their bites and the pain caused by them. From January to August 2009, 415 oviposition traps were examined and 700 artificial containers were prospected in the 52 cemeteries of the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo. Of the 415 examined oviposition traps, 148 (35.7%) contained immature and despite the cemeteries are considered the main sources of certain species of mosquitoes, there were only 45 (6.4%) larval breeding sites in the 700 artificial containers with water investigated. Four species of mosquitoes have been identified: Aedes (Finlaya) eatoni (Edwards, 1916), Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata (Macquart, 1838), Culex (Culex) pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) and Culex (Culex) theileri (Theobald, 1903). There was a prevalence of Aedes eatoni in relation to other species. The distribution of mosquitoes diverge with altitude and air temperature and are more abundant in the 200 - 300 meters and between 22 - 26ºC. The metal containers (2=156.9, p=0.00<0.05) and those with capacity up to 0.5 liters (2=9.925, p=0.0019 <0.05) were the preferred of the immature. However, the immature showed no preference in relation to sun exposure of the containers (2=0.799, p=0.671). In relation to the water quality of breeding sites,it was found that the water temperature (t=-1.39; p=0.16) and the dissolved oxygen co ntent (z=-1.21; p=0.23) had no influence in the presence of immatures, but did pH (z=-2.12; p=0.03<0.05) and salinity (z=- 3.089; p=0.002<0.05) that influenced their presence and their values varied between 6-8 and 0.1-1.7 g/L, respectively. There was a larval association between Culiseta longiareolata and Culex pipiens (2 =32.05, p=0.00<0.05) and between Culex pipiens and Culex theileri ( 2 =118.71, p=0.00<0.05). The mosquito Aedes aegypti was not found during the study period that occurred from January to August 2009. However, it was detected in the cemeteries of Câmara de Lobos and Caniço during two campaigns, in which the author participated, in the months of October and November of the same year.
LEIRIÃO, Patrícia Rodrigues Saavedra. "Plasmodium hepatocyte interactions : implications for protection against malaria". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/56913.
Texto completoMalaria is one of the most predominant infectious diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 1 million deaths annually. The intracellular parasite Plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria which undergoes a complicated life cycle. Infection is initiated by inoculation of sporozoites through mosquito bite, which journey to the liver where they must migrate and invade hepatocytes in order to replicate and mature. Immunity to malaria is complex and is essentially both species and stage specific, thus a wide variety of distinct immune mechanisms are provoked by the parasite in the host. The generation and maintenance of protective immune responses requires repeated infections over the lifetime of an individual and even though only partial immunity is achieved against the disease. Despite the significant advances in understanding mechanisms of protection and identifying new targets for vaccine design, an effective protection against malaria is still not available. However, immunization with irradiated Plasmodium sporozoites induces antigen-specific CD8+ T cells immune response that confers complete protection against malaria. The initiation of this response is mediated by dendritic cells, but the source of parasite antigens intervening in this response remains unknown. Irradiated sporozoites are capable of infecting hepatocytes but do not progress into blood stages forms. Both this incomplete liver development and the hepatic stage itself are indispensable steps for the outcome of a successful malaria protection. Although some protective mechanisms conferred by irradiated sporozoites have been identified, a thorough characterization is still needed. The liver plays a key role in the life cycle of the malaria parasite and therefore insights into Plasmodium-hepatocyte interactions will have a promising effect in improving the process of triggering an immune response against the disease. Using a rodent malaria model, we show that hepatocytes infected with irradiated Plasmodium sporozoites undergo apoptosis shortly after infection. In addition, after infection dendritic cells are recruited to the liver where they phagocytose apoptotic bodies derived from infected hepatocytes. Given that dendritic cells are capable of cross-presenting exogenous antigens and elicit the priming and activation of T cells, our results suggest that the apoptotic Plasmodium infected hepatocytes provide a source of parasite antigens for the initiation of the protective immune response against the disease. Cell death plays a central role in the course of an infection helping establish an immune response against a pathogen. Furthermore, some parasites have the capacity to modulate this response by apoptosis induction or inhibition of the infected host cell, in order to survive and develop within the host.Previously it was shown that wounding of hepatocytes by sporozoite migration induces the secretion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by traversed cells, which renders neighbor epatocytes susceptible to infection. The signaling initiated by HGF through its receptor MET has multifunctional effects on various cell types. Survival signals and protection of host cells is one of these features of HGF/MET signaling. The role of this protection on Plasmodium infected hepatocytes was also a subject of study in this thesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that HGF/MET would induce in infected host cells protection from apoptosis, which in turn would lead to an increased infection. Our data confirms that HGF/MET signaling protects infected cells from apoptosis, since an increase in apoptosis of infected cells was observed when the signaling pathway was inhibited. Given that HGF inhibits cell death primarily through the PI3-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway, we tested if the infection susceptibility increase was impaired by inhibition of this pathway. In fact, inhibition of PI3-kinase completely abrogates the HGF effect on malaria infection. Taken together, these results implicate that the permissive effect of HGF for susceptibility to malaria infection is, at least in part, mediated by its anti-apoptotic signal. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time that active host’s cell apoptosis inhibition during infection by Plasmodium is required for a successful infection. Finally, an attempt at identifying a Plasmodium candidate gene responsible for the apoptosis inhibition of the host cell was carried out. Preliminary results evidence a promising role for Plasmodium heat shock protein 70 which broad function should be studied in the future. In summary, data presented in this thesis contributes to a wider understanding of the events that occur in the liver during a malaria infection and expand our knowledge within the interactions established between the malaria parasite and its host.
CORTES, Sofia Júdice da Costa. "Diversidade genética da população parasitária de Leishmania em Portugal". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/61771.
Texto completoThe main objective of the present study was to access genetic diversity of a Leishmania parasite population from human, canine, vulpine and vector portuguese isolates, by using two molecular markers: kDNA and microsatellites. In Chapter 1, we have performed a bibliographic revision concerning leishmaniasis including epidemiology of the disease in the mediterranean countries namely Portugal. A special emphasis was given to molecular epidemiology that as been developed in the last years. In Chapter 2, we have performed a canine survey on leishmaniasis which included 374 dogs from the Lisbon metropolitan region. An overall prevelance of 19,2%, with 18,4% in domestic dogs and 21,6% in stray dogs were found. The results highlight the importance of stray dogs in parasite’s transmission and disease dissemination. From the 72 dogs that were found infected, 49 strains were isolated and typed as L. infantum MON-1. These strains, along with other human, vector and canine samples, were used to evaluate genetic diversity. In Chapter 3 we have developed kinetoplastid primers, MC1 and MC2, being these primers specific and sensitive for L. donovani complex identification in isolates from cultures or directly from clinical samples. kDNA-PCR-RFLP was applied on the analysis of 161 DNA samples, 134 of them belonging to L. infantum Portuguese isolates. 16 genotypes were identified in the total sample and 13 genotypes were identified in the portuguese samples. A predominance of genotype A was observed, which was exclusively found in the Portuguese parasite population. In terms of geographic distribution, this methodology showed to be in agreement with isoenzyme typing and with other molecular markers, separating a unique genotype for the samples from Africa. However, individualization was not observed in the studied geographic regions of Portugal suggesting the existence of genetic flow between the different regions. In Chapter 4, 13 microsatellite loci, polymorphic for L. infantum, were studied in 154 samples, 128 of them belonging to the different geographic regions of Portugaland different host and vector. A high degree of polymorphism was obtained with these markers than with kDNA, having identified 85 genotypes. Greater molecular diversity in samples from Algarve and Alto Douro was observed, and relatively to the host, human samples seemed to be more polymorphic than canine, which is in accordance with results from isoenzymatic typing that are currently known. A cluster of samples that are not MON-1 were individualized and within this group, a sub-cluster of samples of East Africa (Ethiopia and Sudan) as previously suggested by other authors. In Chapter 5, we have discussed the results obtained with both markers, kDNA and microsatellites, and the molecular methodologies applied. The results from this study allowed us to conclude that Leishmania parasites in Portugal resently show higher variability than what has been observed in the past. This study also allows us to know that some genotypes are predominant in Portugal and human host and vector genetic variabilities are higher than in domestic and silvatic reservoirs.
RODRIGUES, Olívia Roos. "Characterization and functional analysis of cell-mediated immunity to Leishmania infantum". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/62620.
Texto completoLeishmania infantum is the causative agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), a disease frequently characterized by specific impairment of cell-mediated immune responses and uncontrolled parasitization. Regulatory T cells (Treg) have been shown to be involved in the direct induction of immunosuppresion of effector immune response during chronic Leishmania infections. The present study aims firstly to investigate the possible involvement of Treg cells during L. infantum infection in a susceptible animal model. Results indicated that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are present in L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice and exhibit phenotypic and functional characteristics of Treg. The presence of high levels of foxp3 gene expression and surface expression ofE7 integrin (CD103) suggest a predisposition for Treg retention within sites of L. infantum infection, as is the case of the spleen and draining lymph nodes, consequently influencing local immune response and increased susceptibility. However, no evident Th polarization despite chronic parasitism in both spleen and liver was observed during L. infantum infection in this model. Th1 and Th2 effector immune responses seemed inadequate, perhaps due to Treg expansion. Foxp3-expressing-CD4+CD25+ T cells are indeed capable of producing TGF- and may contribute to immunosuppression and better control of parasite-mediated-immunopathology during infection. Surprisingly, IL-10 producing-CD4+CD25-Foxp3- T cells were also identified as an additional source of IL-10 and represent a type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cell subset that is being induced in vivo by L. infantum parasites. These findings suggest that distinct regulatory T cells develop in response to L. infantum and may play a possible role in promoting parasite persistence and the establishment of chronic infection in this particular experimental model of infection. Having demonstrated that Treg-mediated immunosuppression is evident in L. infantum susceptible infection model, the next step would be to verify if in a resistant experimental model of infection, immunosuppresive Treg can or cannot be modulated by the parasite. This would represent the development of a parasite strategy able to upregulate immunosuppressive cells, dampen effector immune response in their favour, and promote expansion, ultimately regulating the regulator. So to elucidate on immunosuppressive Treg function induced by L. infantum parasites and the underlying mechanisms involved in the direct host-parasite interactions and immune regulation, the second part of this study focuses on the role of TLR-2 on Treg function during L. infantum experimental murine infection by investigating the influence of TLR-2 on Treg kinetics, immune response, parasite-associated pathology and the outcome of L. infantum infection. To achieve this, TLR-2 deficient mice (TLR-2-/-) and their wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT) were infected with L. infantum parasites and comparative analysis was done to see whether or not the presence or absence of TLR-2 produces any differential effect on the host parameters related to Treg dynamics and protective immunity. Defective TLR-2 signalling had a visible effect on outcome of L. infantum infection. Higher rates of parasite multiplication were observed in both spleen and liver of TLR-2-/- knock-out mice, despite the ability in forming well-defined and structured liver granulomas. These granulomas were apparently ineffective in parasite clearance, when compared to wild-type mice. Defective TLR-2 signalling did induce during late infection high retention of memory Treg which seemed to be associated to high parasite load and low IFN- levels. TLR-2 signalling pathway may play a role in Treg modulation and consequently in L. infantum pathogenesis. Functional TLR-2 signalling in WT may be important in providing tight control over FOXP3+ committed Treg populations, negative Treg regulation and more protective immunity, giving rise to enhanced immunity and more effective response against infection. The presence or absence of TLR-2 did not seem to influence IL-10 or TGF- expression, and it did not seem to correlate with CD103+ FOXP3+ Treg detected late during infection in TLR-2-/- mice. Detection of high levels of suppressive Treg in L. infantum-infected TLR-2 deficient mice was not accompanied by associated inductions of immunosuppressive cytokines. The presence of high levels of immunosuppressive Treg in infected spleen, in the absence of TLR-2, suggests that this receptor in particular plays an important role in regulating the regulators, thus orchestrating effective innate and acquired immunity against L. infantum infection.
MIXÃO, Verónica de Pinho. "Identificação dos mosquitos vetores de dirofilariose canina em Portugal". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19162.
Texto completoCanine dirofilariosis is a vector-borne disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria. This is an emerging zoonosis that has been spreading throughout Europe and it is endemic in Mediterranean countries such as Portugal. Its treatment may involve health complications for dogs, sometimes leading to their death. Therefore, to control of this disease, prevention is extremely important, for example, by applying suitable prophylaxis or by reducing contact between infected mosquitoes and not infected hosts. Because the transmission is dependent not only on the presence of a sufficient number of microfilaremic dogs, but also of susceptible mosquitoes and an appropriate environment that allows the extrinsic incubation of parasite in the mosquito vector, this prevention should take into account the time during which transmission occurs in a given area. This period is dependent on vector species, since each one has its own bioecology and behavior, which may affect the epidemiology of the disease, due, for instance, the temperature at which parasite development occurs in his invertebrate host. Thus, to assess the risk of human and animal exposure to the disease and also to select appropriated control measures, it is extremely important to know which species act as vectors of canine dirofilariosis in a given area. With respect to the vectors of this disease in Portugal few studies have been carried out so the main objective of this work was to identify the vectors of canine dirofilariosis in this endemic country. With this aim, mosquitoes were captured in three districts with recognized endemicity for this disease, namely, Coimbra, Santarém and Setúbal, for two years. These mosquitoes were morphologically identified and separated into abdomen and thorax+head, in order to distinguish between infected and potentially infective mosquitoes, respectively. Subsequently, using the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the specific primers DIDR-F1 and DIDR-R1, parasite DNA was detected in mosquitoes’ samples. Of 9156 female mosquitoes captured, 63.48% were Culex theileri, 21.19% Culex pipiens s.l., 6.56% Aedes caspius, 4.43% Anopheles maculipennis s.l., 1.58% Culex univittatus, 0.33% Culiseta longiareolata, 0.25% Aedes detritus s.l., 0.19% Culiseta annulata, 0.04% Anopheles claviger s.l., 0.03% Culiseta subochrea, 0.02% Aedes berlandi, 1.6% Culex sp. and 0.3% were mosquitoes with no possible distinction between Cx. theileri and Cx. univittatus. From the species captured, Cx. theileri, An. maculipennis s.l., Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus s.l. and Cx. pipiens s.l. were found PCR positive for D. immitis, and, except for the last mentioned species, at least one potentially infective individual was found in all of them. Thus, it can be concluded that the potential vectors of canine heartworm disease in Portugal are mosquitoes belonging to the species Cx. theileri, Ae. caspius, An. maculipennis s.l. and Ae. detritus s.l., being necessary further studies to better understand the role of Cx. pipiens s.l. in heartworm disease transmission.
SOUSA, Carla Alexandra Gama Carrilho da Costa. "Malaria vectorial capacity and competence of Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel, 1927 (Diptera, Culicidade):implications for the potencial re-emergence of malaria in Portugal". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/62418.
Texto completoIn Western-European Countries the risk of malaria re-emergence under current environmental and social conditions is considered minimal. However, in the last decade the number of imported cases has increased and several autochthonous cases have been reported from malaria–free places. If the predicted global climate change or other environmental modification would cause a large increase in mosquito vectorial capacity, malaria re-emergence in Europe could become possible. To assess how environmental driven factors may be linked to the risk of re-introducing malaria in Portugal, one must start by characterising the current status of its former vectors. By studying the receptivity and infectivity of present-day mosquito populations, it will be possible to identify factors that may trigger disease emergence and spreading, as well as to provide entomological data to be used in the identification of environmental induced changes of epidemiological significance. Aiming at contributing to these goals, this study has focused on the following objectives: (i) to estimate Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel, 1927 vectorial capacity towards malaria and analyse other bioecological parameters with relevance to the introduction of the disease; (ii) to determine An. atroparvus vector competence for tropical strains of Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897. The region of Comporta presents a unique setting to assess the vector capacity and competence of An. atroparvus from Portugal. It was a former malaria hyperendemic region, where P. falciparum was the most prevalent malaria parasite. It is a semi-rural area with vast numbers of mosquito breeding sites and a highly mobile human population due mainly to tourism. It is also located fairly close to Lisbon which allows frequent visits to the study area. Nine would be the maximum estimated number of new daily inoculations that could occur if an infective human host would be introduced in the area. This estimate was obtained for a sporogonic cycle of 11 days (compatible with P. vivax development under optimal conditions) and the highest man biting rate obtained in this study (38 bites per person per day). This value of C is similar to some obtained for other malaria vectors. However, due to the overestimation of most of the computed variables, one can foresee that the receptivity of the area to the re-emergence of the disease is very limited. With the exception of August 2001, the threshold of C=1 was only surpassed during winter/spring months, when parous rates were above 0.95 but abundances were lowest. Out of 2,207 An. atroparvus that were sent to Nijmegen Medical Centre to be artificially infected with the tropical strains of P. falciparum, more than 790 specimens took one or two infected blood meals. Anopheles atroparvus females infection was successful in a single experiment. These specimens took two infective feeds with a seven days interval. XIV Blood fed females were kept always at 26ºC with the exception of a 19 hours period that occurred two hours after the second blood meal and during which mosquitoes were placed at 21ºC. Out of the 37 mosquitoes that were dissected, five presented oocysts in their midguts. Prevalence of infection was 13.5% and the mean number of oocysts per infected female was 14, ranging between 2 to 75 oocysts per infected midgut. It was confirmed that An. atroparvus is, at the most, a low competent vector regarding tropical strains of P. falciparum. Artificial infection experiments were not carried out beyond the oocysts phase, thus no conclusion can be drawn regarding sporozoite formation and invasion of salivary glands. Nevertheless, An. atroparvus complete refractoriness to tropical P. falciparum strains seems less certain than at the beginning of this study. This study has produced an update on the bionomics of An. atroparvus in Portugal and, for the first time, a comprehensive assessment of its vectorial capacity and competence for the transmission of human malaria parasites. It was also attempted to determine if the biology and behaviour of this species has suffered any major switches since the time malaria was an endemic disease in Portugal. The results obtained in this study support the idea that the establishment of malaria in Portugal is a possible but unlikely event in the present ecological conditions.
ALMEIDA, Afonso de. "Estudos epidemiológicos e resistência aos antimaláricos em Timor Leste". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/62518.
Texto completoMalaria is one of the Democratic Republic of East Timor (DRET) major public health problems. This disease is endemic in all districts, with the highest morbidity and mortality rates reported in children and pregnant women. Since the country’s independence in 2002, the number of malaria cases has increased and the absence of epidemiological data and few studies linked to antimalarial resistance highlighted the need to update knowledge on the situation, with the objective of stimulating improved intervention policies, towards better drug surveillance and malaria control. Under this circumstances, the objectives of this study were to evaluate malaria frequency in each district studied, to identify and to characterize the casual factors of its distribution and the several socio-economics factors involved in its transmission and to determine the prevalence of mutations in the pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps genes of P. falciparum and the pvdhfr and pfdhps genes in P. vivax, previously involved in resistance to the drugs in official use in the country. In this context, blood sample collections were carried out by Passive Case Detection (PCD) in hospitals/clinics or Active Case Detection (ACD) in individual households, distributed among six districts of the RDTL. Each sample was inspected for presence of P. falciparum and P. vivax parasites through two different experimental approaches: optical microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction. The epidemiological survey for frequency and malaria distribution in the population demonstrated a prevalence of 25,8% (112/434) and 5,1% (11/216), using PCD and ACD, respectively. Higher malaria prevalence occurred in the age groups of less than 14 years of age in relation to individuals with age equal or above 15 years. Additionally, malarial infection was shown to be more predominant in males than in females. Several socio-economic parameters were associated to malaria occurrence, such as: type and precarious household conditions, animal keeping near households and type of work/occupation more prone to mosquito vector exposure. Also, individuals that didn't use protective bed-nets were shown to have a higher probability of being infected. The proportion of malaria-infected individuals among different geographical areas was analyzed and compared, but no significant differences were detected. This scenario should facilitate the implementation of a global malaria control in the Country based on similar measures for the different regions. Inspection of mutations in plasmodium genes previously proposed as drug response modulators, highlighted high prevalence of mutant alleles in both P. falciparum and P. vivax, suggesting that in vivo resistance may be equally prevalent. In this context, it is noted that a high percentage of P. falciparum isolates (82.5%) carried 4 mutations distributed among the dhfr and dhps genes, known to be directly related to sulphadoxine + pyrimethamine (SP) treatment failure. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the pfcrt K76T mutation, associated to chloroquine resistance, was present in all isolates analyzed, demonstrating that it has reached fixation. For P. vivax, the prevalence of mutations in the pvdhfr gene was of 79% and 81.6% for the for 58R, 117N alleles, respectively, whilst 73.7% of the samples harboured both mutation in simultaneous (“double mutants”) Collectively, it may be conjectured that that the constant use of SP and chloroquine will contribute to the continuous increase of mutations in the above-mentioned genes and consequent clinical inefficacy of these drugs in the treatment of P. falciparum and P. vivax. In conclusion, assessing the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms associated to drug resistance can be used as an accessory tool for drug surveillance, and the identification of socio-economic factors involved in malaria transmission will allow the elaboration and implementation of improved malaria control and/or prevention campaigns in the DRET.
BORGES, Sofia Trindade. "Identification of genes determining mefloquine resistance in Malária parasites". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/63361.
Texto completoMalaria is by far one of the most severe public health problems worldwide, devastating the lives of millions of people each year. The extensive use of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine, has led to the acquisition of drug resistance by Plasmodium falciparum, severely curtailing global efforts to control malaria. For this reason, much hope is now laid on new therapeutic approaches based on the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), which include mefloquine-artesunate, amodiaquine-artesunate and lumefantrine-artemether. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance is therefore imperative to slow or circumvent the evolution of resistance, to prolong the life span of the current drugs and to develop new drugs. In this context, genetic and genomic tools were applied here to the rodent malaria model Plasmodium chabaudi, to exploit the genetic determinants of resistance to different component drugs of ACTs. First, the uncloned progeny of a genetic cross between a mefloquine-resistant mutant (AS-15MF) and a genetically distinct sensitive clone (AJ) was selected with an optimized dose of mefloquine. The progeny obtained was then backcrossed here with AJ and the resulting product analysed by Linkage Group Selection (LGS) to define the signatures of selection arising after treatment with chloroquine (CQ), mefloquine (MF), lumefantrine (LM) or artemisinin (ART). Additionally, the critical genome-wide changes accumulated in AS-15MF were identified by Solexa whole genome re-sequencing. Results showed that MF, LM and ART selected parasites bearing a duplicated segment on chromosome 12 which has translocated onto chromosome 4. Solexa sequence read-coverage analysis showed that this duplicated fragment extends for >392 kb and contains about 112 genes, including mdr1, the gene encoding the multi-drug resistance P-glycoprotein. The translocated fragment was precisely mapped on chromosome 4. MF and ART also generated selection signatures on chromosome 2, containing a mutation in a deubiquitinating enzyme, encoded by the ubp1 gene. Unambiguous evidence is thus provided for the first time to demonstrate that resistance to chemically distinct components of ACTs share the same underlying genes, highlighting a possible limitation of these therapies. Furthermore, a single mutation, unique to AS-15MF, was identified in a gene encoding a putative lysine decarboxylase. This mutation is not markedly selected by MF and it does not segregate with MF responses in the progeny clones of the genetic cross between AS-15MF and AJ, implying that it is not directly associated with the MF resistance phenotype.
RODRIGUES, Louise Alves Pereira. "Early detection of the biological and genetic determinants of resistence to artemisinin-based combination therapy in malária parasites". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/64808.
Texto completoArtemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) is the last standing force against multi-drug resistant malaria parasites. ACTs consist of the simultaneous administration of an artemisinin (ART) derivative and a chemically non-related antimalarial drug. Many studies have debated the use of ACTs as having many advantages, relying on the high efficacy and fast action of ART derivatives and on long-half life drugs used as partners in order to circumvent ART derivatives’ short half life. However, sub-standard drug administration, amongst other factors, has contributed to the appearance of resistance to each component of combination therapy. Preexisting resistance to one partner drug of the combination may be an important factor contributing to the appearance of resistance to ACTs in the field. In addition, parasites which are resistant to each component may undergo genetic recombination in the mosquito and originate new strains showing resistance to both partner drugs simultaneously. In order to test these hypotheses and in an attempt to model ACT resistance as it might occur in the field, the rodent model Plasmodium chabaudi was used in this study. Although rodent laboratory models may not mimic Plasmodium falciparum natural parasite populations in their every characteristic, they provide important insights on the parasite’s biology, such as mechanisms used to escape drug action, and may provide tools for estimation of drug’s useful life and the help in the design of drug policies for endemic countries. Experimental evolution of the artesunate + mefloquine (ATN + MF) version of ACT was accomplished by selection through drug pressure using two different approaches: i) a MFresistant clone, AS-15MF, was subjected to consecutive sub-inoculations in mice treated with stepwise increasing doses of ATN alone; and ii) an ATN-resistant clone, AS-ATN, was subjected to consecutive sub-inoculations in mice treated with stepwise increasing doses of the ATN + MF combination. In both cases, the AS-MFATN-5 and AS-ATNMF-1 clones generatedhere showed higher levels of resistance to ATN + MF than their respective progenitors AS- 15MF and AS-ATN. Genetic analyses revealed that both AS-MFATN-5 and AS-ATNMF-1 gained an extra copy of the mdr1 gene during the evolution of resistance, and this extra copy was met with an increase in RNA and protein expression in AS-ATNMF-1. In addition, Solexa whole genome resequencing showed that AS-ATNMF-1 carried other two further novel non-synonymous mutations in the PCAS_132020 and PCAS_143160 genes, the function of which are unknown. AS-ATNMF-1 was also compared with its progenitor AS-ATN in within-host competition assays is order to estimate if ATN + MF resistance would impose a biological cost to these parasites. In addition, AS-ATNMF-1 was compared with AS-ATN passaged through mice twenty seven times (AS-ATN27P) with the purpose of checking if consecutive sub-inoculations in mice would be associated with increased parasite fitness. Whilst AS-ATNMF-1 outgrew its progenitor AS-ATN, the same trend was not observed when in competition with AS-ATN27P. These results suggest that mdr1 amplification and overexpression may play a central role in ATN + MF resistance in our model. However, the newly acquired mutations may also influence parasite’s phenotype. In addition, acquisition of these mutations is not associated with increased fitness cost to the resistant clone when compared to its ATN + MF-sensitive progenitor. In conclusion, the efficacy of ACTs may be hampered by the development of a generic mechanism of drug-evasion that allows parasites to prevent the action of both drugs of the combination simultaneously. In addition, resistant parasites may show little or no reduction in fitness which could contribute to their rapid spread. The results of this work may provide valuable insights for improved deployment of drug combinations and for molecular surveillance of ACT efficacy in the field.
MARQUES, Cláudia Silva. "Actividade funcional dos neutrófilos durante a infecção por Leishmania infantum". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/64935.
Texto completoThe present work aimed to deepen the role of neutrophils during the early stages of L. infantuminfection and to contributeto the elucidation of activation mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. The study was plannedin accordance with threespecific objectives described in Chapters 2, 3 and 4.Chapter 1 describes the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis, reviewing the host-parasite interaction,focusing on the role of PMN during Leishmaniainfection.In Chapter 2 the effect of the parasite onneutrophilimmune mechanismsis delineated, through the analysis of phagocytosis, oxidative burst, apoptosis, chemotaxis, degranulation and expression of cytokines, chemokines and toll-likereceptors. The influence of neutrophils onparasite viabilityand growthwas also analyzed. It wasfound that Leishmaniainducedthe activation of some pathways of PMN innate immunity, which includesoxidative and non oxidative mechanisms such as,production of superoxide ion and exocytosis of proteolytic enzymes, NE and CatG. However, the more fitparasites seemedto cause the inhibition of PMN migration and the mechanisms that lead to activation of other leukocytepopulations, including the expression of chemokines (MIP-1α), cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β)or toll-like 2 receptor, affecting the natural link between the innate and adaptive immunity.Chapter 3 dissectsthe MΦ-PMN interaction during in vitroinfection by L. infantumthrough the analysis of phagocytosis capacity, expression of cytokines, chemokines and toll-likereceptors in MΦ, and the production of metabolites of nitric oxide. It was found that L. infantuminduced the activation ofimmune response through the stimulation of MΦTLR-4,modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (TNF-αand IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β), boosted by the initial presence of PMN. The parasite also blocksthe production of NO in the early phase of infection and in the presence of PMN. This blockade associated to reduced levels of IL-1βand MCP-1,favor an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype that may prevent the excessive inflammatory response resulting fromthe cross talk between PMN and MΦ. However, the drastic decrease of macrophage parasitism should be related to other immunological factors that can be enhanced by MΦ-PMN cooperation and/orPMN interaction with the parasite.Chapter 4 accessesin vivothe role of PMN during the early stageof L. chagasiexperimental infection by immunophenotyping leukocyte populations recruited to the site of parasite inoculation, determining the presence of the parasite andquantifying cytokine expression in internal organs after PMN depletion. It was observed that absence of PMN, while not influencing the leukocyte population at the site of infection, appearedto slow the removal of parasites,affecting the possible migration of leukocytes to internal organs (cervical lymph nodes). However, in either situation, there is dissemination of parasites to the lymph nodes. PMN depletion also appearedto influence the cytokine profile induced by the parasite duringtheearly phase of infection, leading to the expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL1-β, TNF-α, TGF-βand IL-17). The production of granzyme B along with the inhibition of IFN-γat a later stage of infection still wasa reflectof the initial PMNdepletion.In short, PMN are involved in the initial control of L. infantuminfection by causing the destruction of some of the parasites. While others, probably the most virulent, cansubsist, reinfect new cells and transferinto the definitive host cells,the MΦthat are recruited to the site of infection through the stimulation caused by chemokines. The MΦ, in turn, express the recognition receptor toll-like4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines associated to inhibition of expression of IL-1β. At a later stage of infection, the expression of TLR-4 remains but the parasite load decreases dramatically.Regardless of the presence of PMN at the site of infection, the parasites are spread to lymphoid organs, however, PMN influence the regulation of the complex cytokine signaling in these organs.This study highlights the crucial role of PMN in triggering the immune response to L. infantuminfection, being the first control barrier against theparasitebyinductinginnate immune mechanisms, recruitment and stimulation of other cells, including lymphocytes and MΦ
VIDEIRA, Marco André Moras. "Estudo dos antiporters Na+/H+ NhaC e NhaE de Neisseria meningitidis". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19208.
Texto completoNa+/H+ antiporters are membrane proteins present in all kingdoms involved in Na+ and pH homeostasis. Two Na+/H+ antiporters, NmNhaC and NmNhaE, from the pathogenic bacterium, Neisseria meningitis, were identified in the genome and studied through heterologous expression in the E. coli KNabc, a strain lacking the major Na+/H+ antiporters. N. meningitidis Na+/H+ antiporters, were able to restore Na+ resistance to E. coli KNabc, suggesting that they may contribute to the Na+ and pH homeostasis. NmNhaE is also able to transport Li+ ions and appears to be the main Na+/H+ antiporter contributing to this role in N. meningitidis. The Na+/H+ antiporter activity of NmNhaE is active between pH 6.5 to 9, the optimal Na+(Li+)/H+ antiporter activity being observed at pH 7. Furthermore, NmNhaE displayed higher affinity towars Na+. To address important functional and structural residues in NmNhaE, ten amino acid residues were selected from sequence alignments comparisions and previous studies of site directed mutagenesis in other Na+/H+ antiporters and point mutations were introduced in the nhaE gene, resulting in E91Q, H161L, G174S, D182N, H201L, V258T, H272L, H356L, H361L and G413S mutations. When their expression was induced, all mutants but G174S and H201L, allowed E. coli KNabc strain it to grow in LBK with NaCl 500 mM. This suggests that mutations G174S and H201L may block the antiporter activity. No alteration was seen regarding the Km measured for Na+ at pH 7 of mutants E91Q, V258T and H361L when compared to the NhaE wild type, however their Vmax suffered a decrease of almost two times. In addition, the activities measured at pH 7 and 7.5 showed a decrease in V258T, while E91Q showed a decrease in activity at pH 7, when compared with the NhaE wild type. The determined kinetic parameters and the measured activities suggests that residues E91, V258, H361 may be involved in the pH response. The comparision between the NhaE kinetic parameters with those of the recombinant H272L showed almost one fold increase in the Km for Na+ at pH 7, while the Vmax showed no difference. The kinetic parameters and the activities measured at pH 7 and pH 7.5 suggests that residue H272 may be involved in the translocation of Na+ and also in pH response. No Na+/H+ antiporter activity was observed in the remaining residues. This work contributed for a better understanding of Na+ transport in N. meningitidis Nha Na+/H+ antiporters namely the function of Na+/H+ antiporters and important residues to their function. In the future, this work can provide useful information about the role of Na+ in the infection and survival of this bacterium in the host.
ALVES, Cátia Filipa da Cruz. "Análise de contexto e lógica do projecto europeu "Investigação Epidemiológica e Prevenção do VIH/ISTs entre homens que têm sexo com homens - SIALON II". Estudo de caso na Região de Lisboa e Península de Setúbal". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13952.
Texto completoThe evaluation of projects about HIV allows to generate interesting information so that the managers can adapt their interventions to the target audience. International organizations like UNAIDS and WHO have been working in the preparation of reference documents that guide the evaluation processes, but there's still shortage of studies about the effects and the impact of these interventions on the scope of HIV. As happens in many European countries, in Portugal we verified an increase of the proportion of HIV cases of infection in the MSM community. This finding alert to the need of investing in intervention, namely in the information access, prevention of the disease and the access to health care. This study had, as primary objective, perform an evaluability assessment of the european project “Capacity building in combining targeted prevention with meaningful HIV surveillance among men who have sex with men - SIALON II". To execute this work, have been done an approach of case study, once that this is the type of study more indicated in the qualitative research for health evaluations. Data collection for the context's analysis, the construction and validation of the logic model of the project was done from analysis of secondary data collected in the phase of formative research of the project, analysis of documents related to the planning phase and through the implementation of semidirective interviews among key-informers From the context analysis was possible to verify that the associations of the local community have had an active role in the participation in projects that provided, in the last years, the collection of bio-behavioral data, and the organization of prevention campaigns among the MSM community. Up to the national normative context some studies developed on the theme of discrimination and stigma show that there still are these kind of situations against the LGBT community in Portugal. The construction of the logical model and its validation among key-informers represented the logical coherence between the resources, the activities, the products and the intermediary and final results of the european project. The financial resources are scarce and, despite the work overload, the human resources are motivated. The strongest aspect of the project is the opportunity of knowing better the MSMn population, while his major weaknesses are related with financing issues and the problems of stigma and prejudice about homosexuality and HIV. One of the most relevant factors that could influence the implementation of the project in the study area was the mentality issue and the constraints of the community of talking about his sexual health.With the project's implementation is hoped that the MSM population feels sensitized to this matters and that the HIV test starts to be a routine of control and regular accompaniment. It is recommended the study of the non acceptance of the owners of gay date places in participate in the project, the introduction of continuous assessment on the life cycle of the projects; the promotion of community involvement in the evaluation of the impact of the health interventions and the re-evaluation of the resources allocation to the sustainability of the participation from community organizations in the projects.
MENDES, Tiago Manuel Fernandes. "Avaliação do envolvimento das bombas de efluxo na fármaco-resistência ao praziquantel em Schistosoma Mansonii". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/16882.
Texto completoPraziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice in the treatment of schistosomiasis due to its high cure rates and no significant side effects. Currently, more and more cases of resistance or increased tolerance to PZQ have been reported, growing concerns regarding the emergency of resistant strains. Drug resistance in helminths may involve efflux pumps such as members of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins, including P-glycoproteins (P-gps) coded by the SmMDR2 gene in S. mansoni. Verapamil has been described has a P-gp inhibitor, therefore, it has been used in several drug-resistance studies. In our laboratory, we selected a parasitic line of S. mansoni, through constant drug pressure over several cycles, which was resistant to 800 mg/kg PZQ. To confirm the existence of polymorphic differences between the resistant and sensitive strain of S. mansoni, the DNA of adult parasites of S. mansoni from both strains was extracted and analyzed through Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). The polymorphic differences between susceptible and resistant parasites were observed and the similarity coefficient (Dice's coefficient) was calculated. After confirming the existence of polymorphisms between strains, the efflux pumps activity was evaluated in both strains. The evaluation was performed trough an ethidium bromide accumulation assay in the presence and absence of Verapamil (P-gp inhibitor). The role of efflux pumps in resistance to PZQ was, further investigated comparing the response of the parasites of the susceptible and resistant strain to PZQ in the absence and presence of different doses of Verapamil, in in vitro culture. The results were reinforced through comparison of the expression levels of the SmMDR2 (coding for P-gp) gene in both isogenic strains by qPCR. The resistant strain of S. mansoni required higher concentrations of inhibitors than the sensitive strain in order to obtain significant levels of ethidium bromide retention. The in vitro culture showed a higher lethal dose of PZQ in the resistant strain in the absence of Verapamil. In the presence of Verapamil there was a decrease in the lethal dose of PZQ in males of both strains, being that reduction more evident in the males of the resistant strain. Females did not show significant changes of lethal dose of PZQ in the presence of inhibitor. These results were corroborated by the observation of the levels of SmMDR2 gene, were the males of the resistant strain showed the highest expression levels and by an increase of gene expression after exposure to PZQ in males of both strains. Females of both strains showed no significant changes in gene expression after exposure to PZQ, and the females of the resistant strain showed the lowest levels of SmMDR2 expression between males and females of both strains. The results obtained in this work showed that the males of the resistant strain have a higher efflux pump activity than the males of the sensitive strain, and that, in males, this activity is related with the response and increase of tolerance to PZQ.
BOLAS, Ana Sofia Valério. "Atividade oxidativa e não oxidativa de células fagocitárias expostas a protozoários do género Leishmania". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19129.
Texto completoCaused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, leishmaniases, are considered an important public health issue and a veterinary disease. In humans, the disease can be clinically classified into cutaneous, visceral and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis can be produced by L. amazonensis, L. shawi and L. guyanensis among many others species. The zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum presents severe clinical manifestations that can be fatal if left untreated. Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) play a crucial role in innate immunity, being the first cells to be recruited to the site of infection. Monocytes/macrophages (MФ) play the dual role of being phagocytic and antigenic presenting cells and the definitive host cells of Leishmania parasite. This study was designed to investigate the leishmanicidal activity of neutrophils isolated from BALB/c mice and of MФ (cell line P388D1 differentiated from mice) exposed in vitro to two species of subgenus Leishmania (L. amazonensis and L. infantum) and two species of subgenus Viannia (L. shawi and L. guyanensis) by evaluating (i) gene expression of cell sensors NOD1, NOD2, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 through real time PCR, (ii) the activation of oxidative mechanisms (superoxide by neutrophils and nitric oxide and urea by MФ), (iii) the importance of enzymatic mechanisms and (iv) the production of NET by neutrophils. Similar studies were carried out in dog’ neutrophils and MФ infected in vitro by L. infantum. Murine neutrophils were able to internalize parasites of Leishmania and Viannia subgenera. Oxidative and enzymatic mechanisms were activated and NET were generated, leading to control of infection. However, the parasite did not induced the gene expression of cell sensors. MФ P388D1 phagocytosed the different species of Leishmania although without activating the macrophage classical pathway. Instead, parasites activated the MФ alternative pathway, ensuring intracellular survival. In such cells, the exposition to the different species of Leishmania leaded to transient increase NOD1 and TLR2 gene expression and, also of TLR9 with the exception of L. shawi. However, only the species of the subgenus Viannia caused the increase of NOD2 gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that each parasite species develop their own strategy to promote or, by he contrary to avoid the activation of cell sensors. Dog neutrophils also internalized L. infantum parasites, activatedoxidative mechanisms and generated NET able to ambush extracellular promastigotes. However, only occurs exocytosis of neutrophilic elastase, suggesting that this parasite restricts the enzymatic activity of neutrophils. Dog MФ L. infantum-infected activated the alternative pathway and enhanced the gene expression of TLR2, stimulating oxidative mechanisms and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study sheeds light on the effect of cutaneous and visceral Leishmania parasites in the activation of oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms of mice and dog phagocytic cells. It is also demonstrated for the first time that the establishment of infection by Leishmania spp. in the definitive host cell is closely associated with the increase of TLR2 gene expression and likely, by the activation of this metabolic pathway. Understanding the factors that inhibit or, by the contrary, stimulate innate cell sensors, which are crucial for parasite recognition, might be important in the development of new therapeutic strategies for leishmaniasis.
ALMEIDA, António Pinto. "Produção e caracterização de antigénios de Fasciola gigantica e sua avaliação no imunodiagnóstico de fasciolose". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5620.
Texto completoThe diagnosis of fascioliasis is made mainly by serological methods, due to the clinical polymorphism and the low sensitivity of parasitological methods. However, these methods have some limitations, so the improvement of immunological tests, including the use of homologous antigen, can be a factor of great importance for the specificity of diagnosis.This study was aimed at the production and evaluation of somatic and dislipidized antigens of F. gigantica in immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis by the methods of Micro-ELISA and Western blot, compared with those of F. hepatica. We analyzed 111 sera from individuals from Cape Verde and 67 individuals living in Portugal, of both sexes with clinical suspicion of fascioliasis. The somatic and dislipidized antigens, were produced from adult worms of F. gigantica collected from cattle on the Santiago Island (Cape Verde). The two somatic antigens of Fasciola species showed the same sensitivity (100%) but specificity was superior to the somatic antigen of F. gigantica (95.2%) in the detection of IgG. Like the somatic antigen, dislipidized antigen demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%. However, the specificity was higher (95.2%) when using the dislipidized antigen of F. hepatica when compared to that obtained with F. gigantica, whose value was 90.5%. For the detection of IgM anti-Fasciola, the sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 90.5%, respectively, to somatic antigens of both parasites (F. gigantica and F. hepatica). In IgM anti-parasite, sensitivities were 94% and 83% for dislipidized antigens for F. gigantica and F. hepatica, respectively, with a specificity of 90.5% for both dislipidized antigens. In immunoblotting, the antigenic fraction of 24 kDa was common in four antigenic preparations for either IgM or IgG anti-Fasciola, hence its characterization may be relevant to the development of methods with higher specificity and reproducibility, significantly improving the diagnosis. The band of 26 kDa antigen is present only on somatic F. gigantica, suggesting to be specific to this parasite. This leads us to conclude that this band of 26 kDa could be the subject of further research, in the sense of getting to a differential diagnosis between the two species of Fasciola.
MARTINS, Raquel Alexandra Carita Machado Mota. "Deteção de Neisseria gonorrhoeae em amostras de urina de utentes de uma consulta de venereologia". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13998.
Texto completoIntroduction: Epidemiological surveillance of sexually transmitted infections is fundamental aspect to the success of control activities. Gonorrhoea, caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, remains one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Data on frequency of different STI microorganisms are scarce in Portugal and traditional epidemiologic surveillance is not sufficient. Empiric treatment is done in most of N. gonorrhoeae cases through a syndromic approach without recourse to laboratory analysis to confirm infection and moreover there are asymptomatic cases contributing to the continued spread of infection by N. gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea is so far treatable and curable, but no vaccine is available. Consequently, the control of this disease depends on the identification and treatment of infected individuals and their contacts in transmission networks. On the other hand when bacteria culture is done, false negative results are occasionally observed due to prior self-medication from the patient or N. gonorrhoeae demanding growth in vitro characteristics. Objective: Evaluate the occurrence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among patients from one venereology outpatient clinic in the first semester of 2011. Methodology: Descriptive and crossectional study. Consecutive sampling, number of samples calculation done by the Wald formula to a level confidence of 95 % and prediction error of 3,3 %. 145 urine samples were processed using multi-target nucleic acid amplification tests. Neisseria gonorrhoeae porA pseudogene sequence was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ccpB gene sequence of N. gonorrhoeae by PCR assay. Excluding criteria: do not agreeing to participate and/or not be able to understand the informed consent. Results: Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 8 patients – 5,5 % overall prevalence. The prevalence among individuals with prior IST (n = 35) were significantly higher (p = 0,032). In this group N. gonorrhoeae was detected in 4 patients (11,43 %). In patients with complaints of discharge (n = 29), N. gonorrhoeae was detected in six (20,69 %), showing that prevalence among individuals with these complaints is also significantly higher (p = 0,001). Was detected coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis in 1,4% of cases (2/145). The proportion of asymptomatic cases was 12,5% (1/8). The PCR assays were specific for detection of N. gonorrhoeae and more sensitive than culture. The isolated strains in culture from this study showed resistance to penicillin in 25 % of cases, 37,5 % to tetracycline and 12,5% were penicilase producing N. gonorrhoeae. Conclusions: The prevalence determined in this study is higher than expected. The results of this study show the existence of an important public health problem and the need to consider implementing screening in specific groups of population. This study confirms that PCR assay with targeted porA and ccpB are satisfactory nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine samples. Despite the percentage of strains resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, increased resistance to cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone was not found.
PIRES, Bianca Maria Parreira. "Avaliação de piriproxifeno como ferramenta para estratégias de controlo vetorial de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) na Ilha da Madeira: estudo piloto na região do Paúl do Mar". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19830.
Texto completoThe pyriproxyfen (PPF), a chemical that mimics juvenile hormone of insects, is a promising compound for the control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). This larvicide interferes with the development of mosquitoes by inhibiting the emergence of adults, and may cause sterilization of female mosquitoes. This chemical acts in very low doses, which allows the mosquitoes to carry this chemical from treated breeding sites to untreated water collections during the act of oviposition and/or resting. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pyriproxyfen auto-dissemination by Ae. aegypti in the village of Paul do Mar, Calheta, Madeira Island, as vector control strategy. First, we optimized the methodology to be applied. The effectiveness of BG-Sentinel® traps and GAT trap®s were compared in order to decide which trap would act as PPF dissemination stations. Since GAT traps have an insecticide impregnated net WHO insecticide susceptibility tests were carried-out with Ae. aegypti populations of Paúl do Mar and Funchal. Cone tests were also used according WHO protocols to access the effectiveness of the GAT’s insecticide impregnated net. The auto-dissemination study was divided into pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment. During the first phase Ae. aegypti adult’s density was evaluated and the development time and adult emergence rate of 3th instar larvae were determined in 37 sentinel breeding sites, in the absence of PPF. In the second phase, PPF dissemination was carried-out using BG-sentinel® traps as dissemination stations. To evaluate the effect of PPF dissemination, in the third phase Ae. aegypti densitites were determined. Finally, a PPF transfer bioassay between exposed males and non-exposed females was performed to evaluate the sterilizing effects of this mode of dissemination. The results showed that BG-Sentinel® traps are more effective to capture Ae. aegypti, and thus, were used as dissemination stations. Furthermore, it was found that Ae. aegypti is resistant to various insecticides, and the GAT impregnated nets are not effective to capture specimens of this species. As for the auto-dissemination study, there were statistically significant differences in adult emergence of larvae of sentinel breeding sites between the pre- and post-treatment (P <0.0001). The assessment of Ae. aegypti densities after PPF dissemination revealed no differences in the total number of collected females (p> 0.05), before and after the dissemination of PPF in Paul do Mar. However, the number of eggs laid in the ovitraps of Paul do Mar decreased abruptly after the PPF dissemination period. Regarding PPF transference bioassay, although preliminary, results suggested that PPF may affect the progeny of males exposed to PPF. In conclusion, results have shown that PPF auto-dissemination is a promising control strategy for Ae. aegypti in Madeira Island.
MARTINS, Vanessa Alexandra Agostinho. "Perfil de anticorpos ANTI-Plasmodium falciparum E citocinas pró-inflamatórias em indivíduos com suspeita clínica de Malária". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19157.
Texto completoMalaria is an endemic disease in 109 countries located in the tropics. In Europe, malaria has been eradicated except in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkey. It is estimated that 25-30 million people travel annually from Europe to areas of malaria transmission. In Portugal malaria remained endemic until about 1950 and in recent decades, the increasing volume of international travel, particularly to tropical destinations, endemic for this disease, also led to the increase in cases. Its transmission is caused by some species of Anopheles mosquitoes. Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, including cerebral malaria, severe malarial anemia and placental malaria remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyse the profile of anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies and proinflammatory cytokines in individuals with clinical suspicion of malaria who were in different endemic regions of Africa, including Angola, Mozambique, Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon and Congo. It is known that in endemic regions natural acquired immunity against P. falciparum malaria is mediated by antibodies of the IgG type. Through enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) the population with and without serological reactivity to anti-P.falciparum antibodies was distinguished, compared to a control group (sera from healthy patients from Portugal, who had never been in endemic areas for malaria). The ELISA method was used to determine the levels of total antibody anti-Plasmodium falciparum IgG, IgM, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 and the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines C5a of the complement system, C-reactive protein (CRP) and IFN-γ. Out of one hundred thirty-two samples studied, sixty-five were classified as positive for Plasmodium spp. The main clinical manifestations were fever, headache and myalgia. Only forty samples were classified as positive for P. falciparum. In this group of patients there was an increase in the assayed inflammatory mediators, including total IgG, IgG1, IgG3, and IgM anti -P. falciparum, C5a, CRP and IFN-γ. The intention of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of imported malaria.
MARTINS, Tiago Miguel Lopes. "Identification of proteases as diagnostic and drug targets in bovine babesiosis". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/62521.
Texto completoBovine babesiosis is a tick–borne disease with significant morbidity and mortality, and the economic losses associated to this disease can be considerable. Control measures of bovine babesiosis include the eradication or reduction of ticks, good diagnosis, use of vaccination and correct treatment. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better diagnosis of the infection aiming at the improvement of some of the control measures, as well as to identify and characterize protease genes for the development of a diagnostic method and studied as potential drug targets. For this study, collaborative work was carried out in Mozambique, from where blood samples from naturally infected cattle were collected in five farms located in the Maputo province, south of the country. A new molecular detection PCR method was then developed and tested using genomic DNA and random field samples collected from one farm. Primers were designed based in the babesial aspartic protease putative babesipsin gene identified in the genomes of Babesia bigemina and B. bovis. The new seminested hot-start PCR method was developed using the combination of 30 bp long primers and a hot start polymerase that theoretically allows the use of annealing temperatures above the melting temperatures of the primers and prevents the formation of unspecific amplifications and therefore increases the specificity. The new seminested hot-start PCR method was assayed using 117 field samples in parallel with the widely used nested PCR method. The babesipsin seminested hot-start PCR was in this study more sensitive than the nested PCR. With the seminested hot-start PCR, 90% of the samples were positive for B. bigemina and 82% were positive for B. bovis. The results suggested that bovine babesiosis is common and endemic in Mozambique and that the disease was in an endemically stable situation. The status of bovine babesiosis in Mozambique was then further studied, by testing random field samples from four more farms using the seminested hot-start PCR. All the samples from the five farms were also analysed using the reverse line blot (RLB) assay, and the results were compared with the data obtained by the seminested hot-start PCR. The detection of Babesia spp. differed considerably between methods and locations. Using the seminested hot-start PCR, detection of B. bigemina between farms varied from 30% to 89% with an overall detection of 61%, and detection of B. bovis ranged between 27% and 83% with an overall frequency of 53%. Using the RLB assay B. bigemina was not detected and detection of B. bovis ranged between 0% and 17% with a total frequency of 5.1%. Analysis of new sequences of the 18S rRNA gene revealed that the current B. bigemina RLB probe is unspecific for the detection of all the identified isolates from Mozambique. The seminested hot-start PCR was therefore more sensitive than the RLB assay. Nevertheless, ten different species of the four genera Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia and Theileria were detected by the RLB assay, and this illustrates that multiple infections are widespread in Mozambique. The results of this study show that bovine babesiosis is common in Maputo province, but there are some locations with low prevalence of infections and therefore the results suggest that this disease is not in an endemically stable situation in Maputo province. Further epidemiological studies are now needed to corroborate these findings. Proteases have been shown to have essential roles in parasitic protozoa and are under study as promising drug targets. Some cysteine proteases of protozoan parasites are now recognized drug targets and specific inhibitors are in validation for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis, malaria, and trypanosomiasis. In this study our focus on the identification and characterization of proteases as drug targets was therefore in this class of proteases. Cysteine protease putative genes were identified by sequence similarity search in the ongoing B. bigemina genome sequencing project database and were compared with the annotated genes from the complete bovine piroplasms genomes of B. bovis, Theileria annulata, and T. parva. Multiple genome alignments and sequence analysis were used to evaluate the molecular evolution events that occurred in the C1 family of cysteine proteases in these piroplasms of veterinary importance. There are five distinct groups of cysteine protease genes of C1 family in B. bigemina (5 genes), four groups in B. bovis (4 genes) and six groups in Theileria spp. (13 genes). Molecular evolution in Theileria occurred through the duplication of genes and sequence diversity. These considerable differences observed in the cysteine protease family between Babesia and Theileria genera, may partially explain why Babesia cannot infect lymphocytes and Theileria infect first lymphocytes in the vertebrate host. One of the identified cysteine proteases in the B. bigemina genome, babesipain-1, was expressed as a fusion protein with gluthatione S-transferase (GST) and the soluble protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant babesipain-1 showed activity against typical peptide substrates of cysteine proteases, and was inhibited by a general inhibitor of its class, but the low yield of the soluble purification prevented additional characterization. Babesipain-1 was then purified from the insoluble fraction, and the denatured protein was refolded and activated to produce an active mature enzyme. Analysis of the activity of babesipain-1 revealed typical properties of a papain-family cysteine protease, including hydrolysis of typical papain-family peptide substrate, an acidic pH optimum (5.5-6.0), requirement for a reducing environment for maximum activity, and inhibition by standard cysteine protease inhibitors as E-64, leupeptin, ALLN and cystatin. The results suggest that babesipain-1 has a role in cytosol environment, since babesipain-1 retained high activity against peptide substrates at pH 7.5 (83% of maximum), an uncommon feature of cysteine proteases of parasitic protozoa. Thus the results of this study demonstrate that bovine babesiosis is widespread in Maputo province in Mozambique, although the disease is not in an endemically stable situation. The results also suggest that cysteine proteases of Babesia spp. are promising drug targets for the development of an effective treatment of bovine babesiosis. In face of these results a plan for future work is associated. Some aspects and results from this work can be adjusted to other countries, including Portugal.
ROCHA, Eveline da Luz Rendall. "Parasitoses intestinais numa população de idade pediátrica do Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19085.
Texto completoThe significant improvement in the population´s quality of life including their health and hygiene conditions, as well as years of routine deworming with helminthic drugs, led to a significant decrease of intestinal parasites in Portugal. This study aimed to determine the frequency of intestinal parasites along with the clinical, epidemiological and socio-demographic characterization of children/young adults from 0 to 18, assisted at the Pediatric Department of Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE with clinical indication to have a parasitological stool examination. This work intends to help clarify the present relevance of intestinal parasites as etiological agents of enteric infections and the current role of its laboratory diagnosis in children with symptoms or relevant epidemiological context. An observational, descriptive study was conducted between March and July 2015. A total of 65 children/young adults participated in the study, to whom socio-demographic, epidemiological and clinical information was collected through the application of a questionnaire to the legal guardians. The laboratory diagnostic of intestinal parasites infections was conducted through different stool examination techniques. A clinical questionnaire was applied to children detected with pathogenic intestinal parasites and a stool examination was performed to elements of their households. Pathogenic intestinal parasites were identified in 9,2% (6) of 65 children: 6,2% (4) with Giardia intestinalis, 1,5% (1) with Hymenolepis nana and 1,5% (1) with Ascaris lumbricoides. The most frequently reported symptom in the children infected was abdominal pain, 83.3% (5/6). The child infected with A. lumbricoides had travelled to Sao Tome and Principe and, one of the children with giardiasis, to Guinea-Conakry. It was also diagnosed infection by G. duodenalis and A. lumbricoides in two distinct elements of the household of one of the children with giardiasis. The results of this study highlight the present need to consider intestinal parasites in the differential diagnosis in children presenting gastrointestinal symptoms and/or relevant epidemiological history.
DUARTE, Patrícia Alexandra Oliveira. "Estudo da presença de polimorfismos associados à resistência de P. falciparum aos ACTs em Timor Leste". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/75617.
Texto completoIn 2016 malaria was considered endemic in 91 countries and despite this decrease, uptdated estimates indicate that 219 million malaria new cases occurred globally in 2017. In view of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most available antimalarials, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of combination artemisinin-based therapy (ACT) as a treatment for uncomplicated malaria. In East-Timor, ACTs were implemented in 2007, with artemether-lumefantrine (AL) being used as first-line malaria treatment ever since. Resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives has been confirmed in Southeast Asia, so the risk of emerge and spread of resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives has led to efforts to carry out resistance studies in all endemic regions to malaria. Thus, continuous studies through the use of molecular markers that allow the determination of resistance to antimalarials are very important in to monitor the emergence and avoid the spread of parasites P. falciparum resistant/tolerant to ACTs. The aim of this study was to optimize the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique and to design new primers to detect point polymorphisms in the pfmdr2 and pfarps10 genes as well as to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in the pfk13, pfmdr1, pfmdr2 and pfarps10 genes associated with the response to ACTs in P. falciparum isolates from Timor-Leste. The samples used were collected between 2012 and 2013, corresponding to a period after the introduction of ACTs in East-Timor. Polymorphisms at codons 86, 184 and 1246 of the pfmdr1 gene, in the pfmdr2 gene codons 423, 484, 492 and lastly in the pfarps10 codon 127 gene were analyzed by amplification of DNA using a PCR method and sequencing. In relation to the pfmdr1 gene, a prevalence of the wild-type N86 (85%) was observed, as well as in the F184 (54.2%) and D1246 (100%) alleles. In relation to the pfmdr2 gene at codons 484 and 492, this trend remains (T484 81.8%, I492 90.9%), at codon 423 the most prevalent allele is 423Y, mutant (81.8%). Finally, was only found the presence of the wild allele (V127 100%) in the pfarps10 gene. Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain a molecular surveillance of the country once it is in a phase of pre-elimination of the disease.
FIGUEIREDO, Jacinta Chaves. "Contribuição para o estudo da epidemiologia e morbilidade da Schistosomose vesical na população adulta de Angola. Províncias de Luanda, Bengo e Kwanza Sul". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/52375.
Texto completoUrinary schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium infection is one of the most prevalent parasitosis in Angola. The pathology is characterised by serious or even irreversible lesions mainly at the urogenital tract in non-treated individuals. Considering the frequency and severe morbidity observed, even in younger ages, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and morbidity and to analyze the potential risk factors for S. haematobium infections that might be relevant for the design of appropriate interventions in these areas. In collaboration with the Angolan Ministry of Health, a baseline survey was conducted in the provinces of Luanda, Bengo and Kwanza-Sul, between November 2007 and February 2008. A randomly sample of 300 inhabitants aged 15 to 75 years old (mean X =30.6 years) participate in this study. Prevalence of S. haematobium infection as determined by urine filtration method, was 71.7% (215/300), with a corresponding mean intensity of X =36.8 eggs/10 ml of urine. Infection was higher in females (56.3%), as in the age group of 15-24 years (32%) and in the province of Luanda (33%), but no significant difference was found in prevalence and intensity between sexes, age groups and provinces. The predominant self-reported symptoms were dysuria (91.2%), hypogastralgia (88.7%) and haematuria (87.1%) and these symptoms were strongly associated with S. haematobium infection (rs, P<0.05). Ultrasound and cystoscopy examinations performed in a sub-sample of 29 individuals revealed pathological conditions at the urinary tract in all examined. Moreover, a high rate of coinfection with intestinal helminths were observed in 76 (67.3%) positive faecal samples (N=113) assessed by Kato-Katz and Telemann-Lima methods. Natural water bodies or water stored in tanks were the main risk factor for schistosomiasis transmission (OR=2.28 a 1.8) and poor sanitary conditions has been considered one of the major factors contributing to co-endemicity of schistosomiasis and geohelminthiasis.Considering the high prevalence of S. haematobium infections in Angola and schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer rate, as well as the interruption of control measures during long periods, our results indicate that adult population in endemic areas should also be included in the current campaigns against schistosomiasis targeting children and youth groups.
TROVÃO, Nídia Isabel Sequeira. "Evaluation of next generation sequency protocols for VIH complete genome sequencing". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/51111.
Texto completoHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that gave rise to a worldwide epidemic after its successful zoonotic transmission in the first half of the twentieth century. Current therapy, referred to as Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART), can significantly delay disease progression. However, despite more than 25 years of intensive research there is still no cure available. All available antiretroviral drugs are faced with the insurmountable challenge posed by the high evolutionary potential of HIV. This implies that regardless the administered drug cocktail, drug resistance can and will develop. To manage these negative effects, patients should be screened on a regular basis in order to detect the development of drug resistance in an early phase, so the therapy regimen can be timely adjusted. Importantly, both drug resistant variants that have evolved de novo or were acquired through transmission can negatively impact on therapy outcome. Thus, also therapy-naive patients should be screened before therapy onset. This screening usually involves genotyping of the viral population through the direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products. Unfortunately, this approach does not allow the reliable detection of viral variants present in less then at about 20%-25% of the population. The association of such minor variants harboring drug resistance mutations with therapy failure fueled investigations to exploit the recently developed Roche® 454 NGS platform in an attempt to gain a more accurate in-depth view of the viral population. These inquiries are characterized by two major drawbacks: their focus on limited genomic regions and the need for large amounts of input material characteristic for the proprietary Roche® 454 fragmentation approach. As part of a larger project on the comparison of currently available sample preprocessing protocols for complete genome sequencing of clinical HIV plasma and PBMC samples, and the identification of the most suitable viral reservoir for resistance testing in newly infected patients as a secondary objective, this thesis focuses on the corresponding practical aspects of pre-processing prior to sequence data generation. Specifically, all wet-lab procedures for both the sequence-specific and random priming amplification strategies were carried out. For the former, we generated 6 overlapping amplicons to cover the entire HIV-1 genome. After equimolar pooling of all amplicons for each sample, we performed two enzymatic fragmentation methods. These will be compared to conventional mechanical 454 shearing. The successful sequencing of one sample and the completion of all sample pre-processing procedures is promising for further applications but a comprehensive evaluation of the sequence data to be generated is necessary to make an informed choice among the different approaches.
CHINJENGUE, Nataniel Paulino. "Fasciola hepatica: diversidade genética e avaliação de SNPs associados a resistência ao albendazol em Portugal e Brasil". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20070.
Texto completoIn recent years, in many countries, including Portugal, fascioliasis has been considered an emerging disease, being a human and animal health problem with high economic impact. Knowledge of the genetic structure of F. hepatica populations is essential when evaluating the potential for development and expansion of resistance to anthelmintics, such as triclorobendazole and albendazole. F. hepatica species can be found on every continent except Antarctica, while F. gigantica is only found in Africa and Asia. Both species of the genus Fasciola use, as intermediate hosts, fresh water molluscs of the Lymnaeidae family. Here, it was used a sample with a total of 94 adult flukes. Eighty-seven adult worms of F. hepatica from the collection of the Department of Medical Helminthology of the IHMT, fixed in 70% ethanol and stored at -20 ° C, obtained between 2009 and 2010 in Portugal slaughterhouses and from different regions of the country. Seven samples had been collected in Brazil in 2015. Genomic DNA was extracted by the CTAB protocol. Three nuclear markers were evaluated: ITS1 for species identification, the 28S ribosomal gene and the gene for TubB3, which is a candidate marker of drug resistance. It was also evaluated one mitochondrial marker: cytochrome oxidase I. The markers were amplified by PCR and sequenced. In the case of 28S and TubB3, SNPs of interest were genotyped with specific PCR developed in this work, and in which it was tested the efficiency of base mismatches in the 2nd and 3rd positions in relation to the 3 'end. Phylogenetic networks were generated from sequence alignments, which had ambiguous bases or were heterozygous, in the SplitsTree4 programme, using the NeighborNet algorithm and from Kimura-2-parameter model distances. ITS1 sequencing identified the samples as F. hepatica and was shown to be highly conserved. The 28S region showed heterozygosity at position 115, which separates two lineages found in Eastern Europe, in all Portuguese and Brazilian samples, suggesting there might be heterozygote selection or parthenogenic reproduction at play. The COI and TubB3 regions presented with intra-populational diversity in Portugal and Brazil in relation to other world regions and with heterozygosity at various positions. These markers can, thus, be used in wider population studies for this species in both countries. However, the non-synonymous change at TubB3 position 311 wasn’t detected in the samples analysed, suggesting that this marker is not involved in drug resistance in F. hepatica, at least in Portugal or Brazil. The allele specific PCR could be an alternative to full sequencing for genotyping SNPs in a large number of samples, particularly in population studies and research drug resistance markers.
COSTA, Cristina Isabel Correia de Almeida. "Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against cell cycle and cytokinesis regulators in Trypanosoma brucei". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19281.
Texto completoTrypanosomabruceiis the causative agent of African Trypanosomiasis, being transmitted by the bite of a blood-feeding invertebrate vector into the mammalian host. It affects 36 sub-Saharan African countries and the lack of efficient diagnostic methods and safe and effective drugs has led to the need fornew control measures and novel treatment strategies. Cell cycle progression in T. bruceiis quite unique. Being so distinct from the mammalian cell cycle, regulatory proteins are believed to constitute good drug targets. However, many of these proteinsremain to be identified, and their rolesin specific pathwaysarestill unknown. The cdc-2 related kinases (CRKs) and their cyclin partners are among the different cell cycle regulators that are vital for an accurate progression through the cell cycle. InT. brucei, several CRKs (CRK1-4 and CRK6-12) and cyclins (CYC2-11) have been identified, although a role in cell cycle regulation has not been established for all of them and only two active CRK:cyclin complexes have been identified in vivo. During this project, CRK12 and CYC9 have been proved to constitute a novel CRK:cyclin complex in vivo, in both the bloodstream (BSF) and the procyclic (PCF) stages. Interestingly, each protein regulates different biological processes in BSF trypanosomes. In fact, whileCYC9 is involved in cell cycle regulation, blocking cytokinesis once depleted, CRK12 has a critical role in the endocytic pathway. It is the first time a CRK is connected with regulation of endocytosis, causing enlargement of the flagellar pocket if depleted. The interaction of CRK12 and CYC9 with additional proteins and the presence of functional redundancy between kinases/cyclins might explain the different functions. The use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and immunisation strategies as therapeutic techniques hasbeen the subject of several studies. With that aim, α-CRK12 MAbs were efficiently generated, recognising the protein specifically in different T. bruceicell extracts. However, this MAb might not be suitable for immunolocalisation studies. Time constraints did not allow neutralization/protection studies. A parallel approach was taken to identify new proteins as cell cycle regulators. BSF cultures were synchronized in S-phase by addition of hydroxyurea, and cytoskeleton extracts of populations enriched forcells in mitosis and cytokinesis were used for MAb generation. After different screening techniques, a total of 28 MAbs were selected and the proteins they recognised, their cell cycle specificity and immunolocalisation of the recognised antigensanalysed. Although a specific antigen was not identified as a possible mitosis/cytokinesis regulator, interesting MAbs were generated with respect toto their localisation in the T. bruceicytoskeleton. Additionally, these MAbs couldbecome valuable tools to understand cellular biology and different biological pathways in T. brucei.
TEIXEIRA, Ana Filipa Gonçalves. "Clonagem e expressão génica de potenciais candidatos antigénicos do parasita Trypanosoma brucei brucei". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19199.
Texto completoSleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis is an exclusively African parasitic disease, whose etiologic agent of the genus Trypanosoma is transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly, which belongs to the genus Glossina . It affects millions of people and animals, representing a major factor in the delayed development of the African continent. Characteristically neglected, very few funds are available for the control and investigation of THA. There is no vaccine for the disease and the drugs available for treatment are inefficient and have high toxicity. The genomic sequence of the enzyime TSA was amplified from cDNA obtained of the blood forms of T. b. brucei, which is suggestive of the positive expression of the enzyme in these blood forms. Two recombinant proteins from T. brucei - Invariable Surface Glycoprotein (ISG) and the n-terminal portion of the trans-sialidase (nTSA) were subcloned in the commercial vector pET28a. Subcloning of the genes of interest ISG and TSA in this plasmid of procariote expression - pET28a - enabled production of the recombinant proteins ISG and nTSA in Escherichia coli. These recombinant proteins were expressed in several Escherichia coli cell lineages and were immunoidentified by means of immunoblotting using serum of animals positive for T. b. brucei. The recombinant protein nTSA was also immunoidentified using immunoblotting against sera of animals immunized with the plasmid expressing an eucariotic system nTSApVAX1. The immunogenic potential of the plasmids ISGpVAX1, nTSApVAX1 and PLCpVAX1 was evaluated through genetic immunization in the experimental model of THA. Sera of the animals immunized with these plasmids were processed using ELISA to detect anti-T. b. brucei antibodies. The three vaccine prototypes used in this study were able to induce the production of antibodies of the IgG class which reacted to the T. b. brucei extract, suggesting therefore the expression, in the blood forms of the parasite, of the antigens ISG, TSA and PLC. Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature so far, it was possible to amplify the TSA gene from cDNA of the bloodstreams forms of T. b. brucei, suggesting for the first time the expression of the TSA gene in the bloodstreams forms of T. b. brucei.
CODICES, Vera Alexandra da Rosa. "Infecção por Cryptosporidium parvum: resposta imunológica e tecnologia de anticorpos monoclonais para o diagnóstico". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19288.
Texto completoCryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan, with a ubiquitous distribution, causing enteritis in humans and animals. Diarrhea is self-limited in immunocompetent individuals, becoming life-threatening in immunocompromised hosts. Currently, specific therapeutic or preventive interventions are not yet available, and the high cost of existing diagnosis methods, support the importance of developing new approaches. Several studies highlight the importance of CD4+ T cells in the immune response to infection by C. parvum; others address their attention to the immunoregulatory cells (Treg); and even others attempt to clarify the role of specific cytokines produced by Th1 and Th2 cells to regulate the immune response, together with the production of specific immunoglobulins. In the diagnostic field, several and different methods have been used, varying between speed of execution, specificity and price. Several questions arise related to the type of cells involved in the response to infection and the specificity/sensitivity of each technique. With the aim of studying the long-term immune response to infection by C. parvum, in immunocompetent animal, Balb/c mice were orally inoculated with C. parvum oocysts, and faeces, small intestines, blood and spleens were collected for analysis, according to a previously defined protocol. Peripheral blood and spleen cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry, and Luminex xMAP® technology assay was used to quantify immunoglobulins and cytokines in serum. The flow cytometry analysis did not show statistically significant differences between the control and infected mice, having only been observed an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils and eosinophils, and their subsequent decrease, in the latter group. Associated with the high variability observed after reinfection, such variations are suggested as the profile exhibited by these cell populations in the context of an infection by C. parvum in immunocompetent organism, especially eosinophils, which have a similar behavior upon infection by other parasites. The increased secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ (Th1 cytokines) in infected mice, when compared with the control group, beyond the secretion of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL- 5 and IL-10), after reinfection, suggests a balance between Th1 cells to control parasite growth, and Th2 to limit the pathology. IgG1 was the predominant isotype along infection and reinfection, with a peak of IgG2a after reinfection, followed by its decrease. This variation may be related to the function of IgG1 and IgG2a, namely in pathogens opsonization and their neutralization, respectively. The obtaining of hybridomas secreting antibodies specific for C. parvum antigens by cell fusion, allowed us to obtain antibodies and test them in the detection of oocysts of C. parvum in faecal samples from human and cattle. In brief, the obtained results suggest the profile of immunoglobulins and cytokines involved in the response to infection by C. parvum in immunocompetent mice, as well as developing a future "kit" for detecting C. parvum in biological samples by immunofluorescence.
NETO, Eduardo de Oliveira Cunha. "Contribuição para o estudo de geohelmintas em parques infantis de Brasília - Brasil". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6028.
Texto completoThe present work aimed to study the degree of contamination by helminths in playgrounds and surrounding areas of the Pilot Plan (North Wing and South Wing) and Ceilândia (P North and South P) in Brasilia, Brazil. In each of the 30 playgrounds studied in North and South Wings and the 10 playgrounds of Ceilândia, five samples of greid were removed to a depth of 5 cm as well as four samples of dog feces. The Willis-Mollay method was eveplufed for detection geohelminth eggs in both pud and fecal samples and the Hoffmann and Rugai techniques were used for detection eggs and larvae in pud samples. Stool examinations showed the following results: Ancylostoma spp with a prevalence of 16.7% in the North Wing of the Pilot Plan, from 7% in the South Wing of the Pilot Plan and 20% in Ceilândia (P North and South P) and Toxocara spp (2,5%) was owy found in (P North and South P). In addition, o ther parasite species were also identified, namely Spirocerca sp with prevalence of 15% in the North wing of the Pilot Plan; Isospora sp with prevalences of 1% in the North Wing of the Pilot Plan, 5% in the South Wing of the Pilot Plan and 2.5% in Ceilândia (P North and South P). In sand samples, no geohelminths causative agents of zoonotic diseases were found. These results showed that protocols implemented were found for the control of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats and that, moreover, the preventive measures used in these playgrounds and guidance to the population by health professionals have contributed for control of zoonoses originate from eggs and larvae of helminths found in animal feces, which contaminate the environment. Thus, the procedures applied in these areas of study, may help define strategies for the control of helminth zoonoses agents in other areas.
RAMOS, Susana Filipa Garcia. "Studies on the mosquito immune response effect of antimalarial drugs and Plasmodium sporozoites". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/62416.
Texto completoThis work aimed at contributing to the general knowledge of the mosquito immune responses to the malaria parasite, in hope that the elucidation of vector/parasite interactions will facilitate the development of effective transmission blocking measures. Experiments performed here include the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model for immunity studies in the mosquito and the evaluation of Plasmodium sporozoites presence in mosquito hemolymph impact on hemocyte numbers, melanization reaction responses and protein expression pattern. Chloroquine promotes malaria transmission in mosquito and it has been linked to differential AMP gene expression in mosquitoes. As Drosophila AMP expression and synthesis is well understood and as we have a good knowledge about immune signaling pathways, we chose this model to evaluate chloroquine effect on AMP production upon infection. Our results failed to show any drug effect on Drosophila AMP expression and/or synthesis. Drug treatment in vivo did not affect either the Toll or Imd immune signaling pathways, as shown when accessing drosomycin and diptericin expression in infected flies, and in vitro experiments using hemocyte-like cell lines produced the same results for Drosomycin and Attacin synthesis. Survival experiments were also performed in drug treated flies and failed to indicate any effect. For all the mechanisms tested, chloroquine did not seem to have any effect on Drosophila immunity. As this antimalarial drug has a known effect on mosquito immunity we propose that chloroquine may act on particular mosquito immune molecules or on different routes for pathway activation operating in the mosquito. Also, data obtained for chloroquine action on immunity were collected from treatment of humans, mice or mammalian cell-lines, implying that the drug is metabolized. Thus it is not clear if the observed effect results from an action of the drug itself, or from a specific metabolite. This would explain why direct drug feeding to flies would fail to produce an effect on Drosophila immunity. Another purpose of this work was to determine the mosquito responses to Plasmodium sporozoites in the hemolymph, as parasite development in the mosquito suffers a major bottleneck at this stage of infection. Both cellular and humoral responses may be triggered in the mosquito hemocel. Upon development inside the oocysts, sporozoites are covered with a layer of circumsporozoite protein, its majorsurface antigen. Recognition molecules present in the hemolymph may recognize sporozoites upon oocyst burst, possibly through its surface protein and activate immune responses towards it. Cellular responses towards sporozoites were tested, based on the evaluation of hemocyte number variation upon stimulation with the circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum. Only one dose (5ng) stimulated hemocytelike cell lines and led to a significant reduction in cell numbers. This may reflect a slower cell-division kinetics or cell destruction, by apoptosis, following phagocytosis. We failed to show any dose-dependent response. Nevertheless, it seems that the CS protein is recognized by mosquito hemocytes that respond to its presence only in specific conditions. We also tested for activation of melanization reaction upon sporozoite invasion of the hemolymph by accessing PPO activation and PO activity. PO activity was found to vary over time in blood fed mosquitoes. P. berghei infection did not seem to impose variations in PO activity. Subtle differences were observed at D9, 12 and 15pi, when PO activity was higher in infected mosquitoes. Sporozoites were first detected in the hemolymph at D9pi indicating that parasite recognition may induce subtle increases in melanization activation. PO activity seems to be maintained at a low level even in noninfected mosquitoes. This may explain the fact that no great variations were observed upon infection. Pf-CS protein injections in mosquitoes failed to show PO activity induction. Although we could not conclusively determine sporozoite melanization, PO inhibition experiments showed that its activity is necessary for control of sporozoite load in the hemolymph and salivary glands. Hemolymph is an extremely protein rich environment, and known to harbor most of the immune molecules necessary for recognition, signaling and effector mechanisms. As such, we used a two dimensional electrophoresis approach coupled with MALDITOF mass spectrometry to compare the hemolymph proteome of P. berghei infected and non-infected An. gambiae mosquitoes at D13pi, aiming at the identification of differentially regulated protein in infected mosquitoes. Proteins found to have altered levels in the hemolymph of infected mosquitoes are predicted to be involved in physiological processes such as fatty acid metabolism, aminoacid synthesis, glycolysis and ion transport. This indicated that the parasite imposes alterations in the overall mosquito metabolism, either directly, or secondarly to combat infection. Actually we have no evidence if the alterations observed are harmful or necessary for parasite development. Yet, the results suggest that mechanisms operating in mosquito physiology may have a role on immune responses. An interesting fact is that protein regulation in the hemolymph did not correlate at any level with gene transcription. This may reflect a different time frame between transcription and protein synthesis, assamples were collected at the same time, or a different source for the RNAs and the tested proteins. RNA amplified to evaluate transcription was hemolymph, ie, hemocyte-derived, while hemolymph proteins may have been produced not only by hemocytes, but also by fat body cells, that synthesize the majority of immune-related molecules secreted into the hemolymph. Nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind that data resulting from gene expression analysis have to be carefully analyzed as it may not indicate direct protein synthesis. Eicosanoid biosynthesis was found to have two distinctive and opposite impacts in parasite development: both promoting and blocking transmission. Eicosanoids seem to be important for parasite biology and development, at a time when sporozoites are developing inside oocysts. At a later stage, these molecules seem to restrain sporozoite infection in the hemolymph. Evidence also point to mosquito immunosuppression by the parasite. Mosquito responses to Plasmodium seem to be highly complex, involving actions from both organisms. To respond to hemolymph invasion by sporozoites, the mosquito seems to rely on different mechanisms, such as phagocytosis and melanization. Additionally, molecules involved in physiological processes are affected by hemolymph infection. Data obtained by this work suggests that immune responses may include mechanisms other than those traditionally related to immunity, as in the case of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Also, our results indicate that correlation between transcription and protein synthesis is not sure to exist and thus, immune responses should be analyzed by proteomics in a first approach.
MOIANE, Idalécia Laurinda Carlos Cossa. "Análise genética por RAPD de estirpes de Schistosoma mansoni com diferente susceptibilidade à infecção no hospedeiro definitivo". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19163.
Texto completoThe schistosomiasis is the second largest parasitic disease with impact on public health affecting more than 200 million people living in underdeveloped countries of tropical and subtropical regions, where 85% live in Africa. Is a complex of acute and chronic parasitic infections, caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, group of parasites population whose habitat is the blood vascular system of mammals has higher geographical distribution and diversity than other parasite population of blood vascular system. The parasites causing this disease, in particular Schistosoma mansoni, can create escape mechanisms to the host immune system, leading to variations in their DNA profile to the environment as they are exposed, resulting in genetic variability evidenced by genetic polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to assess whether different susceptibility to infection in definitive hosts, can produce genetic polymorphic profiles using a RAPD-PCR. For this purpose 10 primers were used for RAPD-PCR screening, of them, one, OPI-5 was not functional and the OPI-7, OPI-12 and OPI-18 where more efficient for the analysis of polymorphisms. Worms were collected from Mus musculus strain CD1, resistant and non-resistant to Praziquantel (strain BH) and from C57BL/6J, Jα18-/-, TGFβRIIdn mice both infected with S. mansoni (strain BH). Worms were collected and genomic DNA was extracted from each corresponding mice strain. About 40% (4/10) of the RAPD-PCR primers used presented different genetic profiles, generating 437 fragments and pattern amplifications whose molecular weights were between 200pb and 2000pb. For S. mansoni infecting C57BL/6J mice, the RAPD-PCR profile showed three different bands from the S. mansoni infecting CD1 mice profile. For S. mansoni infecting Jα18−/− mice the RAPD-PCR profile showed one different band from the S. mansoni infecting CD1 mice profile. For S. mansoni infecting TGFβRIIdn mice the RAPD-PCR profile showed six different bands from the S. mansoni infecting CD1 mice profile. The genetic similarity analysis, demonstrate the existence of three distinct clusters, one with S. mansoni infecting CD1 (only a female), female and male infecting ER, C57BL/6J and Jα18-/-; second cluster with female and male of S. mansoni infecting a TGFβRIIdn mice and third male infecting a CD1 mice. The RAPD-PCR analyzes, showed to be a very useful toll in genetic profiling S. mansoni infecting hosts with different genetic backgrounds and polymorphic profiles identified in this study suggest that the host immune system induce a selective pressure on the parasite genetic profile.
ALFREDO, Célio. "Controlo pós-terapêutico da schistosomose e das parasitoses intestinais e atualização da situação malacológica nos distritos de Quelimane e Gurué, na província da Zambézia - Moçambique". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20071.
Texto completoSchistosomiasis and intestinal helminths are known to be endemic in Mozambique, affecting mainly children and young people living in the suburban and rural areas. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological status of those parasitic infections after the control measures implemented in 2009. The study was conducted in the districts of Quelimane and Gurué, located in the Zambézia province, involving 357 schoolchildren aged from five to 15 years old. Urine and faecal samples were collected from 350 and 234 children, respectively. For parasitological detection of Schistosoma haematobium, urine samples were processed by urine filtration while the PCR test was used to detect parasite DNA in urine. The Kato-Katz method was employed for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Based on the parasitological method, the prevalence found for S. haematobium was 38.4%, however an estimated prevalence of 73.4% was found when both urine filtration and DNA methods were used. For STH prevalence’s, we found 32.1% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 35.5% for Trichuris trichiura and 5.1% for hookworms. Amongst the two districts, S. haematobium was prevalent in Gurué (47.1%) as compared to Quelimane (30%) whereas the reverse pattern was observed for STH, with higher prevalence’s of A. lumbricoides (54%), T. trichiura (66.1%) seen in Quelimane comparing with Gurué: 7.3% for A. lumbricoides, 0.9% for T. trichiura and 5.1% for hookworms. The logistic regression analysis suggested that contact with water bodies for hygiene and leisure’s purposes were the main risk factors associated to S. haematobium infections (OR=3.69, 95% CI: 1.51- 8.87 and OR=3.33, 95% CI: 1.76- 6.28) respectively; the main risk factors associated to STH infections were age (≤10 years old) and inappropriate sanitation. Malacological studies in the neighbouring water bodies commonly used by local communities, confirmed the presence of abundant Bulinus spp, intermediate host snails of S. haematobium in Zambézia province. A total of 594 snails were collected in four habitats (three in Gurué and one in Quelimane); infected snails, assessed by shedding of cercariae, were detected only in Gurué habitats, with infection rates ranging from 5.7% to 9.5%. Results of this study, based on urine filtration method, suggest an apparent reduction of S. haematobium (38.4%) as compared with those from the epidemiological study performed in 2009 (60.1%); however, the prevalence remains high (73.4%) when both parasitological and PCR techniques were employed. For STH, prevalence remains the same (50.3% in 2009 and 50.4% in the present survey). This study indicates that S. haematobium and STH infections remain high in these areas, highlighting the need of additional control measures for their reduction, namely by improving water supply and appropriate sanitation, heath education programs, as well as larger inclusiveness of vulnerable people for anti-schistosome and anti-STH treatments.
COSTA, Sónia Fernandes da. "Flaviviruses in mosquitoes from Southern Portugal, 2009-2010". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7156.
Texto completoFlaviviruses are viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. They comprise a large group of widely spread and genetically diverse arthropod-borne viruses including human and animal pathogens that can potentially cause large-scale epidemics and high mortality and morbidity. In the past few years, flaviviruses have largely expanded their geographical distribution and host range. West Nile virus has been continuously detected throughout Europe lately and has been isolated from mosquitoes in Southern Portugal, where human and animal cases have been reported. The main aim of this work was to search for flaviviruses in mosquitoes collected from two areas in Southern Portugal where West Nile virus and other flaviviruses have previously been detected. Mosquito surveys were carried out in 24 locations in the wetlands of the Faro and Setúbal districts, by CDC-CO2 light-traps and indoors resting collections. Pools containing approximately 50 mosquitoes were screened for flaviviruses by heminested RT-PCR, directed at the amplification of a small fragment of the viral NS5 gene, using degenerated flavivirus-specific primers. A total of 36273 mosquitoes were collected during 2009 and 2010 from April through October, from the following species: Anopheles algeriensis, An.atroparvus, Aedes berlandi, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex laticinctus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. univittatus, Culiseta annulata, Cs. longiareolata, Cs. subochrea, and Uranotaenia unguiculata. Most abundant species were Ae. caspius Cx. theileri and Cx. pipiens, respectively. However, mosquito densities varied according to collection method and sampling area. A fourfold increase in mosquito density was registered in 2010 compared to 2009. A total of 745 pools were analysed of which 31% tested positive for flaviviral sequences. The species with higher positivity rates were An. algeriensis with Minimum infection rate (MIR) of 56/1000 in the Algarve 2009, Cs. annulata MIR =22/1000 in the Algarve 2010, Cx.theileri and Cx.pipiens in Setúbal 2010, MIR =20/1000. An. atroparvus, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus and Cx. univittatus also yielded positive pools. Overall, positivity was higher in the Algarve. Viral sequences obtained from positive pools showed homology with insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) sequences deposited in free access public databases. Phylogenetic analysis reflected the genetic variability of flaviviruses and revealed the relatedness of our sequences with other known flaviviruses, especially the insect-specific. In view of previous WNV isolations and assessing from the four-fold increase in mosquito density, the increasing temperatures, the recent cases throughout Europe and the unknown and unpredictable pattern of flaviviruses outbreaks, continuous epidemiological surveillance programmes are quickly becoming indispensable tools for Public Health.
ROSA, Ricardo Luís Lucas da Silva. "Estudo da resposta imunológica induzida por proteínas libertadas por promastigotas de Leishmania infantum". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/56824.
Texto completoZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a veterinary and public health problem in the Mediterranean Basin, South and Central America and in the Middle East. Canids are the host reservoir for ZVL. Antigenic macromolecules secreted by microorganisms are important in the establishment of immune and physiologic interactions with the host. Leishmania sp. released products have been implicated in different parasite life-cycle stages, either in the vector or in the vertebrate host. In this study, the capacity of the proteins secreted by promastigotes of L. infantum to modulate the cellular immune response was analysed in two mice models (BALB/c and C57BL/6) with different degrees of resistance to infection. Lymphocyte proliferation, and the expression and production of cytokines from Th1 type (IFNg), Th2 type (IL-4), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-12) were compared. BALB/c mice revealed to be more susceptible to L. infantum infection, showing increasing parasite density and lower proliferation levels when compared to healthy animals, suggesting mechanisms of immunosuppression. In C57BL/6 mice a restriction in parasite replication during the course of infection was observed, associated with considerable proliferation levels. In these animals, the protein fractions induced higher proliferation levels than the parasite antigen, highlighting the greater capacity of cellular stimulation of the proteins secreted by virulent promastigotes of L. infantum. In BALB/c mice, fraction Inter induced the release of IL-4, fraction Low the production of IL-12 and fraction High both IL-4 and IL-12. These results suggest that proteins High, Inter and Low have antagonistic effects in the lymphocyte immunomodulation. Fraction Low can contribute to parasite control while fraction Inter seems to stimulate parasite replication avoiding the macrophage activation. Considering that visceral leishmaniasis development is dependent on the stimulation of different T cell populations and of consequently released cytokines, in the present study, the effect of the L. infantum secreted protein fractions in the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was analysed in the two mice models. Fractions High and Low stimulated both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to coordinate a Th1/Tc1 type of response in both micestrains of different genetic backgrounds. Through the analysis of the results obtained in this study, fractions High and Low were selected for the immunisation assays since they were recognised by different cellular populations to induce protective responses without simultaneous production of Th2 cytokines. BALB/c mice immunised with fraction High or Low and infected with L. infantum showed a decrease in the spleen parasite burden which was more evident in the Low fraction immunised animals. It was also verified that immune suppression caused by L. infantum was no longer observed and that splenic lymphocytes presented considerable levels of antigen specific proliferation. The immunisation with fraction High also contributed to the predominance of a protective response in CD4+ T cells with production of IL-12 and IFN-g. Furthermore, in both immunisation assays the cellular activation was accompanied by negative regulation of the production of cytokines associated to disease development, such as IL-10 and IL-4. The results obtained in the present study highlights the application of fractions High and Low in the ZVL prophylaxis.
FERREIRA, Filipa Santana. "Estudo do perfil epidemiológico molecular de Giardia doudenalis em crianças dos 0 aos 59 meses de idade no Hospital Central de Nampula e a sua associação com o estado nutricional, diarreia e VIH". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/27873.
Texto completoStudy of the molecular epidemiological profile of Giardia duodenalis in children aged 0-59 months at the Central Hospital of Nampula and its association with nutritional status, diarrhea and HIV. Filipa Santana Ferreira Key words: Giardia duodenalis, genotypes, children, hospital, Mozambique Giardiasis is a disease caused by the intestinal protozoa Giardia duodenalis. This disease has an ubiquitous distribution and affects all age groups, despite having a higher incidence in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in children. This intestinal protozoan includes eight genotypes (A-H), of which only A and B are infectious to humans. Several studies have been carried out in order to clarify their relationship with the severity of diarrheal disease. However, the number of publications exploring its association with nutritional status is small and fewer related to HIV infection in children under five years of age. This study aimed to explore the association between infection with G. duodenalis and nutritional status, diarrhea and HIV infection in children aged 0-59 months at the Central Hospital of Nampula (HCN), Mozambique. For this purpose, 831 children hospitalized or attending the HCN outpatient clinic were included. One single stool sample was obtained from each child. In addition, socio-demographic, clinical and anthropometric data (length/height and weight) were also obtained. Parasitological analysis of feces was performed through direct examination and Ritchie concentration technique and G. duodenalis antigen detection by rapid immunochromatographic test. Samples with positive identification of G. duodenalis with any of these methods were stored until DNA extraction and molecular analysis were conducted. Genetic characterization was done by studying a single nucleotide position polymorphism for the β-giardin gene (bg). Statistical analysis was undertaken through binary logistic regression and multiple logistic regression. The parasitological diagnosis revealed that G. duodenalis was the most common intestinal parasite in the studied population (23.9%, 199/831). The results of this study did not demonstrate any statistically significant association between nutritional status, diarrhea or HIV infection and G. duodenalis genotypes infection. However, it was found that children living in houses with three or more persons per room were more susceptible to total and simple infection with G. duodenalis (p=0.034 and p=0.048, respectively). Regarding nutritional status, it was observed that children with simple infection by G. duodenalis were less likely to have acute malnutrition (p=0.041). In addition, children younger than 24 months appeared to be more susceptible to low-weight and acute malnutrition, having diarrhea, abdominal pain and lack of appetite (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of the diagnosis of this protozoan in similar contexts, as well as the need for more contributions to clarify the role of G. duodenalis genotypes in child health. Another relevant aspect includes a better understanding of the impact of infection in children under five years of age with acute malnutrition.
MAIA, Carla Alexandra Soares. "Interacção parasita-hospedeiro e susceptibilidade de Leishmania infantum a fármacos". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/61776.
Texto completoLeishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by an intracellular protozoan belonging to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted between mammalian hosts by phlebotomine sand flies. Due to the inexistence of an effective vaccine, control and prevention relies mainly on chemotherapy. First-line drugs include pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B (AMB) and its lipid formulation. A better understanding of resistance mechanism(s) would allow the development of new drugs which could substitute/complement the actions of the existing ones, as well the development of new diagnostics assays which could evaluate/monitor resistance. Animal models should mimic what happens in natural infection. The canine and murine models have proven useful in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis as well as the immunological response to Leishmania infection. Since dogs are the main domestic reservoir hosts of L. infantum infection, we followed-up an experimental leishmaniasis canine infection. Clinical, haematological, histophatological, parasitological as well as humoral and cellular immunological parameters were analysed. The main haematological alterations were the ones commonly associated with visceral leishmaniasis: anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopathy and total proteins increasing with hyperglobulinemia. Histopathological analysis revealed a chronic inflammatory reaction in visceral organs, in some cases associated with granulomas rich in macrophages. Although all animals were infected (confirmed by parasite detection in all tissues and organs at necropsy), transient lymphadenopathy and alopecia were the only clinical signs observed. Molecular techniques were significantly more efficient in detecting parasite compared to “classic” parasitological techniques. Non-invasive samples (peripheral blood and conjunctiva) were less efficacious to detect Leishmania. In our model there was no suppression of cellular immune response to specific parasite antigen and humoral response although precocious and intense, was non-protective. The Th1/Th2 bipolarised immune responses, thoroughly described in the murine model of L. major experimental infections, were not observed in our model. The lack of clinical signs, despite the high parasite load observed in visceral organs, could be associated with a mix Th1/Treg response in the different tissues/organs analysed.In this study we also analysed the effect of Phlebotomus perniciosus saliva in BALB/c mice intradermally infected with L. infantum wild type or with an AMB in vitro treated strain. The use of intradermal inoculation, which is closer to what happens in the natural course of infection due to transmission by the bite of a phlebotomine sand fly, allowed the visceralization of infection. Although mice coinoculated with saliva showed parasite dissemination precocity to the internal organs, no significant difference in the parasite load was observed between groups. Cytokine expression was related with an increase of parasite load, but as was the case in the canine model, no Th1/Th2 bipolarised immune response was observed. All infected mice developed a mixed immune response in different tissues, with concomitant production of Th1, Th2 and Treg cytokines. However, at the end of experiment, the Th1 pro-inflamatory cytokine TNF–α was the most expressed and could be related with resolution of infection and parasite clearance. On the other hand, the presence of AMB treated parasites in the skin of the animals allowed us to hypothesized that AMB resistant strains could arise and be transmitted in Nature as a result of increased clinical used of AMB therapy . After confirming that L. infantum AMB-treated parasites could infect and visceralize in the murine model, we analysed its capacity to develop in the two main L. infantum vectors, Lutzomyia longipalpis and P. perniciosus. Despite the low infection rate, promastigotes of AMB-treated strain were able to develop late-stage infections in the midgut of both sand flies species tested. Although more studies are needed to determine the vectorial capacity of sand flies to transmit AMB-resistant parasites, it seems that they have a lower capacity to be transmitted, so intentional selection of AMB-resistant parasites could be used in addition to control and prevent Leishmania transmission. Axenic promastigotes and intracellular assays were compared in order to determine in vitro Leishmania susceptibility to the main drugs used in human and canine therapy in Portugal (Glucantime®, Fungizone®, miltefosine and allopurinol). Since no significant differences were observed between both assays, axenic promastigotes assays are easier to perform and less time-consuming. AMB treated parasites were obtained by subculturing promastigotes in media containing increasing concentrationsof this drug. AMB treated parasites were less susceptible than WT to Glucantime®, Fungizone® and miltefosine, except to allopurinol. The decreased susceptibility to the drugs currently used in chemotherapy could facilitate the spreading of multiresistant strains. Since most of anti-Leishmania drugs´action depends on host´s immune response and as parasites use apoptosis as one of the mechanism to avoid it, we determined the number of apoptotic amastigotes as well as TNF-α and IL-10 production by infected and treated macrophages. It was verified a decreased IL-10 production by macrophages after drug treatment but neither TNF-α or apoptosis seemed to be the main mechanisms responsible for parasites’ survival after treatment.
ARROZ, Jorge Alexandre Harrizon. "Comparing two models of massive distribuition of mosquito bed nets in rural districts of Mozambique". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/45510.
Texto completoIntroduction: The provision of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been pointed out as one of the core malaria vector control interventions. The use of LLINs is associated with a reduction in malaria transmission. LLINs delivery in Mozambique has been carried out through two delivery channels: prenatal care service and universal coverage campaigns. This study tests new delivery strategies (intervention) in universal coverage campaign and compares its results with previous strategies (control). The general objective of the thesis is to compare two bed nets delivery models in rural districts of Mozambique. Methods: The intervention districts were: Gurue and Sussundenga; the control districts were: Alto-Molocue and Machaze. Using a quantitative approach, three studies took place: i) before and after study between October and December 2015; ii) before and after, observational and cross-sectional study, between June and July 2016; and iii) cost-effectiveness analysis between October and December 2015. Three core implementation strategies were tested: use of coupons during household (HH) registration, use of stickers to identify registered houses and a new LLINs allocation criterion. The main endpoints measured were: i) percentage of distributed LLINs; ii) LLINs ownership and use coverage; iii) percentage of HHs that achieved universal coverage; iv) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER); iv) incremental net benefit (INB). Results: Approximately 88% (302,648) of LLINs were distributed in intervention districts compared to 77% (219,613) in control districts [OR: 2.14 (95% CI: 2.11-2.16)]. Six months after the 2015 campaign, of the 760 HHs surveyed in the intervention districts, 98.8% had at least one LLIN; of the 787 HHs surveyed in the control districts, 89.6% had at least one LLIN [OR: 9.7, (95% CI: 5.25 - 22.76)]. Near 95% and 87% of respondents who had at least one LLIN reported having slept under the LLIN the previous night in the intervention and control districts, respectively [OR: 3.2; (95% CI 2.12-4.69)]; 71% of the HHs surveyed achieved universal coverage in the intervention districts against 59.6% in the control districts [OR: 1.6; (95% CI: 1.33-2.03)]. ICER per distributed LLIN was US$ 0.68. INB was positive. Conclusions: Intervention districts had greater LLINs availability, greater LLINs ownership and use coverage, and a better progression toward reaching universal coverage targets. The new strategy was more cost-effective than the previous strategy. The new strategy might well accelerate the pace in vector control for reducing malaria morbidity and mortality and achieving the goals of the Global Technical Strategy for malaria 2016-2030.
ALVES, Maria Margarida Ferreira. "Caracterização epidemiológica da criptosporidiose em Portugal, por estudo molecular de isolados de Cryptosporidium spp. de humanos e de animais". Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/56825.
Texto completoCryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that emerged worldwide as a cause of diarrhoeal disease in humans and animals. Infection can be transmitted through person-toperson – anthroponotic transmission –, animal-to-person contact – zoonotic transmission – or by ingestion of contaminated water or food. The influence of each transmission route in the transmission dynamics of cryptosporidiosis is not yet fully understood. Although human infections are caused, mainly, by C. parvum and C. hominis, several other species have also been associated with human disease – C. felis, C. meleagridis, C. muris, C. canis, C. suis and Cryptosporidium cervine genotype. With this work we intended to identify the Cryptosporidium species and genotypes responsible for human infections in Portugal as well as those that parasitize cattle, pets and wild animals, in order to determine which ones are infectious for humans and also their possible zoonotic reservoirs. In addition, we also intended to establish the role of each transmission route in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Portugal. The rate of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the HIV-infected patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, studied between June 2001 and January 2005, was 8,3% (18/217). In pets, 1,8% (2/109) of the privately owned cats and 0% (0/157) of the privately owned and shelter dogs were excreting Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. In free-ranging wild animals, carnivores and small mammals, no oocysts were found in the faecal samples studied. In animals kept at the Lisbon Zoo, the rate of positive faecal samples among the mammals examined was 0,9% (2/217), corresponding to a black wildebeest and a prairie bison excreting oocysts in their faeces; Cryptosporidium spp. was also found in the faeces of an indian star tortoise newly arrived at the Zoo. Molecular characterization of human Cryptosporidium spp. isolates, detected between 1994 and 2005, was successfully accomplished for fifty-one parasites: 52,9% (27/51) were identified as C. parvum, 31,4% (16/51) as C. hominis, 9,8% (5/51) as C. felis and 5,9% (3/51) as C. meleagridis. Concerning the parasites from non-human hosts – cattle and wild ruminants (fallow deers from Tapada Nacional de Mafra and Bovids from the Lisbon Zoo), studied retrospectively, and cats and Zoo animals, studied prospectively – in those with positive DNA amplification, the results of its molecular characterization showed that: i) 94% (80/85) of the bovine isolates and all the isolates from sheep (n = 2), fallow deers from Tapada de Mafra (n = 4) and Bovids from the Zoo (n = 11) were identified as C. parvum; ii) 2,4% (2/85) of the bovine isolates were identified as C. bovis; iii) 2,4% (2/85) of the bovine isolates were identified as C. andersoni; iv) 1,2% (1/85) of the bovine isolates were identified as Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype; v) the isolates from cats were identified as C. felis; vi) the isolates from the black wildebeest, the prairie bison and the indian star tortoise were identified as the mouse genotype, a novel unidentified genotype and the tortoise genotype, respectively. Two of the species found in animal infections – C. parvum and C. felis – were also found to cause human disease, suggesting that these species’ hosts – cattle, wild ruminants and cats – may act as zoonotic reservoirs for human cryptosporidiosis. The evaluation of the intra-specific heterogeneity within C. hominis and C. parvum was achieved by molecular characterization of a microsatellite locus – ML2 – and the GP60 gene. The fragment analysis of the ML2 STR showed no genetic variation within C. hominis and enabled allele identification only in 47% (8/17) of the studied human C. parvum isolates; the presence of stutter bands in the electrophoretograms from the remaining human parasites and in those from all the animal isolates impaired the identification of their alleles. The two alleles found in the eight human C. parvum parasites – ML2-176 and ML2-191 – were not found in any C. parvum isolate from cattle or wild ruminants. As the genetic characterisation of all C. parvum parasites was not achieved, the ML2 approach had little usefulness for our study. The PCR and sequencing of the GP60 gene enabled the identification of nine subtype families, four in C. parvum and five in C. hominis. We found higher subtype variability among human C. parvum isolates than in those from cattle and wild ruminants. Most of the C. parvum isolates from cattle (61/72), one isolate from sheep, one isolate from a fallow deer and all the isolates from the Lisbon Zoo Bovids (n = 9) presented the same subtype – IIaA15G2R1 –, the one that was also found in nine human isolates. The second most frequent C. parvum subtype found in cattle isolates – IIaA16G2R1 – was not identified in human parasites. The two less frequent subtypes found in cattle and sheep – IIdA17G1 and IIdA21G1 – were also present in isolates from humans. In some human C. parvum parasites, we found four subtypes, belonging to three subtype families, which were not identified in isolates from cattle or wild ruminants – IIbA14, IIcA5G3, IIdA19G1 and IIdA22G1. Finding C. parvum isolates with the same subtype in human, cattle and wild ruminant infections indicates that these parasites may be transmitted to humans by zoonotic as well as by anthroponotic transmission. Also, the identification of human C. parvum isolates with families/subtypes that were not found in parasites from cattle or wild ruminants points out the hypothesis that these parasites may be transmitted to humans exclusively by anthroponotic transmission. So, the results of the present study suggest that, in Portugal, transmission of C. parvum to humans involves two groups of parasites, one containing those that can be transmitted by both zoonotic and anthroponotic cycles and another comprising the parasites that are transmitted exclusively by anthroponotic cycles.
RAMOS, Élia Luísa Folgado Cabrita e. "Estudo da actividade gametocitocida de derivados da primaquina". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/51010.
Texto completoMalaria is a disease that causes thousands of deaths all over the world. The blockage of the transmission of the parasite to mosquito vector, through gametocytocides drugs, such as primaquine, is still a priority in the fight against malaria. This work presents new results on the gametocytocide activity of novel primaquine derivatives – the primacenes – on murines infected with P. berghei ANKA-GFP. Among the six compounds analyzed, one of them achieved a parasite transmission blockage ratio of 100% of the study cases. The green fluorescent protein proved to provide significant advantage when conducting a study of this kind, particularly for detecting oocysts in the medium intestine of mosquitoes.
VICENTE, José Luís Cravo. "Estudo de parâmetros entomológicos com importância para a transmissão de malária por Anopheles gambiae s.l. na Guiné-Bissau". Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19205.
Texto completoPrevious reports on the Anopheles gambiae complex species distribution in Guinea Bissau, pre-date the description of A. gambiae molecular forms or, in more recent surveys, the characterization is mainly focused in the coastal area. Consequently the possible differences associated with the transition between bio-ecological regions remains undetermined. In this region, high levels of hybridization between A. gambiae and A. coluzzii where previously described, suggesting the hypothesis that the country may contain the core of a secondary contact region between the two species. The A. gambiae complex species distribution and the geographic extension of hybridization occur are of upmost importance, since bioecological and behavioral differences between species (and hybrids) may affect malaria transmission. Moreover, the different spread of insecticide resistance mechanisms in the two species, such as the knock-down resistance (kdr), should be taken into consideration when planning insecticide-based control activities against these vectors. Collections of A. gambiae s.l. females were carried out along a west to east transect in Guinea Bissau including 12 sites, crossing several biotopes. Molecular identification of the specimens was carried out using IGS and SINE markers. The kdr mutations (L1014F and L1014S) and ace-1 (G119S) mutation were also investigated. The origin of blood-meal of fed females and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA. Overall, A. gambiae prevailed (50%) followed by A. coluzzii (23%). Anopheles gambiae was the most abundant species in the coastal and inland regions and A. coluzzii was the most frequent in the central region. A high proportion (21%) of hybrids between A. coluzzii and A. gambiae was also recorded, being highest in the coastal area, in agreement with previous studies. Anopheles melas and A. arabiensis were also identified but their relative frequencies were low, 5% and 1%, respectively. The presence of a previouslyundetected population of A. arabiensis in the coastal region is an unexpected finding and may represent a recent introduction or the result of a small population that could have remained undetected in previous surveys due not only to its low abundance, but also to inadequate sampling methodology. The frequency of the L1014F mutation in A. gambiae was low in central and coastal regions, but high in the inland region, suggesting restrictions to gene flow between eastern and central/western populations in the country. Anopheles coluzzii specimens were characterized by the almost exclusive presence of the kdr susceptible allele. The western population of A. arabiensis in addition of carrying the L1014F mutation was the only species to present the L1014S mutation. The highly antropophilic species, A. gambiae and A. coluzzii, showed low levels of anthropophily, suggesting the presence of mosquito populations able to adapt their behavior to environmental conditions, namely in host seeking, with a potential impact on malaria transmission.