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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Patents and patent legislation"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 5 de febrero de 2022

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1

Phelps, Charles E. "Extending Exclusivity for Biopharmaceuticals to Deter Competing Generics: A Review of Strategies, Potential Mitigation, and Similarities to Infringement." Technology & Innovation 21, no. 3 (2020): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.3.2020.215.

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Some patents confront infringement—unauthorized use of the inventions in the patent—thus violating the exclusive use intent of the U.S. Constitution's creation of the patent system to encourage innovation. In other situations, the reverse occurs—patent holders seek to extend their exclusivity period to prevent competitive entrants. This commonly occurs in biopharmaceutical products markets, where annual revenues on many patented drugs exceed $1 billion per year and (most importantly) where several pathways allow extension of exclusivity. This paper reviews the relevant legislation (Bayh-Dole A
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2

IASECHKO, Svitlana, Viacheslav PUZYRNYI, Natalia PUZУRNA, Nataliia KOSTIUK, Iryna BAKHNOVSKA, and Iryna LITVINOVA. "The Investigation of Peculiarities of the Occurrence of Subjective Civil Rights in Registration of a Patent." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).17.

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The main aspects of the impact of patents on technological and social development have been highlighted, and it has been suggested to adapt a powerful world experience in this field. The key aspects of the innovation process and the protection of the results of scientific and technical action with the help of patents, and the peculiarities of the occurrence of subjective civil rights are considered. The authors of the paper analyze the current legislative provisions and determine the direction of its development in the context of globalization. The article explores the theoretical construct of
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3

Cheng, Guo Hui. "Study on Patentability of Cloud Computing Related Techniques." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.309.

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Cloud Computing has brought many opportunities and challenges to Internet technology, there also has been affected the protection of patent right. Generally this is the relationship between Technology and Legislation, Economy and Superstructure, so they should be adapt to the variation of technology. First of all, it is crucial to define the position of cloud computing related techniques in legislation. Secondly, technical factors and method patents are evitable to explore the patentability of cloud computing related techniques. Finally, to recognize the cloud computing related techniques as a
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4

Ahmed, Bijle Mohammed Nadeem, and Shankar Gouda Patil. "Dentistry and US/European Patents." World Journal of Dentistry 2, no. 2 (2011): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/wjoud-2-2-163.

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ABSTRACT Around the world, systems of publication and patenting help ease the tension, but successful navigation of these systems requires a combination of awareness and strategic planning. It is not a simple task for the scientist to strike a balance between publication and protection of discoveries. Patent legislation gives legal protection to new inventions once they have been patented by their owners. A patent is a temporary monopoly granted to the owner in return for disclosure of the invention to the public. This article has provided some insight of US/European patents with regards to de
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5

Garcez Júnior, Sílvio Sobral, Rodrigo Nogueira Albert Loureiro, Bruno Ramos Eloy, Gabriel Francisco da Silva, João Antonio Belmino dos Santos, and Francisco Valdivino Rocha Lima. "The proposal of the Brazilian patent office for the backlog solution: an unconstitutional proposition." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 7 (2019): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss7.1571.

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It is notorious that there is an efficiency crisis in the Brazilian patent system, unable to meet society's demand for a faster patent examination. The INPI takes about 11 years to concede a patent. There are 231.184 pending patent applications, and in June of 2017 it promoted a public consultation proposing an infra-legal norm that allows the granting of patents without substantive examination in the country, the so-called simplified procedure of granting of patent applications. Currently, the Brazilian government recognizes that it does not have the structure to make the substantive examinat
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6

Stankovic, Mirjana, and Bratislav Stankovic. "Biotech Research-Tool Patents in Macedonia: Current Legal and Economic Parameters." Review of Central and East European Law 38, no. 2 (2013): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598812x13274154887385.

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One of the vigorously debated topics related to the protection of biotechnology inventions has been the issue of patents on biotechnology research tools, which usually are used in very early stages of biotechnology research. Proponents of patenting argue that the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech/pharma companies to invest in research and development which is aimed at developing biotech research tools. Opponents of patenting maintain that such patents might impede future research by creating “patent-thickets” and preventing researchers from performing experiments which rely on the
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7

Donges, Alexander, and Felix Selgert. "Do Legal Differences Matter? A Comparison of German Patent Law Regimes before 1877." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (2019): 57–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0004.

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Abstract In this article, we give an overview of the differences in German patent legislations between 1815 and 1876. German patent laws differed in particular with regard to the application and approval system, the treatment of foreign applicants, and patent fees. Differences in the former two categories provide an explanation why the number of patents was considerably lower in Prussia than in other states. While the number of Prussian patents per capita almost stagnated between 1840 and 1872, it increased in Baden, Bavaria and Saxony. Formal differences in patent law do not fully explain thi
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8

Hagen, Antje. "Patents Legislation and German FDI in the British Chemical Industry before 1914." Business History Review 71, no. 3 (1997): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116077.

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This article analyzes the investments in both manufacturing units and sales subsidiaries by German chemical companies in the United Kingdom prior to 1914. It extends the findings in the existing literature on the subject, as sales subsidiaries have not so far been investigated. In particular, the article focuses on the motives underlying these investments. By building sales subsidiaries, German companies hoped to improve their control over foreign distribution activities and to promote their own brand names. As for the creation of manufacturing outlets, the motives of the companies differed be
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9

Baumann, Martina, Tobias Boehm, Bodo Knoll, and Nadine Riedel. "Corporate Taxes, Patent Shifting, and Anti-avoidance Rules: Empirical Evidence." Public Finance Review 48, no. 4 (2020): 467–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142120930684.

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We empirically assess international corporate tax avoidance by strategic location of innovative output. The analysis draws on the universe of patent applications to the European Patent Office from 1990 to 2006 linked with data on multinational entities (MNEs) in Europe. Four findings emerge: first, patent holdings are distorted toward low-tax countries. Second, patent location in low-tax countries is correlated with a geographic separation of research and development output and input. Third, MNEs systematically sort high-value (low-value) patents to low-tax (high-tax) countries. Fourth, the pr
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10

Gispen, Kees. "National Socialism and the Technological Culture of the Weimar Republic." Central European History 25, no. 4 (1992): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021439.

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At the height of the Cold War in 1962, U.S. Senator John McClellan, chairman of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights, raised the possibility of introducing legislation to “restore the patent system, in at least some measure, to its traditional role of rewarding the inventor, in order the better to carry out the constitutional objective of ‘promoting the progress of science and useful arts.’” The rise of the corporate research establishment, McClellan stated, had caused the employer to interpose “himself between the individual inventor and the patent system, with th
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11

Graham, Stuart, and Saurabh Vishnubhakat. "Of Smart Phone Wars and Software Patents." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 1 (2013): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.1.67.

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Among the main criticisms currently confronting the US Patent and Trademark Office are concerns about software patents and what role they play in the web of litigation now proceeding in the smart phone industry. We will examine the evidence on the litigation and the treatment by the Patent Office of patents that include software elements. We present specific empirical evidence regarding the examination by the Patent Office of software patents, their validity, and their role in the smart phone wars. More broadly, this article discusses the competing values at work in the patent system and how t
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12

Homeniuk, Anastasiia. "Changing paradigm of supplementary protection of inventions in the national legislation of Ukraine." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/62020.233964.

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Key words: patent term extension, supplementary protection, supplementary protectioncertificate, drug patents, patent legislation reform
 The article is mainly aimed at distinguishingtwo mechanism: patent term extension which used to be applied inUkraine before the patent reform, and supplementary protection certificates whichwere introduced to national legislation in 2020.Patent term extension in the way it was provided in the Ukrainian Patent Law is arather simple mechanism that didn’t require much regulations. It used to provide additionalperiod of patent monopolies which was equal to
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13

Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. "The Patent System during the French Industrial Revolution: Institutional Change and Economic Effects." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (2019): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0003.

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Abstract The influence of the patent system on the economic performance of Western countries during the Industrial Revolution is an important but difficult question to address. With the United Kingdom and the United States, France was one of the first countries to adopt a modern patent legislation in 1791. The aim of this paper is to understand the paradox of such a system, which was based on a democratic and natural-right conception of invention but turned out to be restrictive. It analyses the legal framework and its evolution from 1791 to the late 1850s and reveals its contradictory aspects
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14

Soares, Janaina Martins Oliveira, Leisson Domingues Pinheiro, Maurícia Macedo Ramalho, and Ítalo Flexa Di Paolo. "Registros de patentes de gel facial a base de bicarbonato de sódio e clara de ovo para tratamento de melasma." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 9, no. 25 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rerecien2358-3088.2019.9.25.71-76.

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Resumo: Este trabalho desperta uma análise das evoluções nas pesquisas e desenvolvimento de patentes no tratamento do clareamento da Melanose. O objetivo da pesquisa é realizar um levantamento de documentos de patentes existentes sobre gel facial a base de bicarbonato e clara de ovo para tratamento de melasma, nas modalidades de invenção ou modelo de utilidade, quanto à titularidade, nacionalidade e sua inserção no mercado. A metodologia empregada foi à busca na base de dados States Patente and Trademark Office (USPTO), Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual (INPI), Escritório Europeu d
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15

Soares, Janaina Martins Oliveira, Leisson Domingues Pinheiro, Maurícia Macedo Ramalho, and Ítalo Flexa Di Paolo. "Registros de patentes de gel faciel a base de bicarbonato de sódio e clara de ovo para tratamento de melasma." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 9, no. 25 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2358-3088.2019.9.25.71-76.

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Resumo: Este trabalho desperta uma análise das evoluções nas pesquisas e desenvolvimento de patentes no tratamento do clareamento da Melanose. O objetivo da pesquisa é realizar um levantamento de documentos de patentes existentes sobre gel facial a base de bicarbonato e clara de ovo para tratamento de melasma, nas modalidades de invenção ou modelo de utilidade, quanto à titularidade, nacionalidade e sua inserção no mercado. A metodologia empregada foi à busca na base de dados States Patente and Trademark Office (USPTO), Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual (INPI), Escritório Europeu d
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16

Suputri, Ni Kadek Wedayanti Ari, and Ida Ayu Sukihana. "PRINSIP NEW AND NOVELTY DALAM PERLINDUNGAN PATEN DI INDONESIA." Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 8 (2020): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ks.2020.v08.i08.p11.

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Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persyaratan dalam permohonan perlindungan paten dan menganalisis pernerapan prinsip new and novelty dalam perlindungan paten. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Dalam menunjang studi ini digunakan bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu Undang-Undang No. 13 Tahun 2016 Tentang Paten dan bahan hukum sekunder yaitu buku-buku dan literatur tentang paten yang menunjang studi ini. Pengumpulan bahan hukum menggunakan teknik studi
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17

Ann, Christoph. "Patents on Human Gene Sequences in Germany: On Bad Lawmaking and Ways to Deal With It." German Law Journal 7, no. 3 (2006): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004661.

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Whether patents should be granted on human genes or gene sequences is highly controversial, both ethically and politically; not only in Germany but throughout Europe and in most parts of the world. Proof of this has been the attention created by US biotechnology company Myriad Genetics, which, in 2001, obtained European patents for human gene sequences indicating an increased risk of certain types of cancer. In Germany the Bundestag has recently addressed the issue: the core of a newly introduced provision of the German Patent Statute (PatG) is Paragraph 1a Sec. 4 PatG, which limits the scope
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18

Boldrin, Michele, and David K. Levine. "The Case Against Patents." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 1 (2013): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.1.3.

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The case against patents can be summarized briefly: there is no empirical evidence that they serve to increase innovation and productivity, unless productivity is identified with the number of patents awarded—which, as evidence shows, has no correlation with measured productivity. Both theory and evidence suggest that while patents can have a partial equilibrium effect of improving incentives to invent, the general equilibrium effect on innovation can be negative. A properly designed patent system might serve to increase innovation at a certain time and place. Unfortunately, the political econ
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19

Cerda, Clarisse de la. "PATENTS ON GENE SEQUENCES." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 3, no. 3-4 (2018): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.v3i3-4.34412.

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The patents on gene sequences are a controversial theme in the setting of intellectual property. The discussion revolves around the supposed inventiveness of these genetic materials: would they be considered true inventions or mere discoveries? It is certain that there is no unanimity of treatment. This study sought to systematize the patentability on genetic materials, under the decision on the Myriad Case, decided by the U. S. Supreme Court. Also, an analysis of the Brazilian legislation was necessary, as well as an understanding of the Brazilian Patent Office’s practice. Considerations were
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20

Cerda, Clarisse de la. "PATENTS ON GENE SEQUENCES." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 3, no. 3-4 (2018): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.v3i3-4.p301-341.

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The patents on gene sequences are a controversial theme in the setting of intellectual property. The discussion revolves around the supposed inventiveness of these genetic materials: would they be considered true inventions or mere discoveries? It is certain that there is no unanimity of treatment. This study sought to systematize the patentability on genetic materials, under the decision on the Myriad Case, decided by the U. S. Supreme Court. Also, an analysis of the Brazilian legislation was necessary, as well as an understanding of the Brazilian Patent Office’s practice. Considerations were
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21

Cerda, Clarisse de la. "PATENTS ON GENE SEQUENCES." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 3, no. 3-4 (2015): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.y3.n3-4.p301-341.

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The patents on gene sequences are a controversial theme in the setting of intellectual property. The discussion revolves around the supposed inventiveness of these genetic materials: would they be considered true inventions or mere discoveries? It is certain that there is no unanimity of treatment. This study sought to systematize the patentability on genetic materials, under the decision on the Myriad Case, decided by the U. S. Supreme Court. Also, an analysis of the Brazilian legislation was necessary, as well as an understanding of the Brazilian Patent Office’s practice. Considerations were
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22

Cerda, Clarisse de la. "PATENTS ON GENE SEQUENCES." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 3, no. 3-4 (2018): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.y3n3-4.p301-341.

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The patents on gene sequences are a controversial theme in the setting of intellectual property. The discussion revolves around the supposed inventiveness of these genetic materials: would they be considered true inventions or mere discoveries? It is certain that there is no unanimity of treatment. This study sought to systematize the patentability on genetic materials, under the decision on the Myriad Case, decided by the U. S. Supreme Court. Also, an analysis of the Brazilian legislation was necessary, as well as an understanding of the Brazilian Patent Office’s practice. Considerations were
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23

Gurgenidze, Miranda, and Tamaz Urtmelidze. "Aspects of Compulsory Licensing in Patent Law." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 1(519) (March 29, 2021): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2021-1-245-258.

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This issue is not new in international patent law. However, this institution was abolished in the Georgian legislation in 2010-2017 and its re-formulation has become active after it was put in the agenda in accordance with the provisions of Chapter IV (Intellectual Property Rights) of Chapter 4 (Intellectual Property Rights) between Georgia and the European Union and the European Union and their Member States. The necessity of fulfilling the undertaken liabilities and to bring the Georgian legislation in line with the above-mentioned agreement, as well as the aspects related to the intellectua
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24

Marfistasari, Anik, Ennys Kurniawati, and Badzlina Putri Indraswati. "PATEN TERHADAP APLIKASI PROGRAM KOMPUTER BERBASIS FINANCIAL AND TECHNOLOGY DI INDONESIA." Jurnal HUKUM BISNIS 3, no. 1 (2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31090/hukumbisnis.v3i1.834.

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Patents as Intellectual Property Rights which are included in exclusive rights that contain legal construction. It basically must provide legal protection for the application of financial and techology-based on computer programs in Indonesia, where it is given to the novelty of the invention, inventive steps contained in it; and the success of inventions that should be applicable in industries that are developing at this time. To get tsshe assurance and legal protection against fintech programs invention, it is necessary to be followed up on legislation in the field of intellectual property, e
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25

Diez, Maria del Carmen Fernandez, and Maria de los Reyes Corripio Gil-Delgado. "Is Intellectual property Right Legislation Constraining the Agrifood Biotechnology Sector in the European Union?" Science & Technology Studies 16, no. 2 (2003): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55155.

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In this paper, we discuss the implications of the recent Intellectual Property Right (IPR) enforcement in the European Union (EU) as a potential factor affecting agrifood biotechnology industry stagnation. After presenting a theoretical framework justifying patents, we describe some controversial questions in the European patent protection related to: a) the distinction between discovery and invention and; b) the morality and ordre public exception to the patentability. Although we provide some evidence about the reduction in importance of agrifood activities compared to that of pharmaceutical
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26

Ward, Mike. "European patent legislation bounces back." Nature Biotechnology 14, no. 13 (1996): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1296-1648.

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Eggertson, L. "Amended patent legislation still flawed." Canadian Medical Association Journal 170, no. 10 (2004): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1040676.

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Schönbohm, Julia, and Natalie Ackermann-Blome. "Products, Patents, Proportionality – How German Patent Law Responds to 21st Century Challenges." GRUR International 69, no. 6 (2020): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaa071.

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Abstract German patent law faces challenges in trying to accommodate a changing technological and economic reality. As a result, recent legislative initiatives have been dominated by discussions about adjusting the German Patent Act, especially with regard to the claim for an injunction. This article gives a brief overview of these new challenges as well as the legal background of injunctions in German patent law and the underlying case law. It also evaluates the proposed amendment of the provision on injunctions in the discussion draft of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protectio
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29

Ogachi, Daniel, Lydia Bares, and Zoltan Zeman. "Innovation and Scientific Research as a Sustainable Development Goal in Spanish Public Universities." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (2021): 3976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073976.

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One of the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 is building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and fostering innovation. This paper aims to analyse the possible consequences of stimulating commercial exploitation of academic research, encouraged by recent policy initiatives and legislative changes, on the quantity and quality of scientific knowledge in Spain’s public universities. We collected data of innovation variables (national patents, R&D and consultancy agreements, services rendered, licenses and PCT extensions and spin-offs), publicat
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Liu, You-hua, Min Xu, and Bin-wu Qin. "Multi-party patent infringement litigation in China." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, no. 2 (2019): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.02.03.

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Recently, parties have begun to implement patents separately to avoid legal liability in China. Multi-party infringing behaviours are more complicated to legally characterize than single-party patent infringement. Before the recently proposed legislative reform, the Patent Law of China did not clearly define indirect infringement. Chinese courts usually apply the joint torts rules to deal with those cases. However, by mixing the rule of joint injurious act with the rule of indirect patent infringement, the courts tend to confuse the two. Moreover, the newly drafted Revision of Patent Law, thou
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Gouzevitch, Irina, and Dimitri Gouzevitch. "The rise of the privilege system in Russia: from the ‘special favour’ to a ‘common legal act’ (17th-19th century)." Revista de la Academia 30 (November 24, 2020): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/0196318.0.1765.

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 In 2012, Russia will celebrate the two-hundredth anniversary of its first legislative act protecting the rights of inventor, the famous Manifesto of 1812. This event appears as highly emblematic because of a constantly growing role played in today’s Russian economy by the private enterprising. In this new situation, a claim for an adequate and well elaborated legislation protecting the private property, including intellectual one, naturally stimulates the public interest toward the historical inheritance. A best testimony of it is an increasing number of historical overviews, published
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32

Atsar, Abdul. "KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH PADA BIDANG PERLINDUNGAN SUMBER DAYA GENETIKA LAUT DI INDONESIA DALAM RANGKA MENJAGA DAN MENGELOLA SUMBER DAYA ALAM LAUT." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 26, no. 1 (2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v26i1.6620.

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Indonesia is a country that has a wealth of marine genetic resources of interest to researchers and scientists to do research in order to produce findings and new innovations. Thus, the necessary arrangements are clear and unequivocal. The implementation of the system of intellectual property rights requires not only good legislation in the field of intellectual property, but also need to be supported by the Administration, the rule of law as well as the optimal dissemination programs about intellectual property rights. At present, Indonesia has had a device regulation in the field of intellec
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Parker, David L., and Nicole Stafford. "Biotechnology and Patent Infringement in the USA." Industry and Higher Education 13, no. 3 (1999): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000099101294546.

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Patent systems attempt to stimulate innovation through a reward process that provides the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or offering to sell the patented invention for a defined period of time. A critical dilemma is presented by the need to ensure at the same time that researchers have the opportunity to improve on what previous research has achieved. Patented inventions which have a significant – if not sole – usefulness in the pursuance of further research are at the centre of this dilemma. In this paper, the authors discuss this apparent conflict in the context of US b
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Kumar, Rajeev, Jenny J. Yeh, Dennis Fernandez, and Nels Hansen. "Patent Prosecution Strategies for Stem Cell–Related Applications." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 12, no. 6 (2007): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057107305828.

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Stem cell research and the intellectual property derived from it, because of its potential to completely transform health care, demand an especially high level of consideration from business and patent prosecution perspectives. As with other revolutionary technologies, ordinary risks are amplified (e.g., litigation), and ordinarily irrelevant considerations may become important (e.g., heightened level of both domestic and foreign legislative risk). In the first part of this article, general strategies for patent prosecutors such as several prosecution considerations and methods for acceleratin
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35

Price, Richard, and Simon Cohen. "A moral question for patent legislation." Nature 369, no. 6481 (1994): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369589a0.

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Hassler, Susan. "European Patent Legislation: A Missed Opportunity." Nature Biotechnology 13, no. 4 (1995): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0495-305.

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McDowell, Evelyn, and Pamela C. Smith. "Examining Tax Strategy Patents—An Analysis of Reform Measures." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 7, no. 1 (2009): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2009.7.1.16.

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Tax strategy patents (TSPs) are currently the center of debate due to their potential to monopolize interpretations of the tax code. Current legislative efforts to calm the debate surrounding tax strategy patents fail to do so. This paper analyzes current legislative reform measures aimed at TSPs. We identify both administrative and legislative problems surrounding TSPs, and argue that legislative reform that completely removes legal methods from patentable subject matter is critically necessary in order to provide equity for all taxpayers. Despite proposed legislation to curb the growth of TS
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38

Ivanenko, Dmytro, and Nataliia Hlushchenko. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IMPACT ON AVAILABILITY OF MEDICINES IN UKRAINE." Law Journal of Donbass 76, no. 3 (2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-76-3-39-44.

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The right of a person to access medicines is derived from the right to health. At the time of the establishment of fundamental human rights, the issue of lack of access to medical supplies was not considered a violation of human rights. The spread of pandemics has led to the gradual recognition of the right of access to medicines. The TRIPS agreement fundamentally reformatted the discussion on access to medicines. Prior to the TRIPS Agreement, states had considerable independence in the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of intellectual property. TRIPS obliges countries
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39

Jayaraman, K. S. "India falls into line over patents legislation." Nature 398, no. 6724 (1999): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/18263.

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40

Basberg, Bjørn L. "Seeking International Coordination: The Norwegian Patent Law of 1885." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (2019): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0007.

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Abstract During the 1870s and 80s many countries revised their national patent laws. This was also a period when international co-operation was intensified to reach an agreement on patent legislation. It culminated in the Paris Patent Convention of 1880, leading to an increased harmonization of the various national patent laws. In Norway the revision of the patent law was set in motion in the 1870s, culminating in a new law in 1885. The paper analyses this process, and in particular how it related to legislative work that went on abroad.
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41

Masuda, Sachiko. "The trend in patent infringement litigation against generic drugs or biosimilars in Japan." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 15, no. 1 (2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134319826338.

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The timing of market entry for generic drugs or biosimilars based on patent expiration is not always clear for producers of generic drugs and biosimilars or brand-name drug companies, because of an uncertainty due to patent infringement, the market environment, and legislation. In Japan, the policy of promoting the use of generic drugs began in the early 2000s, and the government’s target for generic drug use rate is 80% by 2020. In addition to this drastic change in the market environment, changes in legislation have complicated the timing of market entry for generic drugs and biosimilars. Al
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42

Dai, Jianmin. "Competition and Antitrust Enforcement Against Standard Essential Patent in Asia." Antitrust Bulletin 62, no. 3 (2017): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x17718682.

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In recent years, competition and antitrust enforcement against standard essential patents (SEPs) in Asia has drawn the world’s attention by prominent investigations as well as high-profile cases. While the legal systems of the U.S. and EU are relatively more mature and sound, Asian countries are rapidly improving. Four fast-growing Asian countries—China, Japan, Korea, and India—have focused on this area, albeit with different points of emphasis, which are reflected in their legislation, judiciaries, and enforcement practices.
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43

Neary, Ian. "Patent legislation and the Japanese pharmaceutical industry." Japan Forum 2, no. 2 (1990): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09555809008721392.

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44

McGough, Kevin J., and Daniel P. Burke. "Legislation closes a gap in patent protection." Nature Biotechnology 11, no. 7 (1993): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0793-778.

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45

Maddox, John. "Legislation on vitamin D patent makes waves." Nature 332, no. 6161 (1988): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332192a0.

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46

Manu, Thaddeus. "Locally Working Patents and the Grant of Compulsory Licences." Global Journal of Comparative Law 3, no. 2 (2014): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00302003.

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According to a well-established legislative tradition of patent law, failure to work patents while exercising any rights over the patented inventions constitutes an abuse. Consequently, several countries impose affirmative duties demanding evidence of commercial exploitation from patentees and their licensees within their territories. In view of the socio-economic significance of local working of patents, this article examines the extent to which African countries could implement national actions to ascertain mandatory requirements on the part of pharmaceutical patentees to work patented medic
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47

Offit, Kenneth, Angela Bradbury, Courtney Storm, Jon F. Merz, Kevin E. Noonan, and Rebecca Spence. "Gene Patents and Personalized Cancer Care: Impact of theMyriadCase on Clinical Oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 21 (2013): 2743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.49.7388.

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Genomic discoveries have transformed the practice of oncology and cancer prevention. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances based on cancer genomics developed during a time when it was possible to patent genes. A case before the Supreme Court, Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriad Genetics, Inc seeks to overturn patents on isolated genes. Although the outcomes are uncertain, it is suggested here that the Supreme Court decision will have few immediate effects on oncology practice or research but may have more significant long-term impact. The Federal Circuit court has already rejected Myria
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48

Kulakov, N. A. "Administrative Responsibility as a Means of Protection of Patent (Inventor’s) Rights in the Russian Federation: Some Issues of Legal Regulation." Lex Russica, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.162.5.009-017.

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The purpose of the research paper is to study the problems of legal regulation of administrative liability in the field of patent law. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that administrative responsibility as a means of legal protection of patent rights possesses significant potential capacity. However, a number of factors do not allow this potential to be enforced to the necessary extent. The author enumerates the following factors: latency of administrative offenses in the field of the patent legislation and lack of confidence of rights’ holders in law e
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49

Dunay, Valeriya, and Lyubov Meniv. "Abuse of patent law in the pharmaceutical field through the issuance of "evergreen patents": problems and legislative initiatives." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (2021): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-1-110-113.

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The article is devoted to the issues of abuse of patent rights in the pharmaceutical field through the issuance of "evergreen patents" and the consequences of such infringements. In modern realities, life poses serious challenges to medicine, in particular, the preservation of man as a species and the search for new formulas for cures for existing diseases. Therefore, each country faces the task of improving existing technologies that will make human life easier. In this context, an important tool is the regulatory framework as a regulator of public relations. Ukrainian law and international t
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50

Lexchin, Joel. "Pharmaceuticals, Patents, and Politics: Canada and Bill C-22." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 1 (1993): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ucwg-ybr3-x3l0-nwyt.

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In response to high drug prices, the Canadian government amended the country's patent act in 1969 to allow for compulsory licensing to import pharmaceuticals. As a result of the legislation, by 1983 drug costs in Canada were over $200 million lower than they would otherwise have been. The multinational drug industry was strongly opposed to compulsory licensing, despite any evidence that its economic position had been harmed. Restoration of patent protection for drugs was one of the key U.S. demands during free-trade negotiations between Canada and the United States in 1985–1987. The result was
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