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1
Singh, S. K., S. J. Rahman, B. R. Gupta, and C. S. Kalha. "An integrated approach to the management of the major diseases and insect pests of peas in India." Tropical Pest Management 38, no. 3 (January 1992): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879209371706.
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Postovalov, A. A., and S. F. Sukhanova. "INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON DISEASE RESISTANCE AND YIELD OF PEAS." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 212 (December 25, 2021): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2021-4-96-101.
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To increase the efficiency and safety of phytosanitary measures, it is necessary to combine all available methods and means aimed at long-term suppression of the number of pests below economic threshold of harmfulness. In this regard, the article provides data on the influence of external environmental factors (weather conditions, preparations for pre-sowing seed treatment) on disease susceptibility and yield of peas. The hydrothermal conditions corresponded to climatic conditions of the Trans-Urals during the period of the experiments and were favorable for cultivation of agricultural crops. It was established that the most common and harmful diseases of peas are fusarium (in the forms of root rot and wilting) and ascochitis. Pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides was effective not only against root rot and wilting of peas, the development of the disease decreased by 1.2-1.6 times, but also against a group of leaf-stem diseases, susceptibility to ascochitosis decreased by 1.4-1.7 times. The influence strength of pre-sowing seed treatment on susceptibility of peas to Fusarium was 9.5-74.6 %, and weather conditions - 4.0-76.9 %. The development of leaf-stem infections was largely influenced by weather conditions of the growing season, the share of this factor was 13.7-88.7 %. Treatment of pea seeds with all the studied preparations provided a significant increase of yield by 9.7 ... 23.4 %. The influence of "Weather conditions of the year" factor in yield formation of peas was 72.8 ... 76.1 %, while the share of "Preparations" factor influence did not exceed 15.9 ... 18.3 %.
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Shchukis, S. K., and E. R. Shchukis. "THE ESTIMATION OF PEAS COLLECTION IN THE ALTAI." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-63-3-48-52.
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The article emphasizes the importance of peas as a source of vegetative protein, and indicates on insufficient areas under peas both in Russia and in the Altai. One of the reasons of reducing its acreage is the high costs on peas planting and protecting from pests, diseases and weeds. Climate changing contributes to rapid development of such harmful diseases as ascohitoz, bacteriosis, fusarium, rust, significant number of weevil, pea aphid and moth mullet. Considering the main directions in pea breeding, it should be emphasized that the Altai Area, with its vast territory and diverse natural and climatic conditions, requires highly productive, well-adapted varieties of different use which are capable to effectively use agro-climatic resources of different zones. All this requires the active study of the source material, the selection of new, economically valuable forms and their introduction into the breeding process. It has been noted that the production requires more advanced varieties, the development of which is impossible without the presence of diverse source material. The purpose of the study was to identify the best productive plants in the pea collection of 2012-2017. The material has been represented by 113 variety samples of domestic and foreign selection. The varieties with best productivity were ‘Mnogoplodny 163’, ‘Rheinperle’, ‘Flagman 12’, ‘806’9, ‘Varyag’, ‘Altaisky Usaty’, ‘Pioner’, ‘LittleMarwel’, ‘Mnogoplodny 27’, ‘Zeleny Tsukat’, ‘Ryadovoy’, ‘576/80’. The best forage productivity was produced by ‘Novosibirets’, ‘Varyag’, ‘Pino’, ‘Zeleny Tsukat’, ‘Mnogoplodny 105’. The most fast-ripening varieties were ‘Rheinperle’ and ‘Pyrama’. The samples ‘Novosibirets’, ‘Varyag’, ‘Pino’ and ‘8067’ were characterized with high plant height. The samples ‘Pyrama’, ‘Flagman 12’, ‘Novosibirets’, ‘Sihirobana-Kinusaja’, the line ‘312’ produced large-sized kernels. The great lodge resistance has been shown by ‘Altaisky Usaty’, ‘Svetozar’, ‘Kamerton’, ‘Flagman 12’.
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Truzina, Lyudmila, and Larissa Korovina. "TO THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEDERAL WILLIAMS RESEARCH CENTER OF FORAGE PRODUCTION AND AGROECOLOGY: ABOUT THE PLANT PROTECTION DEPARTMENT." Adaptive Fodder Production 2022, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2022-1-59-70.
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The main directions of research on chemical means of protecting fodder crops from diseases, pests and weeds in the field fodder production of the All-Russian Fodder Research Institute are given. Studies on toxicological assessment of feed and soil are given. Plant Protection Department included three laboratories: the Herbicide Laboratory, the Plant Protection Laboratory and the Feed Toxicological Evaluation Laboratory. The Laboratory of Herbicides was established in 1967 to conduct research on the chemical method of controlling weeds on fodder crops, hayfields and pastures. Research on the study of pests of fodder crops was started in 1939 in the newly created laboratory for the protection of fodder crops from pests and diseases. The Feed Toxicology Assessment Laboratory was established in 1980 to assess pesticide residues in crop and soil. As a result of the studies, a system of measures for clover from pests has been developed; alfalfa diseases and pests and measures to combat them in the Non-Chernozem zone were studied. Pests and pathogens of corn, root crops, peas, lupine and other fodder crops were identified; their biology, ecology and harmfulness have been studied. A set of protective measures has been developed to combat the main pests and diseases of fodder crops, including soil cultivation techniques, early sowing dates, the use of resistant varieties, micro- and macrofertilizers, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with combined preparations, etc. Plant Protection Department carried out work with herbicides. As a result of research begun in 1950, a method was developed to clean the meadows from weedy herbaceous vegetation with the help of preparations 2,4-D and 2M-4X. A chemical method for the destruction of woody and shrubby vegetation with the help of the same preparations in the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of the USSR has been developed. Methods of using herbicides on crops of almost all fodder crops have been developed: perennial and annual legumes and cereal grasses for green mass and seeds, corn, fodder beets, rapeseed, etc. The theoretical issues of the mutual influence of fodder crops and weeds are studied, the substantiation of the effectiveness of the use of herbicides on different types of soils is given.
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Ren, Yifeng, Qingyan Li, and Zhe Liu. "The Fast Detection of Crop Disease Leaves Based on Single-Channel Gravitational Kernel Density Clustering." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021172.
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Plant diseases and pests may seriously affect the yield of crops and even threaten the survival of human beings. The characteristics of plant diseases and insect pests are mainly reflected in the occurrence of lesions on crop leaves. Machine vision disease detection is of great significance for the early detection and prevention of plant diseases and insect pests. A fast detection method for lesions based on a single-channel gravitational kernel density clustering algorithm was designed to examine the complexity and ambiguity of diseased leaf images. Firstly, a polynomial was used to fit the R-channel feature histogram curve of a diseased leaf image in the RGB color space, and then the peak point and peak area of the fitted feature histogram curve were determined according to the derivative attribute. Secondly, the cluster numbers and the initial cluster center of the diseased leaf images were determined according to the peak area and peak point. Thirdly, according to the clustering center of the preliminarily determined diseased leaf images, the single-channel gravity kernel density clustering algorithm in this paper was used to achieve the rapid segmentation of the diseased leaf lesions. Finally, the experimental results showed that our method could segment the lesions quickly and accurately.
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Borzykh, А., and M. Krut. "Database of investment and innovative developments on grain crop protection in Ukraine." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 65 (December 20, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2019.65.3-16.
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Goal. To perform innovative developments for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine and on this basis to generate the investment and innovation database.
 Methods. Analysis of innovation developments of Institute of Plant Protection of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of Scientific and Methodological Center “Plant Protection” during 2001—2018. Distinguishing of these, which are connected with grain crop protection from pests, diseases and weeds. Grouping of innovations on grain crop protection due to different fields.
 Results. Created investment and innovation database for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine consists of 155 scientific developments, which are grouped in the following areas: forecasting of phytosanitary condition of crops; providing scientific breeding of crops for resistance to pests and diseases; biological method of plant protection; advanced environmentally friendly technologies to protect crops against harmful organisms; chemical method of plant protection; plant quarantine. The effect of the transfer of innovation may be as follows: net profit from 3367—7950 till 12644,5 UAH per 1 ha (under irrigation), profitability — from 84.1 to 131—152%.
 Conclusions. The result of the transfer of the created innovation is the effective protection of major crops (wheat, rye, barley, peas, buckwheat, millet, corn, soybeans) from pests in different soil-climatic zones of Ukraine and with all this obtaining a significant part of additional production of improved quality and increased profitability. This will be the basis for the successful solution of a number of problems of strengthening of grain farming and agricultural sector and the economy as a whole.
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Horodyska, Inna Mykolaivna, Yurii Ternovyi, Artem Chub, Alla Lishchuk, and Maryana Draga. "Technologies of Protection and Nutrition in Agrophytocenoses of Legumes for Organic Seed Production." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 77, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.77.1.23459.
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According to the legislation of Ukraine, one of the requirements of organic crop production is the use of organic seeds and organic planting material. High productivity and quality of sowing material for organic production of agricultural products can only be obtained with the full supply of plants and soil to nutrients and the protection of plants from diseases, pests and weeds. The purpose of the work was to study the technologies of protection and nutrition of legumes (peas and soybean) with the use of domestic biopreparations in seminal organic agrophytocenoses. The research was carried out in the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. The influence of technologies of the use of complexes of biological products of natural origin on the productivity of the seed material of peas and soybeans, its seed quality and phytosanitary condition of crops were studied. The study evaluated the potential of legume crops by main economic characteristics in the conditions of use of organic production technologies in different phases of ontogenesis of plants. Positive influence of technologies of complexes of biological preparations on growth and development of cultivated plants, which was reflected on their biometric indices, is established, finally forming the yield of peas and soybeans and high crop quality. In general, the use of all investigated technologies using biopreparations on peas and soybeans ensured obtaining quality organic seed material that meets the requirements of DSTU 2240-93 for reproductive seed.
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Shchukin, N. N. "ADAPTABILITI AND ECONOMIC BIOLOGICAL EVLUATION OF INTENSIVE VARIETIES OF GRAIN CROPS ON SOD _ PODZOLIC SOILS OF NON - BLACK EARTH REGION." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2018-0-3-127-137.
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The study of ecological adaptability of different economic and biological indicators of intensive varieties of grain and leguminous crops for use in feed grain-grass crop rotation is aimed at increasing the production of high-quality concentrated feed. Objects of research: intensive varieties of spring wheat, barley, lupine (yellow, narrow - leaved and white), peas (sowing and field-PELs) and soybeans. In 3 experiments 13 varieties of spring wheat, 7 varieties of spring barley and 16 varieties of 6 types of legumes were studied. It was found that the adaptability of spring wheat, barley and peas against the background of intensive technology on a set of indicators above other cultures. The main stressor wheat varieties in the experiments, the deficiency of moisture and heat in the initial period of the growing season, spring barley - diseases (rust, leaf spot) pea pests (pea moth), Lupin, weeds and diseases, soy - sensitivity, lack of heat, weeds and disease.. On intensive soil fertility varieties of spring wheat «Lyubava», «Kamenka», «Madam», «Zlata» and «Rook» shaped grain crop at 7.3-8.0 t/ha, spring barley «Reliable» - 7.0 t/ha and peas «Before-100”-3,4 t/ha. the results of the comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of grain of different crops varieties have confirmed a special feeding value of soybean (14.5 and 15.3 MJ of energy; of 37.8-42.8 % of crude protein; The 17.8 was 23.0 crude fat in 1 kg DM), high contents of certain nutrients in the grain, other kinds: crude protein in yellow lupine (41,0 %) and white (of 37.3 and 39.9 %, respectively), starch - in cereals and peas (38,5 vs. 50.6 %), crude fiber - blue lupine (14,5-22,1 %), especially in determinantal varieties (of 20.9-22.1 per cent). Leguminous cultures were allocated by the greatest maintenance in grain of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and grain cultures - carrying out them with a crop. The grain of all kinds of lupine calcium content of the highest (3.8-5.5 g/kg), the lowest - in peas and wheat (0.8-1.1 g/kg BW).
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Wang, Bo. "Identification of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests Based on Deep Learning." Scientific Programming 2022 (January 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9179998.
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In order to solve the problems of many kinds of crop diseases and pests, fast diffusion speed, and long time of manual identification of diseases and pests, a crop disease and pest identification model based on deep learning from the perspective of ecological and environmental protection is proposed. Firstly, crop images are collected by field sampling to collect data set, and image preprocessing is completed by using nearest neighbor interpolation. Then, the network structure of the AlexNet model is improved. By optimizing the full connection layer, different neuron nodes and experimental parameters are set. Finally, the improved AlexNet model is used to identify crop diseases and pests. The experimental analysis of the proposed model based on the constructed data set shows that the average recognition accuracy and recognition time of fragrant pear diseases and insect pests are 96.26% and 321 ms, respectively, which are better than other comparison models. And, the recognition accuracy of this method on other data sets is not less than 91%, which has good portability.
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Velickovic, Milovan, and Jelena Golijan. "Concept of integral protection of apple and pear." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 60, no. 4 (2015): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1504381v.
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This paper implies current and economically significant diseases and pests of an apple and pear, i.e. problems of integral protection of these species of fruits in our country. Measures for their prevention are recommended regarding an adequate period. Special consideration is given to the diseases such as Venturia pyrina, Venturia inaequalis, Monilinia fructigena, Podosphaera leucotricha and Chondrostereum purpureum, as well as to pests such as Cydia pomonella, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsilla pyrisuga, Eryiophidae, Panonychus ulmi and Aphididae. The demand and importance of mass implementation of the concept of integral production in terms of obtaining biologically more valuable and ecologically safer fruits, i.e. preservation of the environment and health have been implied.
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BÁLINT, János, Rezső THIESZ, Imre-István NYÁRÁDI, and Károly-Attila SZABÓ. "Field Evaluation of Traditional Apple Cultivars to Induced Diseases and Pests." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 1 (May 28, 2013): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4119004.
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During the survey we studied traditional old apple cultivars in order to test disease resistance, as part of an apple breeding program. Diseases and pests assessments were made throughout the two growing season in 2008 and 2009 in traditional apple cultivars (‘Batul’, ‘Pónyik’, and ‘Sóvári’) from stray and commercial (‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson’) apple orchards. Our data add to a body of evidence indicating that traditional apple cultivars under natural selection and without pesticide regime are highly and/or moderately resistant to fire blight, apple powdery mildew and apple scab. High resistance was observed for green apple aphid (‘Sóvári’) and rosy leaf-curling aphid (all cultivars, except ‘Sóvári’) throughout the assessment. Susceptibility from mediate to high level was observed for fruit peel moth and pear-leaf blister moth, while resistance and/or moderate resistance for spotted tentiform leafminer and codling moth. The codling moth damages were significantly correlated with seed number in fruits throughout the whole vegetation period. We can conclude that old apple cultivars sustained in their original regions could be a significant source of genes for apple breeding programs.
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Hampton, J. G. "New Zealand's seed health." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3171.
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Seed pathology, which has at least a 120- year history in New Zealand, began with experiments for the control of cereal smuts. A brief history of seed pathology in New Zealand for the eras pre-1930, 1930-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-2000 is presented. New Zealand seed pathology has concentrated on diseases of the Poaceae and large-seeded legumes. Little is known of the occurrence or significance of seed-borne pathogens of other species, particularly vegetables. The New Zealand seed trade has for many years relied on fungicide seed treatment to control seed-borne pathogens of cereals, peas and brassicas, but currently there are problems with Fusarium spp. in cereals. New Zealand, as a biosecurity conscious nation, has strict measures in place to prevent the unwanted introduction of new plant pests. These requirements are briefly discussed. However seed health testing is carried out routinely only for seed lots requiring evidence of freedom from seed-borne pathogens for export phytosanitary requirements. In many cases knowledge of the health status of seed lots sown in New Zealand would enable better informed crop management decisions. Keywords: seed-borne diseases, seed pathology, seed health testing, seed treatment
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Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Yousef, Abdollah Aghabara, Mahdi Davari, and Joe Mari Maja. "Feasibility of Using Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Detection of Some Apple Pests and Diseases." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020906.
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There are many methods to detect plant pests and diseases, but they are primarily time-consuming and costly. Computer vision techniques can recognize the pest- and disease-damaged fruits and provide clues to identify and treat the diseases and pests in their early stages. This study aimed to identify common pests, including the apple capsid (Plesiocoris rugicollis)/AC, apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella)/ACM, Pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri)/PLB, and one physiological disease-apple russeting/AR in two cultivars, Golden Delicious and Red Delicious, using the digital image processing and sparse coding method. The Sparse coding method is used to reduce the storage of the elements of images so that the matrix can be processed faster. There have been numerous studies on the identification of apple fruit diseases and pests. However, most of the previous studies focused only on diagnosing a pest or disease, not on computational volume reduction and rapid detection. This research focused on the comprehensive study on identifying pests and diseases of apple fruit using sparse coding. The sparse coding algorithm in this work was designed using Matlab software. The apple pest and disease detection were performed based on 11 characteristics: R, G, B, L, a, b, H, S, V, Sift, and Harris. The class detection accuracy using the sparse coding method was obtained for 10 classes with three views of apple for S. pyri of red apple as 81%, S. pyri of golden apple as 88%, golden apple russeting as 85%, S. pyri and russeting of red apple as 100%, S. pyri and russeting of golden apple as 80%, codling moth of red apple as 86%, codling moth of golden apple as 72%, S. pyri of red apple as 83%, S. pyri of golden apple as 90%, codling moth and S. pyri of red apple as 80%, and codling moth and S. pyri of golden apple as 67%. The total processing time for developing the dictionary was 220 s. Once the dictionary was developed, pest and disease detection took only 0.175 s. The results of this study can be useful in developing automatic devices for the early detection of common pests and diseases of apples. Although the study was focused on apple diseases, results for this work have huge potential for other crops.
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Erculescu, Mihaiela, and Nistor Andreieș. "IMPROVING THE ASSORTMENT WITH NEW PEAR VARIETIES, OBTAINED AT RSFG VOINEȘTI." Fruit Growing Research 38 (December 22, 2022): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v38.2022.07.
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The pear (Pyrus communis) breeding at the Research Station for Fruit Growing (RSFG) Voinesti, Romania began in 1950, but since 1960 it has been introduced as the main selection objective, resistance to the main diseases and pests along with other agrobiological and technological characteristics. The main source of resistance to disease and pests is some cultivated biotypes with genetic ancestry in Pyrus serotina. Over a period of more than half a century, a vast biological material was selected, which served to register, between 2004 and 2021, 7 pear varieties: 'Corina' (2004), 'Orizont' (2004), 'Tudor' (2007), 'Romcor' (2009), 'Cristal' (2009), 'Aroma' and 'Andrei' (2021), who cumulated in their genotype the most qualities established for selection. There are also many perspective selections in the test cultures field trial.
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Shattock, Richard. "Pests of Fruit Crops - by D.V. Alford, Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Peas and Beans - by A.J. Biddle & N.D. Cattlin, Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance - by J. Bridge & J.L. Starr and Vegetable Diseases - by S.T. Koike, P. Gladders, A.O. Paulus." Plant Pathology 56, no. 6 (December 2007): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01678.x.
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Sharipova, Rezeda, Robert Hakimov, and Natal'ya Hakimova. "INFLUENCE OF PRECURSES AND SOWING DATE ON OVER-WINTERING AND WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY UNDER CHANGING REGIONAL CONDITIONS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-66-71.
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The research was carried out in order to determine the optimal time for sowing winter wheat according to various predecessors in the changing climate of Volga forest-steppe. The work was carried out in 2013–2019 in Ulyanovsk region on heavy loamy leached chernozem using conventional techniques. The experimental scheme provided for the study of two predecessors (peas and pure fallow) of winter soft wheat of Marafon variety, sown at 6 sowing dates with an interval of 10 days (from August 20 to October 10). The seeding rate for pure fallow is 5.0 million viable seeds per hectare, for peas - 5.5 million viable seeds per hectare. Average annual air temperature for 1961–2018 increased by 1.8°С. Its most significant increase was noted in the last twenty-five year period of time in the winter months. The increase in the frequency of extremely warm winters and temperature variability in the winter period significantly changed the conditions for overwintering winter crops. The danger of the development of wintering weeds, damping diseases, and soaking of winter crops has increased, and the conditions for overwintering pests have improved. It is possible to mitigate the danger of the natural and climatic vulnerability of crops during the wintering period by observing the optimal sowing dates, which should be postponed to a later period (7 ... 12 days), compared with the previously recommended ones. The optimal sowing period for winter wheat in Ulyanovsk region is from August 30 to September 10. Earlier crops are more intensively affected by diseases (powdery mildew and brown rust), and later crops, which have left in the winter in the germination phase, form a low density, form a small ear and provide low productivity or completely die
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Teulon, D. A. J., P. J. Cameron, G. W. Bourdot, D. Curtin, and M. Ralston. "Plant protection guides for organic arable and vegetable crops a growers resource." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6970.
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A New Zealand guide for pest, disease and weed management in organic arable andvegetable crops was developed. This guide is a resource for current organic growers andtheir consultants, as well as those contemplating converting to organics. It includesinformation collected from a wide range of sources within New Zealand and overseas.The guide has three parts: (I) a general section on the principles of soil, pest and diseaseand weed management in organic systems, (II) an arable section covering barley, borage,clover seed, grass seed, lentils, linseed, maize and wheat, and (III) a vegetable sectioncovering asparagus, brassicas, capsicum, carrot, onion, peas, potato, squash and tomato.For each crop there is a summary of the main pests, diseases and weeds to identify thepotential risks to organic growing. The options for preventing or managing these risksthat are available to organic growers given the cropping operations and control alternativesavailable to them are then described. This guide aims to fill the current gap between“introductory” and “anecdotal” organic publications with comprehensive documentationof growing operations that have been used successfully in specific crops for organicpest, disease and weed management.
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Saragi, Suryati Marito, Eritha K. Firdara, and Patricia E. Putir. "Identifikasi, Frekwensi dan Intensitas Serangan Hama Penyakit pada Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Burck pada Persemaian BPDASHL Kahayan, Tumbang Nusa, Kalimantan Tengah (Identification, Frequency and Intensity of Pets Attacks on Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Bur." HUTAN TROPIKA 14, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v14i1.332.
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Shorea balangeran is native species of peat swamp forests that have a relatively faster growth than other tress in the same place. This species is in the category of critically endangered (CR). The purpose of this research is to identify the damage level of Shorea balangeran that be caused by pests and diseases. The research was conducted in Nurseryof Watershed Management Agency and Protection Forest of Kahayan. Research method used simple random sampling with amount of samples were 800 Shorea balangeran. The research were conducted start from May to December, 2016. The results of research show the some pests and diseases that attack Shorea balangeran, they ar grasshopper, caterpillars fire, leaf spot disease, sooty mold, leaf rust, and leaf galls. They are sequentially caused by Catantops splendens, Thosea sp., Pestalotia sp., Capnodium sp., Hemileia sp., and the pests from Order Hymenoptera. The intensity of pest attack in Shorea balangeran is 5.88% and a frequency 1.5%. The intensity of disease is 19.1% and a frequency 58.5%. Both combination are 7.13% and 2.65%.
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Khomenko, I. I., and Raymond L. Granger. "Improved Control of the Main Pests in Pome-fruit Orchards of the Forest Steppe Zone in Ukraine." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 828B—828. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.828b.
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The purpose of this research was to develop an improved system of controlling the main pests in pome-fruit plantations without damaging beneficial insects and with a minimal negative effect of pesticides. Current methods of controlling a broad spectrum of pests and diseases were studied. Several variants of spraying regimens were tested. It was established that most of the damage to the fruit is caused by coddling moth and, to a lesser degree, by pear fruit moth on the one hand and mildew and scab on the other. The most-effective and least-harmful spraying regiments were identified.
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Glenn, D. M., G. Puterka, T. van der Zwet, and R. Byers. "Hydrophobic Particles for Pest Control in Deciduous Tree Fruit Production." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 467D—467. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.467d.
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Fruit production requires extensive use of pesticides to control pest damage and maintain high product quality. Hydrophobic particles alter the leaf surface due to the hydrophobic and reflective nature of the particles and impart characteristics that make the plant surface incompatible, and/or unrecognizable to the pest. Hydrophobic particles were applied to apple and pear in field and greenhouse studies. Specific diseases, insect pests, plant growth, and yield were monitored and evaluated on treated plants in comparison to untreated and chemically treated controls. Powdery mildew in apple and Fabrea leaf spot in pear were controlled by the hydrophobic particles. Aphids, mites, and psylla were controlled in apple and pear. Hydrophobic clays have the potential of cross-protection for several disease and insect pests while imparting beneficial horticultural effects that would increase long-term productivity and sustainability of fruit production systems.
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Salamiah and N. Aidawati. "Microbial diversity of shallot plantation in peat-lands applied with three types of botanical pesticides." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 976, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012032.
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Abstract One method of controlling disease that is environmentally friendly is the use of plant-based pesticides also known as botanical pesticides. The use of botanical pesticides has proven to be effective in controlling several species of pests and plant diseases, because they contains active secondary metabolite compounds. These compounds affect pathogenic microorganisms, so it is feared will also affect antagonistic microorganisms. This research will find out the impact of the application of several botanical pesticides on shallots to microbial biodiversity. The study was conducted in Peat-lands, at South Kalimantan. Microbial identification was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory and the Laboratory of Biological Control of the Department of Pests and Plant Diseases, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru. The results showed that the application of plant-based pesticides from Kepayang fruit extract and Galam leaf extract had an influence in decreasing the population of microorganisms, respectively by 80.44% and 75.26%. Chirinyuh were increased the population by 36.60%, as well as the control treatment, the population of microorganisms increased by 17.77%. Meanwhile the application of synthetic pesticide Dhitane M-45 reduced the population of microorganisms by 95.73%. Types of microbes found in the soil and onion rhizosphere are Pseudomonas flourescens, Bacillus sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Stachybotrys bisbyi, and Penicillium sp.
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Mazur, Viktor, Oleksandr Tkachuk, Mykola Klymenko, and Olga Demchuk. "GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PEAS FOR TREATMENT OF ITS SOWING WITH STRUCTURED WATER." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2021-4-14.
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In the variant without water treatment (control), the duration of the pea growing season was 77 days, spraying the crops with structured water extended the growing season by one day. The density of pea crops before harvesting in different variants was 695-936 pieces/m2. The densest was the sowing of peas on the option of watering with structured water, which was 19% more than in the control. The percentage of damage to the leaf surface of pea plants by disease was 4-7%. The most affected leaves were in the variant of spraying with ordinary water, which was 2% more than in the control. Irrigation of pea crops with structured water reduced the damage to the leaf surface of pea plants by diseases by 1%, compared with the control. No differences were found in other variants compared to the control. Damage of pea seeds by pests was 4-7% of beans. The highest percentage of bean damage was found in the variant of spraying with structured water, and the lowest - in the control and watering with structured water. Weediness of pea crops in different variants was 46-79 pieces/m2. Weeds were found more than in the control with watering options: structured water - by 39.5%, ordinary water - by 22%. In the other cases, the weeds did not differ from the control. The number of beans per pea plant ranged from 6.9 to 9.5 pieces. Most beans were observed in the variant of watering with structured water, which was 14.7% more than in the control. The number of grains in one pea was 5.3-6.2 pcs. The largest number of grains in beans was found in the options of spraying with structured water, watering with structured water, and watering with ordinary water, which was 8.1% more than in the control. The mass of a thousand pea seeds was 244-248 g. The largest mass of a thousand seeds was observed in the variant of watering with structured water, which was 1.2% more than in the control. The highest yield of pea grain was established on the variant of irrigation with structured water - 5.79 t/ha, which was 42.3% more than on the control and 22.3% more than on the variant of irrigation with ordinary water. Spraying with structured water provides a yield of 4.65 t/ha, which was 28.2% more than in the control and 28.8% more than when spraying with ordinary water, but 19.7% less than when watering with structured with water.
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Grijalva-Contreras, Raul Leonel, Victor Avilez-Peraza, Adan Fimbres-Fontes, Ruben Macias-Duarte, and Jose L. Miranda-Blanco. "Evaluation of Different Pear Cultivars in Northwest Mexico." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 474D—474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.474d.
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Pear production in Mexico is low; there are about 4500 ha. One of the main problems in this tree fruit is the unknown number of new varieties for each area. The objective of this study was to evaluate 23 common pear cultivars and seven Asian pears. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station “El Tasicuri” of Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. The trees were planted in 1990 on Pyrus calleryana rootstock. The main results were that common pears were not adapted to the area because of the lack of cold weather; however, `Bartlett' was the only cultivar that was adapted. Asian pears showed good adaption into the region (`Shinseiki', `Kikusui', `Hosoui', `Twenty Century', and `Ya-Li'). The ripening date of these cultivars were from the 7 and 20 of Aug. and the weight of the fruit was 146 and 198 g/fruit. There were no pests or diseases in any of the Asian cultivars.
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Li, Hongchen, Qiulian Peng, Su Wang, Fan Zhang, Xiaojun Guo, Quan Jiang, Ningxing Huang, and Hu Li. "Climate Change Promotes the Large-Scale Population Growth of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) within Peach Orchards in China." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122954.
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Cosmopolitan agricultural herbivorous pests are provided with a wide range of potential hosts. Therefore, they have high carrying capacity, and can cause extremely severe damage in agroecosystems. Understanding the ecological mechanisms of their population dynamics, especially as they relate to large-scale meteorological variations and geographical landscape influences, can help us to reveal how they became such important pests. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is a typical example of a significant pest distributed on a large scale, which is capable of damaging fruit trees of economic value such as peach, apple, pear, etc. This pest not only occurs in China, but exists on all continents except Antarctica. In order to prevent major pests and diseases, a system of plant protection has been established gradually in peach orchards within the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System in China (CARS) since 2009. In the system, we collected the monitoring data of G. molesta by using pheromone traps at 17 experimental stations, and then used the corresponding climate data (temperature and precipitation) to explore the link between climate factors using mixed models. The results show that both monthly mean temperature and precipitation had a significant positive correlation with the occurrence of G. molesta. Therefore, global warming with higher levels of precipitation may favor G. molesta, allowing it to outperform other potential pests at the population level in peach orchards, on a large scale.
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Macêdo, Alberto Jefferson da Silva, José Maria Cesar Neto, João Paulo de Farias Ramos, Danillo Marte Pereira, Leydiane Bezerra de Oliveira, Ana Cecilia Souza Muniz, Joyce Pereira Alves, Higor Fábio Carvalho Bezerra, Ricardo Loiola Edvan, and Edson Mauro Santos. "OCCURRENCE OF PESTS AND DISEASES IN CACTUS PEAR GENOTYPES / OCORRÊNCIA DE PRAGAS E DOENÇAS EM GENÓTIPOS DE PALMA FORRAGEIRA." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 12 (2020): 101365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n12-581.
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Khakbazan, M., R. Henry, J. Haung, R. Mohr, R. Peters, S. Fillmore, V. Rodd, and A. Mills. "Economics of organically managed and conventional potato production systems in Atlantic Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-050.
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Khakbazan, M., Henry, R., Haung, J., Mohr, R., Peters, R., Fillmore, S., Rodd, V. and Mills, A. 2015. Economics of organically managed and conventional potato production systems in Atlantic Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 161–174. A rotation study was initiated in 2007 in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, to determine the economic effects of converting from conventional potato production to organically managed systems. Seven organically managed rotations, which used various crop combinations to help control pests and soil-borne diseases as well as maintain nutrient levels, were assessed for 2 yr before and 2 yr after organic certification requirements were met in 2009. Each rotation included potato as the main cash crop and at least one other cash crop in a 4-yr rotation and these rotations were compared to a 4-yr conventional rotation. Results indicated that without an organic price premium, significant net revenue losses are expected for most of the seven rotations because of lower yields and high costs. The rotation that included carrots (potato, carrots and mixed peas–oats grain as the cash crops) produced the highest net revenue amongst all rotations studied; however, carrot yield and the net revenue associated with it also showed the greatest variability among all the crops. Organically managed cash crops generated higher net revenues than the conventional potato system only if the average PEI organic price premium was applied. Conventional potato systems produced economic benefits similar to most of the organic rotations when a traditional potato–cereal–green manure rotation was evaluated. The comparison of seven possible rotations provides producers with options if growing organic potatoes.
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Beljaev, V. I., V. V. Vol'nov, L. V. Sokolova, V. N. Kuznecov, and A. V. Matsyura. "Effect of sowing techniques on the agroecological parameters of cereal crops." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2017): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_30.
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<p>In Western Siberia, the problem of obtaining full-fledged sprouts of cereal crops is due to hydrothermal conditions in the period of sowing-shoots, pests and diseases, and agronomical methods of sowing. In case of the direct sowing of cereal crops, the most common types of working organs of sowing machines are the V-sharped coulter, chisel and disc. The effectiveness of their use in the dry steppe of the Altai Territory has been poorly studied. To establish the most effective seed coulter in 26 farms in the dry part of the region, the studies were carried out from 2005 to 2012 on seeders with double disc coulters, with V-sharped coulters of domestic and foreign production, and with chisel-type coulters. The years of research (2006-2011) were characterized by a moisture supply below the average (vegetation rainfall was 80% of the norm), and in 2012 - as an acute drought (40% of the norm). The most effective seeders in the cultivation of spring wheat in the dry steppe are seeders equipped with chisel-type coulters. They allow better preservation of soil moisture (by 17-28 mm to control) during the sowing period, improving the quality of crops, field germinating by 4.8 - 12.0%, and increasing the yield of wheat. In the arid year of 2012, it amounted to 1.26 t/ha after fallow, 0.88 t/ha after peas, 0.46 t/ha after wheat, respectively, at 0.64, 0.59 and 0.25 t/ha for control (two-disc coulter SZP-3,6). Seeders with V-sharped coulters of domestic and foreign production, for wheat yields did not differ significantly, but exceeded the control under the conditions of the arid year by 0.21-0.59 t/ha, depending on the forecrop.</p><p> </p>
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Radoš, Ljubomir, Bojana Vučković, Tanja Krmpot, Aleš Vokurka, and Zlatan Kovačević. "Genetic characterization of autochthonous varieties of Lubeničarka pear using AFLP markers." Genetics & Applications 3, no. 3 (December 24, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31383/ga.vol3iss3pp42-47.
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Wider Banja Luka region has a very important gene pool of the old autochthonous varieties of different fruit species. Naturally, an important place in this gene pool is occupied by autochthonous varieties of pears that have various periods of maturation, interesting commercial and technological characteristics, and are sources of resistance genes to the economically most important diseases and pests, as well as to the external environmental conditions. This paper deals with 7 selected accessions of the Lubeničarka variety at the following locations: Prnjavor (village Orašje, accession G_19, town Prnjavor, accession G_20 and Kokori Crnadci G _18), Srbac, accessions G_15 and G_16, Banja Luka (Hisete G_14 and Bistrica G_17). In order to reliably prove that there are differences among selected accessions we have analyzed the genetic profiles using AFLP genetic markers and established, based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient, that there is a genetic variability among the studied accessions. Furthermore, based on these analyzes we have classified these studied varieties into 3 groups of which accession G_19 has a very large coefficient (0.4369) when compared to other accessions, so that the affiliation of this genotype to Lubeničarka variety stays questionable.
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ZAMLJEN, Tilen, Ana SLATNAR, and Vesna ZUPANC. "Analiza fizikalnih lastnosti šotnega substrata." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 116, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.116.2.1851.
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<p>Peat substrate is the main substrate for plant production, mainly for the cultivation of vegetable seedlings and ornamental plants. Peat has good water retention properties, low mass, low pH and is free from diseases and pests. The water retention properties are particularly important for optimizing irrigation and thus water consumption in plant production. We investigated the water retention properties of unused and used peat substrate and various mixtures with additives, as well as the occurrence of water repellency, as this influences water absorption into the substrate. Unused peat substrate and different mixtures retained between 3.4 % and 18.4 % more water than the used substrate. The daily water losses are lower for the used substrates that initially contain lower water content at full saturation. At tensions between 10 and 33 kPa, the unused peat substrate contained between 25 % and 32 % water. The wilting point (WP) for unused peat substrate (tension between 300 and 1500 kPa) was between 15 and 18 %. Peat substrate has a wide interval of field capacity and the transition from the field capacity to wilting point is fast (change in water content between 7 % and 10 %). After drying, the water repellency of both unused and used peat substrates increased.</p>
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Guo, Chunyun, Zhuangxin Ye, Biao Hu, Shiqi Shan, Jianping Chen, Zongtao Sun, Junmin Li, and Zhongyan Wei. "The Characterization of Three Novel Insect-Specific Viruses Discovered in the Bean Bug, Riptortus pedestris." Viruses 14, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112500.
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Insect-specific virus (ISV) is one of the most promising agents for the biological control of insects, which is abundantly distributed in hematophagous insects. However, few ISVs have been reported in Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius), one of the major pests threatening soybeans and causing great losses in yield and quality. In this work, field Riptortus pedestris was collected from six soybean-producing regions in China, and their virome was analyzed with the metatranscriptomic approach. Altogether, seven new insect RNA viruses were identified, three of which had complete RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nearly full-length genome sequences, which were named Riptortus pedestris alphadrosrha-like virus 1 (RpALv1), Riptortus pedestris alphadrosrha-like virus 2 (RpALv2) and Riptortus pedestris almendra-like virus (RiALv). The three identified novel ISVs belonged to the family Rhabdoviridae, and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that they were clustered into new distinct clades. Interestingly, the analysis of virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) indicated that only RiALv-derived siRNAs exhibited 22 nt length preference, whereas no clear 21 or 22 nt peaks were observed for RpALv1 and RpALv2, suggesting the complexity of siRNA-based antiviral immunity in R. pedestris. In conclusion, this study contributes to a better understanding of the microenvironment in R. pedestris and provides viral information for the development of potential soybean insect-specific biocontrol agents.
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A N, Ganeshamurthy, Kalaivanan D, Rupa T R, and Raghupathi H B. "Groundwater Decline and Prolonged Drought Could Reduce Vigour, Enhance Vulnerability to Diseases and Pests and Kill Perennial Horticultural Crops: Needs Urgent Policy Intervention." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2020.v15i01.002.
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Perennial horticulture in India has undergone a change from rainfed system to drip fertigation systems and from isolated hedge and bund trees to high intensity orchard systems with enhanced number of trees per unit area. In several parts, particularly in the Deccan plateau, the system has now become completely dependent on water pumped from tube wells. Severe competition for water from tube wells makes farmers to devote more water for cash rich annual crops and even sell water for city dwellers nearby. As a consequence, the groundwater level in the past three decades has fallen from few feet to above thousand feet. At several places it has crossed the “peak water”. Frequent and prolonged exposure of fruit trees and nuts to drought coupled with ground water depletion has led to soil profile drying leading to reduced vigour and enhanced vulnerability to diseases and pests. This has led to withering of fruit and nut trees. Perennial crops are likely to become increasingly maladapted to their environment, particularly in the earlier period of climate change they are more likely to be attacked by diseases and insects. Coconuts, areca nuts and mango trees have died in several places and the government constituted committees have recommended compensation to the farmers. As a country, we have dramatically increased our reliance on groundwater. 175 million Indians are now fed with food produced with the unsustainable use of groundwater. This increase has dried up rivers and lakes, because there is a hydrologic connection between groundwater and surface water. Yet the legal rules governing water use usually ignore the link between law and science. The issue needs thorough examination and needs policy interventions to come out of this vicious circle.
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Chen, Xiao-Ming, Qi Zhang, Shao-Min Zeng, Yao Chen, Yong-Yan Guo, and Xin-Zhong Huang. "Rhizosphere soil affects pear fruit quality under rain-shelter cultivation." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 100, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0249.
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The use of rain shelters in pear cultivation has been shown to improve yields and the appearance and quality of fruit, as well as reduce diseases and pests; however, how rain shelters affect soil chemical properties, soil enzyme activity, and soil microbial diversity remains unknown. Here, we studied pear trees under rain-shelter cultivation and open-field cultivation in the same orchard and compared fruit quality, soil chemical characteristics, soil enzyme activity, and soil microbial diversity. Results showed that rain shelters can significantly (p < 0.05) increase the sugar content (sweetness) of pear fruits and decrease the content of acids. The levels of available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, and water in soils under rain shelters were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in soils in open fields. Rain-shelter treatment increased soil polyphenol oxidase activity and decreased phosphomonoesterase, urease, and sucrase activity. Analysis of microbial carbon-source utilization rates and microbial diversity showed that open-field cultivation is beneficial for microbial carbon-source utilization and microbial diversity in rhizosphere soil. Our study found that rain-shelter cultivation is not beneficial to soil fertility, microbial carbon-source metabolism and utilization, matter cycling, or microbial diversity and that the use of rain shelters may require appropriate nutrient and organic matter supplementation to maintain long-term cultivation of crops; whereas, the effects of environmental factors on open-field cultivation are greater, and more refined water and fertilizer management is required to improve fruit quality.
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Kim, Wol-Soo, and Jung-An Jo. "(95) Fruit Characteristics, Phenolic Compound, and Antioxidant Activity of Asian Pear Fruit from an Organically Cultivated Orchard." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1029C—1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1029c.
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Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) fruits of `Whangkeumbae' were produced from the organic orchard at Yongam, southwestern Korea, which was managed by spraying with chitin incubated solution (CIS) 15 times from petal fall stage, mid-April to late August, to control pests and diseases during the growing season. The CIS contained about 50 kinds of chitin digestive and/or effective microorganisms and other organic/inorganic biologically active substances by incubating the mixtures at 30 °C for 7 days. The soil had standard levels of chemical and physical properties in Korea, as well as 3.0% to 4.0% organic matter. The organic fruits showed higher soluble solid contents, and fruit firmness was increased in comparison to conventional fruits. The organic fruit skin changed in color from yellow to brown, and black spot occurred; however, there was no difference in flesh tissues in terms of colors and textures. The phenolic compounds were significantly increased in organic fruits and leaves, with especially higher levels for fruit skin than for flesh tissues. Free radical levels dropped sharply in organic fruit, but slowly in conventional fruits. The results showed that the organic pear fruits have higher levels of antioxidant activity, and also showed the phenomena related to the change in fruit skin color from yellow to brown.
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Bobushkina, S. V., A. O. Senkov,, and D. H. Fayzulin. "Practice on growing of forest containerized seedlings applicable to the greenhouse complexes of the Arkhangelsk region." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-4-1-16.
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The need to develop and implement innovative forms of reforestation to obtain highly productive tree stands actualize the topic of the article. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze foreign experience and research on the production of softwood containerized planting stock for reforestation and compare it with the practice of greenhouse complexes in the Arkhangelsk region. We used the international bibliographic and abstract database «Scopus», which indexes scientific journals, materials from conferences and publications to search for information. A review of publications has been completed over more than a 20-year period (1999-2019). The world experience study and the results of studies on the cultivation of forest containerized seedlings, in particular, Finland, Sweden, Norway, countries similar in terms of the growth of woody vegetation and the range of tree species to the conditions of the European north of Russia made it possible to highlight current research directions. The treatment of seedlings with a short or long light day; frost resistance of the seedlings; influence of drought, excessive moisture; issues of seedling storage; diseases, pests of seedlings and control of them, as well as problems of selection and seed production; seed quality and their impact on plant growth; influence of cultivation technology and types of planting stock on the effectiveness of planting refers to them. The use of foreign plants for growing ball-rooted planting stock implies a similar technology for the production of forest seedlings in our region. However, climatic features and the availability of various consumables, such as peat, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., necessitate the adaptation of Scandinavian technologies to local conditions and the development of additional techniques. One of the main production tasks is the achievement of standard indicators by seedlings. It is not always possible to achieve the desired results in harsh taiga conditions, therefore it is necessary to use foreign experience in growing ball-rooted planting stock, which allows to increase the production of standard seedlings without compromising their quality. This is a whole range of measures, including work on breeding and seed production, the formation of a plant substrate, lighting, moisture, observing the temperature regime, storage of seedlings, combating diseases and pests, etc., which ultimately are the components of the success of artificial reforestation
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Eren, Erkan, Gölgen Bahar Öztekin, and Yüksel Tüzel. "Türkiye’de Orta ve Büyük Ölçekli Mantar İşletmelerinin Değerlendirilmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i3.230-238.602.
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The commercial production of cultivated-mushroom, which has a forty years of past in Turkey, was started after 1980s. Until the recent decade, most of the total amount of production in Turkey was performed by family members while the cultivation of the product has gained an upward trend since the beginning of 2000s, though the amount and development rate were not enough. During that time, a number of large (>2000 m2) and medium (500-2000 m2) scale mushroom production facilities were established and Turkey has gained an important place in mushroom production in the world. In this study, we aimed to reveal the common production methods of ten medium and large scale mushroom companies whose daily production capacities are above 1 ton in six regions. In this respect, all companies have been visited and communicated directly with company representatives and a survey comprising 65 questions about company, production facility, compost and casing soil, production systems, diseases and pests and packaging was made. The findings have suggested us that such companies have mostly a history of 15 years of time and have a land size of 10-50 thousand m2, while their mushroom production areas vary between in size and that they make use of technology in production and automation in their plants and they have quality management systems (ITU, ISO 9001, ISO 22000 and Global Gap ) and they employ generally qualified and experienced technicians or agriculture engineers and also that 40% of them receive consultancy and also that they use their own productions or standard ready mycelium planted compost and that they use domestic peat as casing material and that they package the mushrooms with their brands and sell to markets mostly and lastly that they conduct pre-sale quality sorting and grading. It was also seen that there is lack of food engineers employed and most of the companies do not receive consultancy, and that the waste compost is not evaluated correctly and that the covering material is not in the required standards and that there are even companies not doing any water analysis and that coal for heating and chemicals for disinfection are used and that diseases and pests are inevitable and last that they lack in processing different products.
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Nađ, Đura, and Dušan Marinković. "Performance evaluation of spirodiclofen, spirotetramat and carboxymethyl cellulose-B for management of Cacopsylla pyri." Plant Protection Science 58, No. 1 (December 17, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/110/2021-pps.
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The pear psyllid [Cacopsylla pyri (L.), (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)] represents one of the most economically significant pests of pear in Serbia and worldwide. It causes direct damage throughout feeding on young stems and leaves, but also creates favourable conditions for the development of plant diseases. In this article susceptibility of C. pyri to spirodiclofen, spirotetramat, and their combinations with foliar fertilizer (carboxymethyl cellulose-boron, CMC-B) was investigated in order to assess their efficacy. Experiments were conducted in accordance with standard OEPP/EPPO methods, in field trials on two localities in the Republic of Serbia (Kula, Vrbas), during 2020/21. Results of the field trials indicate good efficacy for all variants in pear psyllid control in pear orchards. The high efficacy of spirodiclofen (87.4–95.4%), spirotetramat (82.5–91.8%), spirodiclofen + CMC-B (90.3–99.8%), spirotetramat + CMC-B (89.5–96.8%) was achieved at both localities seven days after treatment during 2020/21 field trials. Also, it can be concluded for examinations 14 days after treatment, where the efficacy of spirodiclofen (84.9–92.0%), spirotetramat (81.2–91.7%), spirodiclofen + CMC-B (88.9–97.5%), and spirotetramat + CMC-B (82.3–92.5%) was high at both of investigated localities. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the high efficacy of the researched insecticides is a good indicator of C. pyri susceptibility in pear orchards.
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PATI, MAIPA DIA, SYAIFUL ANWAR, RAHAYU WIDYASTUTI, and DADANG . "Studi Populasi Mikrob Fungsional pada Tanah Gambut yang Diaplikasikan Dua Jenis Pestisida." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.2.1.7-12.
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Agricultural land expansion necessity for food security in Indonesia has been faced by the fact in utilizing marginal land such as shallow peat soil in Central Kalimantan. Among problems encountered in such marginal land are pests and diseases incidence. Farmers practice in dealing with those problems is the chemical pesticides application. Unintended chemical pesticides that fall on/into the soil might have an adverse effect to soil microbes activity. This research aimed to assess the effect of pesticides on functional soil microbes population in peat soil. The research used completely randomized factorial design with two factors. First factor was 7 combinations of types (paraquat and buthylphenylmethyl carbamat (BPMC)) and dosages (50, 100, and 200% of recommended dosage) of pesticides. Second factor was 4 incubation times (1, 7, 14, and 28 days). Following the each of incubation times, the soil samples treated and analyzed for population of phosphate solubilizing microbes, cellulolytic microbes, and N2 fixing bacteria. The results show that phosphate solubilizing fungi population decrease by pesticides treatment. In contrast, pesticides significantly increased the Azospirillum population. Adverse effect to microbes population was found on the first day of incubation, however it recovered at 7 days and longer incubation times. In general, functional microbes population with paraquat application lower than BPMC application.
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Shi, Rongkai, Hao Sun, Wei Qiu, Xiaolan Lv, Fiaz Ahmad, Jiabing Gu, Hongfeng Yu, and Zhengwei Zhang. "Analysing Airflow Velocity in the Canopy to Improve Droplet Deposition for Air-Assisted Spraying: A Case Study on Pears." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102424.
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The suitability of airflow velocity in airborne spraying operations in orchards is mostly evaluated on the basis of inlet and outlet based on the airflow velocity at the canopy. However, the airflow velocity required to penetrate into the inner layer of the canopy, which is prone to pests and diseases, is still unclear due to variation in the geometry of the plant canopies. In this study, pear trees were selected as an example to explore the variations in the law of airflow attenuation in the inner canopy. Furthermore, we examine mist droplet formation in the inner canopy to determine a suitable inner canopy airflow end velocity (ICAEV) for air-assisted application. We also conducted a field validation test. The results showed that the majority of airflow velocity loss occurred in the middle and outer part of the canopy; rapid decline of airflow occurred in the 0–0.3 m section, whereas the slow decline of airflow occurred in the 0.3–0.8 m section. When the ICAEV is in the range of 2.70–3.18 m/s, the spraying effect is better. The droplet deposition variation coefficient was 42.25% compared with 51.25% in the conventional airflow delivery mode. Additionally, the droplet drift was reduced by 12.59 μg/cm2. The results of this study can identify a suitable ICAEV for air-assisted spraying in orchards.
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Antonenko, V. V., A. V. Zubkov, and S. N. Kruchina. "Peculiarities of the phytosanitary state of pome fruits in industrial horticulture." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 60, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-60-159-168.
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Data were obtained on the basis of the results of research carried out on the territory of the educational and experimental farm of the Timiryazev State Agrarian University, in Moscow during 2018-2019. As a result of the surveys, the most dangerous diseases and pests of pome crops on the territory of this farm were established. The most resistant apple and pear varieties to major diseases have been identified. Peculiarities of development of alternariosis on pear are described, the harmfulness of the disease on pear and apple seedlings is noted. A possible role in the transfer of alternariosis infection from garden-protective plantations and weed vegetation to fruit trees was noted. A possible role has been established in the transport of septoriosis, powdery dew infection from dicotyledonous weeds plants. The peculiarities of the spread of infection under the influence of wind direction are noted. The results and peculiarities of the application of various methods of scaring birds in the orchard are presented. As a result of route surveys the most harmful weed plants have been identified. The possibility of using herbicides of different mechanism of action in fruit gardens for weed control has been studied. High efficiency and relative safety of application of herbicides of contact action in nursery fields, operational orchards and for control of piglets on fruit trees are shown. Recommendations are given for the use of soil and systemic herbicides of soil in seedlings beds, the first and second fields of the nursery, as well as in the process of production of large-scale planting material and operational orchards of fruit crops. The safety of the herbicides in question is established when used in accordance with the recommended methods of use.
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Yankova, Vinelina, Dima Markova, and Slavka Kalapchieva. "Management of the pests in the conventional and biological systems for pea growing." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 29 (June 7, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.29.004.
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Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a valuable grain legume crop, the seeds of which are used for human food and fodder. The seeds are consumed in a mature or green state. The priorities of the peas as a crop are the following: it is a legume, which enriches the soil with nitrogen; peas are the best possible precursor - clears the areas early; non-particular to soil and growing conditions; high protein content crop. However, the growing process of this crop could be worse by various pests that lead to product quality decay or they could even destroy the pea production. Economically important pests in field cultivation of peas are: pea aphid (Acyrthosyphon pisum Harris), pea weevil (Bruchus pisi L.) and pea moths (Laspeyresia nigricana Step. and Laspeyresia dorsana L.). Field experiments on pea variety Paldin were conducted at the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv to determine the effectiveness of different plant protection products against a natural background of pest infestation. The biological activity of the insecticides Deca EC 50 ml/da (a. i. deltamethrin), Oasis 5 EC 25 ml/da (a. i. esfenvalerate), Piretro Natura 75 ml/da (a. i. pyrethrins), Neem Azal T/C 0.3% (a. i. azadirachtin), Naturalis 100 ml/da (a. i. Beauveria bassiana), Dipel 2 X 100 g/da (a. i. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain ABTS) and Rapax 100 ml/da (a. i. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain EG 2348) against the main pests of peas in conventional and biological production systems was established.
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Mendoza-Orozco, M. E., I. Hernández-Ríos, F. J. Morales-Flores, J. Mena-Covarrubias, J. Ortega-Espinoza, C. Mondragón-Jacobo, and S. de J. Méndez-Gallegos. "Heart-shaped cladodes in commercial cactus pear plantations." Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 20 (April 9, 2018): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v20i.28.
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Because of the diverse uses it has, and the multiple benefits it contributes to, cactus pear(Opuntia spp.) is considered one of the natural resources of greatest socioeconomicimportance in Mexico. Its intensive production in monoculture, associated with a reducedgenetic variability, has resulted in the proliferation of various physiopathies, and the prevalenceof pests and diseases, which reduce its productivity. In diverse cactus pear producing zones inMexico and other countries, a malformation called in this study cladode ‘acorazonamiento’(heart-shaped cladode), which is derived from the shape the cladode takes, has beenobserved; however, the causal agent is unknown at the time. Considering that its occurrencecould cause economic losses to cactus pear producers, this study describes the visualsymptomatology and the incidence and severity of heart-shaped cladode symptoms incommercial cactus pear plantations in the south and southeast of Zacatecas, Mexico. Thesymptomatology was more evident in tender buds of 6 to 20 days of age, and is characterizedby the presence of diverse malformations in the apical or lateral part of the cladodes, as wellas by the appearance of micro-scarring that reduces the vegetative and floral budding in theaffected zone; the damaged tissue presents rupture of the cuticle and epidermis, and thedetachment of cell walls. Three principal malformation symptoms were found, which werenamed in this study as: ‘heart’, ‘bean’ and ‘saw’, according to the cladode physical appearance,with the first one being the most frequent. All the plantations evaluated showed the presenceof malformed cladodes, with values that fluctuated between 12 and 30 %. Cladodes with heartshapesymptomatology may generate buds with similar appearance in a proportion of 2:1asymptomatic:symptomatic cladodes. Likewise, it was observed that the degree of severityranged between 1 to 38% of photosynthetic area reduction, and damaged cladodes may losebetween 50 to 80% of vegetative and floral buds. Derived from this, it is pertinent to perform
 studies directed towards characterizing its etiology in order to implement managementstrategies and reduce economical losses.
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Gutierrez, M. A., N. M. Paguirigan, J. Raviz, M. R. Mabalay, E. Alosnos, L. Villano, S. Asilo, A. Arocena Jr., J. Maloom, and A. Laborte. "THE RICE PLANTING WINDOW IN THE PHILIPPINES: AN ANALYSIS USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SAR IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W19 (December 23, 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19-241-2019.
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Abstract. Knowing where and when rice is grown is essential for planning and decision-making in relation to food security, as well as in research wherein crop area and calendar are important inputs in crop production simulations, assessment of biotic and abiotic stresses, and analysis of the effect of climate change on crop production, among others. Remote sensing allows for efficient mapping and characterization of rice areas. In this study, we derived the rice planting window in all rice growing regions in the Philippines from 2016 to 2018 using multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), specifically TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1. Using a rule-based method, rice area and Start of Season (SoS) were mapped based on the unique backscatter behaviour of rice corresponding to the initial deliberate agronomic flooding followed by rapid biomass increase. We defined the planting window per year and semester as the 15th and 85th percentile and the peak of planting as the dominant planting date. The accuracy of the rice map was 93% and the SoS was strongly correlated with the actual planting dates reported by farmers (R2 = 0.71) based on 482 ground observations in the Philippines in 2018 Semester 1. From this analysis, the planting window in the Philippines for the Semester 2 (wet season) is April-August (peak in June-July), and for Semester 1 (dry season) is September-February (peak in November-December) with large differences across regions. In majority of the regions, the planting window spans more than 100 days, which can have implications on incidence of pests and diseases.
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Vulsteke, G., F. Van de Steene, M. De Proft, and P. Meeus. "SEED COATING TO CONTROL PESTS IN PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM L.) (*)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 371 (July 1994): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.371.3.
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Havryliuk, N., and Ya Medvid. "Seasonal quantity dynamics of ground beetles on spring wheat under different fertilization systems." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2021.2.23-27.
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Goal. Determine the dominant species of ground beetles in crops of spring wheat with different fertilization systems and study the seasonal dynamics of the number of ground beetles.
 Methods. The research was conducted in 2017—2019 years on the experimental field of NSC «Institute of Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine» in department of plant protection from pests and diseases. Accounting of carabids fauna in accordance with the generally accepted methodology, mainly using Barber soil traps. The ecological characteristics are given using literature data.
 Results. Specified species composition of the dominant species of carabids in spring wheat crops under different fertilization systems. Represented the seasonal quantity dynamics of mass species of carabids (Bembidion properans S., Harpalus affinis S., Harpalus rufipes D., Poecilus cupreus L., Harpalus distinguendus D.) with mineral (N90P60K90) and organic (with plowing of by-products of the predecessor) fertilizer systems. Population peaks on spring wheat reached maximums in May due to an increase in the activity of species of the spring-summer group of ground beetles (Bembidion properans S., Harpalus distinguendus D., Poecilus cupreus L.), in June — July — due to the summer-autumn group (Harpalus rufipes D. and Harpalus affinis S).
 Conclusions. The peak activity of carabids in different areas is due to the peculiarities of the biology of each species during the growing season of spring wheat and weather conditions. Of the dominant, the most widespread species with mineral fertilizers was Bembidion properans S., with organic — Harpalus affinis S. There is a difference in the trophic specialization of beetles. In the areas with mineral fertilizer, the number of zoophages and myxophytophages was almost at the same level — 33.4 and 36.6 %, respectively. Organic fertilizer was dominated by myxophytophagous carabids (44%) with a mixed type of diet due to the largest number of species and the number of the genus Harpalus, the percentage of zoophagous was 14.5 %.
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MAHMUD, YUSMAR, CINDY ROMANTIS, and SYUKRIA IKHSAN ZAM. "EFEKTIVITAS Trichoderma virens DALAM MENGENDALIKAN Ganoderma boninense DI PRE NURSERY KELAPA SAWIT PADA MEDIUM GAMBUT." Jurnal Agroteknologi 11, no. 1 (August 14, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v11i1.8751.
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Palm oil production in Riau continues to increase from year to year. The increase in palm oil production still has obstacles caused by pests and diseases, among others caused by pathogenic fungi, Ganoderma boninense, this fungus causes root rot disease. Control of stem rot disease is needed appropriate techniques, especially controls that are environmentally friendly. One of the uses of biological agents, such as Trichoderma, especially Trichoderma virens. This study aims to obtain a dose of Trichoderma virens that is effective in controlling Ganoderma boninense in oil palm pre nursery on peat medium. This research was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of the State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. This research was conducted in December 2018 - March 2019. This research was a field experiment (experiment) using a Non Factorial Completely Randomized Design (RAL) by conducting Trichoderma virens test on oil palm seeds with various doses where each treatment was repeated 6 times there are 30 experimental units. The results showed that the parameters observed were macroscopic and microscopic fungi ,in-vitro test, speed of infection, intensity of disease attack, plant height, stem diameter and root root ratio. The results showed that Trichoderma virens fungi can reduce the intensity of fungal disease attack Ganoderma boninense given Trichoderma virens increased the growth of stem diameter of oil palm seedlings.
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Widiastuti, Dwi Purnamawati, and Abdullah Umar. "The effect of biopesticide and combined fertilization in promoting plant health and growth of tomato cultivated on peat soil in West Kalimantan." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 22, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.12268-76.
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The demand for horticultural products that are cultivated organically has increased. However, the susceptibility of plants to pests and diseases becomes an obstacle in organic crop cultivation. The use of biopesticides can be a solution to overcome these problems with the added benefit due to its environmental friendly and sustainable aspect. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biopesticides and combined fertilization in promoting plant health and enhancing tomato growth on the peat soil. This study used a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factors were four combined fertilizations (K), namely: K1: 100% organic fertilizer+local microorganisms; K2: 75% inorganic fertilizer+Petrobio, K3: 75% inorganic fertilizer+M-Dec, and K4: 100% inorganic fertilizer. The second factors were three types of pesticides (S), namely: S1: homemade biopesticides, S2: industrial biopesticides containing active ingredient Eugenol 188,4 g L-1, and S3: chemical pesticides containing active ingredient fipronil 50 g L-1. The observed data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and further tests were carried out using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that the tuba roots and betel leaves used in biopesticides had different effects on controlling fruit flies and leafminer caterpillars, as well as anthracnose disease. The application of chemical pesticides influenced the lowest infestation of fruit flies and leafminer caterpillars, while homemade and industrial biopesticides, as well as chemical pesticides had the same effect in reducing the intensity of anthracnose. In conclusion, a combination of 100% inorganic fertilizer+industrial biopesticides and 75% inorganic fertilizer+Petrobio gave greater tomato yields. Biopesticides could sustain organic crop cultivation in peatlands considering the ingredients availability, affordable, and easy application.
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Sumbembayev, Aidar, and Alevtina Nikolaevna Danilova. "State of the relict species Abies sibirica Ledeb. in the natural monument «Sinegorskaya fir grove» (Koktau mountains)." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 103, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg3/134-143.
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The article presents the results of studies of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) in the natural monument «Sinegorskaya fir grove». In order to study the current state and development of the relict population field expeditions were conducted. By route-reconnaissance method the main occupied areas of the population on Mountain Medvedka were observed: the eastern, northern and western slopes, as well as two peaks. The studied population is represented by all age groups. There are 3 main types of A. sibirica Ledeb. phytocenoses: birch-fir (Betula pendula Roth, A. sibirica Ledeb.), fir (A. sibirica Ledeb.) and fir-aspen (Populus tremula L., A. sibirica Ledeb.). Parameters such as the height of mature trees, annual growth, length of young needles and the amount of young undergrowth have been determined. It has been established that the regeneration of the species directly depends on the type of phytocenosis. Based on the results of observations of the state, renewal and dispersal of Siberian fir only birch-fir communities are characterized by optimal conditions. In communities with aspen the species is severely oppressed. Diseases and pests were found in clean plantations. The limiting factors for the species are xerophytization of the habitat and the lack of sufficient soil layer. As additional protection measures to increase regeneration artificial re-sowing of seeds and planting of fir seedlings were suggested. Constant monitoring of the state of the population was proposed.
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Raman, K. V. "SURVEY OF DISEASES AND PESTS IN AFRICA: PESTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 213 (September 1987): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.213.15.
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Furmanczyk, Ewa M., Claude-Eric Parveaud, Maxime Jacquot, François Warlop, Jutta Kienzle, Markus Kelderer, Alfredo Mora Vargas, et al. "An Overview of Pest and Disease Occurrence in Organic Pome Fruit Orchards in Europe and on the Implementation of Practices for Their Control." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122136.
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There is limited data regarding the specific problems faced by organic fruit growers when dealing with plant protection, particularly at a European Union level, though some general knowledge about pest and disease incidence can be found. Such information is crucial to improve the efficacy of a targeted knowledge transfer to organic fruit growers and advisors aiming at an increased adoption of innovative practices. A survey was thus carried out in seventeen European countries (16 EU member states and Switzerland), within the framework of the EU-funded project BIOFRUITNET, aiming at filling this knowledge gap also in terms of research needs. A questionnaire including a section about general aspects of orchard management (functional biodiversity, fertilization management, varietal/rootstock selection) and a section specifically dedicated to pest and disease occurrence and management in organic orchards was utilized to interview about 250 professionals (farmers and advisors), 155 of which were involved in pome fruits (including apple and pear) production. The analysis of the answers related to plant protection pointed out a varied situation about pest and disease occurrence in apple and pear orchards across Europe, though related to the zonal location of the respondent. However, more than 50% of respondents generally considered just few among the most damaging ones, normally co-occurring in the orchards. Interestingly, regardless of the respondents’ nationality or zonal location, more pests than diseases were indicated as relevant agents threatening organic pome fruits production. Nevertheless, only few measures promoting functional biodiversity in the orchards resulted in being broadly implemented in all regions. The analysis of the data underlines the strong demand for the development of a toolbox of measures that can be integrated successfully into the general orchard management strategy including the successful enhancement of functional or general biodiversity.
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He, Yong, Shupei Xiao, Tao Dong, and Pengcheng Nie. "Gold Nanoparticles with Different Particle Sizes for the Quantitative Determination of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Soil by SERS." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112817.
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Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is widely used in the prevention and control of crop pests and diseases in agriculture. However, the irrational utilization of pesticides not only causes environmental pollution but also threatens human health. Compared with the conventional techniques for the determination of pesticides in soil, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has shown great potential in ultrasensitive and chemical analysis. Therefore, this paper reported a simple method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different sizes used as a SERS substrate for the determination of CPF residues in soil for the first time. The results showed that there was a good linear correlation between the SERS characteristic peak intensity of CPF and particle size of the AuNPs with an R2 of 0.9973. Moreover, the prepared AuNPs performed great ultrasensitivity, reproducibility and chemical stability, and the limit of detection (LOD) of the CPF was found to be as low as 10 μg/L. Furthermore, the concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/L were easily observed by SERS with the prepared AuNPs and the SERS intensity showed a good linear relationship with an R2 of 0.985. The determination coefficient (Rp2) reached 0.977 for CPF prediction using the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model and the LOD of CPF residues in soil was found to be as low as 0.025 mg/kg. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3.69% and the recovery ranged from 97.5 to 103.3%. In summary, this simple method for AuNPs fabrication with ultrasensitivity and reproducibility confirms that the SERS is highly promising for the determination of soil pesticide residues.