Artículos de revistas: "Peasant migration"

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MOON, DAVID. "PEASANT MIGRATION AND THE SETTLEMENT OF RUSSIA'S FRONTIERS, 1550–1897". Historical Journal 40, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1997): 859–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007504.

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This article surveys the expansion of Russian peasant settlement from 1550, when most of the 6·5 million peasants lived in the forest-heartland of Muscovy, to 1897, when around fifty million Russian peasants lived throughout large parts of the immense Russian empire. It seeks to explain how this massive expansion was achieved with reference to different facets of the ‘frontier’: the political frontier of the Russian state; the environmental frontier between forest and steppe; the lifeway frontier between settled peasant agriculture and pastoral nomadism; and the ‘hierarchical frontier’ between the Russian authorities and the mass of the peasantry. The article draws attention to the different ways in which peasant-migrants adapted to the variety of new environments they encountered, and stresses interaction across each facet of the frontier. Nevertheless, by 1897, the coincidence between the two main types of environment and the two principal lifeways of the population had been virtually eliminated in much of the Russian empire outside central Asia. This was a consequence of the expansion of Russia's political frontiers, mass peasant migration, the ploughing up of vast areas of pasture land, and the sedentarization of many nomadic peoples. The expansion of peasant settlement helps explain the durability of Russian peasant society throughout the period from the mid-sixteenth to the late-nineteenth centuries.

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2

Beyan, Temesgen Tesfamariam. "Accessing Global Capital Through Remittance: A Route to the Reconfiguration of the Peasant Mode of Production in Rural Eritrea". Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, n.º 2 (27 de julio de 2021): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211033776.

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Migration and its resultant remittance have become the two powerful forces of peasant transformation in Eritrea in the last decade. If the former is responsible for uprooting labor from land, the latter is a replacement value to what the labor would have produced from the land. Using qualitative data gathered through an ethnographic fieldwork in the peasant region, this article argues that these two forces—migration and remittance—have resulted in gradual divorce of peasants from their means of production, land, in ways that seemingly appear productive to the peasants, rural–urban migration and a new form of relationship between peasants and state. In general, the outcome of the entire process is the emergence of quasi-peasant society which no more depends on land for survival because remittance has provided them alternative source. Therefore, migration and remittance in Eritrea have not only resulted in massive uprooting of labor from the land, but also heavily reconfigured the peasant mode of production.

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3

Singer, Amy. "Peasant Migration: Law and Practice in Early Ottoman Palestine". New Perspectives on Turkey 8 (1992): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000613.

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Peasant migration was the subject of careful regulation in the Ottoman Empire. The government tried to control peasant movement in order to ensure the supply of agricultural labor; peasants, on the other hand, used migration as one weapon against government abuses. This article examines Ottoman policy towards migration and recorded instances of peasant migration in sixteenth-century Palestine.Peasant migration is most commonly considered in the context of seasonal labor movements, responding to large-scale agricultural enterprises or temporary labor shortages. Alternatively, migration may occur as a result of some disaster: war, famine, drought, or flood. Temporary migration suggests a short-term move, wherein people pull up stakes for a denned period and retrace their steps after some months or years. This article, however, examines migration as the action of individuals who appear to have left their former homes permanently.

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4

Kahveci, Erol. "Migration, Ethnicity, and Divisions of Labour in the Zonguldak Coalfield, Turkey". International Review of Social History 60, S1 (21 de octubre de 2015): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000425.

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AbstractThis article examines labour relations and labour conditions in the Zonguldak coalfield on the Black Sea coast in Turkey. From 1867, peasants from surrounding villages were obliged to work in the mines on a rotational basis. Peasants continued to work part-time in the mines after the end of this forced-labour regime in 1921, and after its reintroduction between 1940 and 1947. The article explores the significance of the recruitment of local villagers for the division of labour in the mines. Underground work was performed by low-skilled rotational peasant-miners, while migrants became skilled, full-time surface workers. Different ethnic origins added to the division of labour between these two groups. Attention is then turned to trade unionism in Zonguldak. The miners’ trade union was controlled by permanent workers, mostly migrants of Laz origin, to the detriment of underground peasant-workers. Ethnographic fieldwork reveals that these divisions have persisted over many years.

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Dolińska, Anna. "Bliskie relacje na odległość w migranckich rodzinach chłopskich na początku XX wieku. Analiza serii listów Stelmachów". Forum Socjologiczne 7 (28 de junio de 2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-7763.7.8.

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Close relationships at a distance among migrating peasant family members at the beginning of the 20th century. An analysisof the Stelmach Series of LettersIn the proposed article and its demonstrative approach, I put the question about the nature of close, intimate relationships in peasant families from the early twentieth century, which were separated by migration and maintained contact with their children through letters, with reference to the series of letters of John and Eve Stelmach taken from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by Thomas and Znaniecki. Referring to the paradigm of transnationalism, modern phenomena and research categories associated with migration of families, I try to show how the Stelmach family, Galician peasant farmers, tried to experience togetherness and feelings across the borders in the pre-technology era.

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Hoffmann, David L. "Moving to Moscow: Patterns of Peasant In-Migration during the First Five-Year Plan". Slavic Review 50, n.º 4 (1991): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500466.

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When an eighteen-year-old peasant named Evgenii Mikhailovich Kostin stepped off a train in Moscow in October 1931 he felt overwhelmed by milling throngs of unfamiliar people and frightened by the commotion of the city. Yet his adjustment to urban life proved much less traumatic than his initial impression had portended; relatives housed him, an acquaintance from his village found him a job, and friends showed him around Moscow. Kostin was one of at least 23 million Soviet peasants who moved permanently to cities between 1926 and 1939—marking what demographers estimate to be the most rapid urbanization in world history. In the First Five-Year Plan alone Moscow’s population increased nearly 60 percent (an added 1,349,500 people) to reach 3,663,300 by the end of 1932. Scholars have portrayed peasant in-migration to Soviet cities during the 1930s either as a phenomenon tightly regulated by the state or, alternatively, as chaos and upheaval; but, as this article will demonstrate, the process by which peasants found their way to Moscow during the First Five-Year Plan was neither controlled nor chaotic.

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Lis, Tomasz Jacek. "Możliwości wykorzystania korespondencji misyjnej do badań nad historią wychodźstwa chłopskiego z terenów byłej Rzeczypospolitej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku". Studia Historyczne 61, n.º 1 (241) (26 de septiembre de 2019): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.01.04.

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The Possibility of Utilizing Missionaries’ Correspondence to Study the History of Peasant Migration (from the territories of former Polish Commonwealth) at the turn of the twentieth century The article presents new possibilities of research on the history of migration at the turn the 20th century using narrative sources, particularly the correspondence of missionaries. Peasants produced and left behind very few narrative sources, which results in migration historians rarely using them. The author indicates how to use alternative narrative sources produced by people of the Church to study the history of migration, in particular emigration from the territories of the former Polish Commonwealth.

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Kirillov, Alexey y Anastasiya Karavayeva. "Hidden Technologies of the Great Siberian Migration: Newcomers Breaking Into the Old Residents Community (Kharlova Village Conflict of 1893)". Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 19, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2018): 479–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2018.19(4).479-513.

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Peasant migration to Siberia in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century was a chronological parallel to the mass migration of Europeans across the Atlantics. One of the issues of the Great Siberian migration is the reasons for which it did not reach the proportions sufficient to defuse the land crisis in European Russia. The authors of the article are trying to solve this problem by studying the conflicts between the old Siberian residents and the migrants. By applying the case study method, the authors draw attention to one particular case, a clash in Kharlova village (Altai District of Cabinet of His Majesty Emperor) in 1893. It is one of the few conflicts described in detail. The mechanism of the conflict origination is discovered by confronting mutually exclusive statements of both parties and reconstructing hidden facts. It is proved that the resettlement of the Voronezh region peasants to the Altai village was a bright example of chain migration. New migrants would come on the advice of their predecessors. Thus, a group of the new old residents sympathetic to the newcomers was formed among the peasants belonging to the Kharlova community. The immediate reason for the conflict was an attempt of a big group of migrants to get a right to live in Kharlova village by cheating. A delegate of this group obtained the community council permission to come with a couple more of adult peasants and returned next year with six dozen of his compatriots. Though untypical, this method of penetration into an old residents community highlights a common issue: the ground for the conflicts was created by the two peasant groups contradiction of interests. It was important for the newcomers to start new life with the help of those who had already put down roots in Siberia; but the old residents were ready to receive only a small number of new neighbors. The rising tide of peasant migration could not spread evenly over the Siberian expanse; it had to pass through narrow channels of the already inhabited places - which considerably restricted the tide height.

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9

Zhitin, Ruslan y Alexey Topiliskiy. "Social and economic effects of labor migrations of the Poles in the German empire in the late XIX – early XX century". Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2018): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3263.

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The article focuses on the problem of labor migrations of the peasant population of Vistula Land of Russia to the German Empire at the turn of the XIX and ХХ century. The subject of the study are the causes of migration, the situation of Polish workers abroad, the specifics and main spheres of hiring workers, the social and economic effects of the movement. The urgency of the work is determined by inadequate historiographic attention to the factor of the annual retreat of tens of thousands of Poles abroad. The article uses the civilizational approach, the principle of historicism, the ideas of the French school “Annals”. The conclusions obtained by the authors of the article testify to the special significance of migrations not only for the inhabitants of the Polish province, but also for the entire German landlord economy. Migration compensated for the labor shortage in Germany’s agrarian sector, ensuring rapid growth in production in the states. The experience of migration stimulated the economic initiative of Poles, increased their standard of living, affected the size of peasant land ownership in the Vistula Land.

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10

Smith, Michael E. "Peasant mobility, local migration and premodern urbanization". World Archaeology 46, n.º 4 (2 de julio de 2014): 516–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2014.931818.

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Albuquerque, Cícero Ferreira de. "MIGRAÇÃO CAMPONESA: dominação e resistência ao capital". Revista Políticas Públicas 18 (5 de agosto de 2014): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v18nep453-458.

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A migração é um fenômeno social recorrente na vida do camponês do Semiárido alagoano. A região canavieira é o principal destino utilizado pelos migrantes. A migração é estratégica para a reprodução campesina, mas também serve aos ditames do capital sucroalcooleiro. Os conflitos entre capital e trabalho têm crescido nos últimos tempos.Palavras-chave: Semiárido, trabalhador, migrações.PEASANT MIGRATION: domination and resistance to the capitalAbstract: The migration is a social phenomenon recurrent in peasant’s life of Alagoas Semiarid region. The sugarcane region is the main destination used by the migrants. The migration is strategic for the peasant reproduction, but it also serves to the dictates of sugar and alcohol capital. The conflicts between capital and work have grown recently.Keywords: Semiarid, worker, migration.

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12

Ma, Laurence J. C. y Biao Xiang. "Native Place, Migration and the Emergence of Peasant Enclaves in Beijing". China Quarterly 155 (septiembre de 1998): 546–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000049997.

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Since the early 1980s, reduced migration control by the state and increasing economic liberalization in China have led to the movement of millions of peasants to the cities, creating various types of new “urban spaces” and “non-state spaces.” This influx has fundamentally changed the social, spatial and economic landscapes of the Chinese city, making the urban scene much more varied, lively and dynamic, but less safe and orderly than that of the Maoist era. Aside from the resulting expansion of city population, the Chinese city is also taking on some of the features common to other Third World cities, including the formation of migrant communities in both the cities and suburbs. In 1990, in the built-up areas of eight of China's largest cities, the “floating population” accounted for between 11.1 to 27.5 per cent of the total de facto urban population. At the same time, the urban population has also become much more diverse as peasants from different provinces group spontaneously in spatially distinct enclaves, producing a new urban mosaic that did not exist in Maoist China. Whereas some of enclaves are formed by non-Han minority groups, such as the two “Xinjiang villages” in Beijing where the Uygurs (more commonly but unofficially, “Uighurs”) from Xinjiang have congregated, most of them are formed by Han-Chinese. The Han peasant enclaves, however, are far from uniform in social structure, economic activity, population size or physical appearance.

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13

Bohac, Rodney. "The Promise of the Road: Legal Peasant Movement for Short Distances and the Limits of Serfdom". Russian History 45, n.º 1 (3 de mayo de 2018): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04501006.

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Russian serfdom was characterized by the tension between the need of the state and of the nobility to restrict peasant mobility and the simultaneous need of both parties to keep peasants moving in order for the economy to function. Previous studies have examined this movement through the lens of long-distance peasant migration. This article shifts the focus to short-distance movement in which serfs traveled on their estates, to neighboring villages, and to nearby towns and cities. Serfs journeyed in order to carry freight for themselves and for their serfowners, to conduct business at nearby markets and district towns, and to find work. Travel brought many dangers for peasants, which could result in economic and physical harm. Peasants endured these hardships because the road offered the advantages of financial gain and the pleasures of social interaction. Moreover, travel offered moments of autonomy during which serfs were not directly supervised by their owners. Some serfs enjoyed their autonomy so much that they changed the itineraries on their travel documents, moved beyond the spatial or temporal limits of their documents, or engaged in flight in an effort to escape the personal control of their owner.

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14

Khan, Azfar F. "International Migration and the "Moral" Economy of the 'Barani' Peasantry". Pakistan Development Review 30, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 1991): 1087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.1087-1102.

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For James Scott, the cornerstone of the 'moral' economy was an attitude of a subsistence and basically risk-averse-peasantry which was elementally geared towards enhancing safety and the reliability of its subsistence [Scott (1976)]. It was the need to be secure and the fear of poverty, he submitted, which explained " ... many otherwise anomolous, technical and moral arrangements in peasanl society" [op.cit: vii]. Commensurately, all coping strategies were noted to fundamentally incorporate these arrangements. Though Scott's affirmations are based on the analysis of rural Indo-China they also, to a great extent, ring true of many peasant societies of South Asia. The peasantry inhabiting the 'bar ani' (rainfed agricUltural) areas of northern Pakistan provide us with one such example. In the course of ascertaining the impact of the recently massive out -country mov~ments of labour from the region to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, it was found that here too a similar, and integral, subsistence ethic held sway over the "many otherwise anomolous" structural arrangements of life. The > examination, in general, of the out-migrations from "barani" areas [which historically have constituted perhaps, the most effective element of coping strategies of the inhabitants see Darling (1945); Naseem (1981)], and specifically the recent movements to the oil-producing economies is with a view to assessing their ability to 'nurture a structural transformation in the sending areas. In so doing this paper will attempt to illustrate the attributes of the subsistence ethic in the 'harani' lands. It is more in the vein of a conceptual presentation although the affirmations are based on surveys of two villages; one in the Punjab and the other in the NWFP.

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15

Ballweg, John A. y Jose Havet. "Staying On: Retention and Migration in Peasant Societies." Contemporary Sociology 18, n.º 3 (mayo de 1989): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073858.

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Baxter, Craig y Aminul Haque Faraizi. "Bangladesh: Peasant Migration and the World Capitalist Economy." Pacific Affairs 68, n.º 2 (1995): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2761395.

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17

Knight, John y Lina Song. "Chinese Peasant Choices: Migration, Rural Industry or Farming". Oxford Development Studies 31, n.º 2 (junio de 2003): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600810307427.

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Hill, Christopher V. "Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India". Modern Asian Studies 25, n.º 2 (mayo de 1991): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010672.

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The assumption of the passive peasant in Indian history has been existent at least since the time of Max Weber, and continues to return, phoenix-like in its appearance, every few decades. Its importance, however, lies in the responses the generality spawns. Morris D. Morris refuted Max Weber's thesis, detailed in The Religions of India, in 1967, while Barrington Moore, Jr.'s Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy was aptly rebutted by Kathleen Gough in 1974. Since then, the concept of the rational peasant, particularly during colonial times, has undergone a metamorphosis. Various modes of peasant dynamics have been amply demonstrated in recent works, stepping into the realms of peasant rebellion, desertion, banditry, and the like. Of particular import, in terms of peasant consciousness, has been the rise of the ‘Subaltern School’ of study. Beginning with Ranajit Guha's seminal work, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, and continuing with volumes of articles by a variety of authors, the Subaltern Studies group has attempted, in their own words, to offer an alternative to historical writing ‘that fails to acknowledge, far less interpret, the contributions made by the people on their own, that is independently of the elite.…’ These scholars thus use the term subaltern for those social groups which they believe have been ignored through the course of history.

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Fan, C. Cindy y Ling Li. "Marriage and Migration in Transitional China: A Field Study of Gaozhou, Western Guangdong". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, n.º 4 (abril de 2002): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34116.

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Marriage and marriage migration are often downplayed in the migration literature. The role of location in the decisionmaking underlying marriage migration, and the relations between marriage and labor migration, are little understood. Research that focuses on international marriages and on Western or capitalist economies has highlighted marriage as a strategy, but little attention is given to domestic marriage migration and to socialist and transitional economies. In this paper, through a field study of two villages in western Guangdong, China, and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from that study, we wish to advance two arguments. First, we argue that changes in the spatial economy have reinforced the importance of location in the matching and trade-off processes that lead to marriage migration. Evidence of spatial hypergamy across long distance supports the notion that marriage is a means for peasant women to move to more favorable locations. Second, we show that increased opportunities for labor migration—a product of economic transition—have enlarged peasants' marriage market and at the same time promoted division of labor within marriage. The findings underscore household and individual strategies in response to macrolevel constraints and opportunities, the centrality of marriage for understanding migration, and the relations between marriage and labor migration.

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20

Deng, Huimin. "Drifting Peasant Workers: The Reflection of the Hukou System within the Chinese Cinematic Network". Excursions Journal 8, n.º 1 (24 de enero de 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/exs.8.2018.215.

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Migrating from rural areas to urban areas, Chinese farmers become part of the urban working class. The migration have attracted both urban cinema and independent documentary to represent the integration of farmers into urban space. However, whether the figures of peasant workers in urban areas can be simply treated as the urban working class is problematic. Here I introduce the theories of textuality and intertextuality to explore the audiovisual representation of Chinese migrant workers within Chinese urban cinema and Chinese independent documentary at the turn of the 21st century, searching for the communal sign representation and social signification of peasant images within urban context. As a result, peasant workers are depicted as drifters between urban areas and rural areas because they are marginalized by local workers, urban elites, and urban governors due to the household registration system. Their identity, cultural manifestation, and social status are shaped by the rural-urban mediation, if not conflict.

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Sennitskaya, Elena Vladimirovna. "The system of Orthodox fasts in Russia as the means of deterring migration of peasants and the actions of rebel or bandit squads". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2020): 184–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.12.31096.

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The object of this research is the Orthodox fasts and customs that prohibited consumption of certain food products. The author examines the history of evolution of fasts, namely the circumstances of emergence of the first printed Charter (Typicon) in 1610; as well as compares the articles on fasts of the Typicons of 1610, 1633, and 1641. The article employs the following methods: 1) geophysical (comparison of the time of fasts with the periods of ice drift, high water, freeze-up, and agricultural cycles in Central Russia); 2) comparative-historical (reveals the logic of prohibitions and their development stages); 3) systemic (prohibition of certain food products is viewed an element of government policy aimed at prevention of migration); 4) ethno-psychological (substantiation of prohibitions); 5) linguistic (analysis of the texts of Typicon). The conclusion is  formulated that the system of fasts set by Typicon of 1610 served the following goals: 1) to consolidate the traditional agricultural practices; 2) to prevent the free movement of rebel bandit squads; 3) to create obstacles for independent sale of agricultural products by peasants and, thus benefit the feudales via wholesale purchase of peasant goods and their sale; 4) to hinder peasant transitions (serfdom). The hypothesis is advanced on the mechanism of enslaving peasants based on toughening the system fasts. The Charter of 1610 itself was passed due to imminent threat for the government Vasiliy IV Shuisky during the Time of Troubles for the purposed of reducing the influx of rebels and impede the transitions of peasants, which deprived the feudales of northern territories with less fertile lands were deprived of workforce, and thus the ability to equip the military at their own expense. The system of prohibitions implied the food obtained by hunting, so the peasants would move solely via river channels controlled by the government. The impact of such prohibitions may explain the irrational river routs Y. Pugachev instead of the road path to Moscow.

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Engel, Barbara Alpern. "The Woman's Side: Male Out-Migration and the Family Economy in Kostroma Province". Slavic Review 45, n.º 2 (1986): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499179.

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“It isn't the land that attaches a man to the village, it's the family [rodnye].ProkopovichIn the last decades of Imperial Russia, peasant migrants from all over Russia swelled the ranks of urban dwellers. Impelled by the increasing impoverishment of their villages and the hope of a steady wage, they poured into the cities, some to remain for months or years, others to stay for life. The number of male migrants always exceeded the number of female, although the proportion of women was growing steadily. Even so, the majority of men either remained single or left wives and children in the village.Thus far, the attention of most social historians has focused on the migrant: his relation to the means of production; the extent to which his experiences in city and factory contributed to the transformation of his consciousness from peasant to proletarian. This approach has yielded rich scholarly results. But, with the exception of the work of Rose Glickman, that scholarship has addressed the peasant migrant almost exclusively as male and regarded his relation to his village primarily as an obstacle on the path to proletarianization.

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Nebrat, Viktoriia, Karolina Gorditsa y Nazar Gorin. "Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history". Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.03.075.

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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.

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Nebrat, Viktoriia, Karolina Gorditsa y Nazar Gorin. "Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history". Economy and forecasting 2020, n.º 3 (29 de diciembre de 2020): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.03.063.

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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.

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25

Vijay, R. "Peasant Migration and Lease Market: An Investigation into a Village". Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 46, n.º 3-4 (1 de diciembre de 2004): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2004/v46/i3-4/115361.

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Adler-Lomnitz, Larissa y Asael Nuche González. "Peasant ethnic migration from a post-communist society to another". Review of Sociology 13, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2007): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/revsoc.13.2007.1.4.

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Wan, Guang Hua. "Peasant flood in China: Internal migration and its policy determinants". Third World Quarterly 16, n.º 2 (junio de 1995): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436599550036086.

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LYNCH, EDOUARD. "Interwar France and the Rural Exodus: The National Myth in Peril". Rural History 21, n.º 2 (22 de septiembre de 2010): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793310000038.

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AbstractInterwar France saw itself as a rural nation. The First World War, won in the muddy earth of the trenches, elevated the image of the ‘peasant soldier’ to a symbolic height. But paradoxically, it was during this period that the urban population overtook the rural. Against this backdrop, references to the noxious consequences of rural migration increased in frequency and virulence. The condemnation of rural migration was part of the celebration of a French national identity rooted in the past, the earth and other key agrarian values, such as thrift, hard work and property ownership. French peasants are perceived to be the last bearers of this value set. In other European countries too, the same ideological debate was at play. In Italy and Germany, in particular, the regimes were faced with a similar dilemma, championing a racially pure, rural, identity rooted in the past, whilst embracing a modernising revolution. Their parallel attempts at aligning these two ideas are richly suggestive.

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Iosifides, Theodoros y Deborah Sporton. "Editorial: Biographical methods in migration research". MIGRATION LETTERS 6, n.º 2 (28 de octubre de 2009): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v6i2.69.

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During the last decades, qualitative biographical/narrative methods gained a prominent position within the spectrum of social science methodology and research practice, mainly due to a reaction to the positivist-empiricist dominance and associated views of social reality. After an initial interest to biographical methods, which followed the edition of ‘The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1919-1921)’ by Thomas and Znaniecki (1958), biographical and generally qualitative research methods gave way to empiricist-quantitative approaches and only since the end of 1960 the positivist domination begun to be unsettled (Halfacree and Boyle 1993; Findlay and Li 1997; Tsiolis 2006).

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Guang, Lei. "Reconstituting the Rural‐Urban Divide: Peasant migration and the rise of 'orderly migration' in contemporary China". Journal of Contemporary China 10, n.º 28 (agosto de 2001): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670560120067144.

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Waters, Tony. "Towards a Theory of Ethnic Identity and Migration: The Formation of Ethnic Enclaves by Migrant Germans in Russia and North America". International Migration Review 29, n.º 2 (junio de 1995): 515–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900208.

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This article explores the determinants for the maintenance of ethnic identity by comparing six groups of migrant Germans. The groups are eighteenth century German peasants migrating to Volga Russia, thirteenth century migrants to Latvia, seventeenth century bureaucrats and traders migrating to Moscow/St. Petersburg, eighteenth century peasant migrants to Pennsylvania, nineteenth century Hutterite migrants to the North American Midwest, and eighteenth century Volga German migrants to the American Midwest. Notably, three of these groups assimilated into the host society, while three of them formed ethnic enclaves. Comparison of the six cases indicated that what determined whether a group would maintain its identity or not depended on whether individuals could move their inheritable economic base. This is because in the immigrant situation it is the inheritable economic base which determines who the primary reference group will be.

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32

Sen, Samita. "“Without His Consent?”: Marriage and Women's Migration in Colonial India". International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (abril de 2004): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000067.

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An examination of the diverse patterns of women's migration challenges abiding stereotypes of Indian history: the urban worker as a male “peasant-proletariat” and women as inhabiting a timeless rural past. When men opted for circulation between town and country, wives and children undertook the actual labor of cultivation for the survival of “peasant-proletariat” households. Men retained their status as heads of the family and, even though absent for long periods, their proprietary interests in the village. Yet towards the end of the nineteenth century, many unhappy, deserted, and barren wives, widows, and other women were able to escape to the burgeoning cities of Calcutta and Bombay and the coal mines, where they experienced new processes of social and economic marginalization.Much attention has been given to women's migration to overseas colonies and the Assam teagardens. Such migration has been seen as doubly negative, not only harnessing women to the exploitative contract regimes, but also subjecting them to sexual violation. A general assumption is that women were deceived, decoyed and even “kidnapped,” since there was no possibility of “voluntary” migration by women. Such a view of women's recruitment was produced by a variety of interests opposed to women's, especially married women's, migration, and eventually influenced the colonial state to legally prohibit, in 1901, women's “voluntary” migration to Assam plantations. This provision was an explicit endorsement of male claims on women's labor within the family.

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Perun, Mykhailo. "MATERIAL SITUATION, DAILY ROUTINE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF MARAMOROSH PEASANTRY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY". Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, n.º 1 (44) (27 de junio de 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.232604.

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In this article, the author tries to comprehensively consider the history of the peasantry from the eastern part of modern Transcarpathia. Particular attention is paid to the general characteristics of the organization of a rural society of the Maramorosh County of the first half of the 17th century. This period was characterized by significant migration within the Carpathian region, which led to the emergence of new settlements in the Upper Potyssia and changes in cultural and domestic nature. According to the author, the main driver of these processes was the minor and middle gentry of North-East Hungary, which encouraged the resettlement of peasants to their lands with the help of certain privileges. The article substantiates the idea that the daily routine of the Maramorosh peasantry and occupations were closely connected with the payment of tribute to their own master. That is why the primary sources on the early modern Maramorosh County peasant history are tax descriptions (urbariums), where much information about the property status, social system, and basic occupations of the people of that period can be found. The author emphasizes that in addition to small and medium-sized nobles, another large landowner in the Maramorosh region were the owners of the Khust dominion. The article highlights the difference between the payment of tribute, forms of management, and some other features of the peasants of the highland and lowland parts of the Maramorosh County. The author writes that based on the analysis of the inventory of the possessions of the nobleman Zhigmond Lipchei (Lipcsei Zsigmond) in 1646 and the decrees of Count Miklosh Esterhazy (Esterházi Miklós) in 1613, we can identify terminological nuances of the documents of this period. The author uses in the publication written sources from the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, for certain clarifications and explanations, acts, and North-Eastern Hungary and other territories charters. The author of the publication concludes the interdependence between the financial situation of the Maramorosh peasants and their mobility.

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Creese, Angela y Adrian Blackledge. "Stereotypes and chronotopes: The peasant and the cosmopolitan in narratives about migration*". Journal of Sociolinguistics 24, n.º 4 (16 de diciembre de 2019): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josl.12376.

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Cohen, Deborah. "From Peasant to Worker: Migration, Masculinity, and the Making of Mexican Workers in the US". International Labor and Working-Class History 69, n.º 1 (marzo de 2006): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000056.

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This article examines Mexican migration to the US during the Bracero Program, the unofficial name for the series of US-Mexico agreements that brought Mexican men to work in US agricultural fields from 1942 to 1964. Juxtaposing Mexican and US states' goals for the Program to migrants' understandings of their journeys, the article shows how this migration disrupted men's subjectivities, even as it simultaneously provided the mechanisms to resecure gender and class subjectivities and claims in crucial way. Revealed, ultimately, is what was forged in the wake of this migration: a new kind of historical actor, transnationally gendered and classed.

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36

Shchankina, L. N. "Mordvins in Western Siberia in the Late 19th to Early 20th Century: Certain Issues in the Migration and Settlement". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, n.º 3 (21 de septiembre de 2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.3.119-126.

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This study addresses the main aspects of the Mordvin peasant relocation to Western Siberia from the mid-1800s to Stolypin’s agrarian reform, with a focus on resettlement and relationships with old residents, successful and failed unauthorized and reverse migration, and the displacement level. The sources are archival data, specifi cally E.I. Krivyakov’s and V.B. Rusyaikin’s manuscripts owned by the archives of the Government of Mordovia Institute for the Humanities. Causes of migration were mostly economical, and the process was triggered by the abolishment of serfdom in 1861 and then by the Stolypin’s reform, meant to defuse the imminent agrarian crisis in central Russia. On the basis of archival and published evidence, it is demonstrated that the main problems faced by the authorities were their unpreparedness for arranging the relocation of large numbers of peasants, insuffi cient funding, small size of land plots allotted to new settlers, diffi culties with obtaining documents, the fact that governmental help was insuffi cient and provided not to all those in need (land plots were not allotted to unauthorized settlers), administration’s laissez faire in the resettlement process, failure to limit admission fees paid to old settlers, and other factors caused by poor organizational training.

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Mariskin, Oleg I. "Mordva-Erzya of the Alatyrsky District at the end XVII – early XVIII century". Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 19, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.047.019.201903.241-248.

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Introduction. In the article process of migration of the Mordovian population of the Alatyrsky district at the end of XVII – early XVIII century is investigated. The ethnic situation in the province changed significantly after the defeat of the peasant revolt of 1670–1671. Results. The suppression of the revolt was accompanied by repressive measures and an increase in taxes, which led to the spontaneous mass migration of Mordva from Alatyrsky district. In addition, many of the Mordovian murzas with the Russian Cossacks and the Tatar serving population of Alatyrsky district was transferred orderly for the protection of the southern and Eastern borders of the Russian state. By the end of the 17th century, the spontaneous resettlement process had grown significantly – entire villages, families and a separated individuals moved. Discussion and Conclusion. Due to the “free” migration of Mordva and the settlement of Russian serfs by landlords in their fiefdoms, many Erzian settlements of Alatyrsky district became Russian settlements. In the beginning of the 18th century in Alatyrsky district of the Mordva-Erzya already lived only in 85 villages (80,95 % to 1671), and the majority of the population of the county began to make Russian (311 villages, 64,94 % of the rural population of the district). More than half of the peasants of these inhabitants belonged to landlords. Since then, the ethnic structure of the county had been dominated by the Russian population.

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Silva, Dalila y Amélia Nogueira. "DE LÁ PARA CÁ: A MIGRAÇÃO EXPRESSIVA DO CAMPONÊS RIBEIRINHO PARA MANAUS, UMA REFLEXÃO". REVISTA GEONORTE 9, n.º 31 (4 de abril de 2018): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21170/geonorte.2018.v.9.n.31.54.67.

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Radcliffe, Sarah A. "Gender Relations, Peasant Livelihood Strategies and Migration: A Case Study from Cuzco, Peru". Bulletin of Latin American Research 5, n.º 2 (1986): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338650.

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40

Field, Daniel y Jeffrey Burds. "Peasant Dreams and Market Politics: Labor Migration and the Russian Village, 1861-1905". American Historical Review 104, n.º 4 (octubre de 1999): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649753.

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Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfs on the Move: Peasant Seasonal Migration in Pre-Reform Russia, 1800–61". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1, n.º 4 (2000): 627–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0061.

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42

Radcliffe, Sarah A. "The Role of Gender in Peasant Migration: Conceptual Issues from the Peruvian Andes". Review of Radical Political Economics 23, n.º 3-4 (septiembre de 1991): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661349102300308.

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Snochowska-Gonzalez, Claudia. "Exercises in expansion. Colonial threads in the National Democracy’s turn toward discipline". Praktyka Teoretyczna 36, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2020): 105–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/prt2020.2.5.

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1895 was the first year of the “Brazilian fever” in Galicia, i.e. a migration wave of peasant masses from Galicia to Brazil. In my article, I analyze the content of the 1895 “transitional” volume of Przegląd Wszechpolski (“All-Polish Review”), previously called Przegląd Emigracyjny (Migration Review), when the Lviv journal passed into the hands of the National League. I shall discuss the ways in which folk masses were presented in particular articles, and reflect on the meaning of the concept of colonization used there. In the articles of Przegląd Wszechpolski, the idea of Polish colonization (i.e. the settlement in Brazil and the United States of the peasant masses expelled by poverty from their home villages in partitioned Poland) began to intertwine with the idea of the colonization of these masses – attempts to ensure that they would remain Polish and Catholic, and with the idea of the expansion of Polish national body, so that it takes its proper place in the global capitalist economy. I argue that dealing with Polish colonisation played significant role in the National Democracy’s “turn toward discipline,” usually associated with another example of spontaneous mobilization of the masses – the 1905 revolution.

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44

Ilcan, Suzan M. "Peasant Struggles and Social Change: Migration, Households and Gender in a Rural Turkish Society". International Migration Review 28, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1994): 554–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800307.

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This article sheds light on the interrelationship of seasonal migration, subsistence production and peasant relations in a community (Sakli) located in Turkey's northwestern countryside. Most studies argue that rural outmigration is either an adaptation to persistent unemployment or a phenomenon resulting from pressures and counterpressures in the social relations of production. These approaches tend to overlook the specific features of rural culture and power in determining conditions for seasonal migration and its effects on social relations. While migrant labor is understood by local villagers as forming part of a continual battle to preserve local tradition and kinship ties, this article shows how it reduces the dominion of landlords while creating internal household differentiation and gendered hierarchies.

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Kertzer, David I. y Dennis P. Hogan. "On the Move: Migration in an Italian Community, 1865–1921". Social Science History 9, n.º 1 (1985): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020289.

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Internal migration remains one of the most important issues in European social history. Our entire concept of community and of social life rests on certain assumptions about residential stability, yet these assumptions have only been inadequately tested for most historical periods and in most places. We now know that previously accepted characterizations of the stable peasant community are erroneous, for numerous studies have documented the great population flux in much of western Europe in preindustrial times (Schofield, 1970; Tilly, 1978). Yet, for the most part, our ideas about life in communities of the past tend to rest on an assumption of a bedrock of residential stability to which the limited population movement is anchored.

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Cui, Rong y Jeffrey H. Cohen. "Reform and the HuKou System in China". Migration Letters 12, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2015): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i3.283.

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China created the dual hukou system in an effort to modernize and manage rural to urban migration. The system restricted the mobility of most Chinese and limited rural peasant migration. In 1978 the demand for labour increased rapidly and rules controlling migration, including the hukou system were loosen to encourage relocation. The establishment of a semi-capitalist market system in 1991 further encouraged the flow of labour and forced the liberalization of some aspect of the registration policy and by 2014 and in response to continued growth the Chinese government implemented a unified hukou system to build equality among rural and urban citizens. In this brief, we review the reforms and argue that the hukou system can play an important role in Chinese development.

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47

Chaichian, Mohammad A. "The Effects of World Capitalist Economy on Urbanization in Egypt, 1800–1970". International Journal of Middle East Studies 20, n.º 1 (febrero de 1988): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800057494.

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This research paper provides an historical analysis of urbanization in Egypt and its relationships to her incorporation into the world capitalist economy during the last two centuries. My major concern is to discover more about the following issues: (1) the historical reasons for the structural disjunction of the peasant population from rural areas; and (2) the dynamics of rural–urban migration and the problem of overconcentration of population in a few major urban centers.

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48

Ilcan, Suzan M. "Peasant Struggles and Social Change: Migration, Households and Gender in a Rural Turkish Society". International Migration Review 28, n.º 3 (1994): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546821.

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49

Lewis, Ronald L. "From Peasant to Proletarian: The Migration of Southern Blacks to the Central Appalachian Coalfields". Journal of Southern History 55, n.º 1 (febrero de 1989): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209720.

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Ramírez-Miranda, César. "Critical reflections on the New Rurality and the rural territorial development approaches in Latin America". Agronomía Colombiana 32, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2014): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n1.41218.

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This paper presents a critical approach to the New Rurality and the Rural Territorial Development (RTD) perspectives, which nowadays are hegemonic for governmental organizations and Latin American academies. RTD's core requirements, which are functional for neoliberal policies resulting in the loss of food sovereignty, the globalization of agribusinesses, and migration as a consequence of peasant agricultural weakening, were critically reviewed on the basis of the principal challenges faced by Latin American rural areas. In light of the above consequences, it is thought that changes in such areas are based on neoliberal rurality rather than on the purported New Rurality. By stressing the need for a global historical view that reintroduces the Latin American critical thinking tradition, the urgency for public policies that stop neoliberal prescriptions and seek to strengthen peasant and indigenous agriculture in order to encourage rural development based on food sovereignty, democracy, equity and sustainability were established.

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