Tesis:

1

Ghebremariam, Tsedal Tseggai. "Yield and quality response of tomato and hot pepper to pruning". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02082006-125505.

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2

Leibi, Sami, N. F. Oebker y M. H. Jensen. "Root Temperature Affects Pepper Growth". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214132.

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3

Butler, M. D. y N. F. Oebker. "Pepper Variety Trials, Yuma 1986". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221238.

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4

Marvel, Josh K. "Biology and Control of Pepper Anthracnose". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30828.

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Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum capsici or C. gloeosporioides) of bell peppers (Capsicum annum) has become a serious problem in recent years on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The purpose of this research was to characterize isolates of the fungus from the Eastern United States, to compare them with the type species from the American Type Culture Collection, and to evaluate fungicides for disease management. Two cultivars of pepper were inoculated with a conidial suspension, and held in a dew chamber. Lesions were counted and measured every 48 hours. The type species was either not pathogenic or only mildly virulent; most of the virulent isolates originated in areas of intensive pepper production. In addition to pathogenicity experiments and traditional morphology, the BiologÂ® system was used to compare the ability of fungi to utilize different carbohydrate combinations in 96-well plates. Plates were read at 96 and 168 hours. Analysis of data, by Ward's statistical method, could reliably distinguish field isolates if based on 15 or more replications, but species-level identification was inconsistent. Standard fungicides and new compounds were compared in a field test with four replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Fruits were harvested three times, weighed for yield, and the number of marketable and diseased fruit recorded. Aggressive isolates from green pepper were controlled by applications of maneb, or alternation of maneb and strobilurin fungicides.
Master of Science

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5

McGrady, J., W. Coates, K. Jordan y P. Tilt. "Pepper Transplant Uniformity, Growth and Yield". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221237.

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6

Lorenzen, Florian [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Pepper, Mira [Akademischer Betreuer] Mezini y Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Nestmann. "Type sound syntactic language extension / Florian Lorenzen. Betreuer: Peter Pepper. Gutachter: Peter Pepper ; Mira Mezini ; Uwe Nestmann". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077818653/34.

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7

Ubach, Catarina Coutinho. "PEPPER: Polarization-Encoding Differential Photometer and Polarimeter". The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/325914.

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PEPPER is a high-speed differential Polarization-Encoded Photometer and Polarimeter developed in the Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics at the University of Arizona, Tucson, by Dr. Dan Potter and Matthew Graham. PEPPER is capable of acting as a high-speed polarimeter by using electro-optical switching to chop between standard star and target star, and between in and out-feature bandpass fi lter at frequencies fast enough to suppress atmospheric variations (1). PEPPER is capable of either high-speed polarimetry or di fferential photometry using a combination of simultaneous imaging and electro-optical switching. In the di fferential photometry mode, PEPPER utilizes the electro-optical switching to calibrate instrumental and atmospheric photometric variation. This technique coupled with a zero-read noise photon counting detector achieves photon noise limited results demonstrated to an accuracy of less than 1 part in 10⁵. I will present the design concept behind the photometer and the polarimeter mode of PEPPER, as well as, results from observations in the di fferential photometer mode at the Steward 90 inch telescope, at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona. Results from the analysis of near IR polarimetry observations of young stars with circumstellar disks taken at the Gemini North Telescope with the Hokupa'a adaptive optics system are also presented.

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8

Clark, L. J., R. E. Call y N. F. Oebker. "Pepper Variety Trial in Cochise County, 1993". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214712.

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A variety trial including 12 long green chile varieties, 6 jalapeño varieties and 3 paprika varieties was implemented in Cochise county in 1993. Alpha was the top yielding green chile with a yield of 23.8 tons per acre and Fresno lead the jalapeño varieties with a yield over 30 ton per acre. Conquistador variety of paprika appeared to have a slight advantage over the other varieties in its class. A characterization of the fruit from the varieties tested are given in this paper.

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9

Clark, L. J., R. Walser y E. W. Carpenter. "Pepper Variety Trial Safford Agricultural Center, 1998". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219988.

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Eight varieties of bell peppers, three varieties of long green chile, two varieties of jalapeños, two varieties of yellow wax and one Serrano pepper were grown in a replicated small plot trial on the Safford Agricultural Center in 1998. Varieties were picked regularly during the growing season.

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10

Kaparakis, Georgios. "In vitro culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297989.

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11

Kobriger, J., N. Oebker, N. Simons y D. Wager. "Germination of Several Pepper Cultivars at High Temperatures". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214129.

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12

Harper, Fred. "Bell Pepper Row Cover and Drip Irrigation Test". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214257.

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13

Clark, Lee J. "Chile Pepper Variety Trial in Greenlee County, 1993". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214710.

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A green chile variety trial was planted in the Duncan area of Greenlee county with eleven entries. Curry #9 was the top yielding variety with a yield over 15 tons per acre. Fruit of all varieties were characterized by length, width and taste qualities.

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14

Clark, Lee J. "Chile Pepper Variety Trial in Graham County, 1993". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214711.

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A chile variety trial with 12 cultivars (including one jalapeño variety) was planted in Graham county in 1993. An Alpha selection from Ed Curry was the top yielding variety, producing 9.4 tons/acre. Marketable yields were suppressed by high incidence of blossom-end rot. Yields and fruit characterization of all varieties are included in this paper.

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15

Leibi, S., N. Oebker, J. Kobriger y D. Young. "Effects of Foliar Applied Burst and Cytex on Yields of Bell Peppers in Cochise County". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214139.

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16

Matheron, M. E. y R. E. Call. "Field Testing of Potential New Fungicides for Control of Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot of Chile Pepper". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214719.

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Root and crown rot and blight of chile peppers is caused by the soil -borne plant pathogenic fungus Phytophthora capsici. The root and crown rot phases of the disease are favored by saturated soil conditions, while rainfall accompanied by wind helps initiate the blight phase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential new fungicides for disease control. Some treatments of Aliette and Fluazinam as well as Ridomil tended to reduce the incidence of disease in this trial. However, the high variability in disease incidence among the replicates of each treatment prevented the demonstration of statistically significant differences in this study. We hope to repeat this trial next year and achieve more definite results.

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17

Argyropoulou, Konstantina Efstathiou. "Response of four greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7140.

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The decline in availability of fresh water in the region of Ierapetra, Crete, Greece has resulted in the increased use of saline water for irrigation of greenhouse crops. The aim of this work is to study the responses of four greenhouse pepper hybrids, that are widely used in this region ( Capsicum annuum L., Drago, Sammy, Kappy and Gracia ), to NaCl salinity during in hydroponic culture ( perlite ) and culture in soil of young plants and during in vitro germination and seedling growth. Salinity treatments were imposed by adding NaCl either to the irrigation solution, or the substrate of the in vitro culture, at concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM. High concentrations of NaCl affected the growth of the plants in hydroponic culture and in soil culture and the growth of seedlings in vitro in all four hybrids. Growth parameters such as height, number of leaves, fruits and flowers per plant and plant weight were significantly reduced in all hybrids. The percentage germination in the in vitro culture of the seeds was 100% for all hybrids on all NaCl concentrations. The photosynthetic rate (Po), the stomatal conductance, the intercellular CO2 concentration and the transpiration were significantly affected at high concentrations of NaCl in Drago and in Sammy. The Fv/Fm values of the leaves, which are related to the chlorophyll fluorescence, were significantly reduced at 100-200 mM NaCl, more in Kappy and Gracia and less in Drago and Kappy. The chlorophyll content in the leaves was negatively affected in all hybrids. NaCl caused a decrease in the soluble proteins in all hybrids. The decrease was significant in Drago, Kappy and Gracia in the greenhouse experiment while in vitro the protein content was less affected by the increasing concentrations of NaCl. Soil salinity positively affected the activity of GDH at 100 mM to 200 mM NaCl more in Kappy and Gracia and less in Sammy and Drago. In the vitro experiments there was a small increase in the higher concentrations of salt in all hybrids. The presence of NaCl affected the antioxidant enzyme GPX in Sammy Kappy and Gracia, SOD in Drago and POD in Kappy while APX was not affected. In general Sammy was the least affected by NaCl followed by Kappy , Drago, and Gracia.

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18

Parra-Negrete, Luis Antonio. "Propagation and induced variation in pepper Capsicum annuum L". Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270421.

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19

Nsonga, Samuel. "Happy Pepper´s : Ett koncept för en snabbmats restaurang". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42925.

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I takt med att världen förändras i varje hörn, från teknikindustrin och medicinindustrin till klimatförändringar, så förändras snabbmats industrin och människornas sätt att konsumera snabbmat. Och I takt med att den temperaturen stiger överallt i världen, nordpolen och sydpolen smälter, så ökar risken för försumning och utspädningen av den kött och kycklingberikade globala snabbmats industrin. Vilket i sin tur ge upphov till efterfrågan på alternativa lösningar till köttberikade snabbmat för att kunna lösa den krisen som snabbmats industrin står inför. Happy Pepper’s är en snabbmats restaurangkoncept som serverar endast hälsosamt och goda vegetariska wraps, juice och smoothies. Visionen med konceptet är att Happy Pepper’s skall vara en plats där samtliga snabb-mats älskare känner sig hemma, där de känner sig hörda, där de känner sig uppskattade och där de känner sig välkomna. Happy Pepper’s skall vara en plats där alla familjer kan samlas och umgås. Happy Pepper’s mål är att vara en globalt ledande aktör inom det vegetariska snabb-mats industrin.

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20

Fong, Genevieve May. "Mechanisms of neuroprotection by capsaicin, a red pepper extract". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18042.

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Background: Capsaicin is a natural compound isolated from red peppers that is currently used in the management of pain due to its ability to desensitise TRPV1 channels to further noxious stimuli following high or repeated doses (De Silva et al. 2011; Derry et al. 2013; Sharma et al. 2013). Recent studies have shown that capsaicin can also upregulate expression of the neuroprotective protein neuroglobin (Ngb), activate cell survival signalling pathways and diminish oxidative stress and inflammation (Kim et al. 2003; Dairam et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2008; Luqman et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2012). Therefore, it was hypothesised that capsaicin pre-treatment could protect neurons in a model of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Aim: To test whether capsaicin prevents neuronal loss and restores motor function in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were pre-treated with vehicle or capsaicin (1 mg/kg) prior to saline or MPTP (25 mg/kg/day) treatment over two consecutive days. Gait was assessed on a subset of mice six days after the onset of treatment. Serum and various organs were harvested for biochemical and histological analyses that assessed dopaminergic neuron (DN) counts, apoptosis and necrosis (using caspase-3/7 and LDH assays, respectively), alterations in kinase signalling (PI3K/Akt, ERK, mTOR and p38 MAPK), markers of inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and MCP-1), antioxidant activity (SOD, GPx and CAT) and oxidative damage (3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)). The ability for capsaicin to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate within the brain was also assessed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). Results: The major daughter fragment (m/z 137.03 a.m.u.) of capsaicin appeared abundantly in capsaicin-treated brains and predominantly accumulated in the cerebral cortex. Mice exposed to MPTP experienced a 25% loss in DN viability with a concomitant increase in xi | P a g e caspase-3/7 activity. MPTP treatment also induced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK and p38 while mTOR remained unchanged. MPTP treatment increased SOD and decreased CAT activity and elevated 3-NT expression in the substantia nigra (SN). Cerebral levels of the pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and MCP-1 and expression of leukocytes markers, CD45 and Iba-1, were also elevated in MPTP-treated mice. In contrast, capsaicin pre-treatment elevated Akt and ERK phosphorylation and reduced p38 activation. Capsaicin pre-treatment also reversed the MPTP-induced increase in SOD and decrease in CAT activity and concomitantly reduced 3-NT expression. Furthermore, capsaicin pre-treatment reversed the MPTP-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, however no obvious improvement in neuronal viability was observed. Conclusions: Capsaicin was able to cross the BBB and accumulate within the brain. Although capsaicin pre-treatment did not improve neuronal viability in this MPTP model of PD, it did reverse the MPTP-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and decrease in antioxidant activity. Capsaicin-mediated protection may involve both TRPV1-dependent and -independent mechanisms and activation of various kinase signalling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK. Further studies are required to elucidate the precise mechanism of capsaicin-mediated protection but should also consider the possibility that capsaicin may generate toxic metabolites under oxidative stress.

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21

Hunter, Fioan Jane. "The ecology and mechanisms of host choice and the capsid bugs Lygus rugulipennis and Liocoris tripustulatus associated with glasshouse salad crops". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268360.

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22

Onus, Ahmet Naci. "Unilateral incompatibility in Capsicum". Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283706.

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23

Mehlhase, Alexandra [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Pepper, François [Akademischer Betreuer] Cellier y Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Jähnichen. "Konzepte für die Modellierung und Simulation strukturvariabler Modelle / Alexandra Mehlhase. Gutachter: Peter Pepper ; François Cellier ; Stefan Jähnichen. Betreuer: Peter Pepper ; François Cellier ; Stefan Jähnichen". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073940853/34.

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24

Liedstrand, Hannes, Armend Gegaj y Amir Eshghali. "Mindre företag i expansionsfas : En undersökning av företaget Sweet Pepper". Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2207.

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Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att analysera Sweet Pepper och kunna bidra till en förbättring inom områden som lager, transportsystem och tillväxt.

Vi har i vår uppsats använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod som grundar sig i det hermeneutiska synsättet. Teorin och empirin består av en abduktiv forskningsansats. Referensramen är till största del grundad på sekundärdata.

Sweet Pepper är i behov av att fastställa fasta rutiner och en tydligare organisationsstruktur. Det krävs utav ledningen att de agerar redan idag om man vill fortsätta med sin expansionsfas. Lager och transportverksamheten bör effektiviseras genom omfördelning av företagsstruktur.

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25

Fisk, Tylar S. "Quality Changes in Grafted Pepper (Capsicum annumm L.) Scion Fruit". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511899552661231.

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26

Blessinger, Elizabeth 'Egan'. "Effect of Cultivar and Type on Pepper Yield and Weight". TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2304.

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Peppers (Capsicum) are a valuable commodity throughout the world. They provide food, coloring additives, vitamins, and ornamental aesthetics. Peppers can be grown in many different areas of the world and their success is based on variety selection. Breeding cultivars for superior performance is critical to success. Recent consumer desire for less chemical use throughout the growing process has resulted in new cultivar developments.. The objective of this research was to investigate how cultivar and type affect the yield and weight of field grown peppers. This study provides valuable information for growers in determining which cultivars are suitable for production in Kentucky. The research was conducted at the Western Kentucky University Agriculture Research and Education Complex in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 2016. Plants were provided by Ball Horticultural and Pan American Seed, Elburn, Illinois. The experimental design was a random design, with a 12 plant experimental unit consisting of four three plant rows. Thirty-six cultivars were divided into groups based on the type of pepper produced. Harvest occurred approximately every 7 days and were grouped into 3 periods. Data were obtained on yield, weight, and mean weight. Individual group selection is determined by the producers and their goals for production. There were wide differences in the types of peppers, including size, shape, and color. When comparing all groups, two of the thirty six cultivars, Cultivar 23 (Tapered) and Cultivar 34 (Chili) performed best for both yield and mean weight.

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27

Rohloff, Judith [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Pepper, Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Nestmann y Widemann Baltasar [Akademischer Betreuer] Trancón. "Analysis and implementation of hierarchical mutually recursive first class modules / Judith Rohloff. Betreuer: Peter Pepper ; Uwe Nestmann. Gutachter: Peter Pepper ; Baltasar Trancón Widemann ; Uwe Nestmann". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078064989/34.

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28

Oebker, N. F., W. T. Molin y R. Gibson. "Effect of Methanol Treatments on Chile Pepper and Seedless Watermelon Production in Central Arizona, 1993". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214716.

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29

Meisels, Susan. "Using Bombus impatiens Cr. as a pollinator of greenhouse sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0018/MQ37148.pdf.

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30

Holland, Susan Stephanie. "Studies on enzymes of the capsaicin biosynthetic pathway in Capsicum frutescens". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10962.

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31

Bouagga, Sarra. "Enhancing pest management in sweet pepper by the exploitation of zoophytophagy". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482200.

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During the last decades pest management in sweet pepper has shown noticeable development through the replacement of chemical control by biological control. The augmentative release of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus and the phytoseiid predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii satisfactory manage major pests invading sweet pepper, thrips and whiteflies. In order to enhance even more this biological control program and surmounted aphids problem, recent success was attributed to zoophytophagous mirid predators. The use of mirid predators is rare in sweet pepper greenhouses, however thesis results showed that mirid can enhance pest management in sweet pepper by the exploitation of zoophytophagy. The ability of mirids and O. laevigatus to predate open sweet pepper key pest and to induce plant defence was the most important found result in this thesis. A possible augmentative release of predatory mirids with A. swirskii is the new strategy that we propose to sustain sweet pepper pest management.
Durante las últimas décadas, el control de plagas en el pimiento ha mostrado un desarrollo notable a través el reemplazo del control químico por control biológico. La liberación aumentativa del chinche depredadora Orius laevigatus y el ácaro depredador Amblyseius swirskii manejan satisfactoriamente las principales plagas, trips y mosca blanca. Con el fin de mejorar aún más este programa y superar el problema de los áfidos, se atribuyó el éxito reciente a los depredadores miridos zoofitofagos. El uso de miridos es raro en los invernaderos de pimiento, sin embargo, los resultados de la tesis mostraron que mediante la explotación de la zoofitáfia se puede mejorar el manejo de trips, mosca blanca y áfidos. La capacidad de los miridos y de O. laevigatus de preceder a la plaga clave del pimiento e inducir la defensa de la planta fue el resultado más importante encontrado en esta tesis. Una posible liberación aumentativa de los mirídos con A. swirskii es la nueva estrategia que proponemos para mantener el control de plagas del pimiento.

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32

Harp, Tyler L. "Etiology and management of recent outbreaks of pepper anthracnose in Florida". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021951.

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33

Frank, Stephan [Verfasser] y Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Pepper. "Efficient Constraint Solving in Dynamic Languages / Stephan Frank. Betreuer: Peter Pepper". Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014827825/34.

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34

Mardani, Sara, Sayyed Hassan Tabatabaei, Mohammad Pessarakli y Hamid Zareabyaneh. "Physiological responses of pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) to drought stress". Taylor & Francis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626132.

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Water shortage is the most important factor constraining agricultural production all over the world. New irrigation strategies must be established to use the limited water resources more efficiently. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications under the greenhouse condition at Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. In this study, the physiological responses of pepper plant affected by irrigation water were investigated. Irrigation treatments included control (full irrigation level, FI) and three deficit irrigation levels, 80, 60 and 40% of the plant’s water requirement called DI80, DI60, and DI40, respectively. A no plant cover treatment with three replications was also used to measure evaporation from the soil surface. Daily measurements of volumetric soil moisture (VSM) were made at each 10 cm intervals of the soil column, considered as a layer. The differences between the measured VSM and the VSM in the next day and evaporation rate at the soil surface at the same layer of the no plant cover treatment were calculated. Eventually, by considering the applied and collected water in each treatment, evapotranspiration (ETC) and root water uptake (RWU) in each layer per day were estimated. Furthermore, fruit number per plant, fresh fruit weight/day, root fresh/dry weight, shoot fresh/dry weight, root zone volume, root length and density, crop yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured under different water treatments. The results showed that the maximum and minimum of all the studied parameters were found in the FI and DI40 treatments, respectively. ETC in the DI80, DI60, and DI40 treatments were reduced by 14.2, 37.4, and 52.2%, respectively. Furthermore, applying 80, 60, and 40% of the plant’s water requirement led to crop yield reduction by 29.4, 52.7, and 69.5%, respectively. The averages of root water uptakes (ARWUs) in the DI80, DI60, and DI40 treatments reduced by 17.08, 48.72, and 68.25%, respectively. WUE and crop yield also showed no significant difference in the FI and DI80 treatments. Moreover, in the DI80 treatment the reduced rate of water uptake was less than the reduced rate of plant's applied water. According to these results, it can be concluded that 20% deficit irrigation had no significant reduction on the yield of pepper, but above this threshold, there was an adverse effect on the growth and yield. Therefore, for water management in the regions with limited water resources, plant's applied water can be decreased around 20%.

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35

Ladds, Bryan. "Persians, Ports, and Pepper: The Red Sea Trade in Late Antiquity". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32863.

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There has been an increased interest in Romeʼs connections with the Far East over the course of the last 20 years. This has resulted in the publication of many articles and monographs about the Roman involvement in the Red Sea which was the key maritime region linking the Far East with the West. This thesis synthesizes the recent scholarship on the Red Sea trade in Late Antiquity by merging all of the most up to date information into a concise narrative. In order to accomplish this, three major sources of information have been analyzed. Firstly, the historical time frame of all of the major regions of the Red Sea including Egypt, Aksum, and Himyar have been laid out in a straight forward narrative. This offers the most pertinent background information for the development of Red Sea trade. Secondly, the most up to date archaeological evidence has been incorporated into a description of the ancient maritime trade infrastructure of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The archaeological evidence broadens our knowledge of the roads through the Eastern Desert of Egypt, the ports of the Red Sea, and the development of the Indian subcontinent more generally. Thirdly, this thesis builds on all of the historical as well as archaeological data and attempts to quantify the impact of Red Sea trade on the Late Antique Roman Empire both economically and culturally. This synthesis helps to elucidate the growing conception among Late Antique scholars that the Roman Empire was far more interconnected with its eastern neighbours. This further nuances the role which outside forces had on the evolution of the Late Antique world.

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36

Cruz, Fredy Alexander Rodríguez. "Biological control of broad mites in chili pepper and physic nut". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/931.

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O ácaro-branco Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) é uma praga chave de distribuição mundial que ataca várias espécies de plantas de alto valor econômico. No Brasil, este ácaro é considerado praga chave da cultura de pimenta malagueta e do pinhão manso, devido a sua frequente ocorrência em areas produtoras e aos danos causados. Na maioria das vezes seu controle é baseado na aplicação de produtos químicos, com todos os problemas derivados de seu uso abusivo. Uma alternativa ao controle químico é o uso do controle biológico. Os principais inimigos naturais dos ácaros fitófagos são ácaros da família Phytoseiidae. Vários inimigos naturais hão sido registrados em associação com o ácaro-branco no Brasil, os fitoseídeos (Amblyseius herbicolus, Neoseiulus barkeri, Euseius concordis, Iphiseiodes zuluagai and Typhlodromus transvaalensis) e uma espécie da família Blattisociidae (Lasioseius floridensis). Como um primeiro passo para a seleção de agentes de controle biológico para o ácaro-branco, foram avaliadas as taxas de predação e oviposição das espécies A. herbicolus, N. barkeri e L. floridensis em duas situações: uma mistura dos estádios do ácaro-branco e em todos os diferentes estádios da praga. Num segundo passo, foi avaliado em condições de casa de vegetação, a eficiência dos fitoseídeos, A. herbicolus e N. barkeri, no controle do ácaro branco em pimenta malagueta em diferentes relações predador: presa. Num segundo experimento, foi avaliado o controle em plantas de pimenta malagueta infestadas com o ácaro-branco, com e sem liberação de predadores e seu impacto na produção de frutos. Um terceiro passo, foi avaliado o controle do ácaro- branco em plantas de pinhão manso e pimenta malagueta infestadas artificialmente com a praga em condições de campo, com e sem liberação dos fitoseídeos e seu efeito na produção da pimenta malagueta. Nos experimentos de laboratório, os fitoseídeos predaram e ovipositaram quando se usou a mistura dos estádios do ácaro-branco e em cada um dos estádios. Amblyseius herbicolus apresentou uma maior taxa de predação e oviposição, nas duas situações avaliadas em comparação a N. barkeri. Entretanto, L. floridensis apresentou taxas de predação e oviposição baixas ou nulas nas duas situações avaliadas. Em casa de vegetação, A. herbicolus e N. barkeri controlaram as populações do ácaro-branco nas diferentes relações predador:presa; as plantas controle mostraram sintomas de um ataque severo sete dias após a infestação, incluindo a queda de folhas. No segundo experimento, os fitoseídeos mantiveram baixas as populações de ácaro-branco através do tempo. Assim mesmo, as plantas de pimenta malagueta com presença dos predadores apresentaram um maior número de frutos com maior peso do que as plantas controle. As plantas controle exibiram danos severos, incluindo queda de folhas. Em condições de campo, plantas de pinhão manso sem predadores exibiram altíssimas populações do ácaro-branco, sintomas severos, queda de folhas e altos valores na escala de notas de dano. Entretanto, plantas com predadores mostraram baixas populações da praga ao longo do tempo e não manifestaram sintomas severos. Em pimenta malagueta, as plantas sem predadores apresentaram maior número de ácaros-branco, curvamento e bronzeamento das folhas, porém a queda de folhas foi muito menor que registrada no experimento de casa de vegetação. Plantas de pimenta malagueta com presença de predadores exibiram baixo número de ácaros-branco e não apresentaram bronzeamento nem queda de folhas. Não houve diferença estatística no número e peso de frutos entre plantas de pimenta malagueta com e sem predadores, mas as plantas controle apresentaram frutos mais pequenos. Os predadores A. herbicolus e N. barkeri, foram efetivos no controle de populações do ácaro-branco nos diferentes passos avaliados neste estudo. As duas espécies predaram e ovipositaram ao se alimentar da praga. Em condições de casa de vegetação as plantas de pimenta malagueta foram beneficiadas pela presença dos predadores apresentando baixas populações da praga através do tempo, resultando na produção de frutos maiores e mais pesados. Em campo, os dois fitoseídeos tiveram a capacidade de manter em baixas densidades as populações do ácaro- branco no tempo, tanto em pinhão manso quanto em pimenta malagueta evitando o aparecimento de sintomas severos como os registrados nas plantas controle. Amblyseius herbicolus e N. barkeri podem ser considerados bons agentes de controle biológico do ácaro-branco. As duas espécies controlaram populações da praga em diferentes relações predador:presa, em condições de cultivo protegido e no campo. Os predadores conseguiram-se manter e aumentar em número no tempo, tanto em casa de vegetação quanto no campo, confirmando os resultados de laboratório. Adicionalmente, os predadores conseguiram aumentar seu número em baixas densidades de ácaro-branco, indicando que eles podem fazer uso de recursos alternativos como o pólen ou néctar das flores de pimenta malagueta. O potencial de controle destes fitoseídeos pode ser aproveitado em outras culturas susceptíveis ao ataque do ácaro-branco, como papaia, feijão, batata ou gérbera, tanto em casa de vegetação quanto em campo aberto.
The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks 1904) is an important worldwide pest, with economic impact of several crops. In Brazil, this mite is considered a key pest of chili pepper and physic nut, due to their frequent occurrence in planting areas and damage caused to plant hosts. Its control is based on application of agrotoxics with several problems derived from misuse. An alternative to chemical control is biological control. The main natural enemies of phytophagous mites are predatory mites from the phytoseiidae family. Several natural enemies have been recorded in association with broad mites in Brazil, including the phytoseiids (Amblyseius herbicolus, Neoseiulus barkeri, Euseius concordis, Iphiseiodes zuluagai and Typhlodromus transvaalensis) and one blattisociid mite species (Lasioseius floridensis). As a first step to select biological control agents for broad mites, we evaluated the predation and oviposition rates of predatory mite of species A. herbicolus, N. barkeri and L. floridensis on a mixture of broad mite stages and on all different stages of the pest. As a second step, we evaluated under greenhouse conditions the phytoseiids A. herbicolus and N. barkeri on chili pepper with different predator:prey ratios. In a second experiment, we evaluated the control on chili pepper plants infested with broad mites, with and without predators and their impact on fruit production. In a third step, we assessed the control of broad mites on physic nut and chili pepper plants, artificially infested with the pest, under field conditions with and without phytoseiids and their effect on the chili pepper production. In laboratory experiments, the phytoseiids preyed and oviposited when offered a mix of broad mite stages or on each stage separately. Amblyseius herbicolus showed higher predation and oviposition rates on the mix of broad mite stages and on each stage separately compared with N. barkeri rates. Meanwhile, L. floridensis showed oviposition and predation rates low or zero on the mix of broad mite stages and on each stage separately. In the greenhouse, A. herbicolus and N. barkeri controlled broad mite population in the different predator:prey ratios; control plants showed symptoms of a severe attack seven days after infestation, including foliar abscission. In a second experiment, the phytoseiids maintained the broad mite populations at low density over time. Chili pepper plants with predators had a higher number of fruits with greater weight that control plants. Control plants showed higher values on scale notes of injury with severe damage, including foliar abscission. Under field conditions, physic nuts and chili peppers without predators showed a very high population of broad mites with higher values on scale notes of injury. These plants showed severe symptoms and foliar abscission. However, plants with predators showed a low population of pest through time with low values on scale notes of injury without presence of severe symptoms. In chili pepper, plants without predators had higher number of broad mite, curling and bronzing of leaves, but leaf fall was much lower than recorded in the greenhouse experiments. Chili pepper plants with predators showed low number of broad mites and showed no symptoms. There was no statistical difference in the number and weight of fruits from chili pepper plants with and without predators, but control plants had smaller fruits. The predators A. herbicolus and the Brazilian strain of N. barkeri showed effectivess in controlling broad mite populations on the different steps evaluated in this study. Both predators preyed and oviposited when feeding on the pest. Under greenhouse conditions, chili pepper plants were benefited by presence of predators, showing low populations of broad mites through time, resulting in the production of larger fruits with higher weight. In field, both phytoseiids had the ability to maintain broad mite populations on low density through time on physic nut and chili pepper plants, preventing the development of severe symptoms in the plants. Amblyseius herbicolus and N. barkeri can be considered good biological control agents of the broad mite. Both species controled pest populations with different predator:prey ratios in protected cultivation and in the field. Predators were able to maintained and increased on number through time when fed on broad mite, confirming the laboratory results. The potential of control of A. herbicolus and N. barkeri can be exploited in other crops susceptible to broad mite attack as bean, papaya, potato or gerbera, both on the greenhouse and open field conditions.

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Olsen, M. W., J. Oehler y P. Rorabaugh. "Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Powdery Mildew of Greenhouse Pepper". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214932.

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A fungicide trial was established in a commercial style greenhouse at The University of Arizona Campus Agricultural Center in November 2000 to evaluate efficacy of several fungicides for control of powdery mildew on bell pepper. Treatments included five registered fungicides: Microthiol Special (micronized sulfur), Trilogy (neem extract), Flint (trifloxystrobin), Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST713) and AQ10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis) applied as single treatments every 10-14 days to each of four replicates. In samples to determine the percentage of leaf area affected by powdery mildew lesions and the number of leaves infected within different treatments, Microthiol Special and Serenade were significantly different from non-treated controls, while Flint and AQ10 had fewer lesions and number of leaves infected but were not significantly different from the control. Although Trilogy was not different from the control, this treatment had more lesions and number of leaves infected than all treatments.

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Day, Samuel D. "Biological and Mechanical Approaches to Sunscald Management in Bell Pepper Production". DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3900.

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Producing red bell peppers in high temperature and light environments can be challenging because many new semi-indeterminate varieties produce small plant canopies that leave fruit exposed to damage (sunscald) caused by solar radiation. Pepper production in Utah coincides with high air temperatures and solar radiation levels during July, August, and September. Increasing plant canopy size is one way to protect fruit from solar radiation. Low tunnels optimize plant growth by increasing air and soil temperatures. Growing plants under low tunnels early in the season could increase fruit shading later in the season. Another way to protect fruit is by using mechanical shade. Hanging shade cloth over a crop has been shown to decrease air temperatures and solar radiation levels reaching fruit. While the common production practice is to horizontally orient shade cloth, vertically orienting shade cloth may also be effective by providing shade to the crop in the morning and evening. These protection methods were evaluated in Layton, Utah for effectiveness of increasing yield by decreasing sunscald occurrence. While plants grown under low tunnels for two weeks after transplanting had larger canopies, they did not increase yield or decrease sunscald compared to plants not grown under low tunnels. Vertical shade increased yield and decreased sunscald most effectively when combined with plants grown under low tunnels. Vertical shade protected exposed fruit when the sun was at lower elevations while increased canopy shade protected fruit when the sun was at high solar elevations. Horizontal shade completely eliminated sunscald and produced the largest yields of high quality fruit. The additional costs associated with using supplemental shade were offset by increased yields and higher value of larger fruit. Separate studies were carried out to determine how sunlight and wind influence the temperature of pepper fruit. Sunlight exceeding 550 W·m-2 increased pepper fruit surface temperature (FST) to damaging levels. Wind decreased pepper FST but moderate wind speeds (3.0 m·s-1) did not decrease it below damaging levels. To insure protection, growers should apply supplemental shade when solar radiation levels exceed 550 W·m-2. These results provide improved guidelines for growers interested in using supplemental shade to provide pepper fruit for local and national consumption. Additionally, pepper growers in high air temperature and light environments can increase productivity and profitability with the use of supplemental shade.

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Brown, J. K., B. T. Poulos y M. R. Nelson. "Whitefly-Transmitted Geminiviruses of Tomato and Pepper in Arizona and Their Relationship to Geminiviruses in Florida and in Mexico". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214479.

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40

El-Helepi, Medhat Magdi. "Energy and economic analyses of pepper production under plasticulture and conventional systems". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0021/MQ37117.pdf.

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41

Monette, Stephen. "Effect of a windbreak and plastic mulch on the growth of pepper". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65972.

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42

Padmini, de Silva D. P. "Studies of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) virus disease in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308101.

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Demir, Ibrahim. "Changes in seed quality during seed development in pepper, tomato and marrow". Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304497.

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Midoko, Iponga Donald. "Invasive potential of the Peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle) in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3975.

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Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Natural and semi-natural ecosystems and human communities worldwide are under siege from a growing number of destructive invasive alien species. Alien species are those whose presence in an area is due to intentional or accidental introduction as a result of human activities. Some alien species become invasive, and some cause tremendous destruction to the ecosystem and their stability, but we do not yet understand fully the many factors that determine the levels of invasiveness in alien species. However, management of alien plants requires a detailed understanding of the factors that make them invasive in their new habitat. The aim of this study was to explore in detail the processes and potential for invasion of Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper tree) into semiarid savanna in South Africa and to examine the potential for this species to invade further in these ecosystems, and in other South African biomes. In this thesis I explored the patterns and processes of invasion of S. molle in semiarid savanna using small-scale experiments to investigate physical and ecological barriers to invasion that prevent or accelerate the invasion of this species. I examined factors such as pollination; seed production; seed dispersal; seed predation and viability, all known to contribute to invasiveness. I highlighted the critical role of microsite conditions (temperature, humidity, water availability) in facilitating S. molle seedling establishment in semi-arid savanna and demonstrated that microsite type characteristics need to be considered for management and monitoring of the species in South Africa. I demonstrated the ability of S. molle to out-compete indigenous woody plants for light and other resources and also showed that disturbance of natural ecosystems was not a prerequisite for invasion, although human activities such as tree planting have played a major role in disseminating this species in South Africa. Predicting the future distribution of invasive species is very important for the management and conservation of natural ecosystems, and for the development of policy. For this reason, I also assessed the present and potential future spatial distribution of S. molle in South Africa by using bioclimatic models and a simulation-based spread model. I produced accurate profiles of environmental conditions (both biophysical and those related to human activities) that characterize the planted and naturalized ranges of this species in South Africa, by linking species determinants, potential habitat suitability and likely spread dynamics under different scenarios of management and climate change. All those components provided insights on the dynamics of invasions by fleshy-fruited woody alien plants in general, and on S. molle invasions in South Africa in particular. I developed a conceptual model that described S. molle population dynamics leading to an understanding of the processes leading to the invasive spread of this species in South Africa. This work also emphasized the need for policy review concerning the invasive status of S. molle in South Africa, and recommendations are made for future research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die natuurlike and half-natuurlike ekosisteme sowel as menslike gemeenskappe wereldwyd word bedreig deur ‘n groeiende hoeveelheid indringerplantspesies. Indringerplantspesies (daardie spesies wie se teenwoordigheid toegeskryf kan word aan opsetlike of toevallige inbringing deur menslike toedoen) is ‘n bedreiging nie net vanweë die massiewe verwoesting van die ekosisteme en ekosisteemstabilitiet nie, maar ook omdat ons nog nie ten volle verstaan hoe hulle van skaars in hul natuurlike omgewing tot dominant in hul nuwe habitat gaan nie. Bestuur van indringer plante vereis ’n begrip van biologise en ekologiese faktore wat lei tot hulle indringing in die nuwe habitat. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om in detail uit te vind wat die prosessesse en potensiaal is vir die indringing van S. molle (die Peruviaanse peper boom) in droë savanna en om indringingspatrone in droë savanna met huidige en potensieële toekomstige patrone in ander Suid-Afrikaanse biome te vergelyk. In hierdie tesis ondersoek ek die patrone en prosesse wat verband hou met die indringing van S. molle in droë savanna deur gebruik te maak van kleinskaalse eksperimente om fisiese en ekologise hindenisse te ondersoek wat indringing van S. molle in Suid-Afrika voorkom of versnel. Dit sluit faktore in wat bekend is om by te dra tot indringing van plant spesies, soos bestuiwing, saadproduksie, saadpredasie en kiemkragtigheid. Ek het die kritieke rol beklemtoon van mikroomgewingskondisies (temperatuur, humiditeit, waterbeskikbaarheid) in die fasilitering van S. molle saailingvestiging in droë savanna en het gedemonstreer dat die tipe mikroomgewingskarakteristieke in ag geneem moet word by betuur en monitering van die verspreiding van S. molle in Suid-Afrika. Ek het die vermoë van S. molle om inheemse plante te uitkompeteer gedemonstreer, en het gewys dat versteuring van natuurlike ekosisteme nie ’n voorvereiste vir S. molle indringing was nie, hoewel menslike aktiwiteite soos boomaanplantings ’n groot rol speel deur by te dra tot indringing van hierdie spesie in Suid-Afrika. Voorspelling van toekomstige verspreiding van indringerspesies is baie belangrik vir die bestuur en bewaring van natuurlike ekosisteme, sowel as vir ontwikkeling van wetgewing. Daarom is die huidige en potensiele toekomstige ruimtelike verspreiding van S. molle in Suid-Afrika bereken deur inkorporering van bioklimaatsmodelle en simulering gebasseer op ’n verspreidingsmodel. Ek het derhalwe akkurate profiele van omgewingstoestande (beide fisiese en daardie wat verband hou met menslike aktiwiteite) wat die aangeplante en natuurlike omvang van die spesie in Suid-Afrika kenmerk geproduseer deur spesiedeterminante, potensieële geskiktheid van habitatte en moontlike verspeidingsdinamika onder verskillende bestuursscenarios en kimaatsverandering te koppel. Al hierdie komponente verskaf insig in die dinamika van die indringing van houtagtige plante met vlesige vrugte oor die algemeen en S. molle in besonder in Suid- Afrika. Hierdie werk beklemtoon ook die behoefte vir hersiening van beleidsrigtings wat betrekking het op die indringerstatus van S. molle in Suid-Afrika en maak aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing.

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45

Shen, Hexue. "Bright Sheng’s Hot Pepper for Violin and Marimba:A Performer’s Guide to Interpretation". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471783386.

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Yanar, Yusuf. "Pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) /". The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487943610784563.

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DONKOR, DORCAS A. "The Rise of Cyberfeminism in Africa: Pepper Dem Ministries’ Take on Ghana". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1597260157867617.

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Balcı, Evrim Doğanlar Sami. "Genetic characterization of cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)resistance in tomato and pepper". [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/biyoloji/T000388.pdf.

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Kueh, Reng Yi. "Evaluating Byzantine-Based Blockchain Consensus Algorithms for Sarawak’s Digitalized Pepper Value Chain". Thesis, Curtin University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88810.

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A chosen network structure of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), a Byzantine-based consensus algorithm, is proposed to minimize some of the identified pain points faced by the pepper stakeholders. Byzantine-based consensus algorithms are used to achieve the same agreement on a single data value, including transactions and block state, and to maintain system continuity even when several nodes have failed to respond or transmit inconsistent messages in the blockchain network.

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50

Jones, Beverley. "The rhetoric of research in social science : a post-structuralist consideration of world views". Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368976.

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