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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Periodontal disease Microbiology"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 29 de enero de 2023

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1

Moore, W. E. C. "Microbiology of periodontal disease." Journal of Periodontal Research 22, no. 5 (September 1987): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1987.tb01595.x.

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2

Jenkinson, Howard F., and David Dymock. "The Microbiology of Periodontal Disease." Dental Update 26, no. 5 (June 2, 1999): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.1999.26.5.191.

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3

Peros, William J., and Eugene D. Savitt. "The microbiology of periodontal disease." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 11, no. 7 (April 1989): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(89)90009-3.

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4

Ledwon, Beata, Andrzej Miskiewicz, Ewa Grabowska, Jan Kowalski, and Renata Górska. "The Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Motor Impairment in the Course of Parkinson’s Disease." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 74 (August 12, 2020): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3516.

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Introduction: The incidence of Parkinson’s disease and the severity of accompanying motor impairment increase significantly with age. The etiopathogenesis and progression of Parkinson’s disease at the molecular level is associated with the production of cytokines and acute phase proteins, which are also typical for inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis and gingivitis. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between neurological parameters, the indices of periodontal status and systemic parameters of inflammation, as well as their change after treatment. Patients/M

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5

Payne, M. A., A. Hashim, A. Alsam, S. Joseph, J. Aduse-Opoku, W. G. Wade, and M. A. Curtis. "Horizontal and Vertical Transfer of Oral Microbial Dysbiosis and Periodontal Disease." Journal of Dental Research 98, no. 13 (September 27, 2019): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519877150.

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One of the hallmark features of destructive periodontal disease, well documented over the last 50 y, is a change to the quantitative and qualitative composition of the associated microbiology. These alterations are now generally viewed as transformational shifts of the microbial populations associated with health leading to the emergence of bacterial species, which are only present in low abundance in health and a proportionate decrease in the abundance of others. The role of this dysbiosis of the health associated microbiota in the development of disease remains controversial: is this altered

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6

Mahendra, Jaideep, Plato Palathingal, Little Mahendra, Janani Muralidharan, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Mohammed Sayed, Maryam H. Mugri, et al. "Isolated Systolic Blood Pressure and Red-Complex Bacteria—A Risk for Generalized Periodontitis and Chronic Kidney Disease." Microorganisms 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010050.

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Hypertension is a risk factor for generalized periodontitis (GP) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the role of isolated systolic blood pressure as one of the major risks for these inflammatory diseases has not been explored. Very limited studies exist identifying the red-complex bacteria in association with the isolated systolic blood pressure. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess the isolated systolic blood pressure and the red-complex bacteria along with the demographic variables, periodontal parameters, and renal parameters in patients with generalized periodontit

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7

K L Tsang, Annetta, Saso Ivanovski, and Philip S Bird. "Caries and periodontal disease: Two diseases, one biofilm." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 3 (2005): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05110.

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Dental plaque, a natural oral biofilm is involved in the aetiology of dental caries and periodontal disease. Despite decades of research, the microbiology, aetiology and pathogenesis of these diseases remain controversial. A number of factors interplay in these diseases, the indigenous microbes that inhabit the oral cavity, diet, host susceptibility and time. The ?Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis? (NSPH) was proposed where the overall mass of plaque interacted with the host and caused disease. An alternative view was the ?Specific Plaque Hypothesis? (SPH) where, among the diverse microbial commu

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8

Peterson, D. E., G. E. Minah, C. D. Overholser, J. B. Suzuki, L. G. DePaola, D. M. Stansbury, L. T. Williams, and S. C. Schimpff. "Microbiology of acute periodontal infection in myelosuppressed cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 5, no. 9 (September 1987): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1987.5.9.1461.

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This study characterized the subgingival microbial flora associated with 27 acute exacerbations of preexistent periodontal disease in 24 patients with chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. All but two acute periodontal infections developed at low granulocyte levels (less than 1,000/microL). Suspected pathogens were detected in high concentrations in subgingival plaque specimens in 17 episodes of acute periodontal infection; a single pathogen was recovered in ten acute infections, and more than one pathogen was recovered in seven acute infections. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans,

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9

Hassell, Thomas M., and Emily L. Harris. "Genetic Influences in Caries and Periodontal Diseases." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 6, no. 4 (October 1995): 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411950060040401.

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Deciphering the relative roles of heredity and environmental factors ("nature vs. nurture") in the pathogenesis of dental caries and diseases of the periodontium has occupied clinical and basic researchers for decades. Success in the endeavor has come more easily in the case of caries; the complex interactions that occur between host-response mechanisms and putative microbiologic pathogens in periodontal disease have made elucidation of genetic factors in disease susceptibility more difficult. In addition, during the 30-year period between 1958 and 1987, only meager resources were targeted tow

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10

Darby, Ivan, and Michael Curtis. "Microbiology of periodontal disease in children and young adults." Periodontology 2000 26, no. 1 (June 2001): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.2260103.x.

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11

Hardie, J. M. "Oral microbiology: current concepts in the microbiology of dental caries and periodontal disease." British Dental Journal 172, no. 7 (April 1992): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807849.

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12

Esberg, Anders, Linda Johansson, Ingegerd Johansson, and Solbritt Rantapää Dahlqvist. "Oral Microbiota Identifies Patients in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081657.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory disease, and single periodontitis-associated bacteria have been suggested in disease manifestation. Here, the oral microbiota was characterized in relation to the early onset of RA (eRA) taking periodontal status into consideration. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of saliva bacterial DNA from 61 eRA patients without disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and 59 matched controls was performed. Taxonomic classification at 98.5% was conducted against the Human Oral Microbiome Database, microbiota functions were predicted using

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13

Sufaru, Irina-Georgeta, Maria-Alexandra Martu, and Sorina Mihaela Solomon. "Advances in Periodontal Pathogens." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2022): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071439.

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Even though periodontitis is considered an infectious disease, there are a number of factors that distinguish it from other infectious diseases: it is not the result of infection with an individual pathogen, but rather the consequence of a modified microbial community interaction with the host organism [...]

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14

Riviere, George R. "Spirochetes in periodontal disease." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 16, no. 19 (October 1994): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(94)90024-8.

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15

Loesche, Walter J., and Natalie S. Grossman. "Periodontal Disease as a Specific, albeit Chronic, Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 727–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.4.727-752.2001.

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SUMMARY Periodontal disease is perhaps the most common chronic infection in adults. Evidence has been accumulating for the past 30 years which indicates that almost all forms of periodontal disease are chronic but specific bacterial infections due to the overgrowth in the dental plaque of a finite number of mostly anaerobic species such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola. The success of traditional debridement procedures and/or antimicrobial agents in improving periodontal health can be associated with the reduction in levels of these anaerobes in the d

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16

Newman, Michael G. "Current Concepts of the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease: Microbiology Emphasis." Journal of Periodontology 56, no. 12 (December 1985): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1985.56.12.734.

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17

Chakraborty, Pampita, Rukhsana Chowdhury, Arpita Bhakta, Pradip Mukhopahyay, and Sujoy Ghosh. "Microbiology of periodontal disease in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes." Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 15, no. 6 (November 2021): 102333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102333.

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18

Griffen, Ann L., Mitzi R. Becker, Sharon R. Lyons, Melvin L. Moeschberger, and Eugene J. Leys. "Prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalisand Periodontal Health Status." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 11 (1998): 3239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.11.3239-3242.1998.

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Periodontitis is a common, progressive disease that eventually affects the majority of the population. The local destruction of periodontitis is believed to result from a bacterial infection of the gingival sulcus, and several clinical studies have provided evidence to implicate Porphyromonas gingivalis. If P. gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen, it would be expected to be present in most subjects with disease and rarely detected in subjects with good periodontal health. However, in most previous studies, P. gingivalis has not been detected in the majority of subjects with disease, and age-ma

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19

Gaetti-Jardim, Elerson, Silvia L. Marcelino, Alfredo C. R. Feitosa, Giuseppe A. Romito, and Mario J. Avila-Campos. "Quantitative detection of periodontopathic bacteria in atherosclerotic plaques from coronary arteries." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 1568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.013383-0.

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Oral pathogens, including periodontopathic bacteria, are thought to be aetiological factors in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this study, the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum–periodonticum–simiae group, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Tannerella forsythia in atheromatous plaques from coronary arteries was determined by real-time PCR. Forty-four patients displaying cardiovascular disease were submitted to periodontal examination and endarterectomy of coronary arteries. Approximately 60–100 mg ath

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20

Ohta, Hiroyuki, Susumu Kokegughi, Kazuhiro Fukui, and Keijiro Kato. "Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitansin Periodontal Disease." Microbiology and Immunology 30, no. 7 (July 1986): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb02990.x.

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21

Aggarwal, Titiksha, Arundeep Kaur Lamba, Farrukh Faraz, and Shruti Tandon. "Viruses: Bystanders of periodontal disease." Microbial Pathogenesis 102 (January 2017): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.019.

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22

Furuta, Michiko, Yoshihiro Shimazaki, Shunichi Tanaka, Kenji Takeuchi, Yukie Shibata, Toru Takeshita, Fusanori Nishimura, and Yoshihisa Yamashita. "Gender-Specific Associations of Serum Antibody toPorphyromonas gingivalisand Inflammatory Markers." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/897971.

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It remains unclear whether serum antibody titer againstPorphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) and inflammatory components lead to periodontal deterioration in each gender, as periodontal and systemic status is influenced by gender. The present study investigates the gender-specific probable effects of titer againstPgand inflammatory markers on periodontal health status in a longitudinal study. A retrospective study design was used. At two time points over an 8-year period (in 2003 and 2011), 411 individuals (295 males with a mean age of 57.6 ± 11.2 years and 116 females with a mean age of 59.2 ± 10.3 ye

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23

Van Winkelhoff, A. J., A. Y. N. Schouten-van Meeteren, J. A. Baart, and C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. "Microbiology of destructive periodontal disease in adolescent patients with congenital neutropenia." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27, no. 11 (November 2000): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027011793.x.

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24

Na, Hee Sam, and Jin Chung. "Link between Periodontal Disease and Diabetes." Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 46, no. 1 (2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2016.46.1.52.

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25

PAWLACZYK-KAMIEŃSKA, TAMARA, RENATA ŚNIATAŁA, HALINA BATURA-GABRYEL, MARIA BORYSEWICZ-LEWICKA, and SZCZEPAN COFTA. "Periodontal Status and Subgingival Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Adults." Polish Journal of Microbiology 68, no. 3 (September 2019): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2019-040.

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The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal status of cystic fibrosis (CF) adult patients and to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the bacterial population of the subgingival biofilm and the health status of the periodontal tissues in this group of adults. The study involved 22 cystic fibrosis adult patients. The periodontal condition was assessed using Plaque Index (PLI), Gingival Index (GI), and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD). The gingival sulcus samples were analyzed by the Real-Time PCR assay (RT-PCR). Majority of patients showed moderate or severe bacterial dental plaque

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26

Iqbal, Dr Zeenat, and Mohd Aamir Mirza. "Unraveling the Etiology of Periodontitis." International Journal of Biomedical Investigation 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31531/2581-4745.1000131.

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Across the globe, incidence of oral afflictions like gingivitis and periodontitis are increasing at a very fast pace. Evidencearethere to support the fact that despite of being an oro-dental infection, periodontitis is associated with the systemic diseases too. Different ecological niches of oral cavity can harbor both pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms. Although the main cause of the disease is the anaerobic or the facultative anaerobic bacteria, other factors such as poor personal hygiene, diet and immune related disorders are also responsible for the progression of the disease. T

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27

Tanner, A. C. R., and J. M. Goodson. "Sampling of microorganisms associated with periodontal disease." Oral Microbiology and Immunology 1, no. 1 (February 1986): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.1986.tb00310.x.

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28

Van Dyke, Thomas E. "Thwarting host immune responses in periodontal disease." Trends in Microbiology 6, no. 3 (March 1998): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01212-8.

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29

Baker, Pamela J., and Derry C. Roopenian. "Genetic susceptibility to chronic periodontal disease." Microbes and Infection 4, no. 11 (September 2002): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01642-8.

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30

Abdullah, Yazeed Abdullah, Abdulhameed G. Albeshr, Ala'a Abdulkalq Albasher, Abdullah Saeed Alassiri, Mahmood Abdulaziz Shater, Mohammed Ali Alqahtani, Khaled Taib Ageely, et al. "Etiology and types of necrotizing periodontal diseases." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 6137. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214486.

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Necrotizing periodontal diseases pose a clinical significance because it has been associated with a severe prognosis that can cumulatively lead to rapid tissue destruction. A slow rate of destruction has been reported for patients with necrotizing periodontal diseases, and reports show that chronicity might be a characteristic in some patients, while many patients might also suffer from disease recurrence. The association of other oral lesions might also be a characteristic in some situations, which usually occurs in cases when systemic involvement is present. In the present literature review,

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31

Shahoumi, Linah A., Muhammad H. A. Saleh, and Mohamed M. Meghil. "Virulence Factors of the Periodontal Pathogens: Tools to Evade the Host Immune Response and Promote Carcinogenesis." Microorganisms 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010115.

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Periodontitis is the most common chronic, inflammatory oral disease that affects more than half of the population in the United States. The disease leads to destruction of the tooth-supporting tissue called periodontium, which ultimately results in tooth loss if uncured. The interaction between the periodontal microbiota and the host immune cells result in the induction of a non-protective host immune response that triggers host tissue destruction. Certain pathogens have been implicated periodontal disease formation that is triggered by a plethora of virulence factors. There is a collective ev

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32

Mendes, Luzia, Nuno Filipe Azevedo, António Felino, and Miguel Gonçalves Pinto. "Relationship between invasion of theperiodontiumby periodontal pathogens and periodontal disease: a systematic review." Virulence 6, no. 3 (February 5, 2015): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.984566.

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33

Kačírová, Jana, Miriam Sondorová, Aladár Maďari, Eva Styková, Rastislav Mucha, Radomíra Nemcová, Nikola Marečáková, Jana Farbáková, and Marián Maďar. "Detection of Periodontal Pathogens from Dental Plaques of Dogs with and without Periodontal Disease." Pathogens 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040480.

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Dental plaque bacteria are one of the main factors responsible for the development of a periodontal disease, which is the most common infectious disease in dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of periodontal disease-related bacteria in the dental plaque of dogs. Plaque samples were taken from dogs with and without periodontal disease. Samples were analyzed for the presence of Porphyromonas gulae, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola using a PCR technique amplifying 16S rRNA genes of P. gulae and T. forsythia and flaB2 genes of Treponema species, including T. dentico

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34

Hernández-Jaimes, Tania, Eric Monroy-Pérez, Javier Garzón, Rosario Morales-Espinosa, Armando Navarro-Ocaña, Luis Rey García-Cortés, Nancy Nolasco-Alonso, et al. "High Virulence and Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated in Periodontal Disease." Microorganisms 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010045.

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Periodontal disease is caused by different gram-negative anaerobic bacteria; however, Escherichia coli has also been isolated from periodontitis and its role in periodontitis is less known. This study aimed to determine the variability in virulence genotype, antibiotic resistance phenotype, biofilm formation, phylogroups, and serotypes in different emerging periodontal strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from patients with periodontal disease and healthy controls. E. coli, virulence genes, and phylogroups, were identified by PCR, antibiotic susceptibility by the Kirby-Bauer method, biofilm f

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35

Puletic, Miljan, Branka Popovic, Sasa Jankovic, and Gavrilo Brajovic. "Detection rates of periodontal bacteria and herpesviruses in different forms of periodontal disease." Microbiology and Immunology 64, no. 12 (December 2020): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12857.

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36

Yousefi, Leila, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo, Tala Pourlak, Hosein Eslami, Sepehr Taghizadeh, Khudaverdi Ganbarov, Mehdi Yousefi, Asghar Tanomand, Bahman Yousefi, and Hossein Samadi Kafil. "Oral spirochetes: Pathogenic mechanisms in periodontal disease." Microbial Pathogenesis 144 (July 2020): 104193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104193.

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37

Duerden, B. I., L. Goodwin, and T. C. A. O'Neil. "Identification of Bacteroides species from adult periodontal disease." Journal of Medical Microbiology 24, no. 2 (September 1, 1987): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-24-2-133.

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38

Sojod, Bouchra, Cibele Pidorodeski Nagano, Glenda Melissa Garcia Lopez, Antoine Zalcberg, Sophie Myriam Dridi, and Fani Anagnostou. "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Periodontal Disease: A Complex Clinical and Biological Interplay." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091957.

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Reports on the association of periodontal disease (PD) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have regularly been published. PD is a set of chronic inflammatory conditions linked to a dysbiotic microbial biofilm, which affects the periodontal tissues, resulting eventually in their destruction and contributing to systemic inflammation. SLE is a multi-system chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that has a wide range of clinical presentations, touching multiple organ systems. Many epidemiological studies have investigated the two-way relationship between PD and SLE, though their results are h

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39

Grant, Melissa M. "Pyruvate Kinase, Inflammation and Periodontal Disease." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070784.

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Pyruvate kinase (PK) is the final and rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. It has four isoforms PKM1, PKM2, PKL and PKR. PK can form homo tetramers, dimers or monomers. The tetrameric form has the most catalytic activity; however, the dimeric form has non-canonical functions that contribute to the inflammatory response, wound healing and cellular crosstalk. This brief review explores these functions and speculates on their role in periodontal disease.

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40

Chen, Zhen, Zhimin Guo, Hongbing Lin, Yue Tian, Peipei Zhang, Huishan Chen, Yawei Wang, and Yuqin Shen. "The feasibility of phage therapy for periodontitis." Future Microbiology 16, no. 9 (June 2021): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0161.

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Periodontitis, a chronic progressive inflammation caused by plaque biofilm, is the main cause of tooth loss in adults. For certain refractory periodontitis cases, it is difficult to achieve a good curative effect using the existing periodontal treatment approaches, which may be due to periodontal pathogenic mechanism in the affected periodontal tissue that the host cannot resist and eliminate. Various pieces of evidence collectively revealed that most studies are focusing on phages in periodontal disease. Several studies have reported periodontitis treatment using phage therapy, highlighting i

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41

Saha, S., C. Tomaro-Duchesneau, L. Rodes, M. Malhotra, M. Tabrizian, and S. Prakash. "Investigation of probiotic bacteria as dental caries and periodontal disease biotherapeutics." Beneficial Microbes 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2014.0011.

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Oral diseases, specifically dental caries and periodontal disease, are characterised by increases in pathogenic microorganisms, increased demineralisation and increased inflammation and levels of inflammatory markers. Despite the therapeutic strategies, oral diseases have elevated prevalence rates. Recent work has demonstrated that probiotic bio-therapeutics can decrease oral pathogen counts, including caries-causing Streptococcus mutans and oral inflammation. The aim of this work was to investigate putative probiotic bacteria, selected for S. mutans inhibition and for their oral health-promot

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42

Pinto, Graça, Maria Daniela Silva, Mark Peddey, Sanna Sillankorva, and Joana Azeredo. "The role of bacteriophages in periodontal health and disease." Future Microbiology 11, no. 10 (October 2016): 1359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2016-0081.

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43

Gazil, Virginie, Octave Nadile Bandiaky, Emmanuelle Renard, Katia Idiri, Xavier Struillou, and Assem Soueidan. "Current Data on Oral Peri-Implant and Periodontal Microbiota and Its Pathological Changes: A Systematic Review." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122466.

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The 5- and 10-year implant success rates in dentistry are nearly 90%. Prevalence of peri-implant diseases is 10% for peri-implantitis and 50% for peri-implant mucositis. To better understand these inflammatory pathologies of infectious origin, it is important to know if the composition of the peri-implant microbiota is comparable with the periodontal microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. New generation sequencing (NGS) is a recent metagenomic method that analyzes the overall microorganisms present in an ecological niche by exploiting their genome. These methods are of two types: 1

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44

Durgesh, Bangalore H., Santhosh Basavarajappa, Ravikumar Ramakrishnaiah, Abdulaziz A. Al Kheraif, and Darshan Devang Divakar. "A review on microbiological cause of periodontal disease." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 26, no. 2 (April 2015): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mrm.0000000000000041.

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45

Gemmell, E., C. L. Carter, D. N. J. Hart, K. E. Drysdale, and G. J. Seymour. "Antigen-presenting cells in human periodontal disease tissues." Oral Microbiology and Immunology 17, no. 6 (December 2002): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302x.2002.170609.x.

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46

Kornman, Kenneth S. "Sampling of micro-organisms associated with periodontal disease." Oral Microbiology and Immunology 1, no. 1 (February 1986): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.1986.tb00311.x.

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47

Slots, J. "Update on human cytomegalovirus in destructive periodontal disease." Oral Microbiology and Immunology 19, no. 4 (August 2004): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00143.x.

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48

Genco, Caroline A., Thomas Van Dyke, and Salomon Amar. "Animal models for Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated periodontal disease." Trends in Microbiology 6, no. 11 (November 1998): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01363-8.

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49

Nath, Sonia, Shaju Jacob Pulikkotil, Laura Weyrich, Peter Zilm, Kostas Kapellas, and Lisa Jamieson. "Effect of Periodontal Interventions on Characteristics of the Periodontal Microbial Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081582.

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Resumen

Our systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of periodontal interventions on the diversity and composition of periodontal microbiota assessed by high throughput sequencing (HTS) metagenomics analysis. An electronic search was conducted from database inception to November 2021. All clinical trials that evaluated the effect of periodontal interventions on the gingival microbiota through HTS were selected. The measures of alpha diversity, richness, Shannon diversity index, and the Chao1 index, were used as the primary outcome, whereas relative abundances of bacterial genera were considered

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50

Sosroseno, Wihaskoro, and Endang Herminajeng. "The immunopathology of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease." FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 10, no. 3-4 (February 1995): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695x.1995.tb00030.x.

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