Artículos de revistas: "Peripheral verbs"

1

Laws, Jacqueline y Boping Yuan. "Is the core-peripheral distinction for unaccusative verbs cross-linguistically consistent?" Chinese Language and Discourse 1, n.º 2 (10 de diciembre de 2010): 220–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.1.2.03law.

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This paper presents the results of an empirical investigation into the characteristics of unaccusativity in Mandarin by building on the gradient approach to split intransitivity (Sorace, 2000) and previous analyses of Mandarin within that framework (Liu, 2007). The study explores the acceptability of unaccusative verbs in the verb-subject construction with respect to their core-peripheral features. The results clearly demonstrate support for the gradient approach; however, some important departures from the patterns observed in Western European languages are noted. The analysis of variability between and within semantic categories reveals that verbs in certain peripheral categories exhibit behaviour more characteristic of core unaccusative verbs; conversely, some members of the core category Change of Location display characteristics more typical of peripheral verbs. A refined definition of peripheral verbs (true and pseudo) is proposed which has relevance for the cross-linguistic study of split intransitivity, and the unaccusative gradient for Mandarin is reformulated on the basis of stativity.

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2

Sivtseva, N. A. "Nuclear and peripheral means of expressing the category of beingness in Kulakovsky's poetic works in the algys (blessing) genre". Issues of National Literature, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2024): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2782-6635-2024-2-66-72.

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The article is devoted to the study of verbs of being in the Yakut language. The relevance of this article is justified by modern approaches to the study of the Yakut language as a system consisting of multi-level means of expression, in light of studying the first literary texts in the context of genre transformations. The study was carried out based on the texts of Alexei Kulakovsky, the first Yakut poet, founder of Yakut fiction, linguist, written in the genre of algys (blessing). The article presents the results of examining the verbs of being in the works of Kulakovsky in the genre of algys (blessing) as a set of interacting means according to the principle of functional-semantic grammar “center – periphery”. The hypothesis of the study is the idea of the presence of nuclear and peripheral means of expressing the category of beingness in the poetic works of Kulakovsky in the genre of algys (blessing). The study used a continuous sampling method when forming material from text and lexicographic sources, and a descriptive method with elements of statistical analysis. The article is the first to analyze verbs as nuclear and peripheral means of expressing the category of beingness in the poetic works of Kulakovsky in the genre of algys (blessing). It was established that basic verbs, combining a group of verbs with the semantics of causation of the beginning of existence, can be classified as nuclear means of expressing the category of beingness in the Yakut language. Other verbs, having in their semantic structure a meaning that goes beyond the designation of causation of the beginning of existence, in the context of the works considered, convey the situation of the onset of the beginning of an event or phenomenon. Based on the material of the reviewed works, such verbs represent peripheral means of expressing the category of beingness in the Yakut language

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3

Chertykova, M. D. "Peripheral verbs in the meaning of movement in the Khakass language: semantics and functioning". Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia 48, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2023): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2023-4-24-40.

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The article analyses the functionality and semantics of the Khakass expressive verbs being on the periphery of the lexico-semantic group of movement. These verbs are common for native speakers’ everyday speech and acquire the meaning of movement when used in a particular context. Their semantics is complex, with emotional, evaluative and figurative elements intersecting and overlapping with each other. The meaning of movement can be acquired in different ways. Firstly, verbs with the meaning of behavior can combine with verbs of movement. Secondly, polysemous verbs can be combined with dependent lexemes of locative semantics. Lastly, onomatopoeic verbs in secondary lexical and semantic versions can be formed by adding the forced voice affix -t-. All these functionalsemantic and grammatical properties contribute to the transition to the category of expressives denoting the subject’s figurative movement. Almost all verbs expressing the subject’s movement in their secondary lexical and semantic versions originate from verbs with neutral semantics. The expressiveness in certain word-formation and combinational models is lexically motivated, with a significant focus on imagery. Despite being frequently used, many of these verbs are missing in lexicographical sources, and for those that are listed, no information on their seme of “movement” is provided. The situation is complicated by contextual ambiguity of expressive words. Given that the abundance of expressive vocabulary in everyday conversation indicates a reliable native language proficiency and guarantees the preservation and development of the Khakass language, further lexicographic projects should take into account all the semantic and expressive nuances.

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4

Alkhelaiwi, Sahar. "Polysemous Verbs Break, Run, and Draw Within Prototype Theory From the Perspective of Saudi Learners of English". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 14, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2023): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1403.22.

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This paper attempts to explore the nature of polysemous verbs using a cognitive linguistic framework from the perspective of second-language (L2) users: specifically, English as a foreign language (EFL) students in a Saudi Arabian university context. Drawing on Pulman (1983), this analysis examines multiple senses of the verbs break, run, and draw using prototype theory and seeks to identify any semantic patterns in the priority accorded to the polysemous senses attached to each verb by the learner. A questionnaire with sentences as placeholders embodying different senses of each verb and a 4-point goodness-of-fit scale were prepared. The results of this study show that non-native learners of English (EFL learners) are aware that there is a semantic network of meanings for polysemous verbs, and that these meanings exist on a continuum from more central (about three to four senses for each verb, which could be considered core/generic meanings) to more peripheral (between one to three senses, which could be considered more specific meanings). Correlation analyses between learners’ perceptions of a verb’s polysemy and vocabulary size and years of learning English were performed, yielding few positive relationships, and those only weakly significant.

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5

Tyuntesheva, E. V. y O. Yu Shagdurova. "Analytical Verbs and Verb Idioms in Altai and Khakas (Compared to Other Languages)". Critique and Semiotics 37, n.º 2 (2019): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2019-2-345-360.

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In the following article, we analyze the verb-based analytical formations in Turkic languages, as well as the possible principles of distinction between analytical verbs and phraseological combinations. Both of these have fairly well-defined core elements that fully correspond to all typical markers of such constructions, as well as peripheral elements, where the components may be more or less loose. For example, in certain peripheral units, one may observe one or two, and sometimes even three, markers of word-groups (syntactic independence, permeability, and separateness); they are close to idioms, namely phraseological combinations. However, in many Turkic combinations which do not correspond to some principles of complex word distinction, the inner connection between their elements appears to be tighter than that in Russian phraseological combinations. This is particularly true for the formations including auxiliary verbs эт= / ит= and бол= / пол=, possibly due to their highly generalized semantics. In some cases, these constructions may be hard to distinguish. The main criterion of their distinction is the absence of several markers of complex words or phraseological combinations, as well as analytical type of meaning. In our article, we analyze the transitional cases between analytical verbs, phraseological combinations, and idioms. We also analyze an important trait of phraseological combinations, namely their ability to carry lexical-grammatical, word-formative and paradigmatic meanings (as noted by V. G. Gak) which are not expressed by individual words that serve as their synthetic parallels (denoting phases of action and genus relations). This function is performed by the partially desemantisized verb component, while the nominal component serves as the semantic key, the basic word. As our study shows, in various Turkic languages, the models of formation of analytical verbs and phraseological combinations are largely the same. In some cases, one may observe corresponding constructions with similar semantics and differing in mutual or similar components, meaning that these models are generally quite stable in Turkic languages.

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6

Viale, Greta, Andrea Briglia, Massimo Mucciardi y Anna Carlier. "To be or to have? That is the question". Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 10, n.º 3 (9 de mayo de 2024): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.346.

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For the first time, systematic research of auxiliary selection in Italian is proposed using corpus analysis and natural language processing (NLP). By combining these methods, we seek to find the most significant factors that influence the choice of auxiliary in intransitive verbs with double auxiliation. These verbs have often been studied in the literature (e.g., peripheral verbs [Sorace 2000]), but they have never been addressed in a comprehensive way (Giancarli 2015). The findings emphasize the most significant factors influencing the choice of ‘be’ or ‘have’ based on semantic, syntactic, and morphological aspects. On the basis of corpus analysis and statistical tools (CHAID and Random Forest) evidence, we propose the internal cause and the human trait as the possible factors useful in untangling the knot of auxiliary selection within Italian verbs with double auxiliation. This article also presents a reflection on semi-auxiliary verbs, a particular group of Italian verbs that operate as semi-auxiliary by being followed by an infinitive. For this group of verbs, we propose that auxiliary selection depends not only on the semantics of the verb or of the subject, but mainly on the auxiliary selection of the infinitive.

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7

Bak, Hadi. "Peripheral Means of Expressing the Meaning of Animate – Inanimate". Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-87-99.

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The study of the meaning of animate-inanimate cannot be limited to the consideration of isolated nouns, since the word always functions as part of a certain construction, as part of a certain context. The article deals with the manifestation of the meaning of animateness-inanimation in the semantics of pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

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8

Anderson, Cori. "Case theory and case alternations: evidence from Lithuanian". Baltic Linguistics 2 (31 de diciembre de 2011): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.425.

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This article examines accusative-instrumental case alternations in Lithuanian, which is limited to four semantic classes of verbs: verbs of throwing, verbs of moving body parts, verbs of making sound and verbs of dressing/wearing clothing. Traditional grammars (e.g. Ambrazas 2006) have claimed that there is no semantic difference between the two cases in these contexts, but I will show that there is such a difference, albeit a subtle one. This allows us to understand why this alternation is possible: there is a difference in event structure, resulting in a different interpretation of the argument. When the argument is affected, or changed, accusative is used, and when it is peripheral to the event, the instrumental is used. This has implications for Case Theory, which aims to explain Case licensing in structural terms. I will argue that if a different morphological case is licensed, there is a difference in structure. By expanding the vP into multiple heads representing the subevents of a single event, we can reduce the accusative/instrumental alternation to a difference in structure.

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9

Vinogradova, O., A. Viklova y K. Pospelova. "Verbs of falling in English language: corpus data and typology". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 115–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716103.

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The paper presents the results of the studies carried over the group of English verbs with the meaning of falling. The research goals included classification of the lexical meanings, both direct and metaphorical, rendered by those verbs, on the basis of the analysis of the components of the situations put together in the special questionnaire. This was carried out together with native speakers of English, after which the collected set of examples was verified and expanded with searches in the big corpora of English speakers’ oral and written production available at the SketchEngine platform. Besides being a great source of extracting lexical meanings, Sketch Engine also provided the data and the statistics for the analysis of collocational behaviour of the verbs in question used with different subjects of falling. The scope of application of the umbrella verb fall and the distribution between it and its two rivals — drop and fall down — was in focus of the three corresponding sections in the paper, while the range of peripheral verbs of falling with all the comparative analysis of their lexical features formed one more section. Separately from the verbs conveying the direct meanings of falling, metaphoric shifts in the meanings of these verbs made up the content of section 6. Based on the findings presented in the previous sections, the conclusions regarding the concept of falling in English are discussed in the last part of the paper. The research confirmed that the verb fall is by far the most widely used in various contexts of falling. Whether used alone or combined with adverbial or prepositional particles, it covers the overwhelming majority of meanings of falling, both literal and metaphorical. Although drop proved to be the most frequent synonym of fall, there is a distribution of meanings between the two related to the nature of the subject and the intentionality of the action. As shown in the paper, the choice between fall and fall down appears to be determined by the trajectory of the fall and whether the typical position of the subject is vertical or not. Likewise, the distribution between fall off and fall down is conditioned by the trajectory, with the surface mentioned with the latter. Among the various peripheral verbs of falling, come and go — the most general verbs of movement — are also used in combination with down in specific cases of falling.

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10

Shigurov, Viktor Vasil'evich. "Indexation of modalation levels of finite verbs in peripheral zone of introductory-modal units". Филология: научные исследования, n.º 3 (marzo de 2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.3.30862.

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The object of this research is the linguistic mechanism of modalation in Russian language that produces lexical-semantic expressions of subjective modality of expression, and more extensively – of the text. Modalation is understood as a special type of functional and functional-semantic transposition of linguistic units from different parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech semantic-syntactic classification of introductory-modal words and expressions. The subject of this research is the levels of correspondence of differential signs of linguistic unit (verb), explicating in typical context a certain level of separation from the initial class (A) and convergence with the derivative class (B), deferential signs of prototypical (nuclear) representatives of class A and class B. Methodological framework contains the research of Russian and foreign author on the theory of parts of speech and syncretism in grammatical structure of a language. For determination of gradual form of modalation of the finite forms of verbs, the study applies oppositional method that allows describing on the scale of transitivity the different stages of their functional and functional-semantic transposition into the introductory-modal units. The index number calculation of correspondence of modalates to prototypical (nuclear) verbs and introductory-modal words and expressions is conducted using the indexing method. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that this work is firs to carry out indexing of correspondence of the peripheral deverbative modalates (“it is said”) to prototypical finite verbs (“are saying”) and prototypical devebative introductory-modal units (“perhaps”). As a result, it is established that in periphery zone of introductory-modal words and expressions, the modalate “it is said” shows 72% congruence (similarities and differences) with nuclear finite verbs (“are saying”) and 54% to nuclear deverbative introductory-modal words (“it seems”, “perhaps”).

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11

Kashkin, E. y Daria Mordashova. "Polysemy and grammaticalization of verbs of throwing: evidence from Hill Mari". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 494–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716115.

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The paper deals with verbs of throwing in Hill Mari (Finno-Ugric). The data were collected in fieldwork mainly by elicitation, as well as by analyzing the corpus of transcribed oral narratives. First of all, two dominant lexemes of this semantic field are taken into account. These lexemes display clear differences in their Aktionsart properties. The differences between the lexemes with regard to a number of parameters previously proposed in typology are investigated, their relevance is evaluated. New parameters for their opposition are put forward. In addition, the article discusses the peripheral verbs of adjacent semantic fields (destruction and distribution in space). The correlations between more general distributive semantics of the peripheral lexemes and their semantic content in the contexts of throwing are considered. Special attention is paid to the grammaticalization of dominant verbs of throwing in complex verb constructions and to the analysis of their distributional constraints. Both the similarities between the constructions (participant with a semantic role of Patient, semantics of destruction) and the diff erences between them (constraints on plurality) are studied. Data on complex verb constructions are also discussed in the light of the cross-linguistic variation in the semantic shifts typical of the domain under consideration

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12

Zaslansky, Matthew. "The Turkic middle voice system: deponency and paradigm reorganization". STUF - Language Typology and Universals 76, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2023): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2023-2007.

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Abstract The goal of this paper is to recharacterize the distribution of two suffixes in Common Turkic, the reflexive -(I)n and the reciprocal -(I)š. Despite having quite distinct sources (the former as a suffix employed in the derivation of intransitive verbs, the latter a plural marker), these two suffixes have fallen into a somewhat overlapping distribution in the modern Turkic languages. They share a range of middle-like functions, and so they are characterized here as a bipartite middle voice system. Many of these functions have become peripheral, however, and the system increasingly consists of a class of verbs with deponent paradigms.

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Mosina, Natalya M. y Yulia S. Paksyutkina. "Semantics of verbs of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages". Finno-Ugric World 12, n.º 1 (18 de mayo de 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.01.012-019.

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Introduction. The article studies the semantics of Erzia and Finnish verbs of auditory perception. It considers the meanings of some of the most vividly expressing polysemy of audio verbs and verb constructions. The problem associated with the study of the semantics of the verbs of auditory perception is very relevant. The absence of special works on the topic of the research, as well as its insufficient research in comparative terms, adversely affects the development of lexicology and word formation of Finno-Ugric languages. Materials and methods. The authors employed verbal units that have common semantics of auditory perception in modern Erzia and Finnish languages. They are isolated from the explanatory dictionaries of these languages and examined using descriptive, component and comparative methods. Results and discussion. Given the affinity of the Erzia and Finnish languages, this article classifies the lexical-semantic group on the basis of a semantic characteristics to identify nuclear lexemes in the composition of the verb group, as well as to describe peripheral units. In the course of the analysis it was possible to establish that as a result of polysemy, the verbs and verb constructions of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages can be a part of several synonymous series. Conclusion. Taking into account the semantic characteristics of verbs and verbal constructions of auditory perception, systematization made it possible to determine a number of nuclear auditory units based on material from distant languages. The study showed that the verbs of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages have common semantics, and allowed us to identify a number of universal meanings, as well as various semantic nuances in both languages.

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14

Lavrinets, Оlena. "Paradigm of passive constructions in the Ukrainian translation of the Bible by Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)". Ukrainska mova, n.º 2 (2021): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2021.02.048.

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This paper investigates how passive constructions are used in Filaret’s translation of the Bible from Standard Russian (Russian Synod’s translation, 2002) into Ukrainian, not from biblical languages, e.g., Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. It specifically argues the nuclear position of the Ukrainian passive constructions paradigm formed by passive constructions with predicative participles in -nyi, -tyi, circumnuclear position of constructions with predicative forms in -no, -to, and peripheral position of constructions with passive verbs in -sia. Ranking of passive constructions with predicative participles over constructions with forms in -no, -to neutralizes syntactical peculiarities of Ukrainian, i.e., a focus on predicativity in finite verb forms and forms in -no, -to. The peripheral status of passive verbs in -sia shows a positive tendency for Filaret’s translation of the Holy Writ to distance from the Russian translation succeeded to passive constructions with predicative participles from Old Church Slavonic. The Ukrainian translation is often marked by active constructions (a mononuclear or two-member sentence) which are the authentical feature of the Ukrainian syntax. Simultaneous synonymous usage of active and passive constructions, particularly in the same environments, however, is largely triggered by a lack of distinction between syntactical peculiarities of Ukrainian and Russian, and, therefore, provides a syntactical variety. In the Ukrainian translation, usage of active constructions and different types of passive forms almost always intersects with the Russian Synod’s version. Keywords: Ukrainian translation of the Bible, paradigm of passive constructions, constructions with predicative forms in -no, -tо, constructions with predicative participles in -nyi, -tyj, sentences with passive verbs in -sia.

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15

Reznikova, Tatiana. "Verbs of hiding: A typology of systems". Voprosy Jazykoznanija, n.º 4 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2022.4.66-94.

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The article examines the lexicalization of the semantic domain of hiding from a typological perspective. Prototypically, hiding assumes that the subject puts the object out of sight of some other person. This event may however be colexifi ed with situations that deviate from the prototype in one way or another, e.g., by having a non-canonical object (an abstract entity instead of a concrete thing, cf. ‘to hide one’s thoughts’) or a non-canonical purpose (protecting the object from external impact instead of concealing it from someone’s view, cf. ‘to hide the face from the sun’). Based on the data of 28 languages, we first compare the core verbs of hiding. The cross-linguistic variation in their meanings constitutes a basis for a typological classifi cation of lexical systems in the hiding domain. Second, we turn to peripheral verbs of the field and show that they frequently come from adjacent semantic zones, e.g., those of covering, removing or keeping in a certain place. This pattern can be traced both in a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. The use of these verbs with reference to hiding events calls into question the traditional notions of semantic field and metonymic shift.

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Akter, Mohammed Zahid. "Argument indexation on verbs in Pangkhua and South Central Tibeto-Burman (Kuki‑Chin)". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 47, n.º 2 (8 de octubre de 2024): 284–317. https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00022.akt.

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Abstract Both Pangkhua and South Central languages exhibit an elaborate indexation of arguments on verbs. Pangkhua shares many of the characteristics of argument indexation with other languages in South Central while showing a relatively more innovative pattern in this domain (verbal argument indexation). In South Central, major tendencies of argument indexation include the loss of archaic patterns in mostly Central languages as opposed to Northwestern and Peripheral languages, the retention of archaic forms in mostly negative constructions, and the relatively higher complexity in 1st person and 2nd person argument indexation than in 3rd person. There is a notable affinity between a few Central and Peripheral languages in the grammaticalization of directional markers as argument indexes. This affinity in specific functional domains indicates the likelihood of language contact at a post proto-SC period.

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17

Mosina, Natalya Michailovna y Nina Valentinovna Kazaeva. "SEMANTICS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION VERBS IN THE ERZYA-MORDVIN AND FINNISH LANGUAGES". Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, n.º 1 (2 de abril de 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2021-15-1-23-33.

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The subject of this paper is visual perception verbs in the Erzya-Mordvin and Finnish languages from the point of view of their semantic characteristics in comparison. Depending on the leading role of the sensory system, which, along with the visual system, plays a major role in perception, one distinguishes between auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory perception. This verbal group has a sensuous level of interrelations. Being verbs of perception, they are aimed at objects that have physical characteristics, whereas many of them are focused on the perception of concepts. In this regard, the verbs of perception develop a polysemy that goes in different directions. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative study of the lexical level of the Erzya-Mordvin and Finnish languages, which will allow us to tackle some theoretic aspects of Finno-Ugric linguistics in the future. The problem associated with the study of the semantics of perception verbs, or perceptual activity, is of relevance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to describe the structure of the semantic field of verbs of one aspect of perception, namely the visual one: to determine the nuclear and peripheral verbal units using the material of the languages under study; to describe the system of meanings of verbal lexemes in the Erzya and Finnish languages, to analyze the polysemy of the studied verbal group in each of the above languages; to reveal additional semantic connotations in verbal lexemes; of particular interest is also the comparative study of the specifics of expression of the same semantic meaning in the context of far-related languages, in this case, Erzya and Finnish.

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18

Kholkina, L. y Si Qiang. "Verbs of falling in modern Chinese". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 898–942. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716128.

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This paper deals with verbs of falling in modern Chinese within the framework of lexical typology. The core and peripheral lexemes are described in detail, the structure of disyllabic lexemes is analyzed. A description of the structure of the semantic fi eld in Chinese and summary tables reflecting the verbs characteristic of each of the basic frames are proposed. Based on the analysis of the semantics of disyllabic lexemes and the monosyllables forming them, three types of semantic relations are distinguished: disjunction, intersection and mixed. Within the disjunction type the meaning of the disyllabic item coincides with the meaning of one of the components: for 掉落 diàoluò, 洒落 sǎluò, 降落 jiàngluò, 坠落 zhuìluò, 滴落 dīluò the meaning of the whole lexeme is equivalent to the meaning of the first component, for 坍塌 tāntā — of the second component. Within the intersection type the meaning of the disyllable is the intersecting part of the values of monosyllables. E.g., 倒 dǎo covers the frames “falling of a vertical object” and “destruction of a vertical object”, 塌 tā — “destruction of a vertical object”, “falling of the supporting surface”, “falling of the ceiling”, “collapse of mountains and coasts”, and 倒塌 dǎotā — only “destruction of a vertical object”. In the mixed type the value of the disyllable does not coincide with the value of monosyllables. It is also concluded that disyllabic lexemes, in contrast to monosyllabic ones, tend to be used in written language and are rarely used in colloquial language. Monosyllabic lexemes often express both direct and figurative meanings, disyllables tend to either direct or figurative meaning.

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19

Goryacheva, I. y O. Chuikova. "The verbs of falling in Spanish". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716107.

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The paper deals with the verbal lexemes used to express the semantics of falling in Spanish. Falling is understood as uncontrolled downward movement without contact with any surface during the movement. The study also deals with different parameters of falling, such as the initial point, the final point, distance, speed, etc. which influence the lexification of falling events. The paper analyzes only direct uses of verbal lexemes used to express the semantics of falling in Spanish. The frame-based approach is applied to the analysis of lexical values and lexical units capable of describing a number of prototypical situations for falling following the principles and methods of the Moscow Lexical Typology Group. Main sources of language material for the study include the “Falling” questionnaire, the dictionary of Spanish Royal Academy, Spanish-Russian dictionaries, as well as Spanish language corpora. The analysis shows that Spanish language is a dominant system with the verb caer(se) as the basic verb of falling. The study found out that several lexemes compete with the dominant verb in certain contexts. An attempt is made not only to denote the intersection points of the dominant verb of falling and other verbal lexemes serving a given semantic sphere, but also to define their functional distribution. At the same time, the cases of the combined use of the dominant verb caer(se) and the competing lexemes are considered, when the dominant verb states directly the fact of the fall of the object onto the surface, and the competing lexemes describe the fall itself: falling out of the container, slipping etc. Moreover, in some situations of falling (such as the falling of homogeneous objects or the turnover of an upright container) specialized verbal lexemes tend to be used instead of the dominant verb. A number of peripheral incidence situations are characterized by lexemes whose direct meaning does not contain a semantic component of falling.

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20

Qiang, Si y L. Kholkina. "Verbs of falling in Chinese: diachronic approach". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 943–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716129.

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The paper demonstrates the possibilities of the diachronic approach in the study of lexical systems on the material of verbs of falling. The diachronic analysis of one particular zone (loss of vertical orientation), which in modern Chinese is covered by a single lexeme 倒 dǎo ‘to fall (of a vertically oriented object)’, highlights an additional semantic parameter “direction of falling”: cf. 仆 pū ‘to fall forward’ and 偃 yǎn ‘to fall backward’. The analysis of historical changes in the combinability of the verb 落 luò ‘to fall’ explains the frequency of this component in complex words, and demonstrates that in written language it shows amazing stability: 落 luò in its original meaning (‘to fall (of leaves / flowers)’) has been used in literary monuments for almost three thousand years. At the same time, its peripheral frames undergo significant changes. This makes diachronic research a source of valuable information about the significance and relative proximity of frames, which can be used while building semantic maps, and in the long term, contribute to the identification of new patterns in the historical development of vocabulary. In addition, diachronic studies in vocabulary may also indicate a connection between two diff erent semantic fi elds, when lexemes in the process of historical development move from one fi eld to another (‘turn over’ and ‘fall’ in our case). Thus, diachronic approach in lexical typology proves its eff ectiveness both in tracing back the historical changes in one particular zone, and in the study of compatibilityof one particular lexeme in different historical periods

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21

Чертыкова, Мария Дмитриевна. "PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS IN SEMANTICS OF BASIC PERCEPTIVE VERBS КÖР- «LOOK» AND ИС- «LISTEN» IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE". Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, n.º 3(29) (14 de diciembre de 2020): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-3-80-91.

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В статье анализируется семантическая структура базовых перцептивных глаголов кöр- «смотреть, видеть» и ис- «слушать» в хакасском языке. В частности, выявляются и описываются не отраженные в словарных интерпретациях периферийные компоненты их семантики, которые формируются соотношением грамматических и семантических элементов. Установлено, что рассмотренные базовые перцептивные глаголы хакасского языка представляют периферийную часть концептуализации зрительного и слухового восприятий, которая обладает семантическими, ассоциативными и когнитивными особенностями. Грамматические же показатели уточняют и добавляют определенные оттенки в семантику глагола. Соотношение грамматических и содержательных компонентов в семантической структуре глагола кöр- «смотреть, видеть» систематизируется в синтаксических конструкциях, передающих оценочно-характеризующие высказывания со стороны говорящего (кöрдек анны… «посмотрите-ка на него / на нее…»). Как вводное слово данный глагол формирует конструкции, выражающие опасение, предостережение от негативной ситуации; наказ с оттенком категоричности; угрозу и предупреждение о том, что говорящий готов ответить на нежелательные действия противника. Раскрытие соответствующих грамматических и содержательных форм в структуре глагола ис- «слушать» нами не зафиксировано. Однако значительно реже, чем глагол кöр- «смотреть, видеть», он может вводить конструкцию, описывающую перцептивную ситуацию или факт, являющийся достоверным убеждающим аргументом говорящего в своей правоте. Наиболее часто глаголы кöр- «смотреть, видеть» и ис- «слышать» часто употребляются в форме призывов к зрительному и слуховому восприятию. Таким образом, рассмотренные базовые перцептивные глаголы хакасского языка представляют собой периферийную часть концептуализации зрительного и слухового восприятий, которая обладает семантическими, ассоциативными и когнитивными особенностями. The article analyzes the semantic structure of the basic perceptual verbs кöр- «look, see» and ис- «listen» in the Khakass language. In particular, peripheral components of their semantics that are not reflected in dictionary interpretations, which are formed by the ratio of grammatical and semantic elements, are identified and described. It is established that the considered basic perceptual verbs of the Khakass language represent the peripheral part of the conceptualization of visual and auditory perceptions, which has semantic, associative and cognitive features. Grammatical indicators clarify and add certain shades to the semantics of the verb. The correlation of grammatical and meaningful components in the semantic structure of the verb кöр- «look, see» is systematized in syntactic constructions that convey evaluative statements on the part of the speaker (кöрдек аны…). As an introductory word, this verb forms constructions expressing fear and caution from a negative situation; punishment with a touch of categorical; threat and warning that the speaker is ready to respond to unwanted actions of the enemy. The disclosure of relevant grammatical and meaningful forms in the structure of the verb ис- «listen» is not fixed by us. However, much less frequently than the verb кöр- «look, see», he can introduce a construct that describes a perceptual situation or a fact that is a reliable persuasive argument of the speaker being right. Most often, the verbs кöр- «look, see» and ис- « listen; hear» are often used in the form of appeals to visual and auditory perception. Thus, the considered basic perceptual verbs of the Khakass language represent the peripheral part of the conceptualization of visual and auditory perceptions, which has semantic, associative and cognitive features.

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22

KORSHUNOVA, ANASTASIA S. y NINA V. LAGUTA. "MEANS OF REPRESENTING TEMPORALITY RELATIONS IN JOURNALISTIC WRITING (BASED ON LOCAL INTERNET NEWS SITE)". Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, n.º 2 (2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_2_57_70.

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Features of human perception of time are reflected in the language and participate in forming a coherent picture of the world of particular language speakers. The category of time in the Russian language can be represented by various language means. This work presents a description of grammatical and lexical means expressing temporality in journalistic writing. During the study, tense-aspect forms of verbs and participles were identified as the major grammatical means to express temporality. The main lexical means included nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs with the semantics of time. As a result, we were able to conclude that grammatical means are the central means of expressing the category of time. However, they are not always able to objectively represent the category of time due to the fact that the meaning of a verb form in Russian largely depends on the context. Therefore, lexical means are the peripheral part of the functional-semantic field of time that specify its central part - the grammatical category of time.

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23

Okhrimenko, V. "SENSE STRUCTURE OF MODAL UNITS “SEMBRARE” AND “PARERE” (IN ITALIAN)". PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, n.º 33 (2018): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2018.33.09.

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The article focuses on the appropriateness of quantifying information in the microtext of functioning of the modal units “sembrare” and “parere” in Italian. Being the nucleus and forming modal structures together with adjoined components, modal units “sembrare” and “parere” determine quantifying of information in the microtext. The modal structure is formed by adjoined components according to the regularity rules in the near-nuclear zone (components combined with modal verbs “sembrare” or “parere”) and the near-peripheral zone (components used in the modal sentence with “sembrare” or “parere” or in adjacent sentences). These modal units preserving the liaison with their inner form possess semantic implicatures of non-definitiveness. Being perceptive predicates, which is a prototypical function of “sembrare” and “parere”, these modal units combine in the pre-nuclear zone with lexical units of perceptive and emotive semantics as well as with Italian modal markers of trustworthiness “davvero” and “proprio”. Such contexts are characterized by subjectocentric parameters: unity of space, time, subject and a fragment of reality of sensory perception being an object of modal evaluation sensory perception with obstacles or emotional state of a subject as an entity without denotation. The modal structure is formed during the fusion of the nucleus (Italian modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere”) with pre-nuclear zone (lexical units of perceptive or emotive semantics as well as with modal markers of trustworthiness “davvero” and “proprio”). The combination of modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere” with perceptive predicates “sentire”, “vedere”, “udire” reveal the phenomenon of obligatory grammatical pleonasm. The context of actionality and the context of evaluation are not typical for the microtext of functioning of Italian modal verbs “sembrare” or “parere”. While the modal verbs are used in such types of context, the microtext is characterized by use in the near-nuclear zone of lexical units that verbalize quasireality that is impossibility or improbability of real state of affairs confronting to the state of affairs from the point of view of a subject of modal evaluation. Such confrontation of the real and the imagined being in accordance with semantic implicatures of non-definitiveness of Italian modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere” correlates with diversity of evaluation, use of disjunctive connectors, sense relations of contradictority between microtext segments. The use of “sembrare” and “parere” in the contexts of actionality and evaluation is the maximum distance from the prototype that is usually marked with the Subjunctive Mood. Italian modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere” can be also used as epistemic predicates. Being epistemic predicates, which is a non-prototypical function of “sembrare” and “parere”, these modal units combine in the pre-nuclear or nearperipheral zone with lexical units of epistemic semantics that reveal privative epistemic state of a subject of modal evaluation such as “non sapere”, “essere incerto”. Such contexts are characterized by the following parameters: interruption of unity of space, time, subject and a fragment of reality of modal evaluation, diversity of time of event and modal evaluation, reliance on deduced knowledge, privative epistemic state of a subject, influence of emotional state of a subject on identification of causal relationships. The use of the modal operator “infatti” in the near-peripheral zone causes disappearing of non-definitiveness. The use of approximators in the nearnuclear zone preserves non-definitiveness meanwhile the use of quantors and markers of epistemic necessity causes diminishing of non-definitiveness.

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24

Herbst, Thomas. "A valency model for nouns in English". Journal of Linguistics 24, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1988): 265–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011804.

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The distinction between complements and peripheral elements, which is made in valency theory, applies not only to verbs and adjectives but also to nouns (cf. Matthews, 1981: 231–233), as is shown by examples such as the following: (1a) You will not find many signposts to Exeter on Dartmoor, (1b) You will not find many signs for Exeter on Dartmoor. (2a) He presented his arguments against the proposal at the meeting. (2b) He presented his objections to the proposal at the meeting.

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Smirnitskaya, A. "The lexicalization of ‘falling’ and ‘throwing’ semantic fields in Tamil". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 859–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716127.

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The paper examines the lexicalization of contiguous semantic fields — FALLING and THROWING — in Tamil. The data obtained from native speakers as well as from dictionaries and written sources is considered. Lexical units of FALLING semantic field are investigated with the help of a questionnaire developed within the project and used for all the papers of this volume. The THROWING semantic field is less described. Our research is based on the questionnaire worked out in [Ivtushok 2015] which is adapted to Tamil data. Related with quasi-causative bond, these fields demonstrate different semantic strategies of their lexification. The FALLING field is organized as a strongly dominant zone, while the THROWING field is covered by three main verbs and several more peripheral ones. The main lexeme describing the semantics of FALLING in Tamil (the dominant verb of the field) is viẓu. It is supported by a number of verbs with considerably restricted meanings: pey (“rainfall” and other natural phenomena), utir (‘falling of leaves and similar objects’), koṭṭu (‘loss of teeth, hair’), citaṟu (‘falling with scattering in different directions’), cintu (‘uncontrolled downward movement of liquids, including liquid drops’), naẓuvu (‘falling with slipping’) and some others. In the THROWING semantic field the main verbs er̠i (‘to throw with an eff ort to the target’), vīcu (‘to throw with less effort as a wide sweeping movement’) and pōṭu (‘to throw from a short distance with accuracy’) are also accompanied by peripheral ones, like ey (‘to throw a light object’, ‘to launch, as an arrow’), ir̠ai (‘to scatter a multiple object to the sides, as to sow grain’). In addition to THROWING frames suggested in [Ivtushok 2015], such as “throwing at a target”, “throwing up”, “throwing down”, “multiple object throwing”, “throwing inside a container” etc., the paper proposes some new frames describing this semantic field in regards to Tamil data, such as ‘throwing at a target with resistance overcoming’ or ‘throwing with a wide, sweeping movement without overcoming resistance’.

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26

Vlasov, Sergei V. y Dmitrii G. Demidov. "The category of prichastodetie (Gerundivum) in the Russian literary language of the 18th century (a case study of the works of the Siberian cycle by A. N. Radishchev)". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, n.º 2 (2023): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/83/17.

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The artificial, at first glance, and peripheral category of prichastodetie (Gerundivum) (special nominal forms of the verb in -teln-) dynamically turns into the category of state, adverbs, adjectives, discursive words, prepositions, preserving its traces in its meaning of verbal action and a separate subject of action. Discovered by M. Smotritsky and described by other scholars, the prichastodetie experienced a boom in its development in the 18th century, accompanied by the lexicalization of the most common word forms. The process of formation and further lexicalization of the grammatical forms in question (“passing to the rank of qualifying adjectives,” according to Vinogradov) is rather similar to how participles are formed from verbs and transformed into adjectives and adverbial participles into adverbs. The difference is not in the quality but in the degree of productivity. The metaphorization of the verb meaning, its transfer from the physical to the emotional, and, more broadly, to the spiritual sphere facilitates the transformation of Russian “gerundives” into qualifying adjectives. The increased use of Russian “gerundives” formed from verbs of specific semantics in scientific and technical language strengthens their direct semantic link with the verb and prevents them from losing the meaning of verbal action. The prichastodetie is on the periphery of the morphological system of the Russian language and interacts with its system of word formation. The development of the category of prichastodetie is analyzed using the National Corpus of the Russian Language and the works of the Siberian cycle of A. N. Radishchev.

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Colleman, Timothy y Bernard De Clerck. "Accounting for ditransitive constructions with envy and forgive". Functions of Language 15, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2008): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.15.2.02col.

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This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the English verbs envy and forgive in the ditransitive argument structure pattern [Sbj V Obj Obj]. Since the ditransitive construction is often associated with a basic ‘transfer of possession’ meaning in existing analyses of its constructional semantics, the occurrence of verbs like envy and forgive in this pattern is quite exceptional and has often been treated as an idiosyncratic use (see e.g. Green 1974, Goldberg 1995, Croft 2003). This paper adds to the etymological explanations traditionally offered to account for such cases (see Goldberg 1995) by presenting a complementary and semantically-driven account. It will be shown that although ditransitives with envy and forgive are obviously peripheral members of the class of ditransitive expressions, these uses are not semantically unmotivated. In this paper we will establish synchronic semantic links between the concepts of envying and forgiving and the central ‘possessional transfer’ meaning of the ditransitive and further elucidate them on the basis of a multidimensional approach to the semantics of grammatical constructions (Geeraerts 1998, Colleman 2006). On a higher plane, this semantic explanation underscores the feasibility of Goldberg’s polysemy approach to ditransitive semantics.

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Okhrimenko, Valeria. "Sense Structure of Modal Units “Probabilmente” (“Probabile”, “Probabilità”) (in the Italian Language)". PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, n.º 39 (2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2021.39.09.

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The article focuses on appropriateness’s of quantifying of information in microtext of functioning of modal units “probabilmente” (“probabile”, “probabilità”) in the Italian language. Modal units probabilmente” (“probabile”, “probabilità”) determine quantifying of information in microtext beeing nucleus and forming modal structures together with joined components. The modal structure is formed by joined components in according to the regularity rules in the pre-nuclear zone (components combined with modal units probabilmente” (“probabile”, “probabilità”) and the near-peripheral zone (components used in the modal sentence with these modal units or in adjacent sentences). The modal units “probabilmente” (“probabile”, “probabilità”) beeing prototypes of the modal meaning of epistemic probability serves as marker of modal evaluation of probability by epistemic vector based on precedent or background knowledge. The sense structure of “probabilmente” (“probabile”, “probabilità”) spread in microtext reflects measuring approach to reality made by subject of modal evaluation. In their pre-nuclear zone are used quantors, approximators, existential predicate, verbs of action semantics “avvenire”, “accadere”, “succedere”, causative connectors. The near periphery zone is characterized by sense relations of associativeness and causality between parts of modal annunciation. In their near periphery zone are used causative connectors of consequence “perché”, “poiché” and mental predicates of point of view “credere”, “supporre”. Verbs of action semantics “avvenire”, “accadere”, “succedere”, “provare”, “argumentare” are combined with verbs of processual mental activity “spiegare”, “capire”. Such parameters of microtext as spread of perceptive, emotive, volitive, evaluative vectors are not determined because there is no explicit contradiction between situational information and precedent or background knowledge of the subject of modal evaluation. The modal units “poco probabile” (“poco probabilmente”, “poca probabilità”) are markers of diminishing of grade of probability by epistemic, volitive and evaluative vector; microtext usually verbalizes partial contradiction between subjective idea and real situation. The using of quantor “poco” in their pre-nuclear zone that determines low grade of epistemic probability make these modal units to be modal structures and causes parameters of microtext to be more determined in comparison with prototypical modal units. In such case volitive and evaluative vectors of microtext are often verbalized and contain binary causal antonymic structures. In the near periphery zone are used lexical units meaning incapacity, fallacy of proofs, unsuccess, uncontrollability, negative evaluation. The modal units “molto probabile” (“molto probabilmente”, “moltа probabilità”) are markers of increasing of grade of probability by epistemic, volitive and evaluative vector; microtext usually verbalizes concordance between subjective idea and real situation. The using of quantor “molto” in their pre-nuclear zone that determines high grade of epistemic probability make these modal units to be modal structures. In such case volitive and evaluative vectors of microtext are often verbalized and contain binary causal complemental structures including information about proofs of modal evaluation of the point of view of probability. In their near periphery zone are used verbs of choose (“scegliere”, “optare”, “preferire”) often in Conditional Mood, lexical units meaning effectiveness and positive evaluation. The volitive vector of microtext beeing verbalized contains information about capability, effectiveness, advisability. The evaluative vector of microtext beeing verbalized contains lexical units of positive evaluation and Conditional Mood. The annunciations with modal units containing high degree of probability express epistemic state of the subject of modal evaluation that approaches to knowledge. The hypothesis introduced in such annunciation has tendency to be proved and is based not on a precedent or background knowledge but on a system of values.

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Bagirokova, I. y D. Ryzhova. "Verbs of falling and their argument structure in Circassian languages". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 723–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716122.

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This paper describes the semantics of falling in Adyghe and Kuban Kabardian from a typological perspective. The analysis is based on corpus data, accompanied by the results of elicitation. Although they represent the same Circassian branch of the Northwest Caucasian family, Adyghe and Kabardian still demonstrate some differences in the way their predicates of falling are lexicalized: while in Adyghe we have a distributive system which includes special lexical means for different types of falling (verbal root -fe- for falling from above, wəḳʷerejə- for losing vertical orientation, -zǝfor detachment, and verbs from adjacent semantic domains such as -we- ‘beat’ for destruction), there is only one dominant (-xwe-) and several peripheral predicates in the Kabardian language. What is peculiar about these languages, when compared to the available typological data, is that the parameter of orientation to the initial (Source) vs. final point (Goal) of movement is of special importance in lexicalizing cases of falling. In Circassian languages, simultaneous surface expression of Source and Goal of movement within a clause is prohibited for morphosyntactic reasons, and the lexemes denoting falling are divided into Source- vs. Goal-oriented ones. For some verbal roots, this orientation is an intrinsic semantic property (cf. -zǝ- which is always Source-oriented); in other cases, it is marked with specifi c affi xes (cf. a locative combination je-…-xǝ ‘down’ which marks re-orientation to the Source of falling of the initially Goal-oriented Adyghe verb -fe-). Thus, our analysis of the material may not only help to contribute to the general typology of falling but may throw light on such a phenomenon in cognitive linguistics as the emphasis on the fi nal point of movement in opposition to the initial point, also known as goal bias

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Кашкин, Егор Владимирович. "Verbs of Falling in the Tatyshly Udmurt Language". Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, n.º 3(41) (15 de noviembre de 2023): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2023-3-35-46.

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Рассматриваются глаголы падения (ср. в русском языке упасть, рухнуть, опрокинуться, грохнуться и др.) в татышлинском говоре удмуртского языка (периферийно-южный диалект, южное наречие). Ранее это семантическое поле системно не рассматривалось на удмуртском материале. Работа ведется в рамках фреймового подхода к лексической типологии, предполагающего описание семантики лексем путем анализа их сочетаемости. Результаты сопоставляются с выводами типологического проекта о глаголах падения, а также ряда частноязыковых статей. Данные собраны в полевых условиях методом анкетирования носителей языка (перевод предложений с русского языка на удмуртский, оценка правильности и интерпретация предложений на удмуртском языке). Дополнительно привлечены материалы словарей и корпусов удмуртского языка. В центре внимания находятся прямые употребления рассматриваемых лексем. Выявлены основные семантические противопоставления в зоне падения, релевантные для исследуемого идиома. Во-первых, это регулярная типологически оппозиция между падением всего субъекта с высоты и сменой вертикального положения на горизонтальное. Во-вторых, в татышлинском говоре отмечается особая категоризация падения, сопровождающегося разрушением субъекта (что также характерно для многих языков). В-третьих, имеется специальный набор лексем, описывающих перемещение жидкостей и сыпучих веществ. Проанализированы их семантические характеристики, также их связь с контекстами падения множественного субъекта и ограничения на употребление в этих контекстах. В первую очередь глаголы перемещения веществ описывают падение множественных субъектов небольшого размера, тогда как с наименованиями субъектов большего размера сочетаются базовые лексемы. В-четвертых, любопытно наличие отдельной лексемы, описывающей падение субъекта (как одушевленного, так и, что менее ожидаемо типологически, неодушевленного) лицевой стороной вниз, что связано с теоретическим понятием фасадности. Наконец, проанализированы пересечения поля падения со смежными семантическими полями разрушения, вращения и некоторых других типов перемещения, сформулированы семантические признаки, которые могут способствовать классификации значения падения и других перечисленных значений. The article deals with verbs of falling (cf. in English: fall, drop, plummet, plunge, nosedive) in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language (southern variant, peripheral-southern dialect). This domain has not yet been systematically studied based on Udmurt language material. The study relies on the frame-based approach to lexical typology, which proposes to describe semantics through collocation analyses of lexemes. The results are compared with the conclusions of the typological project and several language-specific articles on verbs of falling. The data were collected mainly by surveying native speakers (translation from Russian into Udmurt, evaluation and interpretation of sentences in Udmurt). Data from the Udmurt dictionaries and corpora are also considered. We analyze the main semantic oppositions in the domain of verbs of falling in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language. First, it is the opposition between falling from above and changing from a vertical to a horizontal position. Second, a special verb for falling involves a subject’s destruction (typical of many languages). Third, there are a number of lexemes describing the movement of liquids and granular substances. We discuss their semantic properties, their connection to the falling of multiple subjects, and the constraints on their use in the latter contexts. Verbs of substance motion refer mainly to the falling of multiple small subjects, while larger subjects require dominant verbs of falling. Fourth, a special lexical item denotes the falling of a subject (either animate or, what is typologically curious, inanimate) onto its front. Finally, we discuss contiguity between the domain of falling and other domains (destruction, rotation, and other types of motion). The semantic reasons for colexification are formulated.

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Odiegwu, Nancy Chiagolum. "Radial Representations of the Semantics of Reduplicative Constructions in Nigerian Pidgin (Naija)". Cognitive Semantics 9, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2023): 442–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10057.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to account for the functions of reduplication Nigerian Pidgin in a more comprehensive way than in previous work, by shifting the focus away from de-contextualized assignments of unitary meaning, and toward a full range of context-sensitive readings. The data for the study come from Wazobia fm radio programmes, as well as interviews and focus group discussions with native speakers of the language. Reduplication is attested in word classes such as ideophones, adverbs, numerals, adjectives, nouns, verbs and pronouns in Nigerian Pidgin. Using a version of the prototype theory elaborated by Lakoff and other Cognitive linguists, I represent the various readings of reduplicative constructions for each word class as radial categories, and show that both central and peripheral meanings are attested, and are indeed motivated by varying degrees of family resemblance.

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32

Dovalil, Vít. "Morphosyntaktische Variation in Verbalkomplexen des Verbs lassen und der Modalverben im Infinitiv II. Eine Analyse aus der Perspektive von Zentrum und Peripherie". Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 46, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2018): 102–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2018-0006.

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Abstract This paper deals with a morphosyntactic variable of German verb clusters containing a full verb and an infinitive perfect of the verb lassen or of modal verbs (gelassen haben, gekonnt haben). The corpus-based analysis draws upon the concept of center and periphery as it was developed by the Prague School. The main research question underpinning the synchronic analysis concentrates on the use of the IPP (infinitivus pro participio equivalent to the German term Ersatzinfinitiv) and the word order of the auxiliary verb within the cluster. In total, there is empirical evidence for four variants in which this variable is realized. Two of them fully correspond to the system of German infinitive constructions (full verb + gelassen/gekonnt haben, or haben + full verb + IPP lassen/können). However, these systemic constructions are used (much) less frequently in contemporary written German than the other two constructions (past participle of full verb + haben + lassen/können, or full verb + haben lassen/können). Whereas the former ones can be counted to the center of the German infinitive system from the structural point of view, the latter ones are classified as peripheral, because they are not derivable from the rules of this system. In spite of that, the paper explores one of identifiable epicenters within the periphery of the system, arguing with the highest frequency and further regularities of the third type of the construction (past particple of full verb + haben + lassen/können). The structural analysis takes the functional equivalency of subordinate clauses and the corresponding infinitive constructions into consideration. This contributes to better clarification of both morphology and word order of the elements creating the analyzed verb clusters.

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33

Chernyukh, Nadiya. "NOMINATIVE FIELD OF THE CONCEPT JOY IN PLAUTUS’ COMEDIES". Studia Linguistica, n.º 19 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.19.158-165.

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The article considers the means of nomination of the emotional concept JOY and their place in the formation of the eponymous concept sphere in Plautus’ comedies. The means of direct nomination of this concept are formed from the base gaud- noun gaudium and the verb gaudere, which are dominant (63 %), derivatives from the base laet-: noun laetitia, the adjective laetus and the verbs laetari and laetifico (25 %), which form the core of the concepts’ sphere. The nuclear zone is manifested by the adjective hilarus (hilaris) borrowed from the Greek language and its derivatives (hilare, hilaritudo) (12 %), as well as the noun voluptas (13 %). Peripheral are the means of secondary nomination, which actualize the concept of JOY in the appropriate context. The context at the macro level, which is the main criterion in the absence of other markers, plays an extremely important role in the implementation of the analyzed concept.

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34

Otani, Yuka. "A Study of the Compound Verbs of '～つく' and '～つける' - Focusing on the Characteristics of Peripheral Usage -". Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 83 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2019.12.83.45.

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Torchynska, Nataliia. "Verbalization of indirect speech in the epistolary discourse of Lesya Ukrainka". Philological Review, n.º 2 (5 de diciembre de 2021): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.2.2021.246093.

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The article deals with the specifics of constructions with indirect speech in the epistolary of Lesya Ukrainka in terms of the structure of syntactic units and semantics of introductory verb tokens. In addition, attention is drawn to the syncretism of constructions with indirect speech, due to the peculiarities of the epistolary style. In the process of expressing opinions, Lesia Ukrainka used various forms of transmission of another’s speech, including indirect speech and its peripheral version – free indirect speech, the design and structure of which differs from indirect. Compound sentences with an explanatory part and complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, representing homogeneous subordination or consecutive subordination, are quantitatively predominant in constructions with indirect speech. Sentences-microtexts, built on the schemes «text – the author’s words – indirect speech», «text – the author’s words – indirect speech – text», «author’s words – indirect speech – text» are the next group. Sentences with double indirect speech, where the thoughts of one speaker, which testified by introductory verbs, or two speakers, or sometimes several, are highlighted separately. Indirect speech in letters is introduced using verbs of speech and thinking or their equivalents. Among the neutral verbatives-introductory words that represent live speech, the most productive are the tokens to speak, to think, to write, and among the implicit introductions – to be afraid and to hear. In addition, a number of implicit tokens that introduce indirect speech into the epistolary are highlighted. Thus, the epistolary style, although it has a number of common features with colloquial and artistic speech, but in the field of representation stands out among others with a bright set of linguistic means.

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36

Lavrinets, Оlena. "Structural and semantic specificity and dynamics of the performance of passive constructions in the modern Committee Ukrainian". Ukrainian Linguistics, n.º 48 (2018): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/48(2018).152-167.

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The issuer content and status of passive voice paradigm in the system of Ukrainian, hierarchy and both – structural and semantic – features of its constituents are still a disputable question. Committee Ukrainian guidelines and reference books, dated by the first decades of the ХХІ century, were the resources of material for this research. Without regard to comparative free development of standard Ukrainian after getting of independence by Ukraine the paradigm of passive voice, that was substantial reviewed in the newest grammatical researches, has the transformation in a modern scholastic, and also in the in modern committee Ukrainian: it’s nexus is formed by constructions with verbs on -ся ending and periphery – with predicative forms on -но, -то ending and by participles on -ний, -тий ending. Choice of passive or active construction type depends mainly on tastes of compilers of professional editions in modern committee Ukrainian, which does not distinguish the syntactic peculiarities of standard Ukrainian and Russian. Substantial advantage of constructions with verbs on -ся above active constructions and other types of passive constructions in the modern standards of documents is the part of history of committee Ukrainian, and it is high time for it to fall off the edge of the earth. Two-part constructions with predicative forms on -но, -то must occupy a central part in the paradigm of passive voice. Their impersonal value predetermines their prevalence in those documents, where attention is concentrated on completion of action and its result, but not on a performer. In documents, where a role of a performer or an action is pulled out on the first plan matters timelessness, active constructions as specific feature of Ukrainian syntax must prevail. Peripheral performance of constructions with predicative participles on -ний, -тий in committee Ukrainian depends not on language sense of specialist, but on the flavour of the constructions meaning – specifically, the establishment of permanent regularity of action or state continuing. Decision of problem of “ideal” correlation of active and passive constructions, explaining of their usage in modern committee Ukrainian, taking into consideration their structural and semantic specific will help to return the national originality to Ukrainian and, in particular, will provide the continuation of folk traditions in the performance of its inherent grammatical models.

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Marovska, Vera. "On the Traditional Lexical Semantic and Grammatical Semantic Features of the Parts of Speech". Journal of Bulgarian Language 70, PRIL (8 de marzo de 2023): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.70.23.pr.03.

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The paper presents an overview of the traditional differentiation among the major parts of speech. I place emphasis on some lexical semantic and grammatical semantic features mentioned in passing in the existing definitions as peripheral and insubstantial which may in fact form the basis for a new linguistically, logically and philosophically more adequate classification of the words classes in natural language. The major parts of speech are defined as mental concepts denoting a different number of semantic components: 1 for nouns, cardinal numbers and adverbs; 2 for adjectives and ordinal numbers; 4 for verbs. It is the semantic microelements that de-termine the number and type of morphological categories of the different parts of speech. The main criterion for the existence of a part of speech is for it to possess at least one morphological category that differentiates it from all others (a necessary corrective is the existence of at least a few simple, primary words within each part of speech).

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38

KOLIBABA, Larysa y Valentyna FURSA. "UKRAINIAN NATIONALLY MARKED MODELS OF VERBAL GOVERNMENT". Culture of the Word, n.º 97 (2022): 194–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x-2022.97.18.

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The article offers materials that reveal the national specificity of verbal government in the Ukrainian literary language. Investigating lexicographic sources for more than 100 years – from the end of the 19th century to the first two decades of the 21st century, we looked after, that they fix different models of verbal government for the same verbs. Divergences of a few types are noticed: parts of the governments, present in lexicographic sources of the end of the 19th century – of the first third of the 20th century, in the dictionaries of 40–80 years and later there are not in general, part of them limits in use with the help of stylistic remarks заст., діал., рідко, рідше, and yet part of the variant models is changed placed and on the first place the general are put common with Russian language. The comparison of lexicographic sources of different time periods made it possible to compile the register of Ukrainian nationally marked models of verbal government that tested to ideological pressure in Soviet times. Depending on the degree of limitation of these models in the use (partial or complete) two varieties are distinguished among them: 1) peripheral, or forgotten; 2) lost. Such models of verbal government are qualified as peripheral, or forgotten, which in their essence are specific Ukrainian forms of grammatical connection, however in the language practice of the 40–80th of the 20th century they were artificially forced out to the periphery of linguistic usage. Models of verbal government that is fixed in dictionaries 20–30th of 20th century are lost, while they are not found in the lexicographic sources of the Soviet era, because for ideological reasons they were replaced by grammatical forms common to the Russian language. They are not presented in the latest dictionaries. The restoration of these governments became possible to a large extent thanks to the availability of the vocabulary heritage of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century for reader public.

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39

Чернюх-Мацієвська, Надія. "НОМІНАТИВНЕ ПОЛЕ СУБКОНЦЕПТУ ΜΑΝΙΑ В ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКІЙ МОВІ". Inozenma Philologia, n.º 137 (22 de noviembre de 2024): 235–45. https://doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2024.137.4504.

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The article focuses on the analysis of the nominative fi eld of the sub-concept ΜΑΝΙΑ in the Ancient Greek language, which is one of the components of the macro-concept DISEASE, covering the entire complex of signs which characterize abnormal human behavior. For the completeness of the analysis, a number of methods were used, in particular, the descriptive one, the method of conceptual, etymological and component analyses, and linguistic modeling. As a result of the study, it was estab lished that the mentioned nominative fi eld is monocentric with a clearly defi ned core and paranuclear and peripheral zones. The core consists of the lexemes formed from the root μαν- (μανία, μανικóς, μαίνομαι together with composi tes), which are the most frequent ones and most fully realize the “lack of mental adeq uacy” sema. The lexeme μανια is a term commonly used both in medical texts and in the texts of other genres. In various contexts, it denotes extreme and excessive behavior and mental disorders. The paranuclear zone includes lexemes which characterize various deviations from the norm and differ from the keyword-name of the concept in shades of meaning. As a result of the semanti c analysis, the lexemes were divided into four microfi elds: 1) “inadeq uacy of thinking and actions” (ἀβελτερία, ἀλογιστία, ἀεσιφροσύνη, ἀλλοφρονέω, etc.); 2) “state of aff ect” (ἀδημονέω, δαιμονάω, λύσσα, μαργότης, ἔκστασις, ἔκστασις , etc.); 3) “exaltation” (βακχεύω and verbs derived from it, βάκχευσις, ἐνθουσιάζω, ἐνθουσίασις, etc.); 4) “morbid mental state” (παρανοέω, παράνοια, παραφροσύνη, φρενιτίζω, etc.). The paranuclear zone also includes the commonly used lexemes to denote disease (νόσος, ἀρρωστία, ἀσθένεια) specifi ed by the nouns φρήν, νοῦς, ψυχή. In the peripheral zone, the near and far periphery is distinguished. The fi rst includes words in which the “lack of mental adequacy” seme is secondary although motivated by the main lexical meaning (e.g., ἀάω, ἀνόητος, ἄλογος). The far periphery is represented by the lexemes which acquire close (or identical) to the semantics of the nuclear lexeme meanings only in a certain context; however, these meanings are not motivated by their basic lexical semantics, arising as a result of metaphorization or ellipsis (eg: ἄλη, ἐλλέβορος, πῦρ, λῆρος, παρακοπή, etc.). Key words: Ancient Greek language, nominative fi eld, sub-concept, lexeme, core, periphery.

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40

Herbeck, Peter. "On finite subject-to-object raising in Spanish". Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, n.º 1 (6 de mayo de 2020): 87–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5098.

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In this paper, we analyze inflected complements of perceptive, causative and permissive verbs in which the null subject is obligatorily co-referent with the matrix object antecedent. Even though these configurations have mostly received a control or a ‘pseudo-relative’ analysis in Spanish, we argue that the structure is best explained by means of finite ‘subject-to-object’ raising, which has been proposed for languages like Greek, Romanian, Japanese or Korean. The analysis will be argued to capture several intriguing properties of this configuration which have been noted in the literature, such as temporal anaphoricity, direct perception readings, obligatory co-reference, floating quantifiers, emphatic pronouns, and resumptive pronoun strategies. We argue that left-peripheral as well as temporal deficiency of the embedded clause has the consequence that the CP is not a strong phase and cannot legitimate structural nominative case, making A-movement out of the inflected complement possible. Finally, we discuss some related structures that point to the conclusion that ‘finite raising’ exists in the full-fledged pro-drop language Spanish.

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Moulton, Keir. "CPs: Copies and Compositionality". Linguistic Inquiry 46, n.º 2 (abril de 2015): 305–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00183.

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Finite clausal arguments differ from other arguments—and other CPs—in two fundamental ways: (a) they do not move leftward ( Koster 1978 , Alrenga 2005 , Takahashi 2010 , Moulton 2013 ) and (b) they may combine with nouns that do not accept arguments ( Stowell 1981 , Grimshaw 1990 ). I argue that finite clausal arguments are predicates of propositional content (type 〈e,〈s,t〉〉), following proposals in Kratzer 2006 , Moulton 2009 . They combine with nouns by Predicate Modification, explaining (b). In order to complement verbs, CPs trigger two type-driven leftward movements (CP-movement and remnant AspPfronting). I argue that the resulting configuration prevents further leftward movement of clausal arguments, explaining (a). Also derived are the right-peripheral position of CPs relative to arguments and the verbal complex in Germanic, freezing effects in the VP, extraction from and binding into CPs, and the similarities and differences among CP argument extraposition, heavy NP shift, and relative clause extraposition. More broadly, the proposal demonstrates that copies can denote restricted variables, but need not be DPs (cf. Fox 2002 , Takahashi 2010 , Johnson 2012 ).

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Kovylin, Sergei V. "Desiderative in the Laskino subdialect of the Narym dialect of the Selkup language". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, n.º 2 (2024): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/87/16.

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The paper discusses the phonetic and semantic features of the desiderative mood markers in the Laskino subdialect of the Narym dialect of the Selkup language. Consideration is also given to the cognates of the desiderative suffix -ndȥ(V)- as markers of imperfective and future tense that are not clearly separated in synchrony. The study reveals the distinction between the use of the derivational and inflectional suffix -ndȥ(V)-. The reason for this distinction is that imperfective verbs consistently indicate the imperfective aspect. However, the aspectual relationship of the verb in the future tense and desiderative mood depends on the aspect of the verb stem. Additionally, suffixes seem to retain partially the meaning of imperfectivity in inflection. Most examples in the Laskino subdialect have the suffix -ndȥ(V)- used to convey desire, with the indicator -l(e)- mainly expressing the future tense. The discussion also focuses on the distribution of the suffix -ndȥ(V)- as a marker of the imperfective/future tense/desiderative in the Southern and Central dialects. In Southern dialects, the suffix -ndȥ(V)- is primarily utilized to convey the future tense. In Central dialects, the suffix -ndȥ(V)- serves to express desire and indicate the peripheral future tense, while the suffix -l(e)- is the main marker of the future tense. The identification of the suffix -(e)ndȥ(V)- as an indicator of imperfectivity in the Southern and Central dialects (excluding the Sondrovo subdialects, where it was absent) demonstrated a relatively limited occurrence, suggesting its peripheral usage.

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Russkikh, Alina A. y Sofia A. Oskolskaya. "Аддитивная частица в тюркских языках Поволжья". Oriental Studies 14, n.º 6 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 1325–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1325-1352.

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Introduction. The paper deals with the functions of the additive clitic =DA in three Turkic languages of the Volga-Kama Sprachbund: Chuvash, Tatar, and Bashkir. It aims to describe in detail the use of the clitic in the languages in question by way of analyzing typologically expected functions, as well as additional functions observed in the collected data, with special attention paid to those that have not been described before and on differences of its usage. Materials and methods. The analysis was based on a variety of source materials, including Chuvash data collected with elicitation during fieldwork (Maloye Karachkino variety) and Tatar (Mishar dialect), Bashkir (Kubalyak variety) data collected from published corpora of oral texts. Results. According to our data, the functions of the additive clitic =DA may be as follows: proper additivity, scalar additivity, formation of the concessive clauses, mirativity, conjunction, universal quantification, marking of the numerals with collective meaning, marking of indefinites, distributive plurality, usage in complex numerals and verbal constructions (complex verbs and serial constructions), and marking of contrastive topic and conjunctional adverbs. The most frequent contexts for the additive clitic are those of conjunction, slightly less numerous are proper additivity contexts and then mirative contexts, with universal quantifiers and indefinite pronouns. The discursive functions are least typical of the additive clitic in the languages under study, except for the Bashkir material. Also, its use in peripheral, conjunction-related, functions may be specific: Chuvash and Bashkir data (but not Tatar) include the examples of the clitic marking distributive plurality and of its use in complex numerals; then, Tatar and Bashkir data (no data for Chuvash) indicates the use of the particle as a part of complex verbs; and, finally, only Bashkir material includes serial constructions, with the additive clitic as an obligatory part. In all the other functions, the use of the additive clitic appears to be similar in the three Turkic languages of the Volga-Kama Sprachbund.

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Palma Gutiérrez, Macarena. "Verbs of cutting in the middle construction: Examining the compositional cospecification of patientive vs. Agent-instrument middles". ELUA, n.º 38 (19 de julio de 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/elua.21752.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine both prototypical Ergative-like middles (e.g. The cake cuts well) and their metonymically-motivated extensions, called Agent-Instrument middles (e.g. The saw cuts like a dream). The former incorporate as subjects patientive entities and the latter instruments. Both structures allow the incorporation of verbs of cutting, but they represent divergent portions of the action chain, and thus, they differ in the nature of their subject entities and their processes of compositional cospecification in terms of qualia structure. On the whole, on the basis of the prototype effects of the middle construction analysed here, they should be considered proper middles. This paper is based on a corpus study of contextualised examples (1700+) to examine their collostructional schema in the English middle construction (cf. Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003). Particularly, we explore the Verb + Adverb collocation found in middles by focusing on 29 predicates belonging to Levin’s (1993: 156) class of verbs of cutting, in combination with facility-/quality-oriented adjuncts (cf. Davidse and Heyvaert, 2007). Following a cognitive perspective, this paper examines the semantic roles of the subject referents analysed (patients and instruments), as well as their distinct processes of compositional cospecification as factors that contribute to the prototype effects of the middle construction. On the basis of corpus data, despite the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic common schemas found in prototypical Ergative-like middles and Agent-Instrument middles, the prototype effects of the middle construction highlight the divergent processes of compositional cospecification that these two types of middles follow. More specifically, a shift of semantic weight from a telic to a constitutive value occurs in Agent-Instrument middles, while there is lack of such a semantic shift in terms of qualia structure in prototypical Ergative-like middles with patientive subjects. Thus the middle construction cannot be considered as a discrete category of its own, but rather a prototype category (cf. Taylor, 1995; Hundt, 2007) that permits the accommodation of central and peripheral members. Consequently, in addition to the traditionally accepted structures in which the subject referent is a patientive entity, other less archetypal nominals can occur as middle subjects, particularly, instruments whose action affects implied and patientive entities.

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45

Krstic, Мaja. "Lexis of destruction in the Russian and Serbian languages". Juznoslovenski filolog 80, n.º 2 (2024): 141–55. https://doi.org/10.2298/jfi2402141k.

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The semantic category of destructiveness is one of the most important components of the general semantic system, which manifests itself - either explicitly or implicitly - in a qualitative and quantitative change in the structure of an object at the macro- and/or micro level through various (direct or indirect) specific actions, processes, states or relationships with strong negative connotations. It has its own linguistic status and its own lexical base (lexis of destruction). This category and its lexical stock occupy a significant place in the general classification of lexemes of the Russian and Serbian languages. The terms ?destruction? and ?destructiveness? almost always refer to negative, destructive actions, processes or phenomena. The main characteristics of destruction in the broadest sense include: change, deformation, disintegration of something; structural changes under the impact of various forces (physical, mechanical, spontaneous) or humans. The result of destruction is usually the destruction of something (partial or complete). The semantic field of destructiveness contains verbs at its core, and the peripheral part consists of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and other terminological vocabulary with destructive semantics. The central unit of such a verb-centric field is the verb destroy, which forms the semantic basis of many other lexemes in this category.

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46

Kashkin, Egor V. "TATYSHLI DIALECT OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF COLLECTIVE FIELD RESEARCH". Historical and cultural heritage 14, n.º 4 (2024): 446–54. https://doi.org/10.62669/30342139.2024.3.45.

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The article deals with the field project led by the author at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Philology), which is focused on the Tatyshly subdialect of Udmurt (Southern variety, Peripheral-Southern dialect). Information on the previous studies is summarized. The methodological principles of organizing expeditions and processing the results are discussed: the collective nature of field research and the associated distribution of tasks; taking into account not only the previous literature on the Udmurt language, but also the achievements of linguistic theory and typology; the techniques used for interviewing informants; the ratio of methods of questioning and text analysis. The article provides an overview of grammatical (analysis of nominal and verbal forms and categories, syntactic features of simple sentences and polypredicative structures) and lexical (semantics and distribution of feature and verb lexemes) plots analyzed during the expeditions. The author also gives the description of the corpus of texts prepared within the framework of the project. Several examples demonstrating the linguistic specificity of the Tatyshly subdialect are analyzed in more detail: verbs with a borrowed indicator of the causative (imperative voice), polypredicative constructions with an accusative subject, the widespread use of the verb position kә̑l'l'ә̑nә̑ ‘to lie’.

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47

Yamboliev, Irena. "SWINBURNE'S SEA-PROSE AND THE ANTI-NOVEL". Victorian Literature and Culture 45, n.º 2 (5 de mayo de 2017): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150316000619.

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Language can be made to revolt against its own instrumentality. That is the promise Algernon Charles Swinburne pursues in his unfinished novel Lesbia Brandon, composed in 1859–67 but not published until 1952. Early on in this work, we encounter a passage that perfectly showcases his peculiar and innovative prose style. It is a style that boldly invents its own mechanism of self-perpetuation, and, as it ramifies throughout the novel, turns the text into something other than a conventional narrative – a singular grammar of sensuous perception. The novel's young protagonist, Herbert Seyton, has rounded a corner of a coastal road and comes face to face with the sea. Lesbia Brandon is full of descriptions of the natural environment like this one. It is one of many moments in the novel in which characters encounter, experience, and merge with the seascape. These instances concatenate Swinburne's formal project throughout Lesbia Brandon, a project of translating forces that create patterns in the perceived world into models for prose. The resulting stylistic transformation extends not only to the figurative aspects of Swinburne's language but also to its grammatical and syntactic underpinnings, as peripheral, “accessory” elements become core shaping forces in the prose. This process is at work as Herbert rejoices in the sea-coast and all its enchantments: The long reefs that rang with returning waves and flashed with ebbing ripples; the smooth slopes of coloured rock full of small brilliant lakes that fed and saved from sunburning their anchored fleets of flowers, yellower lilies and redder roses of the sea; the sharp and fine sea-mosses, fruitful of grey blossom, fervent with blue and golden bloom, with soft spear-heads and blades brighter than fire; the lovely heavy motion of the stronger rock-rooted weeds, with all their weight afloat in languid water, splendid and supine; the broad bands of metallic light girdling the greyer flats and swaying levels of sea without a wave; all the enormous graces and immeasurable beauties that go with its sacred strength; the sharp delicate air about it, like breath from the nostrils and lips of its especial and gracious god; the hard sand inlaid with dry and luminous brine; the shuddering shades of sudden colour woven by the light with the water for some remote golden mile or two reaching from dusk to dusk under the sun; shot through with faint and fierce lustres that shiver and shift; and over all a fresher and sweeter heaven than is seen inland by any weather; drew his heart back day after day and satisfied it. (196-97; ch. 2) This description consists of just one sentence, containing 209 words and eleven semicolon-separated fragments. With its great length and accumulation of clauses alone, this passage announces that Swinburne's narrative practice will warp the dimensions of prose, stretching its habitual units, the sentence and the paragraph, beyond their usual span. This sentence is remarkable for its almost complete absence of verbs. Almost every one of its verbs (“rang,” “flashed,” “fed,” “saved,” “go,” “shiver,” “shift”) appears in a subordinate, defining clause that elaborates on the seascape's features. These verbs, for example, add specificity to the “long reefs” “that rang with returning waves and flashed with ebbing ripples,” point to the small lakes “that fed and saved from sunburning,” define the immeasurable beauties “that go with [the sea's] sacred strength,” and name the lusters “that shiver and shift.” At the sentence's conclusion, two predicates finally reveal its raison d’être in terms of plot: the wonders of the sea “drew his heart back day after day and satisfied it.” These are the events that motivate the description of the sea, but for most of the sentence's unfolding they are eclipsed, bowled over by the shimmering grammatical elaboration. Swinburne insistently adds adjectives to his nouns, singly and in multiples: “long reefs,” “returning waves,” “sharp slopes,” “small brilliant lakes,” “blue and golden bloom,” “sharp delicate air,” “dry and luminous brine,” “faint and fierce lustres.” Sometimes the adjectives are comparatives (“yellower lilies and redder roses”), and at others Swinburne piles adjectives all around a noun, surrounding it in a halo of modifiers, as in “the sharp and fine sea-mosses, fruitful,” “the hard sand inlaid,” and “sudden colour woven.” The adjectival imperative is so strong that it infiltrates and dilutes the verbs’ efficacy to signal action. In addition to the defining verbs (“that rang,” “that fed,” “that go,” “that shiver and shift”), two more verbs appear near the end of the passage in the form of the participles “girdling” and “reaching.” These do not name events but rather describe an enduring arrangement of “broad bands of metallic light” and a recurrent effect of water and light “reaching from dusk to dusk.” They, too, contribute to the adjectival mode that dominates this prose.

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48

Kolesnikova, S. M. "Axiological paradigm in the Russian picture of the world (based on F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel "The Brothers Karamazov")". Russian language at school 85, n.º 5 (18 de septiembre de 2024): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2024-85-5-91-101.

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The article defines the concept of "axiological paradigm" in its broad and narrow senses. Additionally, it considers axiological paradigm types, describes units with value-expressed content belonging to different levels. The characterisation of the anthropocentric paradigm of the conceptual field of the axiological paradigm is formed on the basis of the identified genetic semes and sense-making principles. They reflect the types of human relationships with reality and unreality and determine the boundaries of the core and peripheral zones of the field. Axiological meanings are conveyed primarily by verbs, nouns, and adjectives since these categories are the main expressors of the internal properties and semantic features of a particular conceptual field. Qualitative-quantitative differences in meanings are reflected both in the axiological paradigm and in the literary text: the creation of the lexical semantic field "Value", the use of linguistic units characterising material, intellectual, and spiritual values. The concepts "Faith", "Family", "Honour" dominate the linguo-cognitive axiological paradigm. They reveal the relationship between language, thinking, and communication. In the Russian picture of the world, the dominating moral and spiritual values not only convey the attitude towards God, but also become a qualitative characteristic of man. The analysis of the axiological paradigm in the Russian world picture is performed using the text of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel "The Brothers Karamazov". The narrator devotes his careful attention to the establishment of moral values, the religious and philosophical beliefs of the characters in the novel, as well as their relationships and conflicts which are based on these values.

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49

Andrade, Aroldo Leal de. "Construções causativas no português antigo e clássico: O scrambling e a emergência da marcação de caso excepcional". Revista de Estudos da Linguagem 23, n.º 1 (22 de mayo de 2015): 7–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.23.1.7-58.

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Resumo: Este texto tem um duplo objetivo: apresentar um quadro da variação e mudança envolvendo diferentes construções causativas no português antigo e clássico, a partir de um estudo baseado em corpus; e apresentar uma análise para a emergência da construção de marcação de caso excepcional no complemento de verbos causativos. Proponho, num quadro minimalista, que o licenciamento do causado na posição entre os verbos causativo e infinitivo surge a partir da reanálise de uma posição A’ na periferia do sintagma infinitivo, resultante de uma operação de scrambling. Até o final do português antigo, a construção não seria possível devido a uma correlação entre propriedade de “ordem livre de palavras” quanto à configuracionalidade discursiva e o alinhamento morfossintático inverso dos argumentos verbais no complemento infinitivo.Palavras-chave: Português antigo; Português clássico; Verbos causativos; Marcação de caso excepcional; Configuracionalidade discursiva.Abstract: This text has a twofold goal: to give a picture of variation and change involving different causative constructions in Old and Classical Portuguese from a corpus-based study, and to present an account for the emergence of the Exceptional Case Marking construction in the complement of causative verbs. I propose, in a minimalist framework, that the licensing of the causee in the position between the causative and the infinitival verb arises from the reanalysis of an A’ position at the periphery of the infinitival phrase, resulting from a scrambling operation. Until the end of Old Portuguese the construction would not be possible due to a correlation between the property of “free word order” regarding discourse configurationality and the inverse morphosyntactic alignment of the verbal arguments in the infinitival complement.Keywords: Old Portuguese; Classical Portuguese; Causative Verbs;Exceptional Case Marking; Discourse Configurationality.

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50

Grynko, L. V., O. O. Nihreieva y L. V. Shuppe. "MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF PROBABILITY IN MODERN SPANISH AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES". Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, n.º 2(47) (15 de enero de 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2021.2(47).245923.

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The article is dedicated to the study of the functioning of language means, which in the primary or secondary function are able to express the modality of probability in modern Spanish and Italian languages. We consider the category of probability as a kind of modal category both in terms of logical (epistemic) modality, functional grammar, and from the standpoint of the theory of linguistic communication. Probability as a kind of modality is one of the most common types of modality with a large gradation of semantic meanings - from complete ignorance to complete confidence. The range of language tools that can express this kind of subjective modality in Spanish and Italian seems vast. It is a functional-semantic category that combines different levels of language: modal adverbs, modal verbs, fixed syntactic constructions, forms of such moods as indicativo, subjuntivo, condicional in Spanish and indicativo, congiuntivo, condizionale in Italian, two forms of the future tense in both languages that are able to develop this modal meaning. All of them can interact with each other, reinforcing the studied modal significance. And so it is possible to express various gradation of probability. Due to the functional-semantic approach to the study of this category on the material of different languages, functional-semantic fields with central and peripheral zones were created. The structuring of these fields became possible due to the separation of primary and secondary probability modalities in the studied units. It seems that everything has already been said about this category, but a new round of interest in logical modality, adapting the concept of possible worlds to the category of probability, again raised the question of its content and caused the need to defend the fact that linguistic modality, although based on logical modality, does not identify with it.

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