Artículos de revistas: "Phlebotomine sand fly"

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WIJERATHNA, THARAKA y NAYANA GUNATHILAKA. "Phlebotomine sand flies (Psychodidae: Diptera) of Sri Lanka: a review on diversity, biology and bionomics". Journal of Insect Biodiversity 11, n.º 2 (13 de agosto de 2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2019.11.2.2.

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Phlebotomine sand flies are medically important insects widespread throughout the world and responsible for the transmission of several diseases to humans and other animals including leishmaniasis and sand fly fever. In Sri Lanka, a total of 22 species of sand flies belonging to two genera, namely: Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, have been recorded with 6 and 16 species, respectively. The current study reports a complete list of the species of sand flies reported from Sri Lanka with a review on global and local distribution, biology and bionomics of each species as per published literature up to June 2018. Keywords: Sand fly, distribution, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae

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Gaglio, Gabriella, Ettore Napoli, Francesca Arfuso, Jessica Maria Abbate, Salvatore Giannetto y Emanuele Brianti. "Do Different LED Colours Influence Sand Fly Collection by Light Trap in the Mediterranean?" BioMed Research International 2018 (27 de junio de 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6432637.

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Light traps represent the most used attractive system to collect and monitor phlebotomine sand flies. Recent studies have suggested that light traps can be easily upgraded by the use of light-emitting diode (LED) with positive effects on trap design, weight, and battery life. However, scant data on the effect of different LED colours on the attractiveness to phlebotomine sand fly species are available in literature. In this study, the capture performances of light traps equipped with different LED colours on phlebotomine sand fly species indigenous in the Mediterranean area were evaluated. Phlebotomine sand fly collections were performed using a classical light trap (CLT), equipped with a traditional incandescent lamp, and five Laika 4.0 light traps supplied, each with LED of different colours and wavelengths: (i) white; (ii) red; (iii) green; (iv) blue; (v) UV. Light traps were set for three consecutive nights fortnightly from May to October 2017 and climate data recorded using a meteorological station. A total of 411 phlebotomine sand flies (191 males and 220 females), belonging to three different species, namely, Phlebotomus perniciosus (n= 298, 141 males and 157 females), Sergentomyia minuta (n=110, 48 males and 62 females), and Phlebotomus neglectus (n=3, 2 males and 1 females) were collected. Abundance of capture was influenced by colours of LED and time. The highest number of phlebotomine sand flies was captured on June (P<0.01) and by UV LED (P<0.01). As regard to species, P. perniciosus was mainly captured by UV LED on June (P<0.01). No effect of time (P>0.05) or LED colour (P>0.05) was recorded for S. minuta and P. neglectus. According to the results of the present study light trap equipped with UV LED can represent an effective tool for the capture of sand fly species in the Mediterranean area.

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Alten, B., Y. Ozbel, K. Ergunay, O. E. Kasap, B. Cull, M. Antoniou, E. Velo et al. "Sampling strategies for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe". Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, n.º 6 (14 de agosto de 2015): 664–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000127.

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AbstractThe distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is widely reported to be changing in Europe. This can be attributed to either the discovery of sand flies in areas where they were previously overlooked (generally following an outbreak of leishmaniasis or other sand fly-related disease) or to true expansion of their range as a result of climatic or environmental changes. Routine surveillance for phlebotomines in Europe is localized, and often one of the challenges for entomologists working in non-leishmaniasis endemic countries is the lack of knowledge on how to conduct, plan and execute sampling for phlebotomines, or how to adapt on-going sampling strategies for other haematophagous diptera. This review brings together published and unpublished expert knowledge on sampling strategies for European phlebotomines of public health concern in order to provide practical advice on: how to conduct surveys; the collection and interpretation of field data; suitable techniques for the preservation of specimens obtained by different sampling methods; molecular techniques used for species identification; and the pathogens associated with sand flies and their detection methods.

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TELES, CAROLINA BIONI GARCIA, RUI ALVES FREITAS, ARLEY FARIA JOSÉ DE OLIVEIRA, GUILHERME MAERSCHNER OGAWA, EDICARLOS ANDRÉ CAVALCANTE DE ARAÚJO, JANSEN FERNANDES MEDEIROS, FELIPE ARLEY COSTA PESSOA y LUÍS MARCELO ARANHA CAMARGO. "Description of a new phlebotomine species (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) and new records of sand flies from the State of Acre, northern Brazil". Zootaxa 3609, n.º 1 (25 de enero de 2013): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.1.6.

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Groundbreaking studies of phlebotomine sand fly populations in Assis Brasil, State of Acre, Brazil, resulted in the collec-tion of 13 new records of phlebotomine sand flies and one previously undescribed species. Lutzomyia naiffi sp. nov. is described here. The new species is similar to Lutzomyia columbiana (Ristorcelli & Van Ty) in measurements and other morphological characters.

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Usman, M., A. J. Natala, I. D. Jatau, N. I. Ogo, E. O. Balogun, M. D. Lawal y A. Mahmuda. "Occurrence and monthly dynamics of phlebotomine sand flies in parts of Sokoto State, north-west Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 41, n.º 1 (25 de junio de 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v41i1.17.

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Phlebotomine sand flies are small tropical insects that have been implicated as vectors of several disease agents, including those responsible for the various forms of leishmaniasis. A study to determine the occurrence and monthly dynamics of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) was conducted in three Local Government Areas (Wamakko, Sokoto South and Kware) of Sokoto State, Nigeria between May-November, 2016. A total of 1260 flies were collected using modified sticky traps placed in the various biotope types (refuse dumps and sewage tanks). Two sand fly genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia were encountered. It was also observed that males account for 860(68.3%) while the total number of female specimens was 400(31.7%). More flies were captured in Wamakko LGA of the State with a total number of 757 samples (60.1%), followed by Sokoto South LGA with a total number of 503(39.9%). Refuse dumps harboured 1,149 flies (91.2%) more than sewage tanks with a total number of 111(8.8%). No flies were captured in Kware LGA. Sand flies were more abundant in the peak rainy season of August and September and less or absent in the dry months. It was observed that rainfall and relative humidity were essential meteorological factors that determined the occurrence of sand flies in the study area. This study confirmed the occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies and the possibility of Leishmania transmission in the study-area. Keywords: Occurrence; sand flies; Phlebotomus; Sergentomyia; Leishmania; Sokoto.

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Abbasi, Ibrahim, Artur Trancoso Lopo de Queiroz, Oscar David Kirstein, Abdelmajeed Nasereddin, Ben Zion Horwitz, Asrat Hailu, Ikram Salah et al. "Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, preferCannabis sativa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n.º 46 (29 de octubre de 2018): 11790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810435115.

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Blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit leishmaniasis as well as arboviral diseases and bartonellosis. Sand fly females become infected withLeishmaniaparasites and transmit them while imbibing vertebrates’ blood, required as a source of protein for maturation of eggs. In addition, both females and males consume plant-derived sugar meals as a source of energy. Plant meals may comprise sugary solutions such as nectar or honeydew (secreted by plant-sucking homopteran insects), as well as phloem sap that sand flies obtain by piercing leaves and stems with their needle-like mouthparts. Hence, the structure of plant communities can influence the distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis. We designed a next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based assay for determining the source of sand fly plant meals, based upon the chloroplast DNA gene ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL). Here, we report on the predilection of several sand fly species, vectors of leishmaniasis in different parts of the world, for feeding onCannabis sativa. We infer this preference based on the substantial percentage of sand flies that had fed onC. sativaplants despite the apparent “absence” of these plants from most of the field sites. We discuss the conceivable implications of the affinity of sand flies forC. sativaon their vectorial capacity forLeishmaniaand the putative exploitation of their attraction toC. sativafor the control of sand fly-borne diseases.

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PESSOA, FELIPE ARLEY COSTA, MARLISSON AUGUSTO COSTA FEITOSA, ELOY GUILLERMO CASTELLÓN-BERMÚDEZ, CLAUDIA MARÍA RÍOS-VELÁSQUEZ y RICHARD DOUGLAS WARD. "Immature stages of two species of Evandromyia (Aldamyia) and the systematic importance of larval mouthparts within Psychodidae (Diptera, Phlebotominae, Psychodinae)". Zootaxa 1740, n.º 1 (2 de abril de 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1740.1.1.

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Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella and several arboviruses. Sand fly taxonomy has been mainly based on adult morphological characters and few larval characters have been used. In this work the egg and all larval instars of Evandromyia carmelinoi (= Lutzomyia carmelinoi migonei group of authors) are described, as well as the fourth instar of E. lenti, two morphologically similar species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy were used to describe the species. The sand flies E. carmelinoi and E. lenti can be differentiated most readily by the antennae and the shoulder accessory b setae on the thoracic segments. Some information on the mouthpart morphology of Phlebotominae and Psychodinae that could be useful for future phylogenetic and systematic studies is also provided.

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Bino, Silvia, Enkelejda Velo, Përparim Kadriaj, Majlinda Kota, Gregory Moureau, Xavier de Lamballerie, Ani Bagramian, Remi N. Charrel y Nazli Ayhan. "Detection of a Novel Phlebovirus (Drin Virus) from Sand Flies in Albania". Viruses 11, n.º 5 (23 de mayo de 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050469.

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Phlebotomine sand flies are generalist vectors with significant implications for public health. They are able to transmit phleboviruses that cause sand fly fever, headaches, or meningitis in humans. Albania is a country in Southeast Europe with a typical Mediterranean climate which provides convenient conditions for the presence of sand flies. Hence, the circulation of phleboviruses, such as the Toscana and Balkan viruses, has been recently described in the country. We followed a virus discovery approach on sand fly samples collected in 2015 and 2016 in seven regions of Albania, with the aim to investigate and characterize potentially circulating phleboviruses in phlebotomine sand flies. A presumed novel phlebovirus was detected in a pool consisting of 24 Phlebotomus neglectus males. The virus was provisionally named the Drin virus after a river near the locality of Kukës, where the infected sand flies were trapped. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Drin virus is closely related to the Corfou (CFUV) virus, isolated in the 1980s from Phlebotomus major sand flies on the eponymous island of Greece, and may also be involved in human infections because of its similarity to the sand fly fever Sicilian virus. The latter justifies further studies to specifically address this concern. Together with recent findings, this study confirms that Albania and the Balkan peninsula are hot spots for phleboviruses.

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FARIAS, Emanuelle de Sousa, Ronildo Baiatone ALENCAR, Sílvia Brandão JUSTINIANO, Rui Alves de FREITAS, Luiz de Souza COELHO, Claudia María RIOS-VELÁSQUEZ y Felipe Arley Costa PESSOA. "The genital atrium armature of some Brazilian sand fly females (Diptera: Phlebotominae)". Acta Amazonica 45, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201305694.

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Phlebotomine sand flies are insects of medical importance. Species in the Neotropical region are highly diverse. Some of these species are considered cryptic species because of their morphological similarity between adult females of different species make identification especially difficult. The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the armature in the genital atrium (AGA) of some adult female sand flies, in order to discover new taxonomic characters that make it possible to distinguish between species that would otherwise be treated as cryptic by analysis of the AGA. The AGA of 16 Phlebotomine sand fly species are described. Distinct differences were found in relation to the shape and size of the armature, the presence or absence of spines on the armature, and the shape, size, and grouping patterns of the spines. These characters made it possible to distinguish between the species studied.

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Ribeiro, José M. C., Edgar D. Rowton y Rosane Charlab. "Salivary amylase activity of the phlebotomine sand fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 30, n.º 4 (abril de 2000): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00119-8.

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Lopes, Josiane V., Erika M. Michalsky, Nathalia C. L. Pereira, Adão J. V. de Paula, Fabiana O. Lara-Silva, Rosana Silva-Lana, Consuelo L. Fortes-Dias, Leticia C. Pinheiro y Edelberto S. Dias. "Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n.º 5 (23 de mayo de 2019): 1368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz061.

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Abstract Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.

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CORDEIRO, DANILO PACHECO, KARINA KETHELEN SILVA DE AQUINO y VERACILDA RIBEIRO ALVES. "The Psychodidae (Diptera) of Jaú National Park (Amazonas, Brazil) with description of two new species of Psychodinae". Zootaxa 5032, n.º 2 (7 de septiembre de 2021): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.8.

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The Jaú National Park, located in the Amazon, is the largest National Park of Brazil and still its insect fauna is barely known. Herein we describe two new species of Psychodinae, Alepia iy sp. nov. and Parasetomima timmirima sp. nov., and report 19 other species of Psychodidae, subfamilies Phlebotominae, Psychodinae and Trichomyiinae collected from this Conservation Unit. Micrommatos Quate & Brown, represented by M. stephaniae Quate & Brown, and Platyplastinx culmosus Quate & Brown are recorded for the first time for Brazil. Among the collected phlebotomine sand fly species, three species have previously been implicated in transmission of Leishmania: Nyssomyia anduzei (Rozeboom), Psychodopygus ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho) and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira).

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Feitosa, Marlisson Augusto Costa, Genimar Rebouças Julião, Manoel Djalma Pereira Costa, Braulio Belém y Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa. "Diversity of sand flies in domiciliary environment of Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil: species composition and abundance patterns in rural and urban areas". Acta Amazonica 42, n.º 4 (2012): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672012000400008.

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This paper aimed to evaluate the richness, abundance and frequency of sand fly occurrence in rural and urban areas American visceral Leishmaniasis -AVL is endemic in the study area of Santarém municipality, Pará state. Sand flies were collected during 1995-2000, using CDC light traps placed in neighborhoods and rural areas of the municipality. A total of 53.454 individuals and 26 species of sand flies were collected. The most abundant species in both urban and rural environments was Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of AVL in the area. The highest species richness by capture was in rural area. In all years sampled, the largest number of species of sand fly collected was always in rural areas. The species of sand flies in urban and rural area were similar in 11 species. In the rural area other 11 species were found, a total of 22 species. Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.12 to 0.84 at rural areas and 0.08 to 0.34 at urban ones. In general, rural localities showed higher diversity (H') of phlebotomines than urban ones. Individual-based rarefaction curves for each area demonstrated that urban localities had the lowest expected number of phlebotomine species and the richest rural ones reach higher expected values with lower amount of individuals than urban sites. The most frequent species were Lutzomyia longipalpis, Evandromyia carmelinoi and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata.

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Telleria, Erich Loza, Andrea Martins-da-Silva, Antonio Jorge Tempone y Yara Maria Traub-Csekö. "Leishmania, microbiota and sand fly immunity". Parasitology 145, n.º 10 (20 de junio de 2018): 1336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001014.

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AbstractIn this review, we explore the state-of-the-art of sand fly relationships with microbiota, viruses and Leishmania, with particular emphasis on the vector immune responses. Insect-borne diseases are a major public health problem in the world. Phlebotomine sand flies are proven vectors of several aetiological agents including viruses, bacteria and the trypanosomatid Leishmania, which are responsible for diseases such as viral encephalitis, bartonellosis and leishmaniasis, respectively. All metazoans in nature coexist intimately with a community of commensal microorganisms known as microbiota. The microbiota has a fundamental role in the induction, maturation and function of the host immune system, which can modulate host protection from pathogens and infectious diseases. We briefly review viruses of public health importance present in sand flies and revisit studies done on bacterial and fungal gut contents of these vectors. We bring this information into the context of sand fly development and immune responses. We highlight the immunity mechanisms that the insect utilizes to survive the potential threats involved in these interactions and discuss the recently discovered complex interactions among microbiota, sand fly, Leishmania and virus. Additionally, some of the alternative control strategies that could benefit from the current knowledge are considered.

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Cohnstaedt, Lee W., Abraham G. Caceres, Leonard E. Munstermann, Cristina Ferro y Lorenza Beati. "Phylogenetics of the Phlebotomine Sand Fly Group Verrucarum (Diptera: Psychodidae: Lutzomyia)". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2011): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0040.

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Porter, Charles H. y David G. Young. "A New Species of Phlebotomine Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Guatemala". Journal of Medical Entomology 23, n.º 3 (30 de mayo de 1986): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/23.3.236.

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Bates, Paul A., Jerôme Depaquit, Eunice Galati, Shaden Kamhawi, Michele Maroli, Mary McDowell, Albert Picado et al. "Recent advances in phlebotomine sand fly research related to leishmaniasis control". Parasites & Vectors 8, n.º 1 (2015): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0712-x.

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Fernandez, R., F. Carbajal, B. Alexander y J. T. Need. "Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) pastazaensis, a new species of phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from the Peruvian Amazon". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 88, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1993): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761993000400001.

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Mestre, Gustavo Leandro da Cruz, Ana Lúcia Maria Ribeiro, Rosina Djunko Miyazaki, Jorge Senatore Vargas Rodrigues, Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida, Valéria Régia Franco Sousa y Nanci Akemi Missawa. "Phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2011): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000300010.

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infectious disease that can cause to a severe, potentially life-threatening chronic condition in humans. Risk factors for infection in urban areas have been associated with poor living conditions, the presence of sand fly vectors and infected pets. This study aimed to describe sand fly and canine infection in the neighborhoods of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, central-western Brazil, reported between January 2005 and December 2006. A total of 1,909 sand flies were collected. They were predominantly males and the most frequent species were Lutzomyia cruzi (81.25%), Lutzomyia whitmani (13.88%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (2.62%). The sand fly density was not significantly correlated with the variation of environmental factors. The prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the neighborhoods studied was 26.82% and it was found that areas with high density of vectors coincided with areas of high prevalence of dogs and those with the highest rates of human cases. The study of vectors and other potential hosts are essential for a good understanding of visceral leishmaniasis and the related public health concerns, aiming at the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State.

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Rebêlo, José Manuel Macário, Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes, Gustavo Barbosa Vieira Cruz, Joudellys Andrade-Silva, Maria Da Conceição Abreu Bandeira, Yrla Nívea Oliveira Pereira y Ciro Líbio Caldas Dos Santos. "Influence of Deforestation on the Community Structure of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Eastern Amazonia". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n.º 4 (19 de marzo de 2019): 1004–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz014.

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Abstract Variation in the structure of phlebotomine (sand fly) communities in forest fragments with different degrees of preservation and human occupation (peridomicile) in eastern Amazonia was studied. We identified 43 species of sand flies in our study, of which 38 occurred in both preserved forest areas and in the peridomiciles of short-term settlements, while another 28 species occurred in altered forest fragments and long-term settlements. The composition of the community at each site changed with the type of environment (forest or peridomicile), with the species Lutzomyia evandroi, L. whitmani, L. choti, L. serrana, L. triacantha, L. migonei, L. hirsuta, L. shannoni, and L. brachyphylla accounting for more than 54% of the differences among environments. The quality of the environment exerted a significant influence on the structure of phlebotomine communities, and affected their species composition, richness, and abundance.

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Andrade, Andrey José de y Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves. "New record and update on the geographical distribution of Pintomyia monticola (Costa Lima, 1932) (Diptera: Psychodidae) in South America". Check List 11, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2015): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1566.

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The phlebotomine sand fly Pintomyia monticola (Costa Lima, 1932) is recorded for the first time in Brasília, central-west Brazil. A review of the geographical distribution of the species in South America is presented, and its distribution is extended. The potential geographical distribution of P. monticola is predicted based on ecological niche modeling. Ecological aspects of this species are discussed.

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Menezes, Júlia Alves, Eduardo de Castro Ferreira, José Dilermando Andrade-Filho, Alessandra Mara de Sousa, Mayron Henrique Gomes Morais, Ana Maria Sampaio Rocha, George Luis Lins Machado-Coelho et al. "An Integrated Approach Using Spatial Analysis to Study the Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis in Area of Recent Transmission". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/621854.

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Some epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in the municipality of Formiga, Brazil, an important touristic site, were evaluated. Those included phlebotomine sand fly vectors, canine infection, and geoprocessing analysis for determining critical transmission areas. Sand flies (224 insects) belonging to ten different species were captured. The most captured species includedLutzomyia longipalpis(35.3%),Lutzomyia cortelezzii(33.5%), andLutzomyia whitmani(18.3%). A significant correlation between sand fly densities and climatic conditions was detected. Serological diagnosis (DPP and ELISA) was performed in 570 dogs indicating a prevalence of 5.8%. After sequencing the main species circulating in the area wereLeishmania infantumandLeishmania braziliensis. Spatial analysis demonstrated that vegetation and hydrography may be related to sand fly distribution and infected dogs. The municipality of Formiga has proven leishmaniasis vectors and infected dogs indicating the circulation of the parasite in the city. Correlation of those data with environmental and human cases has identified the critical areas for control interventions (south, northeast, and northwest). In conclusion, there is current transmission of visceral and canine human cases and the city is on the risk for the appearance of cutaneous cases.

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PEREIRA, ANTONIO MARQUES JÚNIOR, ERIC FABRÍCIO MARIALVA, GENIMAR REBOUÇAS JULIÃO, FELIPE ARLEY COSTA PESSOA y JANSEN FERNANDES MEDEIROS. "Survey of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Guajará-Mirim State Park forest reserve, near the Brazil-Bolivian border, with a description of Pintomyia fiocruzi, a new sand fly species". Zootaxa 4691, n.º 3 (31 de octubre de 2019): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4691.3.7.

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Rondônia State has been subject to a higher percentage of deforestation than any other Brazilian state in the Amazon basin. Rondônia’s protected forests are extremely important because their biodiversity attests to the species richness that has been lost to human encroachment. Phlebotomine sand flies are Leishmania vectors that have the potential to function as environmental bioindicators. A sand fly survey was conducted near the Brazil-Bolivian border, in a protected ombrophylous forest in Guajará-Mirim State Park, which is located between the municipalities of Guajará-Mirim and Nova Mamoré, in Rondônia State, Brazil. A total of 6,341 specimens were collected and 59 species were identified; the most abundant species were Trichophoromyia auraensis (Mangabeira), Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho) and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira). Additionally, a new sand fly species of the genus Pintomyia (Lima) was discovered and is described herein. This new species belongs to the Pifanomyia Ortiz & Scorza subgenus, Serrana group, and is characterized by parameres with a basal area that is clearly more dilated than the apical area. The high diversity and abundance of sand fly vectors observed in this study, such as Ny. antunesi, Th. auraensis and Th. ubiquitalis, indicate that these species are probable vectors within Rondônia State. In addition, the discovery of a new Pintomyia species increases the number of sand fly species in Rondônia to 136, which demonstrates that high sand fly diversity within the region holds great potential for yielding important new discoveries.

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da Silva, Apoliana Araújo, José Manuel Macário Rebêlo, Bruna Ferreira Carneiro, Maria Patrícia Pereira Castro, Mayara de Sousa de Almeida, Islana Silva Ponte, João Vitor Castro Aguiar y Francinaldo Soares Silva. "Exploiting the Synergistic Effect of Kairomones and Light-Emitting Diodes on the Attraction of Phlebotomine Sand Flies to Light Traps in Brazil". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n.º 5 (23 de mayo de 2019): 1441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz073.

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Abstract The synergistic effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and kairomones on the attraction of sand flies to light traps was evaluated. Octenol and lactic acid were used as chemical attractants. Green LEDs and the incandescent lamps were used as light attractants. Five CDC-type light traps with the respective combination of attractants (incandescent lamp, incandescent lamp + chemical attractant, green LED, green LED + chemical attractant, and chemical attractant alone [without light]) were set between 18:00 and 06:00 following a Latin square design. A total of 6,536 sand flies and 16 species were collected. The most frequent species collected was Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae) accounting for 43.21% of all individuals. Order of success (mean, SD) of lactic acid attractant fly capture was as follows: LED + lactic acid (36.83 ± 4.74), LED alone (34.87 ± 4.61), incandescent lamp + lactic acid (22.80 ± 3.19), incandescent lamp alone (12.67 ± 2.03), and lactic acid (0.46 ± 0.13). Order of success of octenol attractant fly capture was as follows: LED + octenol (37.23 ± 5.61), LED alone (35.77 ± 5.69), incandescent lamp + octenol (18.63 ± 3.28), incandescent lamp alone (14.67 ± 2.86), and octenol alone (1.80 ± 0.65). With exception of lactic acid + incandescent light, chemical synergists played no part in significantly increasing light trap capture of phlebotomine sand flies. However, the use of LEDs, with or without such attractants, provided significantly higher capture compared to the incandescent lamp with or without such chemicals, showing that LEDs are suitable and efficient light sources for surveillance and monitoring of phlebotomine sand flies in Brazil.

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Monteiro Tínel, Juliana Montezuma Barbosa, Melina Fechine Costa Benevides, Mércia Sindeaux Frutuoso, Camila Farias Rocha, Francisco Vassiliepe Sousa Arruda, Mayron Alves Vasconcelos, Francisco Nascimento Pereira-Junior et al. "A Lectin fromDioclea violaceaInteracts with Midgut Surface ofLutzomyia migonei, Unlike Its Homologues,Cratylia floribundaLectin andCanavalia gladiataLectin". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/239208.

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand fly. Susceptibility and refractoriness toLeishmaniadepend on the outcome of multiple interactions that take place within the sand fly gut. Promastigote attachment to sand fly midgut epithelium is essential to avoid being excreted together with the digested blood meal. Promastigote and gut sand fly surface glycans are important ligands in this attachment. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interaction of three lectins isolated from leguminous seeds (Diocleinae subtribe), D-glucose and D-mannose-binding, with glycans onLutzomyia migoneimidgut. To study this interaction the lectins were labeled with FITC and a fluorescence assay was performed. The results showed that onlyDioclea violacealectin (DVL) was able to interact with midgut glycans, unlikeCratylia floribundalectin (CFL) andCanavalia gladiatalectin (CGL). Furthermore, when DVL was blocked with D-mannose the interaction was inhibited. Differences of spatial arrangement of residues and volume of carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) may be the cause of the fine specificity of DVL for glycans in the surface onLu. migoneimidgut. The findings in this study showed the presence of glycans in the midgut with glucose/mannose residues in its composition and these residues may be important in interaction betweenLu. migoneimidgut andLeishmania.

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Muñoz, C., J. Risueño, P. Pérez-Cutillas, L. J. Bernal, J. M. Ortiz, R. Ruiz de Ybáñez, P. F. Sánchez-López et al. "Density assessment and reporting for Phlebotomus perniciosus and other sand fly species in periurban residential estates in Spain". Parasitology Research 120, n.º 9 (18 de agosto de 2021): 3091–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07270-0.

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AbstractGreen periurban residential areas in Mediterranean countries have flourished in the last decades and become foci for leishmaniasis. To remedy the absence of information on vector ecology in these environments, we examined phlebotomine sand fly distribution in 29 sites in Murcia City over a 3-year period, including the plots of 20 detached houses and nine non-urbanized sites nearby. We collected 5,066 specimens from five species using “sticky” interception and light attraction traps. The relative frequency of the main Leishmania infantum vector Phlebotomus perniciosus in these traps was 32% and 63%, respectively. Sand fly density was widely variable spatially and temporally and greatest in non-urbanized sites, particularly in caves and abandoned buildings close to domestic animal holdings. Phlebotomus perniciosus density in house plots was positively correlated with those in non-urbanized sites, greatest in larger properties with extensive vegetation and non-permanently lived, but not associated to dog presence or a history of canine leishmaniasis. Within house plots, sand fly density was highest in traps closest to walls. Furthermore, the study provides a guideline for insect density assessment and reporting and is envisioned as a building block towards the development of a pan-European database for robust investigation of environmental determinants of sand fly distribution.

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27

Morini, Silvia, Mattia Calzolari, Giada Rossini, Nadia Pascarelli, Andrea Porcellini, Vanda Randi, Maria Carla Re et al. "Detection of Specific Antibodies against Toscana Virus among Blood Donors in Northeastern Italy and Correlation with Sand Fly Abundance in 2014". Microorganisms 8, n.º 2 (21 de enero de 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020145.

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Toscana virus (TOSV) is a Phlebovirus transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and is an important etiological agent of summer meningitis in the Mediterranean basin. Since TOSV infection is often asymptomatic, we evaluated the seroprevalence in blood donors (BDs) in the Bologna and Ferrara provinces (Northeastern Italy)—the areas with the highest and lowest numbers of TOSV neuroinvasive cases in the region, respectively. A total of 1208 serum samples from BDs were collected in April–June 2014 and evaluated for the presence of specific TOSV-IgG by ELISA. The IgG-reactive samples were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) and by microneutralization test (MN). Serum samples were defined as positive for anti-TOSV IgG when reactive by ELISA and by at least one second-level test; TOSV seroprevalence was 6.8% in the Bologna province, while no circulation of TOSV was detected in the Ferrara province. Sand fly abundance in 2014 was also estimated by a geographic information system using a generalized linear model applied to a series of explanatory variables. TOSV seroprevalence rate was strongly associated with the sand fly abundance index in each municipality, pointing out the strong association between sand fly abundance and human exposure to TOSV.

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Hoel, D. F., G. E. Zollner, S. S. El-Hossary, E. Y. Fawaz, N. Watany, H. A. Hanafi, P. J. Obenauer y P. Kirsch. "Comparison of Three Carbon Dioxide Sources on Phlebotomine Sand Fly Capture in Egypt". Journal of Medical Entomology 48, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me11083.

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Jiménez, María E., Felio J. Bello, Cristina Ferro y Estrella Cárdenas. "Brain cell karyotype of the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar) (Diptera: Psychodidae)". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 96, n.º 3 (abril de 2001): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762001000300016.

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Lafri, Ismail, Lionel Almeras, Idir Bitam, Aurelia Caputo, Amina Yssouf, Claire-Lise Forestier, Arezki Izri, Didier Raoult y Philippe Parola. "Identification of Algerian Field-Caught Phlebotomine Sand Fly Vectors by MALDI-TOF MS". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2016): e0004351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004351.

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31

Feliciangeli, M. Dora, Olivar C. Castejon y Jorge Limongi. "Egg Surface Ultrastructure of Eight New World Phlebotomine Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology 30, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 1993): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.4.651.

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Lana, Rosana Silva, Érika Monteiro Michalsky, Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias, João Carlos França-Silva, Fabiana de Oliveira Lara-Silva, Ana Cristina Vianna Mariano da Rocha Lima, Daniel Moreira de Avelar, Juliana Cristina Dias Martins y Edelberto Santos Dias. "Phlebotomine Sand Fly Fauna andLeishmaniaInfection in the Vicinity of the Serra do Cipó National Park, a Natural Brazilian Heritage Site". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/385493.

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In the New World, the leishmaniases are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites ofLeishmania-infectedLutzomyia(Diptera: Psychodidae) phlebotomine sand flies. Any or both of two basic clinical forms of these diseases are endemic to several cities in Brazil—the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and the American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). The present study was conducted in the urban area of a small-sized Brazilian municipality (Jaboticatubas), in which three cases of AVL and nine of ACL have been reported in the last five years. Jaboticatubas is an important tourism hub, as it includes a major part of the Serra do Cipó National Park. Currently, no local data is available on the entomological fauna or circulatingLeishmania. During the one-year period of this study, we captured 3,104 phlebotomine sand flies belonging to sixteenLutzomyiaspecies. In addition to identifying incriminated or suspected vectors of ACL with DNA of the etiological agent of AVL and vice versa, we also detectedLeishmaniaDNA in unexpectedLutzomyiaspecies. The expressive presence of vectors and naturalLeishmaniainfection indicates favorable conditions for the spreading of leishmaniases in the vicinity of the Serra do Cipó National Park.

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Rigg, Chystrie A., Milixa Perea, Kadir González, Azael Saldaña, José E. Calzada, Yan Gao, Nicole L. Gottdenker y Luis Fernando Chaves. "Diversity, Co-Occurrence, and Nestedness Patterns of Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Two Rural Areas of Western Panamá". Insects 12, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020113.

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission in the New World is observed in areas with rich sand fly species’ faunas. The diversity and composition of sand fly species can change in response to seasonal weather and land use changes. Here, we present results from a two-year-long study where we collected, using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, sand flies from two rural areas, Las Pavas (LP) and Trinidad de las Minas (T) in western Panamá. Over 710 trap-nights, we collected 16,156 sand flies from 15 genera and 35 species. We identified 34 species in T, and the most abundant species collected was Nyssomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 2278, 37%), followed by Psychodopygus panamensis (Shannon, 1926) (n = 1112, 18%), and Trichopygomyia triramula (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 1063, 17%). In LP, we identified 26 species, and the most abundant species collected were Ty. triramula (n = 4729, 48%), and Ps. panamensis (n = 3444, 35%). We estimated a higher species’ richness in T (Chao2 ± S.E.: 36.58 ± 3.84) than in LP (27.49 ± 2.28). In T, species’ richness was significantly higher in the rainy season, but no seasonal differences were observed in LP. Species’ assemblages were nested in the two areas. Phlebotomine sand fly species’ abundance increased at the two sites during the rainy season. Our data suggest that seasonality is more important than land use as a factor driving sand fly species’ diversity at the studied sites.

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Pereira, André, Nazli Ayhan, José Manuel Cristóvão, Hugo Vilhena, Ângela Martins, Patrícia Cachola, Joaquim Henriques et al. "Antibody Response to Toscana Virus and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus in Cats Naturally Exposed to Phlebotomine Sand Fly Bites in Portugal". Microorganisms 7, n.º 9 (11 de septiembre de 2019): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090339.

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Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens such as Leishmania spp. and phleboviruses are emerging threats to humans and animals worldwide. The aim of this work was to evaluate the exposure of cats from Portugal to Toscana virus (TOSV) and Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and assess the associated risk factors. The possible association between exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus saliva with TOSV and SFSV was also investigated. Out of 369 cats tested, 18 (4.9%, n = 365) were seropositive for TOSV, and eight (2.2%, n = 367) were seropositive for SFSV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cats presenting clinical signs that were compatible with leishmaniosis and antibodies to TOSV had a significantly higher risk of being SFSV seropositive. The presence of antibodies to sand fly-borne viruses in cats indicate that these animals are frequently exposed to sand flies and transmitted pathogens. Data suggest that cats can be used to qualitatively monitor human exposure to TOSV and SFSV in endemic areas. The clinical impact of SFSV in cats’ health should be investigated. The identification of the sand fly species responsible for the circulation of TOSV and SFSV in nature and the evaluation of the vectorial competence of P. perniciosus to SFSV should also be addressed.

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Guimarães, Vanessa Cristina Fitipaldi Veloso, Pietra Lemos Costa, Fernando José da Silva, Fábio Lopes de Melo, Filipe Dantas-Torres, Eduardo Henrique Gomes Rodrigues y Sinval Pinto Brandão Filho. "MOLECULAR DETECTION OF Leishmania IN PHLEBOTOMINE SAND FLIES IN A CUTANEOUS AND VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS ENDEMIC AREA IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, n.º 4 (julio de 2014): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000400015.

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Several phlebotomine sand fly species have been regarded as putative or proven vectors of parasites of the genus Leishmania in Brazil, but data for the northeastern region remains incipient. In this study, a total of 600 phlebotomine sand flies were grouped in pools of 10 specimens each and tested by a Leishmania genus-specific PCR and by a PCR targeting Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Fourteen out of 60 pools were positive by the genus-specific PCR, being five pools of L. migonei, seven of L. complexa, one of L. sordellii and one of L. naftalekatzi, which correspond to a minimal infection rate of 2.3% (14/600). Our results, associated with their known anthropophily and their abundance, suggest the participation of L. migonei and L. complexa as vectors of Leishmania in northeastern Brazil. Remarkably, this is the first time in this country that the detection of Leishmania DNA in L. sordellii and L. naftalekatzi has been reported, but future studies are necessary to better understand the significance of these findings.

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Balaska, Sofia, Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis, Alexandra Chaskopoulou y John Vontas. "Chemical control and insecticide resistance status of sand fly vectors worldwide". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2021): e0009586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009586.

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Background Phlebotomine sand flies are prominent vectors of Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniasis, which comes second to malaria in terms of parasitic causative fatalities globally. In the absence of human vaccines, sand fly chemical-based vector control is a key component of leishmaniasis control efforts. Methods and findings We performed a literature review on the current interventions, primarily, insecticide-based used for sand fly control, as well as the global insecticide resistance (IR) status of the main sand fly vector species. Indoor insecticidal interventions, such as residual spraying and treated bed nets are the most widely deployed, while several alternative control strategies are also used in certain settings and/or are under evaluation. IR has been sporadically detected in sand flies in India and other regions, using non-standardized diagnostic bioassays. Molecular studies are limited to monitoring of known pyrethroid resistance mutations (kdr), which are present at high frequencies in certain regions. Conclusions As the leishmaniasis burden remains a major problem at a global scale, evidence-based rational use of insecticidal interventions is required to meet public health demands. Standardized bioassays and molecular markers are a prerequisite for this task, albeit are lagging behind. Experiences from other disease vectors underscore the need for the implementation of appropriate IR management (IRM) programs, in the framework of integrated vector management (IVM). The implementation of alternative strategies seems context- and case-specific, with key eco-epidemiological parameters yet to be investigated. New biotechnology-based control approaches might also come into play in the near future to further reinforce sand fly/leishmaniasis control efforts.

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Hickner, Paul V., Nataliya Timoshevskaya, Ronald J. Nowling, Frédéric Labbé, Andrew D. Nguyen, Mary Ann McDowell, Carolina N. Spiegel y Zainulabeuddin Syed. "Molecular signatures of sexual communication in the phlebotomine sand flies". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, n.º 12 (28 de diciembre de 2020): e0008967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008967.

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Phlebotomine sand flies employ an elaborate system of pheromone communication wherein males produce pheromones that attract other males to leks (thus acting as an aggregation pheromone) and females to the lekking males (sex pheromone). In addition, the type of pheromone produced varies among populations. Despite the numerous studies on sand fly chemical communication, little is known of their chemosensory genome. Chemoreceptors interact with chemicals in an organism’s environment to elicit essential behaviors such as the identification of suitable mates and food sources. Thus, they play important roles during adaptation and speciation. Major chemoreceptor gene families, odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) together detect and discriminate the chemical landscape. Here, we annotated the chemoreceptor repertoire in the genomes of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi, major phlebotomine vectors in the New World and Old World, respectively. Comparison with other sequenced Diptera revealed a large and unique expansion where over 80% of the ~140 ORs belong to a single, taxonomically restricted clade. We next conducted a comprehensive analysis of the chemoreceptors in 63 L. longipalpis individuals from four different locations in Brazil representing allopatric and sympatric populations and three sex-aggregation pheromone types (chemotypes). Population structure based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene copy number in the chemoreceptors corresponded with their putative chemotypes, and corroborate previous studies that identified multiple populations. Our work provides genomic insights into the underlying behavioral evolution of sexual communication in the L. longipalpis species complex in Brazil, and highlights the importance of accounting for the ongoing speciation in central and South American Lutzomyia that could have important implications for vectorial capacity.

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Hassaballa, Iman B., Catherine L. Sole, Xavier Cheseto, Baldwyn Torto y David P. Tchouassi. "Afrotropical sand fly-host plant relationships in a leishmaniasis endemic area, Kenya". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2021): e0009041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009041.

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The bioecology of phlebotomine sand flies is intimately linked to the utilization of environmental resources including plant feeding. However, plant feeding behavior of sand flies remains largely understudied for Afrotropical species. Here, using a combination of biochemical, molecular, and chemical approaches, we decipher specific plant-feeding associations in field-collected sand flies from a dry ecology endemic for leishmaniasis in Kenya. Cold-anthrone test indicative of recent plant feeding showed that fructose positivity rates were similar in both sand fly sexes and between those sampled indoors and outdoors. Analysis of derived sequences of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene (rbcL) from fructose-positive specimens implicated mainly Acacia plants in the family Fabaceae (73%) as those readily foraged on by both sexes of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. Chemical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography detected fructose as the most common sugar in sand flies and leaves of selected plant species in the Fabaceae family. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) of the headspace volatile profiles of selected Fabaceae plants identified benzyl alcohol, (Z)-linalool oxide, (E)-β-ocimene, p-cymene, p-cresol, and m-cresol, as discriminating compounds between the plant volatiles. These results indicate selective sand fly plant feeding and suggest that the discriminating volatile organic compounds could be exploited in attractive toxic sugar- and odor- bait technologies control strategies.

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Durán-Martínez, Mauricio, Ezio Ferroglio, Pelayo Acevedo, Anna Trisciuoglio, Stefania Zanet, Christian Gortázar y Francisco Ruiz-Fons. "Leishmania infantum (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) Phlebotomine Sand Fly Vectors in Continental Mediterranean Spain". Environmental Entomology 42, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 1157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en13018.

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Saghafipour, Abedin, Hassan Vatandoost, Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani, Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi, Yavar Rassi, Mohammad Reza Shirzadi y Amir Ahmad Akhavan. "Spatial Distribution of Phlebotomine Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Qom Province, Central Iran". Journal of Medical Entomology 54, n.º 1 (28 de septiembre de 2016): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw147.

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Beach, Raymond, David G. Young y Gabriel Kiilu. "New Phlebotomine Sand-Fly Colonies II. Laboratory colonization of Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae)1". Journal of Medical Entomology 23, n.º 1 (24 de enero de 1986): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/23.1.114.

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Moriconi, Martina, Gianluca Rugna, Mattia Calzolari, Romeo Bellini, Alessandro Albieri, Paola Angelini, Roberto Cagarelli, Maria P. Landini, Remi N. Charrel y Stefania Varani. "Phlebotomine sand fly–borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, n.º 8 (10 de agosto de 2017): e0005660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660.

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Samuelson, J., E. Lerner, R. Tesh y R. Titus. "A mouse model of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis infection produced by coinjection with sand fly saliva." Journal of Experimental Medicine 173, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1991): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.173.1.49.

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To development a reliable murine model of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis infection, parasites were injected into BALB/c mice in the presence of phlebotomine sand fly salivary gland lysates, which have previously been shown to greatly increase the infectivity of L. major in mice. When injected with salivary gland lysates, L. braziliensis braziliensis produced progressively enlarging cutaneous nodules, containing many macrophages filled with Leishmania amastigotes. In contrast, L. braziliensis injected without gland extracts produced small and rapidly regressing lesions. Isoenzyme analysis, monoclonal antibodies, and the polymerase chain reaction with L. braziliensis-specific oligonucleotide primers and probes confirmed that parasites causing the lesions were L. braziliensis.

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Valenzuela, Jesus G., Yasmine Belkaid, Mark K. Garfield, Susana Mendez, Shaden Kamhawi, Edgar D. Rowton, David L. Sacks y José M. C. Ribeiro. "Toward a Defined Anti-Leishmania Vaccine Targeting Vector Antigens". Journal of Experimental Medicine 194, n.º 3 (6 de agosto de 2001): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.3.331.

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Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected phlebotomine sand fly bites. Sand fly saliva is known to enhance Leishmania infection, while immunity to the saliva protects against infection as determined by coinoculation of parasites with vector salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) or by infected sand fly bites (Kamhawi, S., Y. Belkaid, G. Modi, E. Rowton, and D. Sacks. 2000. Science. 290:1351–1354). We have now characterized nine salivary proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of Leishmania major. One of these salivary proteins, extracted from SDS gels and having an apparent mol wt of 15 kD, was able to protect vaccinated mice challenged with parasites plus SGH. A DNA vaccine containing the cDNA for the predominant 15-kD protein (named SP15) provided this same protection. Protection lasted at least 3 mo after immunization. The vaccine produced both intense humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. B cell–deficient mice immunized with the SP15 plasmid vaccine successfully controlled Leishmania infection when injected with Leishmania plus SGH. These results indicate that DTH response against saliva provides most or all of the protective effects of this vaccine and that salivary gland proteins or their cDNAs are viable vaccine targets against leishmaniasis.

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IBÁÑEZ-BERNAL, SERGIO, CARLOS ROBERTO GARCÍA-TORRES y MARIO VÁSQUEZ-MÁRQUEZ. "Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) nahua sp. nov., a new Phlebotominae sand fly from Mexico (Diptera, Psychodidae)". Zootaxa 4347, n.º 1 (10 de noviembre de 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.10.

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Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) nahua sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on male and female characteristics. Specimens were collected in the Municipality of Naolinco, state of Veracruz, Mexico. This new species of phlebotomine sand fly has characteristics corresponding to the series vexator Fairchild of Galati, with male similar to Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) apache (Young & Perkins), Mi. (Coq.) oppidana (Dampf) and Mi. (Coq.) vexator (Coquillett), but recognized by the male paramere structure and simple apex of aedeagal ducts in the male, the later exception for this species series. Female can be confused with Mi. (Coq.) vexator, Mi. (Coq.) oppidana and Mi. (Coq.) apache, but is distinguishable by the cibarial armature combined with the long and very slender individual spermathecal ducts. Keys for male and female species of Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) are provided.

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Hassaballa, Iman B., Baldwyn Torto, Catherine L. Sole y David P. Tchouassi. "Exploring the influence of different habitats and their volatile chemistry in modulating sand fly population structure in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Kenya". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2021): e0009062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009062.

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Phlebotomine sand flies transmit many viral protozoan and bacterial pathogens of public health importance. Knowledge of the ecologic factors influencing their distribution at local scale can provide insights into disease epidemiology and avenues for targeted control. Animal sheds, termite mounds and houses are important peri-domestic and domestic habitats utilized by different sand flies as resting or breeding habitats. However, our knowledge for selection of these habitats by sand flies remains poor. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these habitat types harbor different composition of sand fly species and differ in their volatile chemistry that could influence sand fly selection. To achieve this, we employed CDC light traps following a cross-sectional survey to investigate the distribution of sand flies in the three habitats in an endemic site for leishmaniasis in Kenya. The study was carried out during the dry season, when sand flies are optimally abundant in 2018 and 2020. Sand fly abundance did not vary between the habitats, but species-specific differences in abundance was evident. Measures of sand fly community structure (Shannon diversity and richness) were highest in animal shed, followed by termite mound and lowest inside human dwelling (house). This finding indicates broader attraction of both sexes of sand flies and females of varying physiological states to animal sheds potentially used as breeding or resting sites, but also as a signal for host presence for a blood meal. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles collected from represented substrates associated with these habitats viz: human foot odor on worn socks (houses indoors), cow dung (animal sheds) and termite mounds (enclosed vent), revealed a total of 47 volatile organic compounds. Of these, 26, 35 and 16 were detected in human socks, cow dung and enclosed termite vent, respectively. Of these volatiles, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-pinene, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, p-cresol and decanal, previously known as attractants for sandflies and other blood-feeding insects, were common to the habitats. Our results suggest that habitat volatiles may contribute to the composition of sand flies and highlight their potential for use in monitoring sand fly populations.

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Braga-Miranda, Lourdislene Costa, Marcos Miranda y Eunice A. Bianchi Galati. "Phlebotomine fauna in a rural area of the Brazilian Pantanal". Revista de Saúde Pública 40, n.º 2 (abril de 2006): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102006000200021.

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The aim of the study was to identify among the phlebotomine fauna potential leishmaniasis vectors. The study was carried out in Corumbá county, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mid-West Brazil (18º59'S, 56º39'W). Sand fly captures were undertaken fortnightly with automatic light traps at 11 sites in forested environments and anthropic areas from April 2001 to July 2003. A total of only 41 specimens were captured. Thirty-one percent of the specimens were captured in forests and 68.3% in anthropic areas. The predominance of non-anthropophilic groups and the low density of N. whitmani, a known cutaneous leishmaniasis vector, does not seem to indicate any actual risk of the transmission of this disease in the study area.

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Pugliese, Michela, Gabriella Gaglio, Annamaria Passantino, Emanuele Brianti y Ettore Napoli. "Natural Products against Sand Fly Vectors of Leishmaniosis: A Systematic Review". Veterinary Sciences 8, n.º 8 (30 de julio de 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080150.

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Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease transmitted to animals and humans by the bite of blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies. These small insects play a crucial role in the diffusion of the disease. To date, the sole strategy recognized for the prevention of leishmaniosis is the use of topical repellent compounds against sand fly bites. Several synthetic insecticides and repellents have been developed; however, the wide and unprejudiced use of these formulations have led to the loss of their effectiveness and the development of resistance phenomena. Moreover, some of these synthetic repellents have severe detrimental effects on the environment and could represent a serious threat to both animal and human health. Recently, an increased interest in the research on alternative approaches to sand fly control has been expressed. In this study, we systematically reviewed the efforts of the scientific community to individuate a phytochemical alternative for the control of sand fly species recognized as vectors of Leishmania spp. Based on literature research using different electronic databases, a total of 527 potentially relevant studies were screened and narrowed down to a final 14 eligible scientific reports. Our analysis suggests that although there is a rapidly growing body of literature dedicated to botanical insecticides and repellents against sand fly vectors of Leishmania spp., much of this literature is limited to in vitro studies conducted in laboratory conditions, and only a few of them investigated the repellency of plant-based products. These studies highlighted that natural compounds display a really short period of action and this significantly limits the use of these products as an alternative to chemical-based repellents.

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Parkash, Vivak, Helen Ashwin, Jovana Sadlova, Barbora Vojtkova, Georgina Jones, Nina Martin, Elizabeth Greensted et al. "A clinical study to optimise a sand fly biting protocol for use in a controlled human infection model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (the FLYBITE study)". Wellcome Open Research 6 (30 de junio de 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16870.1.

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Background: Leishmaniasis is a globally important yet neglected parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. With new candidate vaccines in or near the clinic, a controlled human challenge model (CHIM) using natural sand fly challenge would provide a method for early evaluation of prophylactic efficacy. Methods: We evaluated the biting frequency and adverse effects resulting from exposure of human volunteers to bites of either Phlebotomus papatasi or P. duboscqi, two natural vectors of Leishmania major. 12 healthy participants were recruited (mean age 40.2 ± 11.8 years) with no history of significant travel to regions where L. major-transmitting sand flies are prevalent. Participants were assigned to either vector by 1:1 allocation and exposed to five female sand flies for 30 minutes in a custom biting chamber. Bite frequency was recorded to confirm a bloodmeal was taken. Participant responses and safety outcomes were monitored using a visual analogue scale (VAS), clinical examination, and blood biochemistry. Focus groups were subsequently conducted to explore participant acceptability. Results: All participants had at least one successful sand fly bite with none reporting any serious adverse events, with median VAS scores of 0-1/10 out to day 21 post-sand fly bite. Corresponding assessment of sand flies confirmed that for each participant at least 1/5 sand flies had successfully taken a bloodmeal (overall mean 3.67±1.03 bites per participant). There was no significant difference between P. papatasi and P. duboscqi in the number of bites resulting from 5 sand flies applied to human participants (3.3±0.81 vs 3.00±1.27 bites per participant; p=0.56). In the two focus groups (n=5 per group), themes relating to positive participant-reported experiences of being bitten and the overall study, were identified. Conclusions: These results validate a protocol for achieving successful sand fly bites in humans that is safe, well-tolerated and acceptable for participants. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03999970 (27/06/2019)

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Tarallo, Viviana D., Filipe Dantas-Torres, Riccardo P. Lia y Domenico Otranto. "Phlebotomine sand fly population dynamics in a leishmaniasis endemic peri-urban area in southern Italy". Acta Tropica 116, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2010): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.013.

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