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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Physics of elementary particles"

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Publicado: 7 de junio de 2025
Última modificación: 2 de agosto de 2025

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1

Dolce, Donatello. "Elementary spacetime cycles." Europhys. Lett. 102, no. 2013 (2013): 31002. https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/102/31002.

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Every system in physics is described in terms of interacting elementary particles characterized by modulated spacetime recurrences. These intrinsic periodicities, implicit in undulatory mechanics, imply that every free particle is a reference clock linking time to the particle's mass, and every system is formalizable by means of modulated elementary spacetime cycles. We propose a novel consistent relativistic formalism based on intrinsically cyclic spacetime dimensions, encoding the quantum recurrences of elementary particles into spacetime geometrodynamics. The advantage of the resulting theo
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2

Jaeger, Gregg. "The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields." Entropy 23, no. 11 (2021): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111416.

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The elementary particles of relativistic quantum field theory are not simple field quanta, as has long been assumed. Rather, they supplement quantum fields, on which they depend on but to which they are not reducible, as shown here with particles defined instead as a unified collection of properties that appear in both physical symmetry group representations and field propagators. This notion of particle provides consistency between the practice of particle physics and its basis in quantum field theory.
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3

Kukharchuk, R. P., T. A. Vakaliuk, O. V. Zaika, A. V. Riabko, and M. G. Medvediev. "Using open experimental data of the European Organization for Nuclear Research in the process of studying the physics of elementary particles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2611, no. 1 (2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2611/1/012008.

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Abstract The article discusses the theoretical justification, and the process of developing, implementing, and experimentally verifying the methodology for training future physics teachers using open experimental data from the European Center for Nuclear Research in studying elementary particle physics. The main stages of the study of elementary particle physics are clarified, taking into account the modern achievements of CERN. In the work, the study of elementary particles was carried out based on data from the CMS detector (Compact Muon Solenoid). A description of the methods, techniques, a
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4

Khlopov, Maxim Yu. "Removing the conspiracy of BSM physics and BSM cosmology." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 13 (2019): 1941012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819410128.

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The standard model (SM) of elementary particles finds no contradictions in the experimental data, but appeals to extensions for solutions of its internal problems and physical basis of the modern cosmology. The latter is based on inflationary models with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy that involves Physics beyond the standard model (BSM) of elementary particles. However, studies of the BSM physical basis of the modern cosmology inevitably reveals additional particle model-dependent cosmological consequences that go beyond the modern standard cosmological model. The mutual relationship o
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5

Arneth, Borros. "A novel partition function for elementary particles." Physics Essays 37, no. 3 (2024): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-37.3.177.

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Three different partition functions are well-known and described in statistical physics. Here, a novel partition function for the description of intra-particular interactions and with this for the mass of particles is presented below. In statistical physics, three different partition functions are already well-established. These are the microcanonical, the canonical, and the macro-canonical partition functions. Here a fourth, novel partition function is added to these already well-established three. Thereby due to the properties of quantum mechanics and superposition, this novel partition func
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6

Jaeger, Gregg. "The Particle of Haag’s Local Quantum Physics: A Critical Assessment." Entropy 26, no. 9 (2024): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26090748.

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Rudolf Haag’s Local Quantum Physics (LQP) is an alternative framework to conventional relativistic quantum field theory for combining special relativity and quantum theory based on first principles, making it of great interest for the purposes of conceptual analysis despite currently being relatively limited as a tool for making experimental predictions. In LQP, the elementary particles are defined as species of causal link between interaction events, together with which they comprise its most fundamental entities. This notion of particle has yet to be independently assessed as such. Here, it
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7

Israilov, M., and A.A Abdurakibov. "PROSPECTS OF USING THE ZINAMA-ZINA METHOD IN TEACHING REAL PARTICLE PHYSICS." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN 2, no. 5 (2024): 592–601. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11246435.

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This article focuses on the application of the modern method used in the teaching of real elementary particle physics in the classroom, its demonstration and movement, and the fact that it is interesting and understandable for students.And information about each group of elementary particles is presented.
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8

Salam, Abdus. "Elementary particles." Contemporary Physics 50, no. 1 (2009): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107510902734805.

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9

Boldov, I. A. "Geometry of elementary particles." Mathematical structures and modeling, no. 4 (2022): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2222-8772.2022.4.5-21.

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Based on the assumption that there is no direct causal relationship between the defect in the mass of atomic nuclei and the forces holding the nucleons in the nucleus [1], the hypothesis is put forward that the quarks are nucleons with whole Coulomb and other (baryon, lepton) charges. Based on the conclusions obtained by the author [1] that there is no fundamental prohibition on the use of approaches and concepts of the macrocosm in the physics of the microcosm, and that the mass in the space of our Universe is equivalent to a three-dimensional volume, a comparison of the geometry of elementar
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10

FENG, JONATHAN L., ARVIND RAJARAMAN, and FUMIHIRO TAKAYAMA. "PROBING GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTIONS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 10 (2004): 2355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804006474.

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The gravitational interactions of elementary particles are suppressed by the Planck scale M*~1018 GeV and are typically expected to be far too weak to be probed by experiments. We show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, such interactions may be studied by particle physics experiments in the next few years. As an example, we consider conventional supergravity with a stable gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle. The next-lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP) decays to the gravitino through gravitational interactions after about a year. This lifetime can be measured by stopping
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11

Visser, Matt. "Quantum mechanix plus Newtonian gravity violates the universality of free fall." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 12 (2017): 1743027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817430271.

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Classical point particles in Newtonian gravity obey, as they do in general relativity, the universality of free fall. However, classical structured particles, (for instance with a mass quadrupole moment), need not obey the universality of free fall. Quantum mechanically, an elementary “point” particle (in the particle physics sense) can be described by a localized wave packet, for which we can define a probability quadrupole moment. This probability quadrupole can, under plausible hypotheses, affect the universality of free fall. (So point-like elementary particles, in the particle physics sen
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12

Pietroni, Massimo. "Electrodynamic metaphors: communicating particle physics with Feynman diagrams." Journal of Science Communication 01, no. 01 (2002): A05. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.01010205.

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The aim of this project is to communicate the basic laws of particle physics with Feynman diagrams - visual tools which represent elementary particle processes. They were originally developed as a code to be used by physicists and are still used today for calculations and elaborations of theoretical nature. The technical and mathematical rules of Feynman diagrams are obviously the exclusive concern of physicists, but on a pictorial level they can help to popularize many concepts, ranging from matter and the antimatter; the creation, destruction and transformation of particles; the role of "vir
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13

Safonova, Nina. "On the question of the radius of elementary particles." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 01059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338901059.

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This article belongs to the field of theoretical physics, specifically the study of elementary particles. We discuss the parameters of elementary particles, their interactions with gravitational potential and magnetic fields, stability with respect to their lifetimes, as well as interactions between particles with different parameters, including different masses. We clarify the concept of electric charge for particles. We use methods and formulas from classical physics that are accessible to a wide range of interested individuals.
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14

Chiatti, Leonardo. "Bit from Qubit. A Hypothesis on Wave-Particle Dualism and Fundamental Interactions." Information 11, no. 12 (2020): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11120571.

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In this article a completely objective decoherence mechanism is hypothesized, operating at the level of the elementary particles of matter. The standard quantum mechanical description is complemented with a phenomenological evolution equation, involving a scalar curvature and an internal time, distinct from the observable time of the laboratory. This equation admits solutions internal to the wave function collapse, and the classical instantons connected to these solutions represent de Sitter micro-spaces identifiable with elementary particles. This result is linked in a natural way to other re
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15

Beylin, Vitaly, Maxim Yu Khlopov, Vladimir Kuksa, and Nikolay Volchanskiy. "Hadronic and Hadron-Like Physics of Dark Matter." Symmetry 11, no. 4 (2019): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040587.

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The problems of simple elementary weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) appeal to extend the physical basis for nonbaryonic dark matter. Such extension involves more sophisticated dark matter candidates from physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) of elementary particles. We discuss several models of dark matter, predicting new colored, hyper-colored or techni-colored particles and their accelerator and non-accelerator probes. The nontrivial properties of the proposed dark matter candidates can shed new light on the dark matter physics. They provide interesting solutions for the puzzles
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16

Asselmeyer-Maluga, Torsten. "Braids, 3-Manifolds, Elementary Particles: Number Theory and Symmetry in Particle Physics." Symmetry 11, no. 10 (2019): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11101298.

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In this paper, we will describe a topological model for elementary particles based on 3-manifolds. Here, we will use Thurston’s geometrization theorem to get a simple picture: fermions as hyperbolic knot complements (a complement C ( K ) = S 3 \ ( K × D 2 ) of a knot K carrying a hyperbolic geometry) and bosons as torus bundles. In particular, hyperbolic 3-manifolds have a close connection to number theory (Bloch group, algebraic K-theory, quaternionic trace fields), which will be used in the description of fermions. Here, we choose the description of 3-manifolds by branched covers. Every 3-ma
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17

MIRAMONTI, LINO, and VITO ANTONELLI. "ADVANCEMENTS IN SOLAR NEUTRINO PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 05 (2013): 1330009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313300099.

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We review the results of solar neutrino physics, with particular attention to the data obtained and the analyses performed in the last decades, which were determinant to solve the solar neutrino problem (SNP), proving that neutrinos are massive and oscillating particles and contributing to refine the solar models. We also discuss the perspectives of the presently running experiments in this sector and of the ones planned for the near future and the impact they can have on elementary particle physics and astrophysics.
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18

Assmann, Ralph W., Giulio Cerullo, and Felix Ritort. "Physics for health." Europhysics News 53, no. 5 (2022): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2022504.

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The fundamental research on the physics of elementary particles and nature's fundamental forces led to numerous spin-offs and has tremendously helped human well-being and health. This is the subject of Chapter 4 of the EPS Challenges for Physics.
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19

Carramiñana, Alberto. "Astrophysics and elementary particles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 18 (January 1, 2005): 308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/18/1/008.

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20

Jaeger, Gregg. "Localizability and elementary particles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1638 (October 2020): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1638/1/012010.

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21

PERL, MARTIN L., ERIC R. LEE, and DINESH LOOMBA. "A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SEARCH FOR ISOLATABLE FRACTIONAL CHARGE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 35 (2004): 2595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304016019.

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Since the initial measurements of the electron charge a century ago, experimenters have faced the persistent question as to whether elementary particles exist that have charges that are fractional multiples of the electron charge. In the standard model of particle physics the quarks are such particles, but it is assumed that quarks cannot be individually isolated, the quarks always being confined inside hadrons. This paper is a brief review of the present status of searches for isolatable fractional charge particles such as a lepton-like particle with fractional charge or an unconfined quark.
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22

Kapishin, Mikhail, Vladimir Karjavin, Elena Kulish, et al. "GEM Detector Performance Assessment in the BM@N Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817304007.

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The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) chambers are developed for modern purposes in the elementary particle physics. In the BM@N experiment, a GEM system is used for the reconstruction of the trajectories of the charged particles. The investigation of GEM performance (efficiency and spatial resolution) is presented.
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23

Dolce, Donatello. "Unification of Relativistic and Quantum Mechanics from Elementary Cycles Theory." Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics (EJTP) 12, IYL 15-34 (2016): 29–86. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1606.01918.

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In Elementary Cycles theory elementary quantum particles are consistently described as the manifestation of ultra-fast relativistic spacetime cyclic dynamics, classical in the essence. The peculiar relativistic geometrodynamics of Elementary Cycles theory yields de facto a unification of ordinary relativistic and quantum physics. In particular its classical-relativistic cyclic dynamics reproduce exactly from classical physics first principles all the fundamental aspects of Quantum Mechanics, such as all its axioms, the Feynman path integral, the Dirac quantisation prescription (second quantisa
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24

Arneth, Borros. "Pythagorean numbers and the calculation of the masses of the elementary particles." Physics Essays 34, no. 3 (2021): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.3.322.

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We attempt here to calculate the particle masses for all known elementary particles starting from the Rydberg equation and from the Sommerfeld fine structure constant. Remarkably, this is possible. Next, we try to explain why this is possible and what the meaning of the approach seems to be. Thereby, we find some interesting connections. In addition, we realize that there are two different kinds of mass-charge binding energies in an elementary particle: The internal mass-charge binding energy and the external mass-charge binding energy. These two kinds of mass-charge binding energies can expla
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25

Vasiliev, Boris V. "Some Problems of Elementary Particles Physics and Gilbert’s Postulate." Journal of Modern Physics 07, no. 14 (2016): 1874–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.714166.

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26

Li, Huawang. "Using three elementary particles to construct the physical world." Physics Essays 34, no. 2 (2021): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.2.236.

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In this paper, we conjecture that gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong nuclear interactions are all produced by particle collisions by determining the essential concept of force in physics (that is, the magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction), and further speculate the existence of a new particle, Yizi. The average kinetic energy of Yizi is considered to be equal to Planck’s constant, so the mass of Yizi is calculated to be <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.37</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml
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27

Arneth, Borros. "Summing up the Feynman diagrams: Toward quantum gluonodynamics." Physics Essays 36, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.1.

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Summing up all Feynman diagrams describing an elementary particle can provide a measure of the energy and, with it, the mass of that particle. Moreover, a single mass quantum can be used to convert the Feynman sum into the particle mass. In the following, a mass formula for the calculation of the baryon and meson masses is introduced and explained. This formula involves calculating the number of possible Feynman diagrams and multiplying it by an elementary mass quantum. The mass formula results from a generalization of the connection between the electromagnetic coupling constant alpha (Sommerf
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28

SHAH, G. N., and T. A. MIR. "PION AND MUON MASS DIFFERENCE: A DETERMINING FACTOR IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE MASS DISTRIBUTION." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 01 (2008): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308023797.

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The most fundamental to the elementary particles is the mass they possess and it would be of importance to explore a possible relationship amongst their masses. Here, an attempt is made to investigate this important aspect irrespective of their nature or scheme of classification. We show that there exists a striking tendency for successive mass differences between elementary particles to be close integral/half integral multiple of the mass difference between a neutral pion and a muon. Thus indicating discreteness in the nature of the mass occurring at the elementary particle level. Furthermore
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29

Akhmeteli, Andrey. "Plasma-like Description for Elementary and Composite Quantum Particles." Entropy 24, no. 2 (2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24020261.

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Schrödinger noticed in 1952 that a scalar complex wave function can be made real by a gauge transformation. The author showed recently that one real function is also enough to describe matter in the Dirac equation in an arbitrary electromagnetic or Yang–Mills field. This suggests some “symmetry” between positive and negative frequencies and, therefore, particles and antiparticles, so the author previously considered a description of one-particle wave functions as plasma-like collections of a large number of particles and antiparticles. The description has some similarities with Bohmian mechani
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30

Khlopov, Maxim. "Multimessenger Probes for New Physics in Light of A. Sakharov’s Legacy in Cosmoparticle Physics." Universe 7, no. 7 (2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7070222.

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A.D. Sakharov’s legacy in now standard model of the Universe is not reduced to baryosynthesis but extends to the foundation of cosmoparticle physics, which studies the fundamental relationship of cosmology and particle physics. Development of cosmoparticle physics involves cross-disciplinary physical, astrophysical and cosmological studies of physics Beyond the Standard model (BSM) of elementary particles. To probe physical models for inflation, baryosynthesis and dark matter cosmoparticle physics pays special attention to model dependent messengers of the corresponding models, making their te
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31

Eriksson, Jarl I. "Simple Mathematics for Elementary Particles." Physics Essays 7, no. 4 (1994): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3029157.

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32

Fabjan, C. W., and R. Wigmans. "Energy measurement of elementary particles." Reports on Progress in Physics 52, no. 12 (1989): 1519–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/52/12/002.

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33

Smrz, PK. "Geometrical Models of Elementary Particles." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 6 (1995): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph951045.

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A new concept of space and time, constructed from a de Sitter structured principal fibre bundle with a connection, is used to discuss a geometrical interpretation for the complex plane of the quantum theory and quantum behaviour of particles. In particular some features of a theory based on a torsion free metric linear connection in a five-dimensional base manifold are described.
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34

Lev, Bohdan. "Geometrical presentation of elementary particle wave function." Low Temperature Physics 48, no. 11 (2022): 938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0014593.

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This article presents a short review of a geometric approach to the theory of elementary particles which was proposed early. The wave function of particle, instead of the spinor representation, is given by the Clifford number, whose transfer rules have the structure of the Dirac equation for any manifold. The solution to this equation is obtained in terms of geometric characteristics. New experiments are proposed to show the geometric nature of the wave function of an elementary particle.
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35

Ströher, Hans, Sebastian M. Schmidt, Paolo Lenisa, and Jörg Pretz. "Precision Storage Rings for Electric Dipole Moment Searches: A Tool En Route to Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model." Particles 6, no. 1 (2023): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles6010020.

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Electric Dipole Moments (EDM) of particles (leptons, nucleons, and light nuclei) are currently deemed one of the best indicators for new physics, i.e., phenomena which lie outside the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics—so-called physics “Beyond-the-Standard-Model” (BSM). Since EDMs of the SM are vanishingly small, a finite permanent EDM would indicate charge-parity (CP) symmetry violation in addition to the well-known sources of the SM, and could explain the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, while an oscillating EDM would hint at a possible Dark Matter (DM) field comprising axi
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36

Khlopov, M. "Cosmoparticle physics: The universe as a laboratory of elementary particles." Astronomy Reports 59, no. 6 (2015): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063772915060141.

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37

PERL, MARTIN L. "WHAT EINSTEIN DID NOT KNOW." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 05 (2008): 735–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010143.

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This public lecture is about 100 years of research on elementary particles and fundamental forces, beginning with the identification of the electron about 1900 and extending to the astonishing discovery of Dark Matter in the late 1900s. I talk about the elementary particle concept; the discoveries of leptons, quarks and force carrying particles; and some of the experimental technology used. I tell of my own research, our discovery of the tau lepton, our long, inconclusive search for fractional charged particles, and my new involvement in astronomical research on Dark Matter. I conclude by look
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38

Avrin, J. S. "ALONGSIDE THE STANDARD MODEL: UNIFICATION VIA GEOMETRY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (2001): 916–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01008485.

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A geometrical model (GM) featuring a visualizable reduction of the elementary particles and interactions down to common elements has been developed. As a consequence, a taxonomy of particles and various interactions emerge, all in consonance with the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. However, the GM goes well beyond the SM, incorporating a number of fundamental phenomena and issues for which the latter has no explanation. Since the GMs largely diagramatic development cannot be displayed in this brief paper, only a summary of its conceptual basis and consequences is presented herein.
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39

Kranjc Horvat, Anja, Jeff Wiener, Sascha Marc Schmeling, and Andreas Borowski. "What Does the Curriculum Say? Review of the Particle Physics Content in 27 High-School Physics Curricula." Physics 4, no. 4 (2022): 1278–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics4040082.

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This international curricular review provides a structured overview of the particle physics content in 27 state, national, and international high-school physics curricula. The review was based on a coding manual that included 60 concepts that were identified as relevant for high-school particle physics education. Two types of curricula were reviewed, namely curricula with a dedicated particle physics chapter and curricula without a dedicated particle physics chapter. The results of the curricular review show that particle physics concepts are explicitly or implicitly present in all reviewed cu
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40

Arneth, Borros. "Oscillations and potentials of mesons and baryons." Physics Essays 34, no. 4 (2021): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.4.414.

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In the following, the oscillations and potentials of mesons and baryons are examined and analyzed in detail. The oscillations result from a simple formula that describes the resonance energy at which the corresponding particle can absorb energy and thus appear. The potentials describe three mechanisms that describe the fine splitting of the masses of the elementary particles. These potentials can be read off and derived from the experimentally determined masses of the elementary particles as coefficients. The three mechanisms are internal mass charge binding energy, external mass charge bindin
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41

HA, YUAN K. "ARE BLACK HOLES ELEMENTARY PARTICLES?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 18n19 (2009): 3577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047223.

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Quantum black holes are the smallest and heaviest conceivable elementary particles. They have a microscopic size but a macroscopic mass. Several fundamental types have been constructed with some remarkable properties. Quantum black holes in the neighborhood of the Galaxy could resolve the paradox of ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected in Earth's atmosphere. They may also play a role as dark matter in cosmology.
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42

CASADIO, ROBERTO. "CHARGED SHELLS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 18 (2013): 1350088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500887.

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We review the General Relativistic model of a (quasi-)pointlike particle represented by a massive shell of electrically charged matter, which displays an ADM mass M equal to the electric charge |Q| in the small-volume limit. We employ the Israel–Darboux's junction equations to explicitly derive this result, and then study the modifications introduced by the existence of a minimum length scale λ. For λ of the order of the Planck length (or larger), we find that the ADM mass becomes equal to the bare mass m0 of the shell, like it occurs for the neutral case.
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43

BJORKEN, J. D. "Elementary Particle Physics: The Particle Hunters." Science 236, no. 4804 (1987): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4804.999.

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44

Wang, Yifang. "The Daya Bay Experiment and the Discovery of a New Type of Neutrino Oscillation." Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 01, no. 02 (2012): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x12000252.

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We know nowadays that the matter world we live in is made of 12 elementary particles, including 6 quarks, 3 charged leptons and 3 neutrinos. Among them, neutrinos are least known since they do not carry the electric charge and interact with others only weakly (often referred as the nuclear weak interactions). In the Standard Model of particle physics before 1998, neutrinos are considered as massless for simplicity and lack of experimental evidence. However, they are so abundant in the universe that their masses, even if tiny, will have significant impact to the particle physics, astrophysics a
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45

Olavo, L. S. F., Ademir E. Santana, and Samuel Simon. "Causation, Symmetry and Quantum Physics: Space-like Causality and Conserved Quantities." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 77, no. 4 (2022): 1381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2021_77_4_1381.

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This work addresses the problem of causation in physics, as for quantum fields, the fundamental theory describing elementary particle physics. Three basic elements are used as methodological concepts: a) the notion of mass-point and the notion of a field (as quantum field) describing a physical system (both concepts are used in physics to characterize elementary particles); b) the notion of state of a mass-point and of a field; c) the notion of causality among states, which are defined by symmetries. Then time and space changes include a space-like causality. These elements are discussed by us
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46

Serednyakov, S. I., S. I. Eidelman, and K. I. Beloborodov. "Department of Elementary Particle Physics." Siberian Journal of Physics 1, no. 1 (2006): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54238/1818-7994-2006-1-1-8-12.

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47

Fitch, Val L. "Elementary particle physics: The origins." Reviews of Modern Physics 71, no. 2 (1999): S25—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.71.s25.

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SZCZEKOWSKI, MAREK. "DIQUARKS IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 16 (1989): 3985–4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001643.

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Many phenomena in elementary particle physics show indications of clustering of two quarks inside baryons. Although the existence of such diquark systems cannot be presently rigorously proven in quantum field theory of strong interactions, phenomenological models require some quark-quark binding to explain effects ranging from the baryon mass spectrum to large pT proton production in high energy pp collisions. This review confronts diquark models predictions with experimental results in low and high transverse momentum hadron-hadron collisions, lepton-nucleon scattering and e+e− annihilations.
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Kazakov, Dmitrii I. "Prospects of elementary particle physics." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 189, no. 04 (2018): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.2018.04.038353.

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Hobson, Art. "Teaching Elementary Particle Physics, PartII." Physics Teacher 49, no. 3 (2011): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3555495.

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