Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Physics Technical writing"

Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce tens of petabytes of new data in ROOT format per year that need to be processed and analysed. In the next decade, following the planned upgrades of the LHC and its detectors, this data production rate is expected to increase at least ten-fold. Therefore, optimizing the ROOT I/O subsystem is of critical importance to the success of the LHC physics programme. This contribution presents ROOT’s approach for writing data from multiple threads to a single output file in an efficient way. Technical aspects of the implementation—the TBufferMerger class—and programming model examples are described. Measurements of runtime performance and the overall improvement relative to the case of serial data writing are also discussed.

The importance of effective communication, both written and oral, has been widely documented within the STEM community. In fact, the ability to communicate effectively is a skillset that is often required by employers. Oftentimes it is challenging to make the transition from academia to the work place. The ability to communicate well is a critical element of this transition. This paper will describe a more authentic experience using a professional conference format that provides students an opportunity to sharpen both their written and oral communication skills. The professional conference paper activity has been utilized in a second-level physics course at American University for 15 years. The conference paper activity allows students to experience all aspects of a professional conference, which is something that they do not get in other courses. This paper will describe the conference paper activity and focus on the use of a rubric that has recently been implemented in order to assist students during multiple phases of the writing process. Through the conference paper, students must communicate about a technical topic in physics while simultaneously connecting that topic to their major field of study. Numerous steps are involved in the paper writing process and each one is designed to emulate an actual conference. The conference paper activity and the associated rubric discussed in this paper offer a unique opportunity for multiple points of feedback, both from the instructor and from their classmates, while the writing process is taking place. Too often in academia a writing activity is designed in such a way that students merely submit their final written papers for a grade. Once a final paper is submitted, there is no opportunity for feedback that will aid in the actual development and writing of the paper. A more traditional paper writing experience does not provide opportunities for formative feedback prior to submission of the final paper. Hence, students do not have the necessary opportunities to really think about and reflect on what they are writing. This paper will address the importance of providing this more formative feedback using a unique rubric designed to assist students while the writing is actually taking place. A summary of students’ perceptions of this process will also be provided.

The paper focuses on the intelligent logistics pallet, networking, traceability information technology and unified logistics information system, and puts forward unified traceability information system of intelligent logistics pallet based on the Internet of things (IOT), displaying innovative system realization method and technical system. IOT intelligent logistic pallet traceability system is an integrated fusion application of RFID, GIS, GPS, computer telecommunication integration together with Internet technology; in system design and implementation, TOT and RFID coupling mechanism, CTI and API interface programming are adopted for construction of three intelligent system service architecture of logistics pallet traceability system including application, business and physics; in the logistics pallet regular operation, reading and writing RFID equipments, labels and telecommunications network, Internet, and other unified information communication mode are fused into the intelligent logistics information system, so as to realize the intelligent logistics pallet identity identification and traceability function. The system test output results indicate that, intelligent logistics pallet unified information system is equipped with intelligent recognition, management and tracing function and business process reengineering capacity including production promotion, distribution, transport logistics and allocation.

Ionizing radiation has validated its existence and effectiveness in modern medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic use. For the last decade rapid growth in medical radiation application has witnessed in India towards the betterment of mankind, for safe and quality clinical practice, radiation protection and quality assurance. At the end of the 19th century Physics brought paradigm shift in the field of radiation-based medical diagnosis and treatment and giving rise to the modern medical physicist profession and revolutionized the practice of medicine. Medical Physicists are the scientists with Post graduation / PhD degrees, and certified from A.E.R.B as Radiological Safety Officer, deals with utilization of Physics knowledge in developing not only lifesaving tools & technology but also diagnosis and treatments of various medical conditions that help humans live longer and healthier. Medical Physicists are responsible to carry out the commissioning, establishment of entire Radiation facility and get the clearance of statutory compliances form authorities in order to start the clinical practice are also responsible for research, developing and evaluating new analytical techniques, planning and ensuring safe and accurate treatment of patients also provide advice about radiation protection, training and updating healthcare, scientific and technical staff , managing radiotherapy quality assurance program, mathematical modeling ,maintaining equipment ,writing reports, teaching ,laboratory management and administration. Now it’s a time to raise the curtain from the Medical Physics profession and utilize their services up to maximum extent in the field of scientific research, academic, teaching, diagnosis, treatment and safety.

Prediction for requirements for the LHC computing for Run 3 and for Run 4 (HL-LHC) over the course of the next 10 year, show a considerable gap between required and available resources, assuming budgets will globally remain flat at best. This will require some radical changes to the computing models for the data processing of the LHC experiments. The use of large scale computational resources at HPC centres worldwide is expected to increase substantially the cost-efficiency of the processing. In order to pave the path towards the HL-LHC data processing, the Swiss Institute of Particle Physics (CHIPP) has taken the strategic decision to migrate the processing of all the Tier-2 workloads for ATLAS and other LHC experiments from a dedicated x86 ̲ 64 cluster that has been in continuous operation and evolution since 2007, to Piz Daint, the current European flagship HPC, which ranks third in the TOP500 at the time of writing. We report on the technical challenges and solutions adopted to migrate to Piz Daint, and on the experience and measured performance for ATLAS in over one year of running in production.

The development of research abilities is a necessary competency for students of Engineering and Science. Regardless of the engineering field of interest, the development of global competencies influences their professional performance. In the present work, we describe the impact, from the students' perception, of the early approach in research activities that involves critical thinking, innovation, problem-solving, self-direction, leading, and written communication abilities. To introduce the students to Research-Based Learning (RBL), we asked them to develop a solution to a problem presented in a first-semester science class in a university focused on developing technical and transversal competencies. This work proposes a teaching methodology based on RBL, which includes the appropriate use of search tools, data analysis, and writing skills, taking advantage of the institution's resources. Simultaneously, we looked for an effective research methodology to build a solid theoretical framework relevant to their experimental results. Moreover, we aimed to link the theoretical course contents to the student's engineering field through RBL activities. The sample under study had 98 students taking an experimental physics and statistical analysis course; 49 in an experimental group (class) were guided using RBL, and the other students were in the control group. The evaluation of the learning outcomes was carried out comparing the pre-and-post surveys, using a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree). The statistical analysis of the experimental guided group results showed an increase in critical thinking, innovation, problem-solving, and self-direction compared to the control group students. However, the leadership competency did not show any improvement in both groups. We concluded that implementing the RBL methodology for students in the early stages of engineering education promoted and reinforced the development of technical and transversal competencies

Juan Uriagereka,Rhyme and reason. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. Pp. xliii+669.In this wide-ranging and ambitious volume, Juan Uriagereka sets as his goal both a conceptual and a technical explication of Chomsky's Minimalist Program as well as the siting of it within the broader context of scientific inquiry into the nature of human beings and the natural world. Reintroducing an old rhetorical device into modern scientific discourse, the book is framed as a series of dialogues over six days between a Chomskyan linguist and a sceptical interlocutor called ‘The Other’, a ‘hard’ scientist whose knowledge encompasses not only contemporary physics and biology, but also mathematics and philosophy.The temptation to frame a review using the same rhetorical device is considerable. It is not much of an exaggeration to say that Uriagereka has attempted to create a book about everything for anyone, and has attempted to do so in a way that is unusual, clever and interesting. That he is largely successful in this enterprise is truly remarkable. On the other hand, there is also the lingering feeling that it is fractionally too clever, and fractionally too ambitious, with the result that what could have easily been a classic of modern scientific writing does not quite fulfill its potential.

An online writing center developed at the University of Antwerp, Belgium, called Calliope, provides a modular platform aimed at enhancing learners’ professional writing skills in five different languages: Dutch, English, French, German, and Spanish. It supports courses in business and technical communication. The current version includes modules on press releases in English, business letters in French, and minute taking in Dutch. Unlike many online writing centers, it is genre-specific and context-specific, it is highly interactive rather than linear, it uses a process approach to cater to different learning styles, it accommodates different writer profiles, and it is an instructional tool not connected to a physical writing center.

Introduction. The article focuses on theoretical and practical aspects of academic writer identity. The theoretical aspect comprises the analysis of the Anglo-American bulk of research devoted to the problem of writer identity in the academic written discourse. The purpose of the article is to define the structure of writer identity, its voice and stance. The practical objectives of the study is to investigate the identity of novice academic writers represented in their language choices as well as to describe the mechanism of such choices. In order to accomplish the purpose of the research, three types of writer positioning are distinguished: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Materials and Methods. The theoretical analysis is based on the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach and Rhetorical Genre Studies as well as recent developments of ESP. The analysis of empirical data has been conducted using the methods of discourse analysis as well as qualitative and quantitative methods of data processing. The study reveals the voice and stance represented by lexico-grammatical means of the English academic written discourse. The conducted experiment introduces the context of ESP and models the situation of the implementation of the genre approach in the Academic Writing course in the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, which is one of the leading technical universities in Russia. The research materials include texts of academic book reviews written in English by Russian undergraduates. Results. The study has revealed the social nature of writer identity determined by the genre hybridity of a book review. It is shown that identification and positioning are in direсt connection with the source text; thus, while choosing a textbook of a general science book, the writer identity is getting to be collective or professional. Depending on the functional style of the source text, the rhetorical markers are changing as well. Thus, while choosing a textbook, students are writing for the teacher and addresses the student audience; at the same time in case of the general science text, the student rises to the level of an expert and addresses the scientific community. The popular science text helps work out the individual voice while the author’s style is changing toward the creative one and the dialogue between the writer and the reader is taking an intimate coloring. Subjectivity markers (adjectives with the negative value, boosters) are getting to be typical for the Russian linguistic and academic culture. Conclusions. The article concludes that constructing the socially-predetermined writer identity is an essential skill for students and academics. The writer identity is fluid and changeable depending on the social context – academic discourse and genre characteristics. The genre of a book review that combines objectivity and subjectivity gives an opportunity to construct writer identity according to the choice of the source text. The writer identity is culturally-predetermined and connected with the standards of Russian linguistic culture, academic rules and traditions of teaching English as a foreign language in Russia.

<p class="0abstract">The higher education system around the world is being rapidly developed towards digitalization – from computers to laptops, from laptops to tablets and smartphones. Accordingly, traditional delivery of instruction is being shifted towards blended learning that is being gradually replaced with distance learning, i.e. higher education is moving forward with mobile learning (m-learning) technologies. The introduction of mobile learning became the most topical event in 2020 in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to which many countries had to completely move to distance learning in higher education. The purpose of the study is to analyze the prospects for the widespread use of mobile applications in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in Russia to Russian and Arab learners. In the course of the study, an online survey based on a questionnaire consisting of four open and closed questions was conducted. An empirical method was applied to collect the research data. The survey was conducted at the Department of Foreign Languages of the Engineering Academy of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (EA PFUR). The total research sample included 200 participants and consisted of: 50 potential employers, 50 Russian and Arab students of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia studying Linguistics (training program code 035700), 50 faculty members, namely teachers of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Moscow State Pedagogical University and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, as well as 50 administrative staff of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. The purpose of the survey was to collect information about the use of mobile applications (Smartphone Apps) and the introduction of mobile learning technology (m-learning) in the process of teaching EFL to students. According to the results of the survey, instructors are actively using mobile technologies in their professional activities and all participants in the learning process are receptive to their introduction in education. At the same time, respondents believe that technical challenges are the major obstacle to the adoption of mobile applications; these problems must be overcome in order to enable more productive use of mobile applications. In this regard, the study of mobile applications that are suitable for specific aspects of learning a foreign language, such as spoken language, reading comprehension, listening or writing, can be considered a promising research area.</p>

This paper addresses the exclusion of physical and technical media from questions of ontology. It is argued, first, that from Aristotle onwards ontology has dealt with the matter and form of things rather than the relations between things in time and space. Second, it is argued that because the Greeks did not distinguish between speech elements and alphabetic letters there has been a tendency for philosophy to neglect writing as its own technical medium. This paper traces these tendencies through a range of philosophical sources: from Aquinas and Descartes to Fichte and Hegel. It is argued, by way of response, that it is only with Heidegger that a philosophical consciousness for technical media first arose, and that today the connections of mathematics and media, and of media and ontology are to be formulated in more precise terms.

Although there is consensus in the literature that writing skills are important in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) studies, they are often neglected. However, some efforts have been made to correct this deficiency, one of them being the development of assessment rubrics. This study seeks to contribute to the discussion by presenting the results of the application of a rubric designed to assess the writing skills of a group of 3rd year engineering students. This rubric, which includes linguistic and rhetorical-organizational criteria alongside the mathematical and technical, was used to assess a number of written exercises and essays submitted by students in a 15-week course. The main interest of this study was to test the efficacy of the rubric as a diagnostic tool, conceived to detect the areas of improvement in the students’ written performance and, ultimately, to also help them to achieve higher levels of competence. This goal was achieved, as one of the main conclusions of the study is that, although students usually master the technical aspects of the course, they must improve the linguistic and rhetorical aspects of their written communication. It can likewise be said that all the participants involved in the study profited in one way or another from the application of the rubric and contributed to identifying the ways in which the rubric itself can be improved for future application.

Taking into account the almost constitutive affinity of mental medicine and cultural criticism, it should not be surprising that, given its particular conflict with modernity, General Franco’s dictatorship was a period of intense flowering of conservative psychiatric essay writing, Starting from the fears of a possible physical and moral regression of “Hispanity” due to the artificiality of modern life, the infiltration of liberalism and the erosion of traditional values, the genre shifted its interest towards an analysis of the contemporary “neurotic society” that, with philosophical reference points such as Ortega or Heidegger, pointed to the excesses of instrumental reason, “mechanization” and the “hyper-technification” of the modern world as one of the main sources of malaise and psychic suffering.

AbstractThe alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis, writing around 300ce, is our only source for a series of treatises by Hermes called the Physica, which reportedly spoke about angels who had intercourse with women, as in 1 Enoch, and which credited the revelation of alchemy to an enigmatic figure called Chemeu. The present contribution aims to show that Zosimus has in fact harmonized the account of 1 Enoch with the Physica of Hermes, identifying the Watchers of the former treatise with wicked angels who perverted the authentic art of alchemy, originally revealed to Hermes by Chemeu, who should be identified with Agathodaimon. It is further argued that the Physica likely served as a source for the Hermetic treatises the Perfect Discourse (Ascl. =nhcvi,8) and Kore Kosmou (Stob. herm. 23). This indicates that the literary relationship between the technical and theoretical Hermetica is tighter than hitherto assumed.

The article investigates the contribution of Anatoliy Petrovych Aleksandrov (1903-1994) to the study of the Dnipro rapids. Biographical and comparative methods were used during writing this article. The rapids of river Dnipro occupy a prominent place in the history and culture of Ukraine. And because of this, they are constantly attract attention to themselves, even after their flooding.Researchers of the Dnipro try to fully reproduce the picture of a river as much as possible. But it seems that the experience of A.P. Aleksandrov have not been studied yet. A.P. Aleksandrov lived a bright and extraordinary life. He became an outstanding physicist and renowned scientist in the field of atomic energy. His achievements were highly praised by his contemporaries, who elected a scientist as president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1975-1986). In the study of his biographies, the main focus is on the scientific and technical aspects of it.Besides that, a fun and exciting scientist's hobby is beyond the detailed research – boat trips along the Dnipro river. Especially often he rested this way during living in Kiev (1903-1930 years). In the 1920's A.P. Aleksandrov had very busy life: he taught physics and chemistry at the labor school №79 (1923-1930), studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Kyiv People's University (1924-1930), conducted scientific research at the Kyiv X-ray Institute, falsified in the electro-technical bureau at a physical-chemical school club, etc. Still, he somehow managed to combine good with pleasure and had a chance to rest on the bank of Dnipro river on his lovely boat every summer. At first – near Kiev, and later – on the Dnipro rapids themselves. According to Aleksandrovs memories and documents from the archive of the Institute of Manuscripts of the National Library of Ukraine named after V.I. Vernads'kyy, we managed to establish that the scientist visited the rapids of Dnipro every summer during four years before it was flooded. At first, probably in 1926, he went to rapids with only one friend. They wanted to see them and, if possible, go down through them. In 1927-1929 as a photographer, he participated in the expedition of A.S. Synyavs'kyy, who was to explore the rapids before flooding. In 1927 the expedition shot a film about the rapids and the Dnipro hydroelectric power station. The expedition was held in the summer of 1930, but without Anatoliy Petrovych. In August 1930 he participated in the First All-Union Congress of Physicists in Odessa and later he moved to Leningrad. During the first trip to the rapids, A.P. Aleksandrov and his friend almost drowned at the Kodats'kyy rapids. Fortunately, friends quickly learned how to swim between granite rocks. At the same time, they not only went down the flow with a boat, but also rose against it. In historical studies, the ability to swim bottom-up dipper rapids up until recently was considered a very controversial issue. Ya.R. Dashkevych writes that in the annotation to the map of Lithuania Makovs'kyy-Radzyvil (1613) it is said that Dmytro Vyshnevets'kyy (about 1517 - 1563/1564) managed to reach the Cherkasy through the rapids (that is, from the bottom up). French engineer Hiyom Levaser de Boplan in his memories of the second half of the seventeenth century also wrote about his personal trip through the rapids of the Dnipro against the flow. O.S. Afanas'yev-Chuzhbyns'kyy in 1861 and Ya.P. Novyts'kyy in 1905, after personal visits to the rapids and communication with local pilots and fishermen, came to the conclusion that it was not possible to overcome the rapids against the flow. A.Kh. Lerberh in 1819 and Ya.R. Dashkevych in 2007 assumed that it was still possible. In 2000, the last pilot of the Dnipro rapids H.M. Omel'chenko (1911-2002) wrote very confidently that he and his father repeatedly swam across the rapids of the Dnipro from below upwards. Memoirs of A.P. Aleksandrov, published in 2002, greatly facilitate the above discussion. Unlike all his predecessors, he describes in detail the technique of swimming through the rapids from the bottom up and its rationale. The point is that the flow does not always flow down the rapids. By stones, it flows up with approximately the same force as it was before it was down. So to swim from the bottom up to the rapids, you need to swim through one of the stones (there flows flow from below upwards), gaining there some sort of a speed boost and cross the strip of ordinary flow to the next stone (up to 2 meters), and so on. So, the memoirs of A.P. Aleksandrova allows a significant advance in the many-year historical debate about the possibility of swimming on the rapids of the Dnipro against the flow. However, they do not prove that all evidence of such a voyage is true. In the long run, the author plans to test the methodology of the scientist in practice and expand the base of historical sources on swimming the rapids. He will also try to find photos and movies that were created in 1927-1929 with the participation of A.P. Aleksandrova.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This work starts from the request to have a physical high-resolution 3D model of the external, anthropoid coffin of the scribe Butehamon, held at the Museo Egizio, Turin. At the time of writing, a replica of the coffin, based on this survey work, functions as final and focal installation of the temporary exhibition Archeologia Invisibile of the Museo Egizio, Turin, running from March 2019 to January 2020. The replica acts as support for a micro-mapping installation meant to re-project a pattern of images onto the coffin’s surface, including the results of different radiometric and colourimetric analyses performed in the recent past by Museo Egizio and Musei Vaticani. This collaborative work encouraged a thorough discussion on the interaction between scientists and humanists engaged in the study of archaeological finds, on the needs and expectations of both sides, and on the technical problems relating to handling objects of different sizes.</p>

This paper aims at exploring the educational scholarly writing on the teacher-student relationship and performance within the use of Social Network Sites (SNSs) for educational purposes. To that end, a systematic review of 111 journal articles focused on young people, and found in ten relevant databases (ERIC, SCOPUS, WOS, JCR (SSCI), DOAJ, EBSCO, ISOC, REDIB, JSTOR, and PsycARTICLES), has been performed. The results show continuity in the roles of educators and students between physical and virtual spaces. This homogeneous conceptualisation is grounded on student-centred theories. Also, the existence of a theoretical confrontation between the figurative dichotomy of vertical (distance) and horizontal (closeness) teacher-student relationship is revealed and discussed. While most of the reviewed studies focused on requirements for technical training, the need for acquiring digital cultural knowledge is stressed. Finally, some of the educational implications of the ethical dimension of the teacher-student relationship in digital spaces are exposed.

AbstractWhile research on Warring States, Qin, and Han manuscripts is flourishing, much less is known about the use of manuscripts during the earlier stages of Chinese history, for which material evidence has not been preserved. Based on the layout features and textual anomalies in the Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, this article explores the traces of use of perishable writing supports in the process of the production of bronze inscriptions in this period and reconstructs their functions and physical qualities. Based on the surveyed evidence, the article posits that two distinct exemplar manuscripts were used in the inscription-making process: an original “master copy” that was kept aside for proofreading purposes and a secondary “blueprint” that was employed directly in the technical process of inscription-making. A single blueprint would be used consecutively by several craftsmen to produce a set of inscriptions on different types of vessels. The word count and layout of many inscriptions were already carefully planned during the process of their composition, and any study of a bronze text should therefore begin with the evaluation of its visual qualities. Moreover, this probe provides unambiguous evidence for the use of tube-lining in the inscription-making process and reconstructs the complete chaîne opératoire of bronze inscription production in the Late Western Zhou period. The article also offers insights into the level of literacy and the division of labor in bronze workshops, and touches upon the display function of bronze epigraphy during the Western Zhou period.

Abstract Portfolios are often used in higher education for learning, promotion, assessment and appraisal. Thanks to technical developments in recent years, portfolios are increasingly digital rather than physical. E-portfolios provide a comprehensive way to document personal progress, to reflect on work activities, to support learning and to serve as a tool for feedback and evaluation. However, there has been very little research conducted on the use of e-portfolios for learning purposes in higher education. This paper focuses on the use of e-portfolios in teacher education. Six students in a master programme work with e-portfolios in the course of their practical vocational training. In a mixed-methods design, the students were interviewed about their experiences and the process of writing e-portfolios. In addition, a document analysis of the e-portfolio entries has been conducted in terms of content and structure. The findings of this study provide indications on how e-portfolios can be used effectively in teacher training and which promoting and inhibiting conditions students encounter.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review how historical research data are managed and mined today. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology builds on observations over the last decade. Findings – Reading speed is a factor in managing the quantity of text in historical research. Twenty years ago historical research involved visits to physical libraries and archives, but today much of the information is online. The granularity of reading has changed over recent decades and recognizing this change is an important factor in improving acce. Practical implications – Computer-based humanities text mining could be simpler if publishers and libraries would manage the data in ways that facilitate the process. Some aspects still need development, including better context awareness, either by writing context awareness into programs or by encoding it in the text. Social implications – Future researchers who want to make use of text mining and distant reading techniques will need more thorough technical training than they get today. Originality/value – There is relatively little discussion of text mining and distant reading in the LIS literature.

The focus of Newtonian scholarship has shifted over the last couple of decades. Compare any relevant collection of studies from the third quarter of the twentieth century with a recent one such as Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies (2004), edited by James Force and Sarah Hutton, and the changes leap to the eye. Newtonian studies have been traditionally concerned with Newton's writings and achievements in the fields of mechanics, optics and mathematics, and with his influence on the subsequent development of these disciplines – a line of enquiry that was nourished by the systematic study of unpublished materials in the post-war period and has reached a high degree of technical sophistication. In this perspective, the priority attributed to Newton's natural philosophy and mathematics reflects the assumption that Newtonian ‘science’ should be granted an unquestioned pre-eminence over the rest of his much varied production, as the latter contributed ‘little or nothing to our twentieth-century world’. The landmarks of post-war Newtonian scholarship thus aimed at the identification, analysis and interpretation of Newton's ‘scientific’ manuscripts, carefully separated from the rest of his densely written and sometimes enigmatic paperwork. Establishing such a demarcation certainly made sense within a historiographical practice directed primarily at the reconstruction of Newton's contribution to the making of modern science, and was sustained by the perception of an essential continuity between Newton's alleged main concerns and the practices of twentieth-century physics and mathematics.

The article is focused on the analysis of the statutory legal acts of Altai Krai for physical training and sports from the standpoint of compliance with the rules of legislative technology. The authors note that there is no single abridgement of such rules, and this, in particular, is the cause of many technical defects in the legislation. Therefore, the position of those researchers who propose to pass a special act is supported, which would enshrine in law the proper requirements and rules of legislative technology. The study has considered the criteria often mentioned by researchers in the relevant literature.Some of them are: compliance with the distribution of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, lack of excessive duplication of federal legislation, provision of consistency, completeness and detail of legal regulation, present norms regulating relations with reference to regional specificity. The analysishas been applied to: Act of Altai Krai of 11.09.2008 N 68-ЗС «On Physical Training and Sports in Altai Krai» and Statutory Order of Altai Krai Administration dated 04.03.2011 N 100 «On the Strategy for the Development of Physical Training and Sports in Altai Kraifor the Period up to 2020».Overoll, they have received a positive assessment, both in terms of content and writing technique. Yet some problems have been identified. An inconsistency with the distribution of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation has beennoted, and a proposal has been formulated to exclude the corresponding provision from the regional act. There has been revealed the presence of duplications of federal legislation that do not carry amessage. Examples of norms with their detailed analysis have been given, where the consistency, completeness and detail of legal regulation are not provided. Proposals have been formulated to expand the provisions aimed at addressing issueswith reference to regional specificity.

The relevance of improving the quality of preventive medical surveillance of children and adolescents is undeniable, which provides the basis for the search for methodologically sound approaches to an integrated assessment of the health of the child population. The purpose of the study was to develop and create the software product «Computer Program «Comprehensive Assessment of the Health of Children and Adolescents». For realization of the purpose, patent search, compilation of a technical specification on the basis of criteria of assessment of children’s health and assignment to a particular group of health, writing of a software product using modern programming libraries, as well as preparation of accompanying documents for registration of an intellectual property object were performed. The result of the work was the «Computer Program «Comprehensive Assessment of the Health of Children and Adolescents», designed for the integrated assessment of the state of health of children and adolescents during screening and preventive examinations. After filling in all fields, the program processes the received data and displays the final result — assessment of the child’s health status with the definition of the health group. Information about the examined patient is sent to the program database. The built-in database allows you to systematize the data obtained, analyze the health indicators of the surveyed contingents both in one-step and in longitudinal studies. This program product can be used in the work of medical organizations, higher educational institutions of a medical profile, physical education organizations and institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Russian Federation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics and functions of images in scientific practices and how scientific images differ to other types of representation (e.g. textual, numerical or artistic images). To address these questions, the study looks into the illustration practice of the Swedish researcher Gaston Backman, who wrote several books on the origin of the human species, human anatomy, physical anthropology and race biology in the beginning of the twentieth century. Design/methodology/approach A comparative and functional analytical method is applied to show how the images act in his writings and how rhetorical and technical circumstances affect the way the images communicate and document scientific facts and ideas. Theoretically, the study relates to ideas suggesting: images to be serious partakers and vehicles of representation in the practice of science; and the need for images to be schematic and more abstract in comparison to an iconic image in order to work in this practice. Findings The findings of this study show that Backman used both schematic and iconic images in his research writings, and that these different image expressions had different functions: where the former was based on facts and had an informative and scientific function, the latter was based on fantasy/myth and used to promote ideological values and ideas. Originality/value This study stresses the importance of images in the practice of science, i.e. how images alongside verbal or numerical expressions act as important information and knowledge carriers in the work of science. Even though images intermingle with verbal and numerical expression, they also have a unique and specific, a role that needs to be taken seriously and investigated further in the realm of information studies and document studies. The authors also need to be aware that images can have different functions in the scientific practice, and are not always there to carry scientific facts or ideas, but ideologies and fantasies.

Currently transformation of criminalistics subject is determined due to reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office, courts and other bodies of criminal justice authorities of Ukraine, change of status, powers of operational units, bodies of pre-trial investigation , expert institutions, and their organizational and structural reformations. Concepts regarding the initial stage of development criminalistics subject has been improved. This stage defined the period 1893–1914 years, when the data on the criminalistics subject reflected in writings, mainly Western European criminalists (H. Gross, R. Reiss, A. Nicheforo, etc.). Five stages of development approaches to the criminalistics subject are proposed: first (1893–1914) – physical evidence research, the behavior of criminals and the activities of participants in criminal process; second (1915 – until the 1930s) – technical support for crime investigation; third (1930s to 1967) – disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; fourth (1967 to the end of the 20th century) – research on patterns of information emergence about the crime and those based on cognition of these patterns, forensic means and methods of disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; fifth (beginning of the 19th century until the present) – criminalistics is defined as a science studying criminal activity patterns, genesis of information about a crime or any phenomenon in society and which is used in a number of types of legal proceedings and related social relations. The author has proved that in such new approach to the definition of criminalistics subject it is necessary to take into account the scope of criminalistic knowledge application, conceptual approaches to crime investigation provided by criminal procedural law, modern legal terminology.

Abstract During the 1930s, the German and Austrian Alpine Society sponsored three mountaineering-scientific expeditions to the Peruvian Andes, focusing especially on the Cordillera Blanca and adjacent valley known as the Callejón de Huaylas. They climbed mountains, conducted scientific studies, produced detailed maps, explored the highlands, and interacted with Peruvian intellectuals. Similar German expeditions went to Asia, Africa, and elsewhere in South America during this decisive period for the Nazi empire. This essay analyzes the writings and publications of the German and Austrian mountaineer-scientists who went to Peru, especially the Austrian leader Hans Kinzl, as well as examining government documents, technical reports, tourism publicity, diplomatic correspondence, and travel accounts to understand how Peruvian policy makers, engineers, scientists, intellectuals, tourism boosters, regional authorities, urban-based ruling classes, and rural residents in the mountains interacted with the European mountaineer-scientists during and after their expeditions. Most Peruvian groups initially welcomed the foreign mountaineer-scientists, using their activities to pursue their own agendas during the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1960s, however, many had become opposed to foreign mountaineers and scientists “intervening” in the Andes. World War II, natural disasters, the weak nation-state, coast-sierra divisions, growing Peruvian expertise in science and engineering, and the rise of an Andean tourism economy influenced how Peruvians perceived and interacted not only with the foreign mountaineer-scientists, but also with the Andean alpine landscape. Moreover, the dynamic physical environment also shaped historical processes: from science and engineering to landscape perceptions, tourism economies, national development, and international relations.

Objetivo: Desarrollar adaptación transcultural y estimación de propiedades escalares (validez apariencia, confiabilidad -consistencia interna- y validez de constructo) de la Escala de Actividad Física para Discapacidad Física (PASIPD). Metodología: Investigación no-experimental observacional, descriptivo-correlacional. La muestra fue de 47 personas con edad promedio de 32.3±11.5 años; 51.1% mujeres vs 48.9% de hombres, de Bogotá, con condiciones crónicas de discapacidad física. Se revisó léxico y redacción de ítems de escala PASIPD adaptándolos a contexto colombiano. Se realizó validación de apariencia (validez facial), posteriormente se piloteó con 21 adultos en condición de discapacidad. Luego, se hizo aplicación de PASIPD-C en ligas y entidades promotoras de actividad física. Análisis se realizó con IBM-SPSS statistic 22. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas (p>.05) en el gasto metabólico estimado entre grupos etarios (F=.342; p=.795), discapacidad congénita vs adquirida (F=2.58; p=.115), tiempo de presentar discapacidad (F=2.702; p=.058) y uso de ayudas técnicas (F=.095; p=.910). Respecto a confiabilidad, Alpha de Cronbach de 0,721, consistencia interna alta. El análisis factorial de componentes principales arrojó una medida de Káiser-Meyer-Olkin de adecuación muestral de .56 que con la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett significativa al dar una p <.001. Abstract. Objective: To develop cross-cultural adaptation and estimation of scalar properties (appearance validity, reliability -internal consistency- and construct validity) of the Scale of Physical Activity for Physical Disability (PASIPD). Methodology: Non-experimental observational, descriptive-correlational research. The sample consisted of 47 people with an average age of 32.3 ± 11.5 years; 51.1% women vs 48.9% of men, from Bogotá, with chronic conditions of physical disability. The vocabulary and writing of the PASIPD scale items were revised, adapting them to the Colombian context. Appearance validation (facial validity) was performed, later it was piloted with 21 adults with disabilities. Then, PASIPD-C was applied in leagues and entities promoting physical activity. Analysis was performed with IBM-SPSS statistic 22. Results: There were no significant differences (p> .05) in the estimated metabolic output between age groups (F = .342; p = .795), congenital vs acquired disability (F = 2.58; p = .115), time to present disability (F = 2.702; p = .058) and use of technical aids (F = .095; p = .910). Regarding reliability, Cronbach's Alpha of 0.721, high internal consistency. The factor analysis of principal components yielded a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy of .56, which with the Bartlett test of sphericity was significant by giving a p <.001.

The experience of the Physico-technical Institute (PhTI) of the National Acdemy of Sciences of Belarus in the harmonization of international standard ISO 17804 (Founding – Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons – Classification) and development of the Belorussian analogue STB ISO is described. The reasons for the choice of austempered ductile iron (ADI) as an object for standard harmonization are presented: it is the most promising cast iron in comparison with gray and classical ductile iron. The work procedure on harmonization is described: how to include the task into the State Plan on standardization, specificity of translation of the text, peculiarities of with state organizations responsible for approbation of standards such as Belorussian Institute for Standardization and Certification (BelGISS) and State Committee on Standards (Gosstandart), writing a summary of external reviews, working with critical comments from potential users. It is outlined that any foreign standard does not exists independently but is closely connected with at least 10 to 20 other standards. Thus, harmonization necessitates coordination with other standards and sometimes even with handbooks by adding annexes to the main text. The importance of a proper choice of the standard status is outlined: identical (ID) or modified (MOD). Developing an identical standard is prestigious but difficult because is requires harmonization of all the referenced standards, which is a very labor-consuming procedure. It is argued that the most suitable is ‘intermediate’ variant: adopting the authentic text of the international standard (in high-quality translation) but with annexes reflecting national specificity in this area. As a result, a harmonized standard is developed which, for the first time in Belarus, standardize the tensile strength of 800 MPa in combination with the elongation of 10 % and the tensile strength of 1400 MPa in combination with the elongation of 1 % for cast irons.The annual demand for ADI in Belarus is estimated as about 10,000 ton. It is shown that in Belarus, where about 60 industrial enterprises have a foundry and almost every engineering plant has a heat-treatment shop, austempered ductile cast (ADI), which features a high strength, can successfully compete with rolled steel in certain applications.

This research focuses attention on accountability in the management of Village Funds Allocation (ADD) in efforts to improve the development of the village and community empowerment. This research is expected to be useful in efforts to improve the accountability of the management of Village Funds Allocation. The results of this research showed that the accountability ADD both technically and administration has een running well in accordance with the applicable rules with evidence of accountability in a transparent and accountable, so also in the management of village funds allocation, proven by the existence of Accountability Report (LPJ) the contents of which there is a cash book receipt, aiding, news events and other activities that have been documented through the pictures that are attached and physical development has been carried out the construction by constructing the irrigation water stones times. The realization of the report and report the realization of the implementation of Regional Budget Villages communicated to the society in writing and with the media information that is easily accessible by the community as shown by the existence of an attachment realization of that has been written. The planning, implementation, accountability for the development and empowerment of the village Dapurkejambon also has been done by the government of the village in accordance with the existing regulations, proven by the existence of the stages of planning activities can be done preparation in the form of the arrangement of the list of the Proposed Planned Activities (DURK) and Business Plan and Budget (RKA) that activities financed by the Fund Allocation of the village. However the purpose of the Fund Allocation Village in increasing community empowerment Dapurkejambon still deemed less than optimal because of the community less respond with good.

<p>Abstract<br />This article writing aims to study the bitcoin buying and selling transactions that are facilitated by the Indodax website according to the rule of law in Indonesia and protection for those who conduct bitcoin buying and selling transactions in Indonesia.This legal research is normative legal research that acts prescriptively and applied. Request submitted to the user. The technique of obtaining legal material used uses basic materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Legal materials analysis techniques draw conclusions from a debate that draws general attention to the concrete problems needed.Bitcoin buying and selling transactions facilitated by the first Indodax website are in accordance with the principles of agreement and the legal requirements contained in the Civil Code, the first in accordance with Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions and Government Regulations Number 82 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Systems and Electronic Transactions, and the third in accordance with Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. With the issuance of the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency Regulation No. 5 of 2019 concerning the Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Crypto Assets (Crypto Assets) on the Futures Exchange, the bitcoin buying and selling transaction has been approved and supported by law in Indonesia. Regulations on how to buy bitcoin, the requirements for establishing the physical market for crypto assets or exchanges, and the procedure for disputing approval. Legal protection of bitcoin buying and selling transactions is divided into several aspects of privacy, the intensity of legal subjects, object transactions, and the responsibility of the parties.<br />Keywords : bitcoin; buy and sell; indodax</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keabsahan perjanjian transaksi jual beli bitcoin yang difasilitasi website Indodax menurut kaidah hukum di indonesia dan perlindungan bagi para pihak yang melakukan transaksi jual beli bitcoin di indonesia. Penelitian hukum ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif dan terapan. Pendekatan yang penulis gunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang penulis gunakan yakni dengan cara pengumpulan bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Teknik analisis bahan hukum dilakukan secara deduktif yakni menarik kesimpulan dari suatu permasalahan yang bersifat umum terhadap permasalah konkret yang dihadapi.Transaksi jual beli bitcoin yang difasilitasi website Indodax yang pertama telah sesuai dengan asas-asas perjanjian dan syarat sah perjanjian yang terkandung dalam Kitab UndangUndang Hukum Perdata, yang kedua telah sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik serta Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik, dan yang ketiga adalah telah sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Dengan dikeluarkannya Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset) di Bursa Berjangka, maka transaksi jual beli bitcoin sudah resmi diakui dan mempunyai dasar hukum di indonesia. Peraturan ini memuat berbagai hal tentang tata cara jual beli bitcoin, persyaratan pendirian pasar fisik aset kripto atau exchange, dan prosedur penyelesaian sengketa. Perlindungan hukum transaksi jual beli bitcoin dibagi dalam beberapa aspek meliputi privasi, otentisitas subjek hukum, objek transaksi, dan tanggung jawab para pihak.<br />Kata kunci: bitcoin; jual beli; indodax</p>

Object. The article considers the issue of cultural and leisure activities of club youth centers of pedagogical higher educational institutions. The structure and types of leisure, forms of youth clubs` work are analyzed. Methods. The following methods were used when writing the article and searching for the material: analysis, synthesis, comparison. Results. One of the urgent problems of cultural and leisure activities of club youth centers of pedagogical higher educational institutions is the organization of youth leisure. Unfortunately, due to the socio-economic difficulties of society, the lack of adequate number of cultural institutions and insufficient attention to the organization of youth leisure, the development of non-institutional forms of youth leisure is most widespread. A new type of youth club is a qualitatively different social formation free from political layers, formalism, and strict regulation of internal life. This institution should help meet the growing interest of young people in their history, cultural and artistic origins, household traditions. The use of free time by young people is a kind of indicator of their culture, the range of spiritual needs and interests of a particular individual of young person or social group. As part of free time, leisure attracts young people by its lack of regulation and voluntary choice of its various forms, democracy, emotional color, the ability to combine physical and intellectual activities, creative and contemplative, production and play. Yu. Striltsov, A. Zharkov, V. Chizhikov, V. Kovshar, T. Kiselyova, Yu. Krasilnikov made a significant contribution to the scientific analysis of the theory and practice of cultural and leisure activities. Stylistic and structural features of free time are reflected in research F. Vidanova, V. Dimova, I. Evteeva, L. Kogan, V. Pichi, A. Shchavel. Such scientists as I. Andreeva, N. Golubkova, N. Litovska, L. Shvydka are working on the problems of youth subculture functioning and cultural socialization. Sociological studies of the spiritual young people needs in the field of leisure in the Ukrainian scientists woks I. Bekh, I. Zyazyun, G. Sagach, I. Stepanenko, P. Shcherban, J. Yuzvak are carefully analyzed. The youth club provides an opportunity to provide leisure as a means of entertainment and relaxation of individual and group stress; recreation as a means of replenishing psychophysical forces, restoring creative potential; compensation as a means of involvement in personally significant cultural values; socialization as a means of involvement in informal social processes and structures; self-actualization as a means of embodying individual creative interests, as well as self-development and self-realization of personal growth in culturally significant areas of society. Conclusions. So, today, given the rising spiritual young people`s needs, increasing the level of their education, culture, the most characteristic feature of youth leisure is the growing share of spiritual forms and ways of spending free time, combining entertainment, information, opportunity to create and learn new things. Such «synthetic» forms of leisure organization have become youth interest clubs, amateur associations, family clubs, art and technical clubs, discos, and youth cafe clubs.

The objective of this panel is to provide attendees with the opportunity to learn about what they always wanted to know about the wide world of human factors consulting, but were afraid to ask (or didn’t know to ask). This session should be of interest to meeting attendees at any stage of their career, including students and those who might be considering a career change or branching out. These panelists, together, have experience over a wide range of consulting domains, as well as being individuals who are at different stages in their consulting careers. As such, the panel session will provide attendees with multiple perspectives on select topics and on responses to attendees’ questions. Sheree Gibson, PE, CPE is President of Ergonomic Applications, a small industrial ergonomics consulting firm in South Carolina. She has been a consultant for most of her professional life, working for a forensic consulting firm as well as an in-house ergonomics consultant for Michelin Tire before setting out on her own. She has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering and a M.S.E. in Applied Ergonomics, both from West Virginia University. She is active in the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Society of Safety Engineers and HFES. Sheree is also Vice-President of the Foundation for Professional Ergonomics. Richard Kelly, PhD earned his doctorate in Engineering Psychology from New Mexico State University and went on to work as an engineering psychologist for the Army at White Sands and then for the Navy at SPAWAR in San Diego. After about 10 years supporting large and small RDT&E programs and leading teams of scientists and engineers, he left the government to start Pacific Science & Engineering (PSE). Over the past 34 years, PSE has grown steadily from 2 to 50 employees and has been a prime contractor, subcontractor, and consultant on hundreds of projects in many different domains, including military, intelligence, industrial process, commercial, medical, education, autonomous vehicles, and more. PSE remains an independent, employee-owned company entirely focused on human performance in complex systems. The technical staff have received numerous recognitions from clients and professional groups for their outstanding work that makes a real difference for our users. Dee Miller, PhD works at Dell, Inc. in the Business Transformation Office as the Senior Principal UX & Service Design Engineer building relationships and appropriately influencing relevant internal teams and direct business contacts in the adoption of a human-centered approach to designing internal systems and processes and delivering services related to Order Experience Life Cycle. She recently started an independent consultancy called Dawn Specialty Consulting. One of the first projects of the new consultancy is consulting with a local non-profit and a police department on applying design thinking to community policing initiatives. Dee has prior experience consulting with state and federal government agencies on matters pertaining to transportation and healthcare. Tom Albin, PE, CPE, PhD is a licensed professional engineer and a certified professional ergonomist. He holds a PhD from the Technical University of Delft in the Netherlands. Currently the principal of High Plains Ergonomics Service, Tom has been engaged in ergonomics consulting since 2001. He has extensive experience as a researcher, a corporate ergonomist and as a product developer. He is active in the US and International Standards community, chairing the ANSI/HFES 100 computer workstation standard and serving as an accredited US expert on several ISO committees. He was Executive Director of the Office Ergonomics Research Committee from 2007 until retiring in 2018. Tom’s consulting work has been principally concerned with physical ergonomics issues in office and industrial settings. Current projects deal with evaluation of injury risk during push and pull tasks and with applied anthropometry. Topics Panelists will each be given time to introduce themselves at the beginning of the session. Each will speak for 7-10 minutes about their career path, ‘what I like best about consulting’, and ‘3-5 things I wish I had known before I started consulting’. The panel will also address the following topics: ethics, running a business (business plans, financing, insurance, legalities, managing employees, marketing, building relationships with clients, and writing contracts), and work/life balance. These topics will be introduced, in the form of questions from the moderator if/when questions from the audience are exhausted.

Subject actuality. The article highlights the evolution of the compositional style of the Hungarian composer, taking into account the performance component of Bartok as a pianist. Based on existing musicological sources (works by A. Alekseev, B. Sabolcha, S. Sigitov, J. Uyfalushi, I. Martynov, I. Nestev, A. Malinkovskaya) the historical periodization of the general interest in Bartok’s work is indicated. Despite the study of many aspects of his creative activity, the performance of B. Bartok still remains without special analysis. Therefore, the process of studying the work of B. Bartok today can not be considered completed. The issues of interaction between the compositional and performance style of B. Bartok, modern interpretations of his works remain opened. The Ukrainian listener is familiar with a limited range of B. Bartok’s works, so the emphasis on the artist’s performance serves as an additional stimulus for the actualization of his art in our time. The main presentation of the material. The evolution of B. Bartok’s piano style was identified as a problem by L. Gakkel through the constituent parameters of the piano style: 1) the “realistic-non-pedal” sound image of the piano; 2) coloristic shock-noise method of sound construction; 3) textured accentuated tone as a tonal-harmonic ground. Indeed, many works of the composer testify to this interpretation of the piano: “Two elegies op. 8 / b, Burlesque three pieces op. 8c, Suite op. 14, Etudes op. 18, Sonata; three concertos for piano and orchestra. However, there are a number of works written quite traditionally, in the classical key. In these works B. Bartok uses the coloristic possibilities of the piano quite avariciously (wide range of registers, pedal effects), a striking example is the “Romanian folk dances” op. 8-a). Milestones of the piano evolution of the artist’s style are marked: Rhapsody, cycles “Romanian folk dances”. Etudes op. 18 – a sample of expressionist aesthetics, extremely complex in pianistic terms. They use extreme technical difficulties that require maximum arm stretching and great physical strength.Most of Bartok’s piano works were written in the first two creation periods – early and experimental. The composer’s attention was focused on three genre areas: folklore, pedagogics, innovation. The communicative semantics of these spheres, of course, influenced the composer’s decisions in the formative field, texture, piano technique, the level of virtuosity. The regularities are traced: B. Bartok’s “commitment” to primary (song and dance) and romantic genres (elegy, rhapsody, rich people), program cyclicity; constant interest in creating a repertoire for children, which solves two tasks at once: the promotion of folk music and the children involvement into a new musical language. Note as a contradiction the fact that the analysis of the works of B. Bartok, created in the first and second period, does not fully confirm the version of L. Gakkel, about a radicalistic change in the sound image of the piano. Probably, in B. Bartok’s work the new did not exclude the old one. The basic quality of B. Bartok’s piano style is its national characteristic, which is shrouded in the resources of the latest technique of musical composition. Conclusions. B. Bartok-pianist by genotype belongs to the Liszt’s branch of European pianism. The Liszt’s tradition is a combination of classical-romantic performing principles, which is especially evident in the works of disciples and followers of F. Busoni, K. Martinsen, K. Arrau, and G. Gould. In general, the evolution of B. Bartok’s piano style can be seen as a movement from the romantic – through folklore – to the neoclassical tradition, which is manifested in the change of musical-linguistic resources (rhythm, harmony, features of musical form, texture, melody). As a result, also the sound image of the piano was being changed. Auditory analysis of B. Bartok’s performing style allowed us to conclude that, unlike many pianists of the romantic tradition, B. Bartok uses pedal effects very avariciously, preferring clear and precise pronunciation (utterance) of all elements of the texture. We state the «imposition» of the classical tradition, which originates from harpsichordists, and new trends associated with the percussive understanding of the piano. From the point of view of the temporal organization of the musical form, his works are distinguished by metrical variability and polyrhythm; rhythmic discrepancy of textured layers; extensive use of repetition techniques and ostinato techniques. The foundations of Bartok’s mode-harmonic mentality (reliance on ancient modes of folk music; mode variability in the conditions of chromatic tonality) determine the difficulties of mastering the «intonation dictionary» of his piano works, and in general the technical equipment of the texture. Thus, Bela Bartok’s piano writing style is an expression of the artist’s innovative thinking, in which the performing component of his own abilities played a key role.

Field-based research programs offer students a singular opportunity to understand that today there are no simple scientific, economic or socio-political answers to the complex questions facing governments, communities, and local organizations. Through their research, students can gain a first-hand appreciation that decision making in the real world is a mix of all these disciplines, and that they have a vital role to play in participating in this process. According to the most recent Open Doors report (2006), issued by the Institute of International Education, about 206,000 US students studied abroad in 2004/5. While about 55% studied in Europe, an increasing number studied in other host countries around the world. Social science and physical science students comprised about 30% of all US study abroad students in this period. While study abroad programs encompassing a field research component are still in the minority, an increasing number of home institutions and field-based providers are supporting and conducting these types of programs. As the student papers in this Special Issue of Frontiers demonstrate, there is high quality work being produced by undergraduates in settings as diverse as France, Thailand, Kenya, South Africa and Mali. For these students this opportunity was likely a new experience, involving living and studying in international settings; dealing with language and culture differences; matriculating in programs operated by host country universities, independent program providers, or their home institution’s international program; and learning how to conduct research that meets professional standards. Much has been written and discussed regarding pre-departure orientation of US students studying abroad, along with studies and evaluations of the study abroad experience. Less discussion and research has focused on the experiences of the on-site faculty and staff who host students and incorporate field-based research into their courses and programs. These courses and programs involving student research include the following types: • International university-based research, in which the student conducts research on a topic as part of a course or term paper; • Independent field-based research, in which the student identifies a topic, organizes the project, and conducts the field work, analysis, write-up, etc. for an overall grade; • Collective field-based research, in which students, working under the guidance of a professor (either US or international), conduct a research project as part of a US-based course, or complementary to the professor’s research focus; • Client-focused, directed, field-based research in which the research conducted is in response to, or in collaboration with, a specific client ranging from an NGO, to a corporation, to an indigenous community, or a governmental agency. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the issues and challenges that on-site faculty and staff encounter in preparing and supporting US undergraduate students to conduct formal research projects in international settings in order to maximize their success and the quality of their research. The perspectives described below have been gathered through informal surveys with a range of international program faculty and staff; discussions with program managers and faculty; and through our own experience at The School for Field Studies (SFS), with its formal directed research model. The survey sought responses in the following areas, among others: preparing students to conduct successfully their field-based research in a different socio-cultural environment; the skill building needs of students; patterns of personal, cultural, and/or technical challenges that must be addressed to complete the process successfully; and, misconceptions that students have about field-based research. Student Preparation Students work either individually or in groups to conduct their research, depending on the program. In either case on-site faculty and staff focus immediately on training students on issues ranging from personal safety and risk management, to cultural understanding, language training, and appropriate behavior. In programs involving group work, faculty and staff have learned that good teamwork dynamics cannot be taken for granted. They work actively with students in helping them understand the ebb and flow of groups, the mutual respect which must be extended, and the active participation that each member must contribute. As one on-site director indicates, “Students make their experience what it is through their behavior. We talk a lot about respecting each other as individuals and working together to make the project a great experience.” Cultural and sensitivity training are a major part of these field-based programs. It is critical that students learn and appreciate the social and cultural context in which they will conduct their research. As another on-site director states, “It is most important that the students understand the context in which the research is happening. They need to know the values and basic cultural aspects around the project they will be working on. It is not simply doing ‘good science.’ It requires understanding the context so the science research reaches its goal.” On-site faculty and staff also stress the importance of not only understanding cultural dynamics, but also acting appropriately and sensitively relative to community norms and expectations. Language training is also a component of many of these programs. As a faculty member comments, “Students usually need help negotiating a different culture and a new language. We try to help the students understand that they need to identify appropriate solutions for the culture they are in, and that can be very difficult at times.” Skill Building Training students on the technical aspects of conducting field-based research is the largest challenge facing most on-site faculty and staff, who are often struck by the following: • A high percentage of students come to these programs with a lack of knowledge of statistics and methods. They’ve either had very little training in statistics, or they find that real world conditions complicate their data. According to one faculty member, “Statistics are a big struggle for most students. Some have done a class, but when they come to work with real data it is seldom as black and white as a text book example and that leads to interpretation issues and lack of confidence in their data. They learn that ecology (for example) is often not clear, but that is OK.” • Both physical and social science students need basic training in scientific methodology in order to undertake their projects. Even among science majors there is a significant lack of knowledge of how to design, manage and conduct a research project. As a program director states, “Many students begin by thinking that field research is comprised only of data collection. We intensively train students to understand that good research is a process that begins with conceptualization of issues, moves into review of relevant literature, structures a research hypothesis, determines indicators and measurements, creates the research design, collects data, undertakes analysis and inference. This is followed by write-up in standard scientific format for peer review and input. This leads to refining earlier hypotheses, raising new questions and initiating further research to address new questions.” Consistently, on-site faculty have indicated that helping students understand and appreciate this cycle is a major teaching challenge, but one that is critical to their education and the success of their various field research projects. • The uncertainty and ambiguity that are often present in field research creates challenges for many students who are used to seeking ‘the answer in the book.’ On-site faculty help students understand that science is a process in which field-based research is often non-linear and prone to interruption by natural and political events. It is a strong lesson for students when research subjects, be they animal or human, don’t cooperate by failing to appear on time, or at all, and when they do appear they may have their own agendas. Finally, when working with human communities, student researchers need to understand that their research results and recommendations are not likely to result in immediate action. Program faculty help them to understand that the real world includes politics, conflicting attitudes, regulatory issues, funding issues, and other community priorities. • Both physical and social science students demonstrate a consistent lack of skill in technical and evidence-based writing. For many this type of writing is completely new and is a definite learning experience. As a faculty member states, “Some students find the report writing process very challenging. We want them to do well, but we don’t want to effectively write their paper for them.” Challenges The preceding points address some of the technical work that on-site faculty conduct with students. Faculty also witness and experience the ‘emotional’ side of field-based research being conducted by their students. This includes what one faculty member calls “a research-oriented motivation” — the need for students to develop a strong, energized commitment to overcome all the challenges necessary to get the project done. As another professor indicates, “At the front end the students don’t realize how much effort they will have to expend because they usually have no experience with this sort of work before they do their project.” Related to this is the need for students to learn that flexibility in the research process does not justify a sloppy or casual approach. It does mean a recognition that human, political, and meteorological factors may intervene, requiring the ability to adapt to changed conditions. The goal is to get the research done. The exact mechanics for doing so will emerge as the project goes on. “Frustration tolerance” is critical in conducting this type of work. Students have the opportunity to learn that certain projects need to incorporate a substantial window of time while a lengthy ethics approval and permit review system is conducted by various governmental agencies. Students learn that bureaucracies move at their own pace, and for reasons that may not be obvious. Finally, personal challenges to students may include being uncomfortable in the field (wet, hot, covered in scrub itch) or feeling over-tired. As a faculty member states, “Many have difficulty adjusting to the early mornings my projects usually involve.” These issues represent a range of challenges that field-based research faculty and staff encounter in working with undergraduate students in designing and conducting their research projects around the world. In my own experience with SFS field-based staff, and in discussions with a wide variety of others who work and teach on-site, I am consistently impressed by the dedication, energy and commitment of these men and women to train, support and mentor students to succeed. As an on-site director summarizes, essentially speaking for all, “Fortunately, most of the students attending our program are very enthusiastic learners, take their limitations positively, and hence put tremendous effort into acquiring the required skills to conduct quality research.” Summary/Conclusions Those international program faculty and staff who have had years of experience in dealing with and teaching US undergraduates are surprised that the US educational system has not better prepared students on subjects including statistics, scientific report formatting and composition, and research methodologies. They find that they need to address these topics on an intensive basis in order for a substantial number of students to then conduct their research work successfully. Having said this, on-site faculty and staff are generally impressed by the energy and commitment that most students put into learning the technical requirements of a research project and carrying it out to the best of their abilities. Having students conduct real field-based research, and grading these efforts, is a very concrete method of determining the seriousness with which a student has participated in their study abroad program. Encouraging field-based research is good for students and good for study abroad because it has the potential of producing measurable products based on very tangible efforts. In a number of instances students have utilized their field research as the basis for developing their senior thesis or honors project back on their home campus. Successful field research has also formed the basis of Fulbright or Watson proposals, in addition to other fellowships and graduate study projects. An increasing number of students are also utilizing their field research, often in collaboration with their on-site program faculty, to create professional conference presentations and posters. Some of these field-based research models also produce benefits for incountry clients, including NGOs, corporations and community stakeholders. In addition to providing the data, analyses, technical information, and recommendations that these groups might not otherwise be able to afford, it is a concrete mechanism for the student and her/his study abroad program faculty and staff to ‘give back’ to local stakeholders and clients. It changes the dynamic from the student solely asking questions, interviewing respondents, observing communities, to more of a mutually beneficial relationship. This is very important to students who are sensitive to this dynamic. It is also important to their program faculty and staff, and in most cases, genuinely appreciated by the local stakeholders. In essence, community identified and responsive research is an excellent mechanism for giving to a community — not just taking from it. An increasing interest in conducting field-based research on the part of US universities and their students may have the effect of expanding the international destinations to which US students travel. A student’s sociological, anthropological, or environmental interest and their desire to conduct field research in that academic discipline, for example, may help stretch the parameters of the student’s comfort level to study in more exotic (non-traditional) locales. Skill building in preparing for and conducting field-based research is an invaluable experience for the student’s future academic and professional career. It is a fairly common experience for these students to indicate that with all the classroom learning they have done, their study abroad experience wherein they got their hands dirty, their comfort level stretched, their assumptions tested, and their work ethic challenged, provided them with an invaluable and life changing experience. Conducting field-based research in an international setting provides real world experience, as the student papers in this edition of Frontiers attest. It also brings what may have only been academic subjects, like statistics, and research design and methodology, to life in a real-conditions context. On a related note, conducting real field-based work includes the requirement to endure field conditions, remote locations, bad weather, personal discomforts, technological and mechanical breakdowns, and sometimes dangerous situations. Field research is hard work if it is done rigorously. In addition, field work often includes non-cooperating subjects that defy prediction, and may confound a neat research hypothesis. For a student considering a profession which requires a serious commitment to social or physical science field work this study abroad experience is invaluable. It clarifies for the student what is really involved, and it is helpful to the student in assessing their future career focus, as they ask the critical question — would I really want to do this as a fulltime career? US education needs to bridge better the gap between the physical and social sciences. Students are done a disservice with the silo-type education that has been so prevalent in US education. In the real world there are no strictly scientific, economic, or sociological solutions to complex, vexing problems facing the global community. Going forward there needs to be interdisciplinary approaches to these issues by decision makers at all levels. We need to train our students to comprehend that while they may not be an ecologist, or an economist, or a sociologist, they need to understand and appreciate that all these perspectives are important and must be considered in effective decision-making processes. In conclusion, education abroad programs involving serious field-based research are not a distraction or diversion from the prescribed course of study at US home institutions; rather, they are, if done well, capable of providing real, tangible skills and experience that students lack, in spite of their years of schooling. This is the reward that is most meaningful to the international program faculty and staff who teach, mentor and support US students in conducting their field-based research activities. As an Australian on-site program director stated, “there are relatively few students who are adequately skilled in these (field research) areas when they come to our program. Most need a lot of instruction and assistance to complete their research projects, but that of course is part of what we’re all about — helping students acquire or improve these critical skills.” This is the real service that these programs and on-site faculty and staff offer to US undergraduates. Paul Houlihan, President The School for Field Studies

I was glad to read today, on December 16th of 2016, that the Sports Sciences Department of the University of Beira Interior (UBI) appears in an outstanding place in the Shanghai Ranking's Global Ranking for Sport Science Schools and Departments. We could indicate that this small department is actually in the top 80 of the sports schools of the world, which is something that should be highlighted.In 2007, the head of the Department of Sports Sciences at UBI and currently president of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (UBI) called for the development of internal research in the field of sports sciences, not only on the national panorama, but above all on an international level. This wish was strongly based on a complete lack of research in the department, in which until 2007 there was no single publication with indexing, much less with ISI or Scopus or any relevant project or book recognized by the scientific community. It was a herculean and risky challenge, but today we think that it has been more than achieved. At that time the cornerstones for the development and sustainability of the investigation in the department were based on three key-vectors: selection and recruitment of more teachers with experience and research potential; acquisition of equipment, laboratory software and reformulation of the advanced training proposal (reformulation of the Master course and Doctoral study plan).As a complement to the quality of the existing teachers, external professors were hired. The rectory was present in the creation of an R & D unit in consortium with UTAD, UMa and 5 Polytechnics Schools, under the designation of CIDESD with headquarters in UTAD and a center in UBI. As far as the equipment is concerned, the department has acquired high quality material and diversification through internal funds (Department / Faculty) and also with the individual scientific production funds of the research unit CIDESD/UBI. Between 2008 and 2013, these acquisitions encouraged the exponential writing of articles, the development of projects and the conclusion with high quality of masters and doctoral theses. This was only possible due to the high scientific production carried out, which was strictly thought in favor of our students and the Department of Sports Sciences. The acquisition of research material had not only a typical laboratory concern but also an ecological one, that is, most of the acquired equipment was portable, allowing us to carry out several studies outside the Department, going to the places where the individuals that composed the samples were. Finally, since 2009, there has been a strong internationalization policy for the Masters course, especially with the arrival of highly qualified teachers from worldwide, which has allowed the promotion of research policies and a significant increase in quantity, but above all in the quality of the published articles. In this research policies project - it was sought to present a line of concrete study that addressed some pertinent problems to which the international literature has not yet shown any final conclusions.In the last two decades, scientific research in Sport Sciences has grown exponentially in the department. Unfortunately, most of the resources, such as critical mass or equipment (laboratories) are still scarce in our country, although some universities have taken important steps in order to reverse this situation. Thus, UBI could not remain unaware of this "revolution". We had a young department with quality and capacity to perform quality research. To this purpose, it was urgent to develop protocols and / or connect with universities and researchers of international reference, which would transport us to higher levels of research. Since our field of study was so vast and complex, we had to focus on the following points of interest: A) preparing research projects in the field of sports performance; B) drawing short - term strategies for the construction of a root laboratory that would be able to transport us to the "front line"; C) helping integrate our young doctoral students (teachers) into the "world" of research. Considering the opening of the European university space resulting from the Maastricht Treaty, one of the pillars of the internationalization policy has been the focus on European cooperation activities. Numerous protocols were developed with the University of Pitesti, the Public University of Navarra, the Pablo de Olavide University, and the University of Barry State. These contacts were a result from the social and academic networks established with members of these universities.After hiring the new professors whose doctorates were concluded between 2007 and 2009, the mission of equating a course development strategy and improving its attractiveness was crucial. Given the fact that, at the level of the 2nd cycle offer, the demand was low, it was therefore necessary to attract students from other schools of the country. It was obvious that this would only be possible with the use of previous personal knowledge networks and the support of the Center for Research in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), a research center where UBI is an integrated member.The 2nd cycle of studies of the Master’s Degree in Sports Sciences was created in the 1st year of the Bologna Process adjustments of the courses given at the UBI. At that time, the Department's doctoral faculty was exiguous and very little diversified. For this reason, the Curricular Units proposed for the curriculum were based in the possibility of hiring other human resources. National and international teachers of recognized pedagogical and scientific value were recruited, with special emphasis on the prestigious curriculum of publications in the area of Sports Sciences. Provisional calls were launched and readily accepted on the condition that they taught concentrated classes, similar to what already being done in many foreign universities and also in some national ones.In the main scientific area of the cycle of studies (Sports Sciences) all the teachers integrated in the service distribution are effective members or collaborators of CIDESD. CIDESD is a research unit accredited by FCT (since the 12th of December of 2009) with the initial classification of GOOD and nowadays of VERY GOOD. Also worth mentioning is the collaboration with the Center for Excellence in Studies, Research and Sports Medicine and the Navarro Institute of Sport, Government of Navarra.The approach to scientific research has also been a point of honor of this department, carried out in a sustainable way, mainly through teaching / learning methodologies specific to each curricular unit (CU), mostly through research seminars. This approach begins in the 1st semester of the 1st year, encouraging the student to the good practices of scientific research, particularly in his area of interest. However, the ultimate milestone of his effective integration into the scientific research can only be consolidated if the student is qualified to prepare or eventually to submit a scientific paper in an ISI-indexed journal provided by the Seminar CUs. Finally, we must highlight the involvement in the implementation of technical-scientific events allowing contact with basic and applied science, of which the Research Seminar of CIDESD and CIDESD Junior is the best example. It should also be said that the scientific activity produced by teachers and students is strongly implemented in the methodological orientation of teaching / research and in the provision of services and advice to the academic community and to civil society in general. Regarding to the research-community relationship, the type of research developed is powerfully applied by integrating and transmitting immediately the produced knowledge to the stakeholders (e.g., clubs, municipalities, gymnasiums and swimming pools). Therefore, this applied research par excellence in the physical activity context of exercise and sport in its most diverse fields of application brings economic benefits to the partners of the course.It should be mentioned that in the last two years there has been a significant increase in the publication of scientific articles in journals indexed to the ISI Web of Knowledge, a true and successful Case Study at the national level. Also note that part of the articles published during the last years were launched in magazines with an impact factor higher than 1.0. Also noteworthy are the publications in book or chapter format of books with scientific review. There are also dozens of abstracts published in national and international conferences (with scientific review). In fact, we consider this type of publication as an excellent measure of dissemination of the work produced by senior researchers and 3rd cycle students. In some cases, even for the 2nd cycle students.We succeeded in spreading knowledge through the range of articles available in worldwide renowned journals, i.e.: Original Research, Brief Reviews, Reviews, Methodological Reports, Research Notes, and Letters to Editor. In terms of impact, if we consider that the UBI Teaching Activity Regulation defined 0.4 as the impact reference median to the Sports Sciences, the publications in question are clearly above this level with an average close to 1.0 impact, a high value for the sports sciences. It should be emphasized that more than 50 percent of the articles refer to 1.8-1.9 impact journals, and that we have had a review - recently published in the highest impact factor journal of the area (Sports Medicine: 5.2).With this philosophy of publications, it was intended to carry out a large number of scientific studies that addressed a panoply of issues considered more relevant like the ones related to the effectiveness of Strength Training and Physical Condition on performance improvements in High Performance Sports, Public School and Exercise /Health. Consequently, this line of thought / intervention, in addition to discussing in a pragmatic and scientific way different topics related to the methodology of Strength Training and Physical Condition, tried to do a parallelism between theory and practice, that is, most of the abovementioned articles are of a highly practical nature in order to daily assist coaches, physical education teachers and health / sport professionals. We also analyzed the Simultaneous Training of Strength and Aerobic thematic, as well as the problematic of the Detraining. These are two hot topics as both are far from consensus in the scientific community.Since the origin of the Department (1994), the first four experimental studies conducted in our laboratories have been published in two of the best sports training magazines. In the five-year period in question, the level of scientific production was exponential with more 100 international ISI articles published or accepted for publication in journals indexed to international reference databases by the end of 2013. The participation in conferences such as the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) as well as the positive evaluation of 2 R & D projects by international panels (with emphasis on the project approved in call 2010) seem to indicate that the scientific community recognizes the efforts done to contribute for a better understanding of the sportive phenomenon, both in theoretical as in empirical terms. We should also note the level of involvement in the scientific community with referee reports for international reference journals and with several coauthors affiliated to different universities (national and international).The research networks developed in 5 years and the funding of the international R & D Projects planned for the coming years, will not only allow the renewal of equipment and software, but also bring the possibility of hiring highly qualified human resources, guaranteeing important conditions to continue in the line of international merit investigation. It is also an important incentive to further progress in the worldwide scientific production, recognized by the scientific community as well as helping UBI to consolidate its role in the country and in the world, in this scientific area. However, there are still some teachers who feel some lack of motivation to publish regularly.

Vocal fold paralysis is an otolaryngologic disorder that is more prevalent in the adult population. Its occurrence in children has been documented in the literature. We report a case of congenital bilateral vocal fold paralysis and discuss the issues surrounding its ultimate diagnosis and management. CASE REPORT Three months prior to consult, a five–year-old girl started to have noisy (whistling), difficult breathing lasting throughout the day and becoming louder if she cried. She had no cough, colds, fever, or voice changes. Suspecting asthma, an attending pediatrician at a private tertiary hospital emergency room administered salbutamol nebulization affording temporary relief of dyspnea, but the noisy breathing persisted. The girl was discharged on salbutamol syrup to be taken for episodes of difficulty breathing, without any laboratory work-ups. Two months before consult, another pediatrician prescribed co-amoxiclav and bromhexine for the persistent noisy breathing, without any improvement. Still no work-ups were requested. A month later, the noisy breathing was louder and associated with difficulty breathing, alar flaring and dynamic chest movements. Suspecting foreign-body aspiration, a tertiary government hospital pediatrician requested chest radiographs that showed minimal infiltrates and no hyperinflation, inconsistent with the working impression. She was referred to our institution for bronchoscopy and possible foreign body extraction. At our institution, further review of history revealed a Caesarian section for premature rupture of membranes, with cord coil noted on delivery. The perinatal history was otherwise unremarkable. The girl had been diagnosed with bronchial asthma at two years of age when the noisy breathing was first noted, and had been given Salbutamol syrup as needed for episodes of difficulty breathing. There had been no feeding difficulties and her developmental milestones were at par with age. Immunizations were also complete. Physical examination revealed respiratory distress with biphasic stridorous breath sounds (heard louder over the neck) with bilateral alar flaring and subcostal and chest wall retractions. Examination of the throat, ears and nose was unremarkable, as was the neurological exam. A repeat Chest X-ray (Figure 1) showed confluent opacities in both lower lobes and shouldering of the subglottic trachea in the frontal projection. No foreign body was appreciated, and a subglottic stenosis and/or tracheomalacia were considered. Awake flexible laryngoscopy (Figure 2) revealed bilateral immobile vocal folds fixed in paramedian position. Tracheobronchoscopy under general anesthesia showed no hypopharyngeal or tracheal lesions up to the level of the carina. A tracheotomy was performed and a Shiley size 4.5 tracheostomy tube was inserted. After much consultation with her relatives, it was decided to follow her closely due to the possibility of spontaneous resolution of bilateral vocal fold paralysis. After two (2) years of regular follow-up, repeat awake flexible laryngocopy revealed no change in vocal fold status. Direct laryngoscopy with cordotomy and arytenoidectomy were then performed. (Figure 3) Two weeks post-operatively, the patient was successfully decannulated. DISCUSSION Stridor represents one of the most common complaints of children presenting with upper airway pathologies. It is defined as an “abnormal sound produced by air passing through an airway lumen of decreased caliber.”1 Despite the abundance of literature describing and differentiating this symptom, it would not be uncommon for physicians to mistake this for a wheeze2 – an adventitious lung sound. One important point in determining whether a certain breath sound is stridorous or not is the location where the sound is heard loudest: stridorous sounds being heard louder in the neck and wheezing sounds heard best in the lungs.3 Stridor may be classified based on timing -- whether it is expiratory, inspiratory or biphasic4,5 Determining the timing of stridor allows one to narrow a multitude of differentials. (Table 1) However, the co-existence of upper and lower airway pathologies in a patient with stridor may complicate the diagnosis. Hence, further workups may be required. There are no hard and fast indications of what imaging or modality to request in the assessment of a child with stridor. In this case, a chest X-ray showed equivocal findings. Flexible endoscopy followed, and revealed the disorder. Rigid tracheobronchoscopy ruled out concomitant tracheal lesions such as laryngomalacia, which is the most common associated anomaly.6 Congenital bilateral vocal fold paralysis, defined as reduced or absent mobility of both vocal folds in children is an uncommon disorder. A study by Ahmad et al. estimated the incidence of congenital bilateral vocal fold paralysis to about 0.9% of all cases of vocal fold paralysis.7 The causes of this rare disorder include central nervous system diseases (most common of which is Arnold-Chiari malformation), muscular dystrophies, autoimmune disorders and trauma (arytenoid dislocation). Most cases however are idiopathic.8 In our case, trauma (cord coil) seems to be the only positive event that may actually be the precipitating factor. However, even after repeated histories, there is a significant disparity between the presumed cause (cord coil) and the start of symptoms at about 2 years of age. Labeling this case as idiopathic may also be quite premature since an underlying neuromuscular disorder, though rare may present later in life between 4 months to 7 years.9 Case reports of bilateral vocal fold paralysis in the local literature are scarce.10-12 The most common complaint of this airway pathology is stridor with 32% presenting after one (1) year of age.8 One of the most controversial issues regarding this problem is the value of laryngeal electromyography in diagnosis. While its value in adults with vocal fold immobility is recognized, its role in children is questionable. A study by Berkowitz showed that a normal EMG may be a finding in children with bilateral vocal fold paralysis.13 These reasons, aside from the fact that the patient had no other history of neck trauma and that the procedure is technically difficult with the potential for more damaging complications on account of the smaller laryngeal apparatus of the child compared to an adult precluded the application of laryngeal electromyography in this case. Another controversy is the use of imaging modalities such as CT Scan and MRI. The role of these ancillaries is supposedly to rule out central nervous system and peripheral nerve lesions. But while neurological and thoracic pathologies must be considered in the assessment of vocal fold paralysis, in the face of a normal neurological and chest examination, such exams are unnecessary and may in fact cause untoward and needless stress on the patient. Our patient had a normal neurological and developmental exam as well as a normal chest and lung exam. In case of idiopathic bilateral vocal fold paralysis, Berkowitz et al.14 opined that “blockade of glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission by strychnine acts pre-synaptically on postinspiratory laryngeal constrictor motorneurons to induce firing during inspiration” as a suggested mechanism and perhaps the reason why EMG findings may be normal in this condition. But the decision and timing to perform definitive surgery or observe (maintain tracheostomy tube) is perhaps the most significant issue to consider. Factors to consider include impact on language, emotional, and intellectual development, tracheostomy complications, capacity of caregivers to provide home care and possibility of spontaneous recovery.15 Each of these factors must be taken into consideration and weighed prior to decision making. Parents must also be informed and included in this process. The rationale for observation has been emphasized in a study by Daya et al.8 wherein some children showed recovery after age 5 with the longest time of recovery at age 11 years old. In case of non-resolution, a variety of surgical techniques can be done – none showing a clear advantage over the other.16 After 2 years of regular follow-up, observing no significant change in vocal fold status, the parents decided to opt for surgery. Laser arytenoidectomy and cordotomy were chosen because studies have shown it to be superior to other surgical techniques in terms of decannulation rate16 and voice preservation and it was a familiar procedure in our institution. In this procedure, in which an Accupulse Lumenis 40 ST (Yokneam, Israel distributed by Spectromed) carbon dioxide laser machine was used, the posterior one-third of the left vocal fold along with a portion of the left vocal process was ablated. (Figure 3) No major complications were noted during the procedure. Two weeks postoperatively, the patient was successfully decannulated. Four months after the procedure, the mother reported no further episodes of difficulty of breathing and very minimal speech deficiencies. She also noted increased confidence and cheerfulness. This case demonstrates how a careful history and physical examination (with minimal diagnostic studies) allows for precise diagnosis without the use of costly interventions such as a CT Scan, MRI or Electromyography and enumerates the factors that must be considered in choosing the best management for the patient. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dr. Joel Romualdez and Dr. Ray Casile for their suggestions and encouragement that have made the writing of this manuscript possible.

AbstractWe have implemented a summer undergraduate research intern (SURI) program, the purpose of which is to give the undergraduates as real a picture as possible of what it is like to be a research scientist and what will be encountered in graduate school. Our first SURI class, the summer of 2003, consisted of a diverse group of 18 students from 9 different universities. Each student joined an ongoing cross-disciplinary research project team comprised of faculty and graduate students who have been working on research projects throughout the year. Coordinated with the students' research project was a technical writing/presentation course. The SURIs also participated in professional development activities, short courses, and a molecular conduction workshop. The culmination of the students' research and the technical writing/presentation course was a one-day conference at the end of their program in which all the SURIs presented the results of their summer research.

The problems of the Russian technical master degree are considered on the example of the “pain points” of the Russian bridge-building education. The analysis is carried out in the school-university group, and the university examines the chain of undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate studies, preparation and defense of a thesis and writing books, textbooks for bachelors, undergraduates and graduate students. It is noted that the selection of «humanists» and «techies» at the school level by allowing the first not to pass the exam in physics leads to a decrease in potential candidates for admission to technical specialties of universities and the creation in society of a large group of young people who are not ready for further activities in technical areas . Also, a large number of humanitarian subjects are taught in technical specialties of higher education institutions and therefore “techies” are also ready to work in these areas, but not even a general technical subject is studied in humanitarian and economic specialties. A brief description and comparison of 12 master’s programs (including foreign) in bridge building is given. The problems of modern 4 year postgraduate studies are described, as well as the organization of defending a thesis with a small number of dissertation councils and limiting the number of suitable opponents. We also briefly reviewed the «pain points» concerning teachers of engineering universities, their workload, salary, and the ability to engage in scientific research. In conclusion, considered a number of ways to solve these problems.

The purpose of technical editing is to prepare specific information, for a specific medium, to help a specific audience, accomplish&nbsp;a specific goal. What defines technical editing is its purpose&mdash;to help readers act&mdash;not the scientific discipline in which it is found.&nbsp;Still, traditions of technical editing differ greatly by subject matter (nuclear physics, field biology), document types (scientific&nbsp;articles, computer user manuals), audiences (regulatory agencies, consumers), and specific publication conventions (writing&nbsp;instruction manuals, documenting experiments). Because technical editing developed in the physical sciences and engineering,&nbsp;the term often refers only to editing in those fields. However, whereas technical editors in industry often enter the profession&nbsp;with degrees in technical communications, editors in other scientific fields typically receive little or no professional training in&nbsp;editing. Accordingly, I describe here four techniques proven to be effective in training technical editors in any branch of science.&nbsp;A basic technique involves applying 12 specific and evidence-based &lsquo;edits&rsquo; that improve comprehension. In an intermediate&nbsp;technique, &lsquo;structured editing,&rsquo; described here for the first time, editors follow a structured process of analysing and revising&nbsp;a text by completing four sequential tasks. An advanced technique&mdash;shortening a 250-word abstract to 100 words without&nbsp;losing content&mdash;will develop critical thinking and sharpen language skills. Finally, I describe a collaborative technique based on&nbsp;&lsquo;deliberate practice,&rsquo; in which a small group of editors discusses a text in detail, in long sessions, over extended periods, to develop&nbsp;a high degree of skill.&nbsp; &nbsp;

ABSTRACTIn an introductory materials science course for mechanical and industrial engineering sophomores, a term-long student team project is included as a graded activity. Successful completion of the project fulfills three course objectives where students learn 1) to compose professional reports in teams and demonstrate effective communication skills, 2) to apply introductory concepts of materials science well enough to follow technical articles on various topics, and 3) to locate resources to gather additional information related to a topic. To help students learn to research a topic, to write, to work in teams, and to speak publicly, the course includes guest lectures with various instructors with expertise in library research skills, technical writing, and communication studies. Course assessment indicates that sophomores find their projects interesting and they report learning a lot about the topics they selected. Interventions in the early stages of the curriculum allow the students to perform better during their senior year Capstone Design Project. The details of how the projects are managed will be described.

This article elucidates a problem of restoring ideologically removed terminological units to modern technical terminology. �Russian-Ukrainian dictionary of scientific terminology. Mathematics. Physics. Earth and Space Sciences�, published in Kyiv in 1998, �Defining Russian-Ukrainian-English Dictionary of Energy� edited by A. Rudnik, published in Kharkiv in 1999 and �Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary of Engineering Technologies� from the terminographic series Word World, published in Lviv in 2013 were analyzed. �Repressed� terms have been found in all analyzed lexicographic works, prepared and published by various Ukrainian schools. Having analyzed the term material of these terminological works, it has been noted that all the authors of mentioned dictionaries reasonably continue to revive the authentic Ukrainian terms. The purpose of the article is to identify tendencies of standardization of Ukrainian technical terminology, common for domestic terminological schools, on the basis of the analysis of �repressed� terms recorded in modern lexicographical works. In the dictionary article they clearly put terms on the first place, that are recommended by the permanent scientific terminological seminar of the Technical Committee for Standardization of Scientific and Technical Terminology of Derzhspozhyvstandart and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, as well as the requirements of the State Standard. It was discovered that lexicographers of Lviv Polytechnic consistently continue the traditions of Ukrainian terminologists of the 1920s, who were employees of the Institute of Scientific Language of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and use methods of describing terminological material typical for the �golden decade� Ukrainian terminology. Descriptive-analytical and comparative methods are applied in the study, according to which the observation of the analyzed lexicographic material is generalized, in particular, the terms that were removed from the Ukrainian technical terminology in the 30s of the twentieth century by terminological bulletins are described. The structural method contributes to the description of word-forming affixes of the studied terms. Analytical and synthetic elaboration of terminographic sources is used to shed light on the historiography of this issue. Based on the analytical-synthetic elaboration of lexicographic works of three domestic terminological schools, the article reveals the following common tendencies of standardization of Ukrainian technical terminology: return to the terminology of unfairly forgotten or forcibly removed nominations; creation of new terms according to Ukrainian word-forming models, restoration of etymological writing and sounding of technical terms; arranging scientific and technical dictionaries by teams of authors � specialists in various technical fields and terminographs; the common position of domestic terminological schools is to focus on the native language soil, taking into account the achievements of previous generations.

ABSTRACTUndergraduate students from Engineering, Physics, Geology & Chemistry come together to form multidisciplinary teams as part of an undergraduate research opportunity through a sequence of independent study classes within the Department of Engineering at James Madison University. The undergraduate research groups typically contain students from freshman to senior years, totaling approximately three to eight students per academic year per group. One of the primary objectives is to provide a high-level research experience for undergraduates in a nurturing environment within the academic year. Peer-mentoring is integral piece to the team dynamics. The course sequence that facilitates the research opportunity is constructed in order for students to produce research that can be applied to obtaining a minor in Materials Science. Methodologies employed in the course range from problem-based learning, inquiry-based learning, and collaborative efforts with outside entities. The course objectives are geared towards developing critical & creative thinking, technical writing and oral communication skills through the development of planned action & experiments with data analysis as well as submitting findings to be presented at regional and national conferences.

ABSTRACTA new experiment to implement and collectively publish undergraduate students' research was started at the School of Technology, Eastern Illinois University in the Fall of 1998. A summary of the procedures followed in this experiment, its assessment and its progress are presented. Collective research publications, authored by undergraduate engineering students and edited by their faculty can be used as an effective teaching / learning tool that benefits students/authors, their peers, faculty/editors, local and other institutions, and industry at large, particularly when this research is interactively posted on the Internet. Through a research study format, undergraduates learn the subject matter much better, become familiar with research methods and techniques early in their careers, and polish their technical writing abilities. As the experiment also fosters teamwork and peer collaboration and evaluation, undergraduates sharpen their oral communication skills through group discussions and in-class presentations. The experiment provided an opportunity for students to independently select and research a particular topic and helped them discover the research resources and reference materials available on the subject matter. As one of the few creative opportunities offered in a class, this experiment presented a variety of learning environments to undergraduates and helped promote their creativity and self-directed learning. It was confirmed that most undergraduate students hold unlimited potential for success as researchers, and that enthusiasm, hard work, self-motivation, and dedication of students are likely to constitute better indicators of success than the conventional grades they earned in the past.