Artículos de revistas: "Plant diseases Epidemiology"

1

Pons-Kuhnemann, J. "Comparative Epidemiology of Plant Diseases." Journal of Phytopathology 151, no. 7-8 (August 2003): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00740.x.

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Plantegenest, Manuel, Christophe Le May, and Frédéric Fabre. "Landscape epidemiology of plant diseases." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 16 (July 24, 2007): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1114.

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Many agricultural landscapes are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and fragmentation. Landscape ecology focuses on the influence of habitat heterogeneity in space and time on ecological processes. Landscape epidemiology aims at applying concepts and approaches originating from landscape ecology to the study of pathogen dynamics at the landscape scale. However, despite the strong influence that the landscape properties may have on the spread of plant diseases, landscape epidemiology has still received little attention from plant pathologists. Some recent methodological and technological progress provides new and powerful tools to describe and analyse the spatial patterns of host–pathogen interactions. Here, we review some important topics in plant pathology that may benefit from a landscape perspective. These include the influence of: landscape composition on the global inoculum pressure; landscape heterogeneity on pathogen dynamics; landscape structure on pathogen dispersal; and landscape properties on the emergence of pathogens and on their evolution.

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3

Bloomberg, W. J. "The Epidemiology of Forest Nursery Diseases." Annual Review of Phytopathology 23, no. 1 (September 1985): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.23.090185.000503.

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4

Deb, Debasish, Ahamed Khan, and Nrisingha Dey. "Phoma diseases: Epidemiology and control." Plant Pathology 69, no. 7 (June 17, 2020): 1203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13221.

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5

Kromhout, Daan. "Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in Europe." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 2b (April 2001): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001133.

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AbstractWithin Europe large differences exist in mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. These diseases show a clear West-East gradient with high rates in Eastern Europe. In spite the decreasing trend in age-adjusted cardiovascular disease mortality in Western European countries an increase in the number of cardiovascular patients is expected because of the ageing of the population. Consequently the health care cost for these diseases will increase.Total and HDL cholesterol are major determinants of coronary heart disease. Saturated and trans fatty acids have a total and LDL cholesterol elevating effect and unsaturated fatty acids a lowering effect. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to have a protective effect on coronary heart disease occurrence independent of their effect on cholesterol.Dietary antioxidants could be of importance because they may prevent oxidation of the atherogenic cholesterol rich LDL lipoproteins. There is however no convincing evidence that either vitamin E, carotenoids or vitamin C protect against coronary heart disease. Observational research has shown that flavonols, polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties present in plant foods, may protect against coronary heart disease.Blood pressure is a major determinant of coronary heart disease and stroke. Historically salt is viewed as the most important dietary determinant of blood pressure. Recent research shows that also a low-fat diet rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium lowers blood pressure substantially. This suggests a multifactorial influence of different nutrients on blood pressure.It can be concluded that a diet low in saturated and trans fatty acids and rich in plant foods in combination with regular fish consumption is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular mortality.

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6

Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Robert Martin, and Igor Koloniuk. "Special Issue “Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control”." Viruses 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030309.

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Aranda, M. A., and J. Freitas-Astúa. "Ecology and diversity of plant viruses, and epidemiology of plant virus-induced diseases." Annals of Applied Biology 171, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12361.

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8

Gitaitis, Ronald, and Ronald Walcott. "The Epidemiology and Management of Seedborne Bacterial Diseases." Annual Review of Phytopathology 45, no. 1 (September 8, 2007): 371–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094321.

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9

Dietzgen, Ralf G., Nicolas E. Bejerman, Michael M. Goodin, Colleen M. Higgins, Ordom B. Huot, Hideki Kondo, Kathleen M. Martin, and Anna E. Whitfield. "Diversity and epidemiology of plant rhabdoviruses." Virus Research 281 (May 2020): 197942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197942.

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10

Trebicki, Piotr. "Climate change and plant virus epidemiology." Virus Research 286 (September 2020): 198059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198059.

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11

Allen, Linda J. S., Vrushali A. Bokil, Nik J. Cunniffe, Frédéric M. Hamelin, Frank M. Hilker, and Michael J. Jeger. "Modelling Vector Transmission and Epidemiology of Co-Infecting Plant Viruses." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121153.

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Co-infection of plant hosts by two or more viruses is common in agricultural crops and natural plant communities. A variety of models have been used to investigate the dynamics of co-infection which track only the disease status of infected and co-infected plants, and which do not explicitly track the density of inoculative vectors. Much less attention has been paid to the role of vector transmission in co-infection, that is, acquisition and inoculation and their synergistic and antagonistic interactions. In this investigation, a general epidemiological model is formulated for one vector species and one plant species with potential co-infection in the host plant by two viruses. The basic reproduction number provides conditions for successful invasion of a single virus. We derive a new invasion threshold which provides conditions for successful invasion of a second virus. These two thresholds highlight some key epidemiological parameters important in vector transmission. To illustrate the flexibility of our model, we examine numerically two special cases of viral invasion. In the first case, one virus species depends on an autonomous virus for its successful transmission and in the second case, both viruses are unable to invade alone but can co-infect the host plant when prevalence is high.

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12

Weisberg, Alexandra J., Niklaus J. Grünwald, Elizabeth A. Savory, Melodie L. Putnam, and Jeff H. Chang. "Genomic Approaches to Plant-Pathogen Epidemiology and Diagnostics." Annual Review of Phytopathology 59, no. 1 (August 25, 2021): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121736.

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Diseases have a significant cost to agriculture. Findings from analyses of whole-genome sequences show great promise for informing strategies to mitigate risks from diseases caused by phytopathogens. Genomic approaches can be used to dramatically shorten response times to outbreaks and inform disease management in novel ways. However, the use of these approaches requires expertise in working with big, complex data sets and an understanding of their pitfalls and limitations to infer well-supported conclusions. We suggest using an evolutionary framework to guide the use of genomic approaches in epidemiology and diagnostics of plant pathogens. We also describe steps that are necessary for realizing these as standard approaches in disease surveillance.

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13

Md Sabtu, Norraisha, Mohamad Hafis Izran Ishak, and Nurul Hawani Idris. "THE SPATIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF JACKFRUIT PEST AND DISEASES: A REVIEW." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 6, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2019): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v6.n1-2.395.

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Jackfruit is identified as targeted produced for premium fruit and vegetable (EPP 7). Meanwhile in Johor, jackfruit is the third biggest fruit produced in 2016. Jackfruit contains a lot of benefits which certainly good for living things and have been used in various sector such as medicine, food, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant, antifungal effect, immunomodulatory effect and else. However, the existence of pests and diseases have threatened the productivity of jackfruit plant particularly in tropical countries including Malaysia. There are many factors that can affect the occurrence of pests and plant diseases of jackfruit such as shoot borers, bark borers, mealy bug and scale insects, blossoms and fruit rots and bacterial die-back. Several studies have been devoted to model the plant pests and diseases epidemiology, though the contexts that focus in tropical environment and jackfruit plant are limited. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss abiotic factors and spatial methods that have been used to define dispersal pattern and relationship between abiotic factors including major climatic variables with plant pests and diseases occurrence data, particularly in tropical climate. This paper could be used as a basis to understand the epidemiological models in combating pest and plant disease and to support towards the effective management of jackfruit pests and diseases in tropical countries, particularly Malaysia.

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14

Jeger, Michael J. "The Epidemiology of Plant Virus Disease: Towards a New Synthesis." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121768.

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Epidemiology is the science of how disease develops in populations, with applications in human, animal and plant diseases. For plant diseases, epidemiology has developed as a quantitative science with the aims of describing, understanding and predicting epidemics, and intervening to mitigate their consequences in plant populations. Although the central focus of epidemiology is at the population level, it is often necessary to recognise the system hierarchies present by scaling down to the individual plant/cellular level and scaling up to the community/landscape level. This is particularly important for diseases caused by plant viruses, which in most cases are transmitted by arthropod vectors. This leads to range of virus-plant, virus-vector and vector-plant interactions giving a distinctive character to plant virus epidemiology (whilst recognising that some fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens are also vector-borne). These interactions have epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences with implications for agronomic practices, pest and disease management, host resistance deployment, and the health of wild plant communities. Over the last two decades, there have been attempts to bring together these differing standpoints into a new synthesis, although this is more apparent for evolutionary and ecological approaches, perhaps reflecting the greater emphasis on shorter often annual time scales in epidemiological studies. It is argued here that incorporating an epidemiological perspective, specifically quantitative, into this developing synthesis will lead to new directions in plant virus research and disease management. This synthesis can serve to further consolidate and transform epidemiology as a key element in plant virus research.

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15

Guthrie, J. N., D. T. White, K. B. Walsh, and P. T. Scott. "Epidemiology of Phytoplasma-Associated Papaya Diseases in Queensland, Australia." Plant Disease 82, no. 10 (October 1998): 1107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1107.

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Three phytoplasma-related diseases of papaya (Carica papaya), dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic, are recognized within Australia. Immature leaf material was sampled every week for 8 months from a cohort of 60 female plants, located within a commercial papaya plantation, to determine the minimum time between infection and symptom expression. Phytoplasma DNA was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for phytoplasmas in general, and for the stolbur group of phytoplasmas. The dieback-associated phytoplasma was detected 1 week prior to (four cases) or the same week (nine cases) as symptom expression, while phytoplasma DNA was detected between 3 and 11 weeks prior to expression of mosaic symptom (six cases). Lateral shoot regrowth on the lower stem of plants which had suffered dieback disease failed to generate stolbur-specific PCR products in 15 cases. A dual infection with dieback and yellow crinkle or mosaic was diagnosed in a further two cases, using restriction fragment length polymorphism digests, and both cases were interpreted as secondary infections by the dieback-associated phytoplasma. Regrowth in three of seven cases of yellow crinkle- and three of nine cases of mosaic-affected plants tested positive for phytoplasma-specific DNA. Ratooning of dieback-affected plants and removal of yellow crinkle- or mosaic-affected plants is suggested for the management of these diseases.

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16

van Munster, Manuella. "Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Virus Transmission by Aphids." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020216.

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Plants regularly encounter abiotic constraints, and plant response to stress has been a focus of research for decades. Given increasing global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and the occurrence of water stress episodes driven by climate change, plant biochemistry, in particular, plant defence responses, may be altered significantly. Environmental factors also have a wider impact, shaping viral transmission processes that rely on a complex set of interactions between, at least, the pathogen, the vector, and the host plant. This review considers how abiotic stresses influence the transmission and spread of plant viruses by aphid vectors, mainly through changes in host physiology status, and summarizes the latest findings in this research field. The direct effects of climate change and severe weather events that impact the feeding behaviour of insect vectors as well as the major traits (e.g., within-host accumulation, disease severity and transmission) of viral plant pathogens are discussed. Finally, the intrinsic capacity of viruses to react to environmental cues in planta and how this may influence viral transmission efficiency is summarized. The clear interaction between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses is a risk that must be accounted for when modelling virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.

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17

Zhang, X. S., and J. Holt. "Mathematical Models of Cross Protection in the Epidemiology of Plant-Virus Diseases." Phytopathology® 91, no. 10 (October 2001): 924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.10.924.

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Mathematical models of plant-virus disease epidemics were developed where cross protection occurs between viruses or virus strains. Such cross protection can occur both naturally and through artificial intervention. Examples of diseases with continuous and discontinuous crop-host availability were considered: citrus tristeza and barley yellow dwarf, respectively. Analyses showed that, in a single host population without artificial intervention, the two categories of host plants, infected with a protecting virus alone and infected with a challenging virus, could not coexist in the long term. For disease systems with continuous host availability, the virus (strain) with the higher basic reproductive number (R0) always excluded the other eventually; whereas, for discontinuous systems, R0 is undefined and the virus (strain) with the larger natural transmission rate was the one that persisted in the model formulation. With a proportion of hosts artificially inoculated with a protecting mild virus, the disease caused by a virulent virus could be depressed or eliminated, depending on the proportion. Artificial inoculation may be constant or adjusted in response to changes in disease incidence. The importance of maintaining a constant level of managed cross protection even when the disease incidence dropped was illustrated. Investigations of both pathosystem types showed the same qualitative result: that managed cross protection need not be 100% to eliminate the virulent virus (strain). In the process of replacement of one virus (strain) by another over time, the strongest competition occurred when the incidence of both viruses or virus strains was similar. Discontinuous crop-host availability provided a greater opportunity for viruses or virus strains to replace each other than did the more stable continuous cropping system. The process by which one Barley yellow dwarf virus replaced another in New York State was illustrated.

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18

Gilligan, Christopher A. "Sustainable agriculture and plant diseases: an epidemiological perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (September 7, 2007): 741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2181.

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The potential for modern biology to identify new sources for genetical, chemical and biological control of plant disease is remarkably high. Successful implementation of these methods within globally and locally changing agricultural environments demands new approaches to durable control. This, in turn, requires fusion of population genetics and epidemiology at a range of scales from the field to the landscape and even to continental deployment of control measures. It also requires an understanding of economic and social constraints that influence the deployment of control. Here I propose an epidemiological framework to model invasion, persistence and variability of epidemics that encompasses a wide range of scales and topologies through which disease spreads. By considering how to map control methods onto epidemiological parameters and variables, some new approaches towards optimizing the efficiency of control at the landscape scale are introduced. Epidemiological strategies to minimize the risks of failure of chemical and genetical control are presented and some consequences of heterogeneous selection pressures in time and space on the persistence and evolutionary changes of the pathogen population are discussed. Finally, some approaches towards embedding epidemiological models for the deployment of control in an economically plausible framework are presented.

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19

Fereres, Alberto. "Plant Virus Epidemiology: Controlling epidemics of emerging and established plant viruses—the way forward." Virus Research 141, no. 2 (May 2009): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2009.02.008.

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Coghlan, J. D., and E. Kmety. "A new serovarmogdeniof serogroup Tarassovi ofLeptospira interrogansisolated from a sewage plant in England." Epidemiology and Infection 99, no. 2 (October 1987): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800067856.

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SUMMARYAmong 30 strains of leptospires isolated from samples of sewage taken before and during treatment at two sewage plants in England, only one appeared to belong toLeptospira interrogans, the species that comprises the leptospires that are pathogenic to man and animals. That strain, Compton 746, was isolated from settled sewage, before treatment at a treatment plant that deals mainly with human sewage. It was shown serologically to belong to serogroup Tarassovi and appears to represent a new serovar that has been namedmogdeniafter the name of the sewage plant, Mogden, from which it was isolated.

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21

Lees, A. K., S. J. Wale, P. van de Graaf, and J. L. Brierley. "The use of molecular diagnostics to investigate the epidemiology of potato diseases." Australasian Plant Pathology 34, no. 4 (2005): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap05085.

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22

., Anshul, Alok Srivastava, and Gyanendra Datta Sukla. "A REVIEW ON ACID PEPSIN DISEASES: HISTORY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, ANTACIDS AND PLANT-BASED ALTERNATIVES." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 10, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.100356.

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23

PREECE, T. F. "Some observations on Pseudomonas-Induced plant diseases: a prelude to understanding their epidemiology." Plant Pathology 37, no. 4 (December 1988): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02103.x.

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Cunniffe, Nik J., Britt Koskella, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Stephen Parnell, Tim R. Gottwald, and Christopher A. Gilligan. "Thirteen challenges in modelling plant diseases." Epidemics 10 (March 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.06.002.

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Rahmatullah, Mohammed, Shahadat Hossan, Afsana Khatun, Syeda Seraj, and Rownak Jahan. "Medicinal Plants Used by Various Tribes of Bangladesh for Treatment of Malaria." Malaria Research and Treatment 2012 (January 23, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/371798.

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It has been estimated that 300–500 million malaria infections occur on an annual basis and causes fatality to millions of human beings. Most of the drugs used for treatment of malaria have developed drug-resistant parasites or have serious side effects. Plant kingdom has throughout the centuries proved to be efficient source of efficacious malarial drugs like quinine and artemisinin. Since these drugs have already developed or in the process of developing drug resistance, it is important to continuously search the plant kingdom for more effective antimalarial drugs. In this aspect, the medicinal practices of indigenous communities can play a major role in identification of antimalarial plants. Bangladesh has a number of indigenous communities or tribes, who because of their living within or in close proximity to mosquito-infested forest regions, have high incidences of malaria. Over the centuries, the tribal medicinal practitioners have treated malaria with various plant-based formulations. The objective of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among various tribes of Bangladesh to identify the plants that they use for treatment of the disease. Surveys were conducted among seven tribes, namely, Bawm, Chak, Chakma, Garo, Marma, Murong, and Tripura, who inhabit the southeastern or northcentral forested regions of Bangladesh. Interviews conducted with the various tribal medicinal practitioners indicated that a total of eleven plants distributed into 10 families were used for treatment of malaria and accompanying symptoms like fever, anemia, ache, vomiting, and chills. Leaves constituted 35.7% of total uses followed by roots at 21.4%. Other plant parts used for treatment included barks, seeds, fruits, and flowers. A review of the published scientific literature showed that a number of plants used by the tribal medicinal practitioners have been scientifically validated in their uses. Taken together, the plants merit further scientific research towards possible discovery of novel compounds that can be used to successfully treat malaria with less undesirable sideeffects.

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26

Turechek, W. W. "Nonparametric Tests in Plant Disease Epidemiology: Characterizing Disease Associations." Phytopathology® 94, no. 9 (September 2004): 1018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.9.1018.

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Nonparametric tests are suited to many statistical applications, including experimental design, regression, and time series analysis, for example. Often these tests are thought of as alternatives to their parametric counterparts when certain assumptions about the underlying population are questionable. Although suited for this scenario, there are a number of nonparametric tests that fill unique niches in the analysis of data, for example, characterizing interspecific associations. Quantifying the degree of association between two or more pathogens or diseases at a defined spatial scale is essential to gain a thorough understanding of disease dynamics, generate testable hypothesis behind the mechanisms that cause association, and is often necessary in modeling applications. In this paper, nonparametric approaches to characterizing interspecific associations will be covered. Specifically, I will address the use of rank correlation coefficients and the development of a randomization procedure for testing the Jaccard index of association against a null model.

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Thresh, J. M., R. A. C. Jones, and T. Kuehne. "Plant virus epidemiology symposium—first steps into the new millennium." Virus Research 100, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.010.

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NEIRA-MUNOZ, E., C. OKORO, and N. D. McCARTHY. "Outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with low oocyst concentrations." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 7 (April 20, 2007): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008503.

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SUMMARYWater treatment plants in the United Kingdom at significant risk of cryptosporidiosis and using conventional filtration methods have been required to install 24-h monitoring systems since April 2000. No major waterborne outbreaks have been described since 2001. Small outbreaks have been associated with water. This paper describes such an outbreak. Data from a local multi-agency surveillance system was used to describe the outbreak, including mapping cases against water supply zones. A case-control study investigated hypotheses raised. All cases were genotype 1. Early cases were in the supply zone of a surface water-treatment plant that had met treatment standards. Later cases included residents in a different supply zone that temporarily received water from the implicated plant. Cases reported more consumption of domestic mains water than controls. Descriptive and analytical epidemiology thus supported drinking water as a source of cryptosporidiosis from a plant meeting regulatory requirements. The evidence for setting drinking-water standards needs review.

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Moreira, Alécio Souza, Armando Bergamin Filho, and Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende. "Comparative Epidemiology of Three Virus Diseases on Zucchini Squash." Journal of Phytopathology 163, no. 5 (October 29, 2014): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jph.12335.

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WILLIAMS, C. J., M. SILLIS, V. FEARNE, L. PEZZOLI, G. BEASLEY, S. BRACEBRIDGE, M. REACHER, and P. NAIR. "Risk exposures for human ornithosis in a poultry processing plant modified by use of personal protective equipment: an analytical outbreak study." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 9 (November 26, 2012): 1965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002440.

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SUMMARYOrnithosis outbreaks in poultry processing plants are well-described, but evidence for preventive measures is currently lacking. This study describes a case-control study into an outbreak of ornithosis at a poultry processing plant in the East of England, identified following three employees being admitted to hospital. Workers at the affected plant were recruited via their employer, with exposures assessed using a self-completed questionnaire. Cases were ascertained using serological methods or direct antigen detection in sputum. 63/225 (28%) staff participated, with 10% of participants showing evidence of recent infection. Exposure to the killing/defeathering and automated evisceration areas, and contact with viscera or blood were the main risk factors for infection. Personal protective equipment (goggles and FFP3 masks) reduced the effect of exposure to risk areas and to self-contamination with potentially infectious material. Our study provides some evidence of effectiveness for respiratory protective equipment in poultry processing plants where there is a known and current risk of ornithosis. Further studies are required to confirm this tentative finding, but in the meantime respiratory protective equipment is recommended as a precautionary measure in plants where outbreaks of ornithosis occur.

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Martin, Frank N., and Joyce E. Loper. "Soilborne Plant Diseases Caused by Pythium spp.: Ecology, Epidemiology, and Prospects for Biological Control." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18, no. 2 (March 1999): 111–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689991309216.

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32

Jeger, M. J., L. V. Madden, and F. van den Bosch. "Plant Virus Epidemiology: Applications and Prospects for Mathematical Modeling and Analysis to Improve Understanding and Disease Control." Plant Disease 102, no. 5 (May 2018): 837–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-17-0612-fe.

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In recent years, mathematical modeling has increasingly been used to complement experimental and observational studies of biological phenomena across different levels of organization. In this article, we consider the contribution of mathematical models developed using a wide range of techniques and uses to the study of plant virus disease epidemics. Our emphasis is on the extent to which models have contributed to answering biological questions and indeed raised questions related to the epidemiology and ecology of plant viruses and the diseases caused. In some cases, models have led to direct applications in disease control, but arguably their impact is better judged through their influence in guiding research direction and improving understanding across the characteristic spatiotemporal scales of plant virus epidemics. We restrict this article to plant virus diseases for reasons of length and to maintain focus even though we recognize that modeling has played a major and perhaps greater part in the epidemiology of other plant pathogen taxa, including vector-borne bacteria and phytoplasmas.

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Koenraad, P. M. F. J., W. F. Jacobs-Reitsma, T. Van Der Laan, R. R. Beumer, and F. M. Rombouts. "Antibiotic susceptibility of campylobacter isolates from sewage and poultry abattoir drain water." Epidemiology and Infection 115, no. 3 (December 1995): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058635.

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SummaryIn this study, thein vitrosusceptibility of 209 campylobacter strains to the quinolones nalidixic acid, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and to ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin was tested by the disk diffusion method. The strains were isolated from poultry abattoir effluent (DWA) and two sewage purification plants (SPA and SPB). Sewage purification plant SPA received mixed sewage, including that from a poultry abattoir, whereas SPB did not receive sewage from any meat-processing industry. The quinolone resistance of the DWA isolates ranged from 28% for enrofloxacin to 50% for nalidixic acid. The strains isolated from the sewage purification plants were more susceptible to the quinolones with a range of 11–18% quinolone resistance for SPB isolates to 17–33% quinolone resistance for SPA isolates. The susceptibility criteria as recommended by National Committee Clinical Laboratory Standards (USA) cannot readily be employed for campylobacter isolates. This investigation shows that the resistance of campylobacter bacteria is highest in the plant receiving sewage from a poultry slaughterhouse. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance of aquaticCampylobacterspp. is important, as surface waters are recognized as possible sources of infection.

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34

Charkowski, Amy O. "The Changing Face of Bacterial Soft-Rot Diseases." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045906.

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Bacterial soft rot is a disease complex caused by multiple genera of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with Dickeya and Pectobacterium being the most widely studied soft-rot bacterial pathogens. In addition to soft rot, these bacteria also cause blackleg of potato, foot rot of rice, and bleeding canker of pear. Multiple Dickeya and Pectobacterium species cause the same symptoms on potato, complicating epidemiology and disease resistance studies. The primary pathogen species present in potato-growing regions differs over time and space, further complicating disease management. Genomics technologies are providing new management possibilities, including improved detection and biocontrol methods that may finally allow effective disease management. The recent development of inbred diploid potato lines is also having a major impact on studying soft-rot pathogens because it is now possible to study soft-rot disease in model plant species that produce starchy vegetative storage organs. Together, these new discoveries have changed how we face diseases caused by these pathogens.

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35

Ojiambo, P. S., J. Yuen, F. van den Bosch, and L. V. Madden. "Epidemiology: Past, Present, and Future Impacts on Understanding Disease Dynamics and Improving Plant Disease Management—A Summary of Focus Issue Articles." Phytopathology® 107, no. 10 (October 2017): 1092–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-17-0248-fi.

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Epidemiology has made significant contributions to plant pathology by elucidating the general principles underlying the development of disease epidemics. This has resulted in a greatly improved theoretical and empirical understanding of the dynamics of disease epidemics in time and space, predictions of disease outbreaks or the need for disease control in real-time basis, and tactical and strategic solutions to disease problems. Availability of high-resolution experimental data at multiple temporal and spatial scales has now provided a platform to test and validate theories on the spread of diseases at a wide range of spatial scales ranging from the local to the landscape level. Relatively new approaches in plant disease epidemiology, ranging from network to information theory, coupled with the availability of large-scale datasets and the rapid development of computer technology, are leading to revolutionary thinking about epidemics that can result in considerable improvement of strategic and tactical decision making in the control and management of plant diseases. Methods that were previously restricted to topics such as population biology or evolution are now being employed in epidemiology to enable a better understanding of the forces that drive the development of plant disease epidemics in space and time. This Focus Issue of Phytopathology features research articles that address broad themes in epidemiology including social and political consequences of disease epidemics, decision theory and support, pathogen dispersal and disease spread, disease assessment and pathogen biology and disease resistance. It is important to emphasize that these articles are just a sample of the types of research projects that are relevant to epidemiology. Below, we provide a succinct summary of the articles that are published in this Focus Issue .

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Jeger, Michael, and Claude Bragard. "The Epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa; A Perspective on Current Knowledge and Framework to Investigate Plant Host–Vector–Pathogen Interactions." Phytopathology® 109, no. 2 (February 2019): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-18-0239-fi.

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Insect-transmitted plant diseases caused by viruses, phytoplasmas, and bacteria share many features in common regardless of the causal agent. This perspective aims to show how a model framework, developed originally for plant virus diseases, can be modified for the case of diseases incited by Xylella fastidiosa. In particular, the model framework enables the specification of a simple but quite general invasion criterion defined in terms of key plant, pathogen, and vector parameters and, importantly, their interactions, which determine whether or not an incursion or isolated outbreak of a pathogen will lead to establishment, persistence, and subsequent epidemic development. Hence, this approach is applicable to the wide range of X. fastidiosa-incited diseases that have recently emerged in southern Europe, each with differing host plant, pathogen subspecies, and vector identities. Of particular importance are parameters relating to vector abundance and activity, transmission characteristics, and behavior in relation to preferences for host infection status. Some gaps in knowledge with regard to the developing situation in Europe are noted.

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Johnston, P. R., S. R. Pennycook, and M. A. Manning. "Taxonomy of fruitrotting fungal pathogens whats really out there." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4252.

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This paper discusses the role of taxonomy in understanding the epidemiology of fruit rotting diseases and in determining the biosecurity status of the fungi associated with those diseases The taxonomy of most highly specialised fruitrotting pathogens is well understood but some degree of uncertainty or confusion applies to the taxonomy of many less specialised pathogens The taxonomic lumping of morphologically similar but genetically and biologically distinct taxa often confounds our ability to understand diseases frustrates the interpretation of research data and can result in misinformation about biosecurity status Such unspecialised pathogens are widespread in New Zealand but whether they cause a problem in a specific orchard depends on environmental conditions management of the orchard and host plant susceptibility As management practices and preferred cultivars change so does the spectrum of these lowspecificity taxa that cause disease problems Five examples illustrate the need for unambiguous taxonomy to facilitate more effective control and management strategies of plant pathogens Accurate identification allows a clear understand the biology of the pathogens and subsequently the epidemiology of their associated diseases

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38

Gramaje, David, José Ramón Úrbez-Torres, and Mark R. Sosnowski. "Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases With Respect to Etiology and Epidemiology: Current Strategies and Future Prospects." Plant Disease 102, no. 1 (January 2018): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-17-0512-fe.

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Fungal trunk diseases are some of the most destructive diseases of grapevine in all grape growing areas of the world. Management of GTDs has been intensively studied for decades with some great advances made in our understanding of the causal pathogens, their epidemiology, impact, and control. However, due to the breadth and complexity of the problem, no single effective control measure has been developed. Management of GTD must be holistic and integrated, with an interdisciplinary approach conducted in both nurseries and vineyards that integrates plant pathology, agronomy, viticulture, microbiology, epidemiology, biochemistry, physiology, and genetics. In this review, we identify a number of areas of future prospect for effective management of GTDs worldwide, which, if addressed, will provide a positive outlook on the longevity of vineyards in the future.

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JAGLIC, Z., E. MICHU, M. HOLASOVA, H. VLKOVA, V. BABAK, M. KOLAR, J. BARDON, and J. SCHLEGELOVA. "Epidemiology and characterization ofStaphylococcus epidermidisisolates from humans, raw bovine milk and a dairy plant." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 5 (October 22, 2009): 772–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809991002.

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SUMMARYGeographically relatedStaphylococcus epidermidisisolates from human patients (n=30), dairy farms (farmers and individual raw milk from cattle,n=36) and a dairy plant (n=55) were examined for epidemiological relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and, usingin vitromethods, for the ability to produce biofilm and antimicrobial resistance. Methicillin-resistant isolates (MRSE) were also identified and characterized. Isolates from farmers and dairy cattle were found to be genetically related, while isolates from human patients were highly diverse. Some dairy plant isolates (18·2%) were closely related to those from dairy farms. Biofilm production and resistance to antimicrobial agents were most typical for isolates from human patients, of which 76·7% were MRSE. Methicillin resistance was also widespread in farm-related isolates (61·1%). This study indicates the possible transmission ofS. epidermidisbetween cattle and farmers. Dairy products were not proven to be an important source of either human infections or methicillin-resistant strains.

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40

Kummuang, N. "Muscadine Grape Berry Rot Diseases in Mississippi: Disease Epidemiology and Crop Reduction." Plant Disease 80, no. 3 (1996): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-80-0244.

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41

Jones, Roger A. C. "Virus diseases of pasture grasses in Australia: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 3 (2013): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13134.

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This paper reviews current knowledge for Australia over the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of pasture grasses. It also reviews all records of viruses in wild grasses likely to act as alternative host reservoirs for virus spread to nearby pastures or crops. Currently, 21 viruses have been found infecting 36 pasture or forage grass species and 59 wild grass species. These viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mites or insects) or, in one instance, via grass seeds. Their modes of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences within pastures in different climatic zones. Large-scale surveys of perennial grass pastures growing in regions with temperate–Mediterranean climates revealed that Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), and Ryegrass mosaic virus (RyMV) sometimes reach high infection incidences. The same was true for BYDV and CYDV when perennial pasture grasses and wild grasses growing outside pastures were surveyed to establish their occurrence. Smaller scale surveys of grasses growing both inside and outside annual pastures found that Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) infection could also reach high incidences in some annual grass species. Herbage yield loss data are available demonstrating potentially serious impacts on pasture production under Australian conditions from BYDV infection in perennial ryegrass swards, and from RyMV infection in both perennial and Italian ryegrass swards. Also, infection with BYDV or RyMV diminished the ability of infected pasture grass plants to compete with pasture legumes or weeds. Host resistance to BYDV, CYDV, and/or RyMV has been identified within a few temperate–Mediterranean pasture grasses, and is available for use in Australian pasture breeding programs. Integrated Disease Management tactics involving phytosanitary, cultural, chemical, and host resistance measures were devised against BYDV, CYDV, and RyMV infection in mixed species pasture, but no field experiments were undertaken with pasture grasses to validate their inclusion. Several other grass viruses that occur in other countries, but have not been looked for in Australia, are potentially important, especially in temperate–Mediterranean pasture grass species. With few exceptions, research on viruses of perennial or annual tropical–subtropical pasture or wild grass species growing within or outside pastures has focussed only on virus identification and characterisation studies, and information on incidences in pastures, losses caused, epidemiology, and management is lacking. Critical research and development gaps that need addressing are identified.

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42

Scholthof, Karen-Beth G. "Plant Pathology and Public Health." Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, no. 4 (August 1999): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0504.990432.

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43

SEURI, M., J. KOIVUNEN, K. GRANFORS, and H. HEINONEN-TANSKI. "Work-related symptoms and Salmonella antibodies among wastewater treatment plant workers." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 4 (March 8, 2005): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805003924.

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44

Sicard, Anne, Adam R. Zeilinger, Mathieu Vanhove, Tyler E. Schartel, Dylan J. Beal, Matthew P. Daugherty, and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "Xylella fastidiosa: Insights into an Emerging Plant Pathogen." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045849.

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The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance in 2013 when it was first associated with an olive tree disease epidemic in Italy. The current threat to Europe and the Mediterranean basin, as well as other world regions, has increased as multiple X. fastidiosa genotypes have now been detected in Italy, France, and Spain. Although X. fastidiosa has been studied in the Americas for more than a century, there are no therapeutic solutions to suppress disease development in infected plants. Furthermore, because X. fastidiosa is an obligatory plant and insect vector colonizer, the epidemiology and dynamics of each pathosystem are distinct. They depend on the ecological interplay of plant, pathogen, and vector and on how interactions are affected by biotic and abiotic factors, including anthropogenic activities and policy decisions. Our goal with this review is to stimulate discussion and novel research by contextualizing available knowledge on X. fastidiosa and how it may be applicable to emerging diseases.

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45

Olivier, Chrystel Y., D. Thomas Lowery, and Lorne W. Stobbs. "Phytoplasma diseases and their relationships with insect and plant hosts in Canadian horticultural and field crops." Canadian Entomologist 141, no. 5 (October 2009): 425–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-cpa02.

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AbstractPhytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens consisting of more than 50 phylogenetic groups that cause devastating diseases in various crops worldwide. They are obligate parasites restricted to the phloem tissue of the host plant and are transmitted from plant to plant mostly by leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). They reproduce within the tissues of their insect vectors and are transferred in the salivary secretions to new host plants during feeding. Phytoplasma epidemiology involves a tritrophic relationship between the pathogen and usually several hosts and vectors. The host-plant range depends on the number of vectors, their feeding habits, and their dispersal pattern. Interactions between phytoplasmas and their vector hosts are complex and influenced by insects' vectoring abilities and the consequences of infection for vectors. In Canada, seven phytoplasma taxa have been detected in various crops. Aster yellows, the primary vector of which is the leafhopper Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes), is the most common and widespread. X-disease, transmitted by at least eight leafhopper species, is economically damaging to all cultivated species of Prunus L. (Rosaceae). Clover proliferation, also transmitted by M. quadrilineatus, is the causal agent of important diseases such as clover proliferation and alfalfa witches' broom. Ash yellows and pear decline have caused economic problems for several decades, while bois noir, a quarantinable disease in Canada, was detected in Ontario and British Columbia for the first time only recently. Because of their cryptic nature, phytoplasmas are difficult to manage; quarantine measures and insecticide sprays remain the most common control measures. However, integrated pest management techniques using beneficial insects, biotechnology, and plant resistance are emerging.

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46

Poudel, Bindu, William M. Wintermantel, Arturo A. Cortez, Thien Ho, Archana Khadgi, and Ioannis E. Tzanetakis. "Epidemiology of Blackberry yellow vein associated virus." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-13-0018-re.

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Blackberry yellow vein disease is one of the most important diseases of blackberry in the United States. Several viruses are found associated with the symptomology but Blackberry yellow vein associated virus (BYVaV) appears to be the most prevalent of all, leading to the need for a better understanding of its epidemiology. Efficient detection protocols were developed using end-point and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. A multi-state survey was performed on wild and cultivated blackberry to assess the geographical distribution of the virus. Two whitefly species, Trialeurodes abutilonea and T. vaporariorum, were identified as vectors and 25 plant species were tested as potential BYVaV hosts. The information obtained in this study can be used at multiple levels to better understand and control blackberry yellow vein disease.

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47

Abbasi, Ibrahim, Artur Trancoso Lopo de Queiroz, Oscar David Kirstein, Abdelmajeed Nasereddin, Ben Zion Horwitz, Asrat Hailu, Ikram Salah, et al. "Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, preferCannabis sativa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 46 (October 29, 2018): 11790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810435115.

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Blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit leishmaniasis as well as arboviral diseases and bartonellosis. Sand fly females become infected withLeishmaniaparasites and transmit them while imbibing vertebrates’ blood, required as a source of protein for maturation of eggs. In addition, both females and males consume plant-derived sugar meals as a source of energy. Plant meals may comprise sugary solutions such as nectar or honeydew (secreted by plant-sucking homopteran insects), as well as phloem sap that sand flies obtain by piercing leaves and stems with their needle-like mouthparts. Hence, the structure of plant communities can influence the distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis. We designed a next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based assay for determining the source of sand fly plant meals, based upon the chloroplast DNA gene ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL). Here, we report on the predilection of several sand fly species, vectors of leishmaniasis in different parts of the world, for feeding onCannabis sativa. We infer this preference based on the substantial percentage of sand flies that had fed onC. sativaplants despite the apparent “absence” of these plants from most of the field sites. We discuss the conceivable implications of the affinity of sand flies forC. sativaon their vectorial capacity forLeishmaniaand the putative exploitation of their attraction toC. sativafor the control of sand fly-borne diseases.

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48

Jamshidi, Elham, Sergio Murolo, Mohammad Salehi, and Gianfranco Romanazzi. "Sequence Analysis of New Tuf Molecular Types of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ in Iranian Vineyards." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060508.

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Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’) and is one of the most important phytoplasma diseases in the Euro-Mediterranean viticultural areas. The epidemiology of BN can include grapevine as a plant host and is usually transmitted via sap-sucking insects that inhabit herbaceous host plants. Tracking the spread of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains is of great help for the identification of plant reservoirs and insect vectors involved in local BN outbreaks. The molecular epidemiology of ‘Ca. P. solani’ is primarily based on sequence analysis of the tuf housekeeping gene (which encodes elongation factor Tu). In this study, molecular typing of tuf, through restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing, was carried out on grapevine samples from Iranian vineyards. According to the molecular characterization, three molecular types—tuf b1, tuf b5 and tuf b6—were found, with tuf b1 being the most prominent. These data provide further knowledge of tuf gene diversity and question the ecological role of such “minor” tuf types in Iranian vineyards, which have been detected only in grapevines.

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Tiedemann, A. v. "Ozone Effects on Fungal Leaf Diseases of Wheat in Relation to Epidemiology." Journal of Phytopathology 134, no. 3 (March 1992): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1992.tb01227.x.

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50

SYNE, S. M., A. RAMSUBHAG, and A. A. ADESIYUN. "Occurrence and genetic relatedness ofListeriaspp. in two brands of locally processed ready-to-eat meats in Trinidad." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 5 (July 22, 2010): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881000172x.

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SUMMARYContamination of locally produced, ready-to-eat meats byListeriaspp. has been previously reported at one processing plant in Trinidad. However, the status of this pathogen in locally produced products sold at retail outlets is unknown. This study was conducted to establish whether there is a risk to consumers of locally processed meats caused by the presence ofListeriaspp., and whether a link exists between the presence of the pathogen in retail products and the manufacturing plant of one brand (B). Four hundred and eighty ready-to-eat meat products of two popular local brands (A and B) were collected from retail outlets and analysed for the presence ofListeriaspp. together with food samples and surfaces from one manufacturing plant (B). Eighty-eight of the retail products (18·3%) were contaminated withListeriaspp., of which, 52·3% wereL. innocua, 44·3% wereL. monocytogenesand 3·4% belonged to theL. seeligeri–L. welshimeri–L. ivanovii(Siwi) group.L. innocuawas found in 15 in-process food samples and on three surfaces of equipment at plant B. Four in-process food samples were also contaminated with Siwi isolates. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR DNA fingerprinting showed a possible association between strains of differentListeriaspp. and brand as well as with manufacturing plant B.

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