Libros: "Point pattern analysis"

1

Boots, B. N. Point pattern analysis. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1988.

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2

Rowlingson, B. S. SPLANCS: Spatial point pattern analysis code in S-Plus. Lancaster: NorthWest Regional Research Laboratory, 1991.

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3

Illian, Janine, Antti Penttinen, Helga Stoyan y Dietrich Stoyan. Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470725160.

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4

Janine, Illian, ed. Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns. Chichester, England: John Wiley, 2008.

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5

Janine, Illian, ed. Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns. Chichester, England: John Wiley, 2008.

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6

Scheibman, Joanne. Point of view and grammar: Structural patterns and subjectivity in American English conversation. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2003.

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7

Point of view and grammar: Structural patterns of subjectivity in American English conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2002.

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8

Sapunov, Vladimir, Viktor Horol'skiy, Ekaterina Zvereva y Aleksandr Korochenskiy. Contradictions of media globalization: political economic and socio-cultural aspects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1096082.

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The textbook analyzes the patterns in the evolution of the media sector of world culture from the point of view of a comprehensive review of modern media. New phenomena in the system (module) of global mass media are characterized, achievements of foreign experience are correlated with Russian reality. The regularities of the evolution of a variety of media phenomena and facts are described, which at first glance represent a kaleidoscope of random, but in fact are an expression of what is characteristic of the world's mass media. An important role in the study is played by the political economic method, which allowed us to clearly characterize the main trends in the development of the modern media system: monopolization, financialization and tightening of media management. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students and postgraduates of journalism faculties in the study of disciplines: "Modern foreign media", "Modern media systems", "Philosophical foundations of Science and modern journalism", "International Relations and Journalism", "Modern communication theories", "Western Communication Studies", "History of Mass media", as well as for graduate students and students, studying economics, political science, cultural studies, sociology, law.

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9

Cinquegrani, Alessandro, Francesca Pangallo y Federico Rigamonti. Romance e Shoah Pratiche di narrazione sulla tragedia indicibile. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-492-9.

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Over the last 70 years, Holocaust representations increased significantly as cultural objects distributed on a large scale: fictional books, museum sites, artworks, documentaries, and films are only a few samples of those echoes the Holocaust produced in contemporary Western culture. There are some specific patterns in the way the Holocaust has been represented that, however, contrast with the survivors’ account of the same event: for example, the dichotomy between bad and good characters so essential within Holocaust-based media – especially on television and film - does not really match with the testimony’s experience. While storytelling strategies may help to involve the public by emotionally engaging with the story, the risks of altering the real meaning of the Holocaust are quite high: what we often label as a “story” is actually been an outrageous, documented mass-genocide. Furthermore, as the age gap between the present and the past generation progresses, also the collective awareness of Nazi crimes as a real fact gets compromised. This volume explores selected Holocaust narrations by contextualizing the historical, literary, and social influences those texts had in their unique points of view. Starting with some recent examples of Holocaust exploitation through social media, the first chapter explores the paradigm shift when the Holocaust became a cultural, fictional trend rather than a historical massacre. In the second chapter, the analysis examines postmodern representations of Holocaust and Nazi semantics through relevant examples taken from both American and European literature. The third chapter analyses Europe Central by William T. Vollman, as all the narratological and cultural issues considered in the previous two chapters are well outlined in this articulated novel, where the relationship between reality and its representation after the postmodernist period is largely investigated. In chapter four, an account is given of the connections and differences between the narratological category romance, as understood by Northrop Frye, and Holocaust narration features. In chapter five, those elements are used to consider the work of Italian Holocaust survivor and Jewish writer Primo Levi, as his narration around Auschwitz adopts some fictional tools and still refuses undemanding storytelling mechanisms. The sixth and final chapter examines the relevant novel Les Benviellants by Jonathan Littell, considering its Nazi genocide account through the antagonist’s perspective.

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10

Handbook Of Spatial Point Pattern Analysis In Ecology. Chapman & Hall, 2012.

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11

Wiegand, Thorsten y Kirk A. Moloney. Handbook of Spatial Point-Pattern Analysis in Ecology. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16195.

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12

Moloney, Kirk A. y Thorsten Wiegand. Handbook of Spatial Point-Pattern Analysis in Ecology. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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13

Wiegand, Thorsten y Kirk Adams Moloney. Handbook of Spatial Point-Pattern Analysis in Ecology. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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14

Wiegand, Thorsten. Handbook of Spatial Point-Pattern Analysis in Ecology. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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15

Moloney, Kirk A. y Thorsten Wiegand. Handbook of Spatial Point-Pattern Analysis in Ecology. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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16

Stan, Openshaw y Northern Regional Research Laboratory, eds. Building a Mark 1 geographical analysis machine for the automated analysis of point pattern cancer and other spatial data. Norther Regional Research Laboratory, 1987.

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17

Diggle, Peter J. Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns. 2^a ed. A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2003.

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18

Statistical Analysis Of Spatial And Spatiotemporal Point Patterns. Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013.

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19

Illian, Janine, Helga Stoyan, Dietrich Stoyan y Antti Penttinen. Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2008.

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20

Illian, Janine, Helga Stoyan, Dietrich Stoyan y Antti Penttinen. Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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21

Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Point Patterns. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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22

Diggle, Peter J. Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Point Patterns. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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23

Diggle, Peter J. Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Point Patterns. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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24

Baddeley, Adrian, Ege Rubak y Rolf Turner. Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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25

Baddeley, Adrian, Ege Rubak y Rolf Turner. Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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26

Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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27

Diggle, Peter J. Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Point Patterns. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15326.

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28

Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns (Statistics in Practice). Wiley-Interscience, 2008.

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29

Diggle, Peter J. Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Point Patterns, Third Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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30

Models of Spatial Processes: An Approach to the Study of Point, Line and Area Patterns. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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31

Horne, Gerald. Turning Point. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037924.003.0007.

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This chapter analyzes Patterson's remark that “today the oppressed Negro people is seeking integration,” and that “the Negro people are an oppressed nation.” These remarks reflect a bitter internal party struggle that stretched from mid-1944 to mid-1945, leaving in its wake a momentous shift on the much discussed Negro Question, involving a retreat from the Black Belt line of self-determination, presumably since the Negroes were “seeking integration.” This complex and painful debate in mid-1945 was to result in the reinstatement of the old line—then another shift in 1956 in the aftermath of the conniptions caused by the invasion of Hungary and the revelations about Stalin's crimes. All the while, Patterson and his comrades continued grinding away against Jim Crow, though it was understandable that some thought their efforts had been sidetracked by abstruse polemics.

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32

Epstein, Irving R. y John A. Pojman. An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.001.0001.

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Just a few decades ago, chemical oscillations were thought to be exotic reactions of only theoretical interest. Now known to govern an array of physical and biological processes, including the regulation of the heart, these oscillations are being studied by a diverse group across the sciences. This book is the first introduction to nonlinear chemical dynamics written specifically for chemists. It covers oscillating reactions, chaos, and chemical pattern formation, and includes numerous practical suggestions on reactor design, data analysis, and computer simulations. Assuming only an undergraduate knowledge of chemistry, the book is an ideal starting point for research in the field. The book begins with a brief history of nonlinear chemical dynamics and a review of the basic mathematics and chemistry. The authors then provide an extensive overview of nonlinear dynamics, starting with the flow reactor and moving on to a detailed discussion of chemical oscillators. Throughout the authors emphasize the chemical mechanistic basis for self-organization. The overview is followed by a series of chapters on more advanced topics, including complex oscillations, biological systems, polymers, interactions between fields and waves, and Turing patterns. Underscoring the hands-on nature of the material, the book concludes with a series of classroom-tested demonstrations and experiments appropriate for an undergraduate laboratory.

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33

Worm, Boris y Derek P. Tittensor. A Theory of Global Biodiversity (MPB-60). Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154831.001.0001.

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The number of species found at a given point on the planet varies by orders of magnitude, yet large-scale gradients in biodiversity appear to follow some very general patterns. Little mechanistic theory has been formulated to explain the emergence of observed gradients of biodiversity both on land and in the oceans. Based on a comprehensive empirical synthesis of global patterns of species diversity and their drivers, this book develops and applies a new theory that can predict such patterns from few underlying processes. The book shows that global patterns of biodiversity fall into four consistent categories, according to where species live: on land or in coastal, pelagic, and deep ocean habitats. The fact that most species groups, from bacteria to whales, appear to follow similar biogeographic patterns of richness within these habitats points toward some underlying structuring principles. Based on empirical analyses of environmental correlates across these habitats, the book combines aspects of neutral, metabolic, and niche theory into one unifying framework. Applying it to model terrestrial and marine realms, the book demonstrates that a relatively simple theory that incorporates temperature and community size as driving variables is able to explain divergent patterns of species richness at a global scale. Integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives, the book yields surprising insights into the fundamental mechanisms that shape the distribution of life on our planet.

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34

Courtney, Sarah G. Reconciling syntactic and post-syntactic complementizer agreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0015.

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Focusing on the microvariation found in complementizer agreement (CA) in Germanic dialects, this chapter seeks to reconcile the syntactic and post-syntactic analyses given in previous treatments. Rather than treating CA as a single construction in need of a single analysis, the CA data is examined here in light of both variation and recent work on grammaticalization. The CA patterns from different dialects are treated as the outputs of separate but closely related grammars, and the possibility of multiple grammars in close contact or in competition is considered. The variation in Germanic CA is treated as the output of grammatical change in progress with multiple stable points along the cline, many of which are represented in the sample of currently spoken Germanic languages and dialects.

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35

Bernasco, Wim. Mobility and Location Choice of Offenders. Editado por Gerben J. N. Bruinsma y Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.17.

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This chapter analyzes the main topics and questions about offender mobility and crime location choice in terms of individual motivations, resources, constraints, and decisions. It begins with a brief overview of the four main frameworks that have been used to theorize offender mobility and crime location choice. This is followed by a characterization of general human mobility as a series of cyclical movements between a limited set of anchor points, and a review of two research initiatives that collected detailed spatial and temporal information on offender mobility. The subsequent section addresses the extent to which offenders plan and prepare their crimes. The chapter also discusses two core elements in crime pattern theory, namely the facilities that attract offenders and offenses (crime generators and attractors) and awareness space. The final section discusses the spatial unit of analysis in offender mobility and location choice.

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36

Blyth, Mark, Oddny Helgadottir y William Kring. Ideas and Historical Institutionalism. Editado por Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti y Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.8.

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This chapter traces the evolution of the ideational research agenda in historical institutionalism. The relationship between ideas as an analytical concept and historical institutionalism as a body of work has varied over time. While there was an opening to ideas in historical institutionalism in the mid- to late 1990s, less attention was paid to ideas as core analytic variables in the decades that followed. The chapter points to the materialist ontology employed by the majority of historical institutionalist scholars, their engagement with rational choice scholars, and the work of ideational scholars themselves as the major sources behind an ‘unconscious uncoupling’ between ideationalists and materialists within historical institutionalism. Following a network analysis of citation patterns, the chapter suggests that a ‘conscious re-coupling’ of ideational and institutional research agendas holds great promise for future historical institutional work.

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37

Leck, Ralph M. The Science of Agape. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040009.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the second European Renaissance: the reintroduction of Greek sexual philosophy into European cultural life. The pivot of this second Renaissance was the reintroduction of the Agape–Eros binary, particularly, the science of Agape, which revolutionized the study of sexuality. Sex was no longer merely an erotic or physiological matter best understood via natural science. The concept of Agape revealed that the study of sexuality must also be understood as a moral science. As Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison point out, scientific categories of analysis are not morally neutral. They carry within themselves prescriptive civic and moral codes. These codes can reproduce existing laws and dominant social patterns; or, as was the case with the reintroduction of agapeic science, a new lens of analysis can revolutionize science and social morality alike.

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38

Giles, Bretton T. y Shawn P. Lambert, eds. New Methods and Theories for Analyzing Mississippian Imagery. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402121.001.0001.

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In this book, various scholars explore how stylistic and iconographic analyses of Mississippian imagery provide new perspectives on the beliefs, narratives, public ceremonies, ritual regimes, and expression of power in Mississippian communities. Their work advances through well-contextualized case studies that build on Vernon James Knight’s Iconographic Method in New World Prehistory. It is organized into three sections:(1) the use of style in Mississippian iconographic studies, (2) interpreting Mississippian imagery, and (3) situating and historicizing Mississippian symbols. Semon addresses regional variation in Late Mississippian complicated stamped ceramic assemblages of the filfot-cross motif along the Georgia coast. Stauffer investigates Mississippian spider-themed imagery, which are carved on marine shell, copper, stone, and wood media. Scarry presents a preliminary assessment of Pensacola ceramic vessels from Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida. Lankford examines how comparative mythology and the analysis of historic-geographic patterns can have a recursive relationship with iconographic analyses. Dye delves into how owl effigy vessels are a materialization of witchcraft in Mississippian societies and how elites employed witchcraft accusations for political aggrandizement. Giles considers how the imagery on certain Pecan Point headpots materializes a layered cosmos and might typify (mnemonic) parallelism. Nowak employs a Peircean approach to consider the agential properties of Early Caddo bottles and how they might have functioned as Native American bundles. Lambert traces how Caddo pottery and motifs moved through two diverse areas and how these movements resulted in the transformation of iconographic meanings. Knight provides an extension of his perspective on iconographic analysis and its relationship to Mississippian archaeology.

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39

Murray, Sarah E. A semantic classification of evidentials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 introduces an empirical classification of evidentials across languages. This chapter discusses semantic diagnostics from the literature, illustrating them with representative languages, and shows how Cheyenne fits into this classification. While there are several dimensions of variation, there are also striking crosslinguistic generalizations, with evidentials sharing a core set of properties. This points to the need for a unified analysis that can capture these shared properties, treating evidentials crosslinguistically as a natural semantic class, while being fine‐grained enough to account for the variation. Where evidentials differ across languages, Cheyenne patterns with certain languages on some diagnostics, but with different languages on others, providing further support for a unified theory.

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40

Ho, Elaine Lynn-Ee. Citizens in Motion. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606661.001.0001.

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This book argues that analyzing emigration, immigration, and re-migration under the framework of contemporaneous migration directs attention to the citizenship formations that interconnect migration sites, shaping the lives of citizens in motion. It departs from conventional approaches that study migration sites in isolation or as snapshots in time. Taking Chinese emigration as the starting point, the analysis becomes deepened by incorporating insights from migrant-receiving countries, namely Canada and Singapore, which are facing new emigration or re-migration trends among their own citizens. By analyzing shifts in migration patterns over time, we also come to understand how China is becoming an immigration country. The arguments offer new insights for researchers studying Chinese migration and diaspora. As an analytical approach, contemporaneous migration contributes to our theorization of citizenship and territory, fraternity and alterity, ethnicity, and the co-constitution of time and space.

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41

Young, Alasdair R. 5. The Single Market From Stagnation to Renewal? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the renewal of the single European market (SEM) as a major turning point in European policy-making. It presents the argument that many of the analyses that proliferated in response to the Single European Act (SEA) and the SEM overstated their novelty and understated some of the surrounding factors that helped to induce their ‘success’. The chapter first provides a historical background on how the single market was established before discussing the politics of policy-making in the SEM. It explains how new ideas about market regulation permeated the European Union policy process and facilitated legislative activism and important changes in the policy-implementing processes, culminating in the ‘1992 programme’ to make the single market a reality. Although the task of ‘completing’ the single market remains unfinished, the chapter shows that it has moved to the heart of European integration and altered the pattern of state–market relations in Europe.

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42

Lianos, Ioannis. Global Governance of Antitrust and the Need for a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0005.

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The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.

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43

Campney, Brent M. S. Hostile Heartland. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042492.001.0001.

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Hostile Heartland examines racial violence—or, more aptly, racist violence—against blacks (African Americans) in the Midwest, emphasizing lynching, whipping, and violence by police (or police brutality). It also focuses on black responses, including acts of armed resistance, the development of local and regional civil rights organizations, and the work of individual activists. Within that broad framework the book considers patterns of institutionalized violence in studies of individual states, like Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas over a number of decades; it also targets specific incidents of such violence or resistance in case studies representative of changes in these patterns like the lynching of Joseph Spencer in Cairo, Illinois, in 1854 and the lynching of Luke Murray in South Point, Ohio, in 1932. Significantly, Hostile Heartland not only addresses the years from the Civil War to World War I, which are the typical focus of such studies, but also incorporates the twenty-five years that precede the Civil War and the additional twenty-five that follow World War I. It pioneers new research methodologies, as exemplified by Chapter 4’s analysis of the relations between and among racist violence, family history, and the black freedom struggle. Finally, Hostile Heartland situates its findings within the historiography more broadly.

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44

Addison, Tony y Atanu Ghoshray. Pandemics and their impact on oil and metal prices. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/914-3.

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We examine the effect of pandemics on selected commodity prices—in particular, those of zinc, copper, lead, and oil. We set up a vector autoregressive model and analyse data since the mid-nineteenth century to determine how prices reacted to pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish Flu, 1957 Asian Flu, and 1968 Hong Kong Flu. We control for demand and supply fundamentals to generate forecasts from the point of outbreak, and we consider whether any pattern can be deduced in reactions to adverse global shocks. Results are varied, depending on choice of commodity and magnitude and type of response. No clear conclusions are possible from past pandemics, and we conclude that at the time of writing, forecasts are difficult to make in the ongoing current pandemic too. We conclude by estimating impulse response functions to assess likely impact and the subsequent response of commodity prices to the shock.

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45

Proctor, Frank “Trey”. African Diasporic Ethnicity in Mexico City to 1650. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036637.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the intersections of race, ethnicity, and slavery in Spanish America and the African Diaspora by focusing on the development of African Diasporic ethnicity in Mexico City to 1650. Drawing on marriage records from early seventeenth-century Mexico City, it considers how Africans constructed multiple new ethnic and community identities in Spanish America. Through an analysis of selection patterns of testigos (wedding witnesses) alongside marriage choice, the chapter highlights the networks of social relations formed by slaves. It shows that ethnic Africans tended to marry and form communities of association with Africans from the same general catchment areas. It argues that the foundations of the ethnic communities under formation were not intact African ethnicities, pan-African identities, or race-based identities. Rather, slave marriages in Mexico City point to the creation of African diasporic ethnicities that were spontaneously articulated in the Diaspora. Africans formed new ethnic identities based upon Old World backgrounds and commonalities while in Diaspora.

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46

Sudra, Paweł. Rozpraszanie i koncentracja zabudowy na przykładzie aglomeracji warszawskiej po 1989 roku = Dispersion and concentration of built-up areas on the example of the Warsaw agglomeration after 1989. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590057.

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The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated

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47

Shadlen, Kenneth C. Coalitions and Compliance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593903.001.0001.

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This book shows how international changes can reconfigure domestic politics. Since the late 1980s, developing countries have come under considerable pressure to revise their intellectual property policies and practices. One area where pressures have been exceptionally controversial is in pharmaceuticals: historically, developing countries did not grant patents to drugs. Now they must do so. This book analyses different forms of compliance with this new imperative in Latin America, comparing the political economy of pharmaceutical patents in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The book focuses on two periods of politics: initial conflicts over how to introduce drug patents, and subsequent conflicts over how countries’ new patent systems should function. In contrast to explanations of national policy based on external pressures, domestic institutions, or ideologies, this book attributes cross-national and longitudinal variation in patent policy to the ways that changing social structures affect political leaders’ abilities to construct and sustain supportive coalitions. The analysis begins with the relative resources and capabilities of national and transnational pharmaceutical sectors, and these rival actors’ strategies for attracting allies. From this starting point, emphasis is placed on two ways that social structures are transformed so as to affect coalition-building possibilities: how exporters may be converted into allies of transnational drug firms, and the differential patterns of adjustment among state and societal actors that are inspired by the introduction of new policies. It is within the changing structural conditions produced by these processes that political leaders build coalitions in support of different forms of compliance.

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48

Kim, Hugh Hoikwang, Raimond Maurer y Olivia S. Mitchell. Choosing a Financial Advisor. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808039.003.0005.

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This chapter examines advice-seeking by defined contribution plan participants as they approach retirement, focusing upon the categories, correlates, and timing of advice-seeking. The empirical analysis utilizes a large Australian database, identifies the drivers of advice-seeking behavior, and, most importantly, pinpoints age-specific reference points that appear to prompt participants to seek advice about retirement planning from the plan administrator. The authors analyze the patterns of advice-seeking by older participants, focusing upon the topics raised and determinants of advice-seeking discriminating between the effects of age, gender, and account balances on retirement planning. An important aspect of the chapter concerns whether there is evidence of an increasing focus on retirement as participants go from 45–9 years to 65 years or older. Implications are drawn for the design of pension plans as regards their engagement with older participants.

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49

Garrison, Jean A. Small Group Effects on Foreign Policy Decision Making. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.298.

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The core decision-making literature argues that leaders and their advisors operate within a political and social context that determines when and how they matter to foreign policy decision making. Small groups and powerful leaders become important when they have an active interest in and involvement with the issue under discussion; when the problem is perceived to be a crisis and important to the future of the regime; in novel situations requiring more than simple application of existing standard operating procedures; and when high-level diplomacy is involved. Irving Janis’s groupthink and Graham Allison’s bureaucratic politics serve as the starting point in the study of small groups and foreign policy decision making. There are three distinct structural arrangements of decision groups: formalistic/hierarchical, competitive, and collegial advisory structures, which vary based on their centralization and how open they are to the input of various members of the decision group. Considering the leader, group members, and influence patterns, it is possible to see that decision making within a group rests on the symbiotic relationship between the leader and members of the group or among group members themselves. Indeed, the interaction among group members creates particular patterns of behavior that affect how the group functions and how the policy process will evolve and likely influence policy outcomes. Ultimately, small group decision making must overcome the consistent challenge to differentiate its role in foreign policy analysis from other decision units and expand further beyond the American context.

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Portner, Paul. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001.

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The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.

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