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Aravelli, Aparna, Singiresu S. Rao y Hari K. Adluru. "Multiobjective Design Optimization of Microchannel Cooling System Using High Performance Thermal Vias in LTCC Substrates". Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 10, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2013): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.360.
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Increased heat generation in semiconductor devices for demanding applications leads to the investigation of highly efficient cooling solutions. Effective options for thermal management include passing of cooling liquid through the microchannel heat sink and using highly conductive materials. In the author's previous work, experimental and computational analyses were performed on LTCC substrates using embedded silver vias and silver columns forming microchannels. This novel technique of embedding silver vias along with forced convection using a coolant resulted in higher heat transfer rates. The present work investigates the design optimization of this cooling system (microheat exchanger) using systems optimization theory. A new multiobjective optimization problem was formulated for the heat transfer in the LTCC model using the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method of heat exchangers. The goal is to maximize the total heat transferred and to minimize the coolant pumping power. Structural and thermal design variables are considered to meet the manufacturability and energy requirements. Pressure loss and volume of the silver metal are used as constraints. A hybrid optimization technique using sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and branch and bound method of integer programming has been developed to solve the microheat exchanger problem. The optimal design is presented and sensitivity analysis results are discussed.
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Yang, Xingchen, Chaohai Du, Ziwen Zhang, Juanfeng Zhu, Tiejun Huang y Pukun Liu. "Linearly Polarized High-Purity Gaussian Beam Shaping and Coupling for 330 GHz/500 MHz DNP-NMR Application". Electronics 10, n.º 13 (22 de junio de 2021): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131508.
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Terahertz waves generated by vacuum electron devices have been successfully applied in dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP-NMR) technology to significantly enhance the sensitivity of high-field NMR. To reduce the magnetic field interference, the high-power terahertz wave source and the NMR spectrometer need to be separated by a few meters apart. Corrugated horns and directional couplers are key components for shaping high linearly polarized terahertz Gaussian beam and accurately coupling electromagnetic power in the transmission system. In this paper, a corrugated TE11-HE11 mode converter and a three-port directional coupler realized by its inner cylindrical wire array are proposed for a 330 GHz/500 MHz DNP-NMR system. The output mode of the mode converter presents a characteristic of highly linear polarization, which is 98.8% at 330 GHz for subsequent low loss transmission. The designed three-port directional coupler can produce approximately −33 dB electromagnetic wave power on port 3 in the frequency range between 300–360 GHz stably, which can be used to measure the electromagnetic wave power of the transmission line in real-time. The designed mode converter and direction coupler can be installed and replaced easily in the corrugated waveguide transmission system.
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Yang, Lei, Li Ma, Xiaojie Li, Liansong Xiong, Xinghua Liu, Hui Cao y Junkang Ni. "Modeling and Analysis of N-Branch Hybrid Switched Inductor and Capacitor Converter". Electronics 10, n.º 8 (8 de abril de 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080891.
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This paper proposes a family of N-Branch hybrid switched inductor and capacitor (SLC) converters. With the single circuit, the multi-level output voltage or current could be generated. The proposed converter is suitable both for the voltage source and the current source. The same LC network is reused for different LC branches. The proposed converter is controlled by the phase shift control method with a time domain multiplexing concept. The N level circuit is operated with the same frequency. One cycle period is divided into N small time cycles for each branch. The phase shift for each branch is 360°/N. The load voltage could be changed by modifying the duty cycle of the transistor. When the SLCs work in the resonant condition, the soft switching will be acquired. The power loss of transistors could be sharply reduced. In this paper, a 300 W SLC converter is constructed to verify the theoretical analysis and operation mechanism in the resonant condition and hard switching condition. With the experimental and simulated verification, the soft switching and the stable multi-level output voltage or current are achieved. The proposed SLC converter could be used for the multi-level voltage power supply system, such as the electric vehicle, the electric aircraft, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and a new energy generation system.
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Kaessner, Stefan, Markus G. Scheibel, Stefan Behrendt, Bianca Boettge, Christoph Berthold y Klaus G. Nickel. "Reliability of Novel Ceramic Encapsulation Materials for Electronic Packaging". Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 15, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2018): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.661015.
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Abstract Enhancements on power electronic systems with reduced chip area and miniaturized passive components are subject of several research activities in academics and industry. To realize such future electronic devices, it is necessary to incorporate wide bandgap semiconductor technology such as silicon carbide and gallium nitride operating at higher temperatures. Therefore, the development of novel materials with high thermal conductivities and stability, withstanding harsh environments up to 300°C is of major interest. Especially, polymeric encapsulation materials have to be improved because of common degradation effects above 175°C. Ceramic (nonpolymeric) materials with thermal conductivities above 5 W/(m·K) already illustrated promising results for the encapsulation of power electronics. The present work illustrates recent developments and improvements on novel ceramic encapsulation materials, which finally avoid critical interactions with the chip surface. Furthermore, advances in reliability will be discussed in terms of passed high-temperature reverse bias and humidity tests correlated with relevant material properties.
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Gordon, J. L. y D. H. Whitman. "Generator inertia for isolated hydropower systems". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1985): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-095.
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Speed regulation of hydroelectric power plants of isolated systems is a complex subject, which is now becoming more important as customers install computers, stereophonic equipment, and advanced satellite dish electronic equipment in such systems. This paper presents a methodology for determining hydroelectric generator inertia, based on theoretical analysis, coupled with a review of data from over 50 hydroelectric projects with units having capacities between 2 and 300 MW. The parameters that affect generator inertia—system size, allowable frequency variation, type of load, turbine and governor, water column start time, governor time, and relief valve operation— are all discussed. A chart combining these parameters is developed, on which data from hydro projects is plotted. From an analysis of the plotted data, an empirical equation is developed for the generator inertia as a function of the aforementioned parameters. Key words: hydroelectric power, generator inertia, speed regulation, hydro design.
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Lur’e, M. S., O. M. Lur’e y A. S. Frolov. "Study of Dynamic Modes of Current Stabilization Systems of Powerful Electromagnets with Pulse-Width Modulation". Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 22, n.º 6 (5 de junio de 2021): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.22.313-320.
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This study is devoted to the consideration of a method for assessing the stability of systems with pulse-width modulation, based on the linearization of its equivalent system with pulse-width modulation. An approximate study of the dynamic modes of operation of systems with pulse-width modulation, taking into account the stability for the system of automatic control of the supply current of electromagnets under the conditions of external and internal interference, is carried out. Variants of execution of schemes of pulse-width regulators for the power supply of an electromagnet based on a unipolar and bipolar element with pulse-width modulation are presented. The possibility of linearization of systems with pulse-width modulation for the subsequent detailed assessment of the stability of such systems is shown. The prospects of using functional differential equations for stability analysis of automatic systems with pulse-width modulation are shown. The frequency characteristics of an equivalent pulse system are analyzed using the example of a current stabilization system of high-power electromagnets with a pulse-width regulator, taking into account the replacement of the latitude modulation by the amplitude one. Based on the analysis of the resulting transfer function, which is a stable linearized equivalent open system, the ways of evaluating the stability of the original system with pulse-width modulation using the Nyquist stability criterion are proposed. The conclusion is made about the advantage of a system with PWM, in relation to a system with AIM, in terms of stability, and recommendations are given for the use of the obtained data in the analysis oftransients in such systems.
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Devaraj, Elangovan, Peter K. Joseph, Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal y Senthilarasu Sundaram. "Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation". Energies 13, n.º 8 (15 de abril de 2020): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081944.
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Energy transformation by power electronic converters is not feasible without the efficient use of renewable energy. The article tries to extend the use of renewable energy to PHEV battery charging. In PHEV, the battery is one of the major sources of stored energy. The converter used for charging these batteries is of crucial concern. The paper addresses various challenges in designing a DC to DC converter for battery charging in DC bus. An optimized converter is designed to work with renewable energy sources to accomplish a high boost ratio, low input current ripple, low output voltage ripple, high power efficiency, and high power density. A combination of two interleaved boost converters is effectively used with the overlap time switching to achieve a high voltage boost ratio in forming the DC bus. Transformer isolation is used to increase reliability and boost ratio further. The secondary side employs a series-connected voltage doubler. The converter boosts an input voltage of 24 V to a range of 300–400 V. Simulation results have been obtained for a 300 W system. Simulation results are validated by a prototype implementation for a 250 W system. The converter is studied and analyzed for steady-state and transient state characteristics and the power efficiency obtained is 92.9%.
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Guo, Chengjun, Lingzhi Zhao, Ying Cui, Zhi Liu y Derrick Wing Kwan Ng. "Power-Efficient Wireless Streaming of Multi-Quality Tiled 360 VR Video in MIMO-OFDMA Systems". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 20, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): 5408–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3067803.
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Akif, Omar Z., Sura Ali, Rasha Subhi Ali y Alaa Kadhim Farhan. "A new pseudorandom bits generator based on a 2D-chaotic system and diffusion property". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2021): 1580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2610.
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A remarkable correlation between chaotic systems and cryptography has been established with sensitivity to initial states, unpredictability, and complex behaviors. In one development, stages of a chaotic stream cipher are applied to a discrete chaotic dynamic system for the generation of pseudorandom bits. Some of these generators are based on 1D chaotic map and others on 2D ones. In the current study, a pseudorandom bit generator (PRBG) based on a new 2D chaotic logistic map is proposed that runs side-by-side and commences from random independent initial states. The structure of the proposed model consists of the three components of a mouse input device, the proposed 2D chaotic system, and an initial permutation (IP) table. Statistical tests of the generated sequence of bits are investigated by applying five evaluations as well as the ACF and NIST. The results of five standard tests of randomness have been illustrated and overcome a value of 0.160 in frequency test. While the run test presents the pass value t0=4.769 and t1=2.929. Likewise, poker test and serial test the outcomes was passed with 3.520 for poker test, and 4.720 for serial test. Finally, autocorrelation test passed in all shift numbers from 1 to 10.
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Liu, Shing-Hong, Jia-Jung Wang y Tan-Hsu Tan. "A Portable and Wireless Multi-Channel Acquisition System for Physiological Signal Measurements". Sensors 19, n.º 23 (3 de diciembre de 2019): 5314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235314.
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We propose a portable and wireless acquisition system to help consumers or users register important physiological signals. The acquisition system mainly consists of a portable device, a graphic user interface (GUI), and an application program for displaying the signals on a notebook (NB) computer or a smart device. Essential characteristics of the portable device include eight measuring channels, a powerful microcontroller unit, a lithium battery, Bluetooth 3.0 data transmission, and a built-in 2 GB flash memory. In addition, the signals that are measured can be displayed on a tablet, a smart phone, or a notebook computer concurrently. Additionally, the proposed system provides extra power supply sources of ±3 V for the usage of external circuits. On the other hand, consumers or users can design their own sensing circuits and combine them with this system to carry out ubiquitous physiological studies. Four major advantages in the proposed system are the capability of combining it with a NB computer or a smart phone to display the signals being measured in real time, the superior mobility due to its own independent power system, flash memory, and good expandability. Briefly, this acquisition system offers consumers or users a convenient and portable studying tool to measure dynamic vital signals of interest in psychological and physiological research fields.
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Ekanayake, Gihan, Mahesh Patil, Jae-Hyeong Seo y Moo-Yeon Lee. "Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of the 36V Electronic Control Unit System for an Electric Bicycle". Energies 11, n.º 10 (20 de septiembre de 2018): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102506.
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The objective of this study was to numerically investigate the heat transfer characteristics of a 36V electronic control unit (ECU) system of an electric bicycle and to validate the experimental data. The temperatures of the ECU heatsink, seven metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and two capacitors of the 36V ECU system were numerically derived under variable operating conditions including power dissipation, thermal grease, ambient temperature and heatsink material, to analyze the heat transfer characteristics. When the thermal conductivity of the thermal grease increased from 0.01 W/m °C to 3.0 W/m° C, the temperatures of the seven MOSFETs and the two capacitors decreased by 51.245% and 3.58%, respectively. When the total power dissipation increased from 2.57 MW/m3 to 4.26 MW/m3, the temperatures of the ECU heatsink, seven MOSFETs and the two capacitors increased by 20.95%, 30.31% and 21.54%, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the ambient temperatures from 30 °C to 40 °C resulted in an increase in the temperatures of the ECU heatsink, MOSFET and capacitor by 24.75%, 9.93% and 22.04% respectively.. These numerically derived temperatures for the MOSFET and the ECU heatsink were validated with the experimental results within a range of 7.2% and 1.7%, respectively. This confirmed that the applied numerical model was valid.
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Guo, Yunxiang, Cheng Lu, Liang Hua y Xinsong Zhang. "Optimal Design of High-Power Medium-Frequency Transformer Using Hollow Conductors with Consideration of Multi-Objective Parameters". Energies 13, n.º 14 (15 de julio de 2020): 3654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143654.
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A power electronic transformer (PET) is applied to the high-speed train for lightweight demand. A 300 kW/5 kHz high-power medium-frequency transformer (HPMFT) using hollow conductors in a power unit of the PET is optimally designed in this paper. The target of the design is to balance the loss, leakage inductance, and weight of the HPMFT. For this purpose, the design parameters of the HPMFT are firstly confirmed according to the system structure and parameters of the PET. Secondly, the design process of HPMFT is developed. Finally, the results of 48 design schemes of core-type and shell-type structures are compared by the comprehensive evaluation standard, which equilibrates the three above objective parameters of the HPMFT. According to the optimal scheme, a prototype is manufactured, whose test results verify the correctness of the optimal design method.
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Sutor, Alexander, Martin Heining y Rainer Buchholz. "A Class-E Amplifier for a Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer System with Multiple Receivers". Energies 12, n.º 6 (26 de marzo de 2019): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061165.
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We present a method for optimizing the electronic power system for a new type of photobioreactor or photoreactor in general. In the case of photobioreactors, photosynthetic active microorganisms or cells are grown. A novel concept for the illumination of photobioreactors was necessary, as the external illumination of those reactors leads to a limited penetration depth of light. Due to the limited penetration depth, no standard reactors can be use for cultivation, but custom made reactors with very small volume to surface ratio have to be used. This still prevents the technology from a large scale industrial impact. The solution we propose in this paper is an internal illumination via Wireless Light Emitters. This increases the manageable culture volume of photosynthetic active microorganisms or cells. The illumination system is based on floating light emitters, which are powered wirelessly by near field resonant inductive coupling. The floating light emitters are able to illuminate a photobioreactor more homogeneously than external illumination systems do. We designed a class-E amplifier and field coils to produce an intermediate frequency electromagnetic field inside the reactor. An appropriate magnetic flux density was found to be approx. B = 1 mT and the driving frequency is f = 176 kHz. We conducted experiments with a laboratory size photoreactor. The cultivation volume was 30 L containing up to 3000 WLEs. The maximum electric power input was more than 300 W and we calculated an efficiency of up to 76%.
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Canales, Jose, Iosu Aizpuru, Unai Iraola, Jon Barrena y Manex Barrenetxea. "Medium-Voltage AC Static Switch Solution to Feed Neutral Section in a High-Speed Railway System". Energies 11, n.º 10 (12 de octubre de 2018): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102740.
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A high-speed train (HST) is a single-phase load supplied by a three-phase AC grid. The HST produces unbalanced three-line currents affecting the power quality of the grid. To balance the asymmetries on average, railway feeding sections are supplied that rotate the three phases of the grid. An electric isolation segment, called the neutral section (NS), between different sections is necessary. The HST must pass through this 1.6 km NS without power supply. In this paper, a medium-voltage AC static switch solution to feed the high-speed train in the NS is proposed. Thyristor technology is selected to design the 25 KVAC static switch. A medium-voltage power electronics procedure design is proposed to ensure proper operation in the final application. An NS operation is analyzed to identify impacts within the electric system and solution requirements are developed. Then, a low-scale prototype is used to experimentally validate the solution based on thyristor technology and the medium-voltage AC static switch is designed. Limitations on power and voltage at the Mondragon University Medium-Voltage Laboratory do not allow testing of the AC static switch at nominal conditions. A partial test procedure to test sections of the AC static switch is proposed and applied to validate the solution. Finally, experimental results for the Cordoba–Malaga (Spain) high-speed railway in real conditions with an HST crossing the NS at 300 km/h are shown.
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Friderikos, V., L. Wang, M. Iwamura y A. H. Aghvami. "Color-aware power and rate adaptation in IP-based CDMA radio access networks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 5, n.º 4 (2005): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.300.
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Blinov, Andrei, Roman Kosenko, Andrii Chub y Volodymyr Ivakhno. "Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Operation Capabilities of an Isolated Bidirectional Current-Source DC–DC Converter". Energies 12, n.º 16 (20 de agosto de 2019): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163203.
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Reliable and predictable operation of power electronics is of increasing importance due to continuously growing penetration of such systems in industrial applications. This article focuses on the fault-tolerant operation of the bidirectional secondary-modulated current-source DC–DC converter. The study analyzes possible topology reconfigurations in case an open- or short-circuit condition occurs in one of the semiconductor devices. In addition, multi-mode operation based on topology-morphing is evaluated to extend the operating range of the case study topology. The influence of post-failure modes on the functionality and performance is analyzed with a 300 W converter prototype. It is demonstrated that failure of one transistor in the current-source side can be mitigated without dramatic loss in the efficiency at maximum power, while preserving bidirectional operation capability.
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Kommuri, Krishnaveni y Venkata Ratnam Kolluru. "Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and IoT applications". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2021): 3660. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3660-3670.
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The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
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Mouassa, Souhil y Tarek Bouktir. "Multi-objective ant lion optimization algorithm to solve large-scale multi-objective optimal reactive power dispatch problem". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2019): 304–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-05-2018-0208.
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Purpose In the vast majority of published papers, the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem is dealt as a single-objective optimization; however, optimization with a single objective is insufficient to achieve better operation performance of power systems. Multi-objective ORPD (MOORPD) aims to minimize simultaneously either the active power losses and voltage stability index, or the active power losses and the voltage deviation. The purpose of this paper is to propose multi-objective ant lion optimization (MOALO) algorithm to solve multi-objective ORPD problem considering large-scale power system in an effort to achieve a good performance with stable and secure operation of electric power systems. Design/methodology/approach A MOALO algorithm is presented and applied to solve the MOORPD problem. Fuzzy set theory was implemented to identify the best compromise solution from the set of the non-dominated solutions. A comparison with enhanced version of multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOEPSO) algorithm and original (MOPSO) algorithm confirms the solutions. An in-depth analysis on the findings was conducted and the feasibility of solutions were fully verified and discussed. Findings Three test systems – the IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 57-bus and large-scale IEEE 300-bus – were used to examine the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The findings obtained amply confirmed the superiority of the proposed approach over the multi-objective enhanced PSO and basic version of MOPSO. In addition to that, the algorithm is benefitted from good distributions of the non-dominated solutions and also guarantees the feasibility of solutions. Originality/value The proposed algorithm is applied to solve three versions of ORPD problem, active power losses, voltage deviation and voltage stability index, considering large -scale power system IEEE 300 bus.
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Roslan, Nor Hidayah, Aziati H. Awang, Mohd Hanapiah M. Yusoff y Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain. "Comparison of lithium niobate and silicon substrate on phase shift and efficiency performance for mach-zehnder interferometer modulator". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2021): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1.pp352-360.
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<span>In this study, the low-group velocity slow-light mach-zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulator, low loss and high efficiency for two modulator substrate lithium niobate (LN) and silicon were presented and optimized at 1.55µm operating wavelength. The high power consumption of conventional modulator was the major drawback in the operation of modulators. Therefore, it was a good time for low-power modulator design and development and to compare the LN and Silicon modulator on the phase shifted using the slow-light technique by designing the full MZI modulator consisting of splitter and combiner on both substrates. The phase shift of LN is 2% compared with the silicon 0.09% and higher phase shift give better performance with low power consumption due to the change of modulating voltage of the MZI modulator for LN while the silicon depends on modulating voltage manipulating concentration of charge carrier in doped silicon.</span>
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Thanh Le, Tuan, Jong-Beom Jeong, SangSoon Lee, Jaehyoun Kim y Eun-Seok Ryu. "An Efficient Viewport-Dependent 360 VR System Based on Adaptive Tiled Streaming". Computers, Materials & Continua 66, n.º 3 (2021): 2627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.013399.
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Yöntem, Alı Özgür, Kun Li y Daping Chu. "Reciprocal 360-deg 3D light-field image acquisition and display system [Invited]". Journal of the Optical Society of America A 36, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2019): A77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.36.000a77.
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Son, Jangwoo y Eun-Seok Ryu. "Tile-based 360-degree video streaming for mobile virtual reality in cyber physical system". Computers & Electrical Engineering 72 (noviembre de 2018): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.10.002.
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Rosu, Filip y Alina Badescu. "Electric and Magnetic Design of a Deployable WPT System for Industrial and Defense UAV Applications". Electronics 10, n.º 18 (13 de septiembre de 2021): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182252.
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The following paper presents a highly efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) system for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The proposed system is designed as a deployable landing pad, where UAVs can be efficiently charged at distances up to 20 cm, while the UAV is landing. The operation frequency is 50 kHz. The current work presents two major contributions that help improve this aspect: a novel RX charging pad geometry and an unconventional design of a low-voltage, high-power DC–AC inverter using discrete MOSFET transistors. Both the pad’s geometry and the inverter are designed specifically for UAV applications. The input DC to output AC system efficiency peaks at approximately 95%. The peak efficiency is obtained at power transfers of 625 W. A major difference between the present design and traditionally used state-of-the-art systems is the low DC supply voltage requirement of just 24 V, compared with typical values that range from 50 up to 300 V at similar output power.
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Ramadhani, Arief, Achmad Rizal y Erwin Susanto. "Development of Hand Gesture Based Electronic Key Using Microsoft Kinect". MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821802014.
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Computer vision is one of the fields of research that can be applied in a various subject. One application of computer vision is the hand gesture recognition system. The hand gesture is one of the ways to interact with computers or machines. In this study, hand gesture recognition was used as a password for electronic key systems. The hand gesture recognition in this study utilized the depth sensor in Microsoft Kinect Xbox 360. Depth sensor captured the hand image and segmented using a threshold. By scanning each pixel, we detected the thumb and the number of other fingers that open. The hand gesture recognition result was used as a password to unlock the electronic key. This system could recognize nine types of hand gesture represent number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The average accuracy of the hand gesture recognition system was 97.78% for one single hand sign and 86.5% as password of three hand signs.
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Yang, Linchu, Ji’an Chen y Weihang Zhu. "Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition Based on a Leap Motion Controller and Two-Layer Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network". Sensors 20, n.º 7 (8 de abril de 2020): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072106.
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Dynamic hand gesture recognition is one of the most significant tools for human–computer interaction. In order to improve the accuracy of the dynamic hand gesture recognition, in this paper, a two-layer Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network for the recognition of dynamic hand gestures from a Leap Motion Controller (LMC) is proposed. In addition, based on LMC, an efficient way to capture the dynamic hand gestures is identified. Dynamic hand gestures are represented by sets of feature vectors from the LMC. The proposed system has been tested on the American Sign Language (ASL) datasets with 360 samples and 480 samples, and the Handicraft-Gesture dataset, respectively. On the ASL dataset with 360 samples, the system achieves accuracies of 100% and 96.3% on the training and testing sets. On the ASL dataset with 480 samples, the system achieves accuracies of 100% and 95.2%. On the Handicraft-Gesture dataset, the system achieves accuracies of 100% and 96.7%. In addition, 5-fold, 10-fold, and Leave-One-Out cross-validation are performed on these datasets. The accuracies are 93.33%, 94.1%, and 98.33% (360 samples), 93.75%, 93.5%, and 98.13% (480 samples), and 88.66%, 90%, and 92% on ASL and Handicraft-Gesture datasets, respectively. The developed system demonstrates similar or better performance compared to other approaches in the literature.
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Rashed, Muhammad, Iqbal Gondal, Joarder Kamruzzaman y Syed Islam. "State Estimation within IED Based Smart Grid Using Kalman Estimates". Electronics 10, n.º 15 (26 de julio de 2021): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151783.
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State Estimation is a traditional and reliable technique within power distribution and control systems. It is used for building a topology of the power grid network based on state measurements and current operational state of different nodes & buses. The protection of sensors and measurement units such as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) in Central Energy Management System (CEMS) against False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) is a big concern to grid operators. These are special kind of cyber-attacks that are directed towards the state & measurement data in such a way that mislead the CEMS into making incorrect decisions and create generation load imbalance. These are known to bypass the traditional bad data detection systems within central estimators. This paper presents the use of an additional novel state estimator based on Kalman filter along with traditional Distributed State Estimation (DSE) which is based on Weighted Least Square (WLS). Kalman filter is a feedback control mechanism that constantly updates itself based on state prediction and state correction technique and shows improvement in the estimates. The additional estimator output is compared with the results of DSE in order to identify anomalies and injection of false data. We evaluated our methodology by simulating proposed technique using MATPOWER over IEEE-14, IEEE-30, IEEE-118, IEEE-300 bus. The results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over traditional state estimation.
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Xiao, Jianhong, Guang Zhang, Tianwei Li y Jose Silva-Martinez. "Low-Power Fully Integrated CMOS DTV Tuner Front-End for ATSC Terrestrial Broadcasting". VLSI Design 2007 (13 de marzo de 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/71974.
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A low-cost low-power DTV tuner for current digital television application is described. In order to increase integration level and reduce power consumption for off-air DTV tuner application, an SAW-filterless tuner front-end architecture is adopted. As a part of the concept, key building blocks for this architecture are implemented on a main stream 0.35 μm CMOS technology. Experimental measurements for the prototype chip validate the system architecture; the prototype consumes 300 mw and achieves 45 dB of image rejection ratio within the entire 750 MHz frequency band.
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Voltan, Diego Scacalossi, João E. M. Perea Martins y Rogério Zanarde Barbosa. "DESIGN OF AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR DRIP EMITTERS ANALYSIS IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS". IRRIGA 1, n.º 1 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2018v1n1p71-78.
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DESIGN OF AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR DRIP EMITTERS ANALYSIS IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
DIEGO SCACALOSSI VOLTAN; João EDUARDO MACHADO Perea Martins 1 AND Rogério ZANARDE Barbosa2
1 Computer Science Department, School of Sciences (FC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360, Bauru-SP, Brazil. E-mail: perea@fc.unesp.br. Orcid iD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-497X
2 Faculty of Higher Education and Integral Formation (FAEF), 17400-000, Garça-SP, Brazil. E‑mail: rogeriozanarde@gmail.com.
1 ABSTRACT
This work shows the design of a system for automatic monitoring of drip emitters in irrigation processes, which allows the counting of drops from an emitter and also the accumulated water weighing. Its main goal is to provide an electronic system for verification of drip irrigation uniformity, whose physical measured parameters can be sent to a computer through a direct cable or through a radio system that allows long distance monitoring.
Keywords: Drip irrigation, automation, uniformity
VOLTAN, D. S.; Perea Martins, J.E.M.; Barbosa, R. Z.
PROJETO DE UM SISTEMA ELETRÔNICO PARA ANÁLISE DE GOTEJADORES EM SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO
2 RESUMO
Este trabalho mostra o projeto de um sistema para monitoramento automático de gotejadores em processos de irrigação, o qual permite a contagem do número de gotas de um gotejador e também permite a pesagem de água acumulada. O objetivo principal é fornecer um sistema eletrônico para verificação da uniformidade da irrigação por gotejamento, cujos parâmetros físicos medidos podem ser enviados para um computador diretamente através de um cabo ou através de um sistema de rádio que permite o monitoramento a longa distância.
Palavras-chave: Irrigação por gotejamento, automação, uniformidade.
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Kishore Kumar, A., D. Somasundareswari, V. Duraisamy y T. Shunbaga Pradeepa. "Design of Low Power Multiplier with Energy Efficient Full Adder Using DPTAAL". VLSI Design 2013 (21 de marzo de 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/157872.
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Asynchronous adiabatic logic (AAL) is a novel lowpower design technique which combines the energy saving benefits of asynchronous systems with adiabatic benefits. In this paper, energy efficient full adder using double pass transistor with asynchronous adiabatic logic (DPTAAL) is used to design a low power multiplier. Asynchronous adiabatic circuits are very low power circuits to preserve energy for reuse, which reduces the amount of energy drawn directly from the power supply. In this work, an 8×8 multiplier using DPTAAL is designed and simulated, which exhibits low power and reliable logical operations. To improve the circuit performance at reduced voltage level, double pass transistor logic (DPL) is introduced. The power results of the proposed multiplier design are compared with the conventional CMOS implementation. Simulation results show significant improvement in power for clock rates ranging from 100 MHz to 300 MHz.
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Zhang, Ruifeng, Qi Wang, Difu Deng, Yao Dong, Fei Xiao, Gil Travish y Huarong Gong. "Novel Dual Beam Cascaded Schemes for 346 GHz Harmonic-Enhanced TWTs". Electronics 10, n.º 2 (16 de enero de 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020195.
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The applications of terahertz (THz) devices in communication, imaging, and plasma diagnostic are limited by the lack of high-power, miniature, and low-cost THz sources. To develop high-power THz source, the high-harmonic traveling wave tube (HHTWT) is introduced, which is based on the theory that electron beam modulated by electromagnetic (EM) waves can generate high harmonic signals. The principal analysis and simulation results prove that amplifying high harmonic signal is a promising method to realize high-power THz source. For further improvement of power and bandwidth, two novel dual-beam schemes for high-power 346 GHz TWTs are proposed. The first TWT is comprised of two cascaded slow wave structures (SWSs), among which one SWS can generate a THz signal by importing a millimeter-wave signal and the other one can amplify THz signal of interest. The simulation results show that the output power exceeds 400 mW from 340 GHz to 348 GHz when the input power is 200 mW from 85 GHz to 87 GHz. The peak power of 1100 mW is predicted at 346 GHz. The second TWT is implemented by connecting a pre-amplification section to the input port of the HHTWT. The power of 600 mW is achieved from 338 GHz to 350 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth is 16.5 GHz. In brief, two novel schemes have advantages in peak power and bandwidth, respectively. These two dual-beam integrated schemes, constituted respectively by two TWTs, also feature rugged structure, reliable performance, and low costs, and can be considered as promising high-power THz sources.
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N. S., Jayalakshmi y Pramod Bhat Nempu Bhat Nempu. "Performance Enhancement of a Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid Operating with Alternative Energy Sources Using Supercapacitor". International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 12, n.º 2 (21 de junio de 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.12.2.1.
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Microgrids with non-conventional energy sources have become popular recently. Hybrid AC-DC microgrid (HMG) architecture is effectual as it avoids several power conversions for the consumers. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive study on grid-tied HMG with PV array and wind energy conversion system (WECS) as principal sources. Fuel cell (FC) acts as the auxiliary source in the DC subgrid and the supercapacitor (SC) is used for instantaneous energy management. The hydrogen storage system is used to store surplus power produced by the PV array. The power flow between the subgrids is regulated using the interlinking converter (ILC) by a PQ controller. The main contribution of this article is the comparative investigation of system operation in the HMG configuration in the presence and absence of a supercapacitor bank on the DC bus. The maximum DC bus voltage fluctuation during load variations in the absence and presence of SC bank is found to be 6.6 V and 3.9 V respectively. Similarly, the maximum transient fluctuation in the power supplied to the DC load is found to be 830 W in the absence of SC bank and 340 W in the presence of SC bank
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Bezawada, Yashwanth y Yucheng Zhang. "A Case Study: Influence of Circuit Impedance on the Performance of Class-E2 Resonant Power Converter for Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer". Electronics 10, n.º 12 (18 de junio de 2021): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121461.
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The evolution of power electronics led to rapid development in wireless charging technology; as a result, a single active switch topology was introduced. The present market utilizes inductive wireless power transfer (IPT); because of the disadvantages of cost, size, and safety concerns, research on wireless power transfer was diverted towards capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT). This paper studies the optimal impedance tracking of the capacitive wireless power transfer system for maximum power transfer. Compared to prior methods developed for maximum power point tracking in power control, this paper proposes a new approach by means of finding impedance characteristics of the CPT system for a certain range of frequencies. Considering the drone battery as an application, a single active switch Class-E2 resonant converter with circular coupling plates is utilized. Impedance characteristics are identified with the help of equations related to the input and resonant impedance. The impedance tracking is laid out for various resonant inductors, and the difference in current peak is observed for each case. Simulations verify and provide additional information on the reactive type. Additionally, hardware tests provide the variation of input current and output voltage for a range of frequencies from 70 kHz to 300 kHz. Efficiency at the optimal impedance points for a resonant inductor with 50 μH and 100 μH are tested and analyzed. It is noted that the efficiency for a resonant inductor with 50 μH is 8% higher compared to the CPT with a 100 μH resonant inductor. Further hardware tests were performed to investigate the impact of frequency and duty cycle variation. Zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) limits have been discussed with respect to both frequency and duty cycle.
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Rogalev, Andrey, Nikolay Rogalev, Vladimir Kindra, Olga Zlyvko y Andrey Vegera. "A Study of Low-Potential Heat Utilization Methods for Oxy-Fuel Combustion Power Cycles". Energies 14, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2021): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123364.
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The world community is worried about the effects of global warming. A few agreements on the reduction of CO2 emissions have been signed recently. A large part of these emissions is produced by the power production industry. Soon, the requirements for thermal power plant ecology and efficiency performance may become significantly higher. Thus, the contemporary problem is the development of highly efficient power production facilities with low toxic and greenhouse gas emission. An efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, which implies maintaining economic growth, is the creation of closed thermodynamic cycles with oxy-fuel combustion. The Allam cycle is one of the most promising among oxy-fuel power plants. A 50 MW pilot Allam cycle plant was built in Texas. The design for a commercial system with an electrical output of 300 MW is under development. This work is devoted to the improvement of the efficiency and environmental safety of oxy-fuel combustion power cycles via the utilization of compressed working fluid heat. The results of computer simulation obtained using AspenONE software demonstrated that an additional circuit in the multi-flow regenerator might increase net efficiency by 3.5%. Besides this, the incorporation of a supercritical carbon dioxide (S–CO2) Brayton cycle with recompression increased the efficiency by 0.2%. Therefore, the maximum net efficiency of the prospective power unit was 51.4%.
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Spertino, Filippo, Angela Amato, Gabriele Casali, Alessandro Ciocia y Gabriele Malgaroli. "Reliability Analysis and Repair Activity for the Components of 350 kW Inverters in a Large Scale Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System". Electronics 10, n.º 5 (27 de febrero de 2021): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050564.
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The reliability of photovoltaic (PV) generators is strongly affected by the performance of Direct Current/Alternating Current (DC/AC) converters, being the major source of PV underperformance. However, generally, their reliability is not investigated at component level: thus, the present work presents a reliability analysis and the repair activity for the components of full bridge DC/AC converters. In the first part of the paper, a reliability analysis using failure rates from literature is carried out for 132 inverters (AC rated power of 350 kW each) with global AC power of 46 MW in a large scale grid-connected PV plant. Then, in the second part of the work, results from literature are compared with data obtained by analyzing industrial maintenance reports in the years 2015–2017. In conclusion, the yearly energy losses involved in the downtime are quantified, as well as their availability.
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Alathari, Bashar, Mohammed Falih Kadhim, Salam Al-Khammasi y Nabeel Salih Ali. "A framework implementation of surveillance tracking system based on PIR motion sensors". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp235-242.
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A motion tracking system made from affordable hardware components is implemented to be used inside the University of Kufa (UoK) buildings to track and detect any suspicious activities. The current research objectives are to automatically monitor, track intruders using sensors, servo, and camera that occurs around the system using Arduino microcontroller. The mounted camera track, capture the moving object and sending a live broadcast to a receiving host which could be a desktop computer, laptop, tablet or a smartphone. In this study, we consider the problem of automated position estimation using the electronic circuit of inexpensive binary motion sensors. We present simulation and experiments with Passive Infrared (PIR) motion sensors that suggest our current estimator. Fritzing software simulator is used to test and draw the circuits of the system. The proposed design worked efficiently during the experiments and shown high performance with 360 degrees of detection for the sensing environments.
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AL-Qaysi, Hayder Khaleel, Tahreer Mahmood y Khalid Awaad Humood. "Evaluation of different quantization resolution levels on the BER performance of massive MIMO systems under different operating scenarios". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1493-1500.
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The massive MIMO system is one of the main technologies in the fifth generation (5G) of telecommunication systems, also recognized as a highly large-scale system. Constantly in massive MIMO systems, the base station (BS) is provided with a large number of antennas, and this large number of antennas need high-quantization resolution levels analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). In this situation, there will be more power consumption and hardware costs. This paper presents the simulation performance of a suggested method to investigate and analyze the effects of different quantization resolution levels of ADCs on the bit error rate (BER) performance of massive MIMO system under different operating scenarios using MATLAB software. The results show that the SNR exceeds 12 dB accounts for only 0.001% of BER signals when the number of antennas 60 with low quantization a 2 bits’ levels ADCs, approximately. But when the antenna number rises to 300, the SNR exceeds 12 dB accounts for almost 0.01% of BER transmitted signals. Comparably with the BER performance of high quantization, 4 bits-quantization resolution levels ADCs with the same different antennas have a slight degradation. Therefore, the number of antennas is a very important influence factor.
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Liu, Jinfeng, Jiawei He y Herbert Ho-Ching Iu. "Realization of Low-Voltage and High-Current Rectifier Module Control System Based on Nonlinear Feed-Forward PID Control". Electronics 10, n.º 17 (2 de septiembre de 2021): 2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172138.
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The low-voltage and high-current permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), which has characteristics of high power density, small size, and excellent energy saving, is representative of the generators. As a key module of the integrated DC output system of PMSG, the low-voltage and high-current rectifier module is also a nonlinear time-varying system that is readily influenced by parametric changes and external disturbances. Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional control strategies, this paper proposes a novel low-voltage and high-power rectifier module control strategy based on nonlinear feed-forward PID control. The controller has a wide range of environmental applications because of its greater robustness. At the same time, the introduction of feed-forward control shortens regulation time of the system. Therefore, the combination of the two control methods can improve the dynamic performance of the system without influencing the steady-state performance. The simulation model of an integrated rectifier system based on SVPWM control was constructed by Simulink, which can achieve a rated output of 5 V/300 A. At the same time, the simulation model of the controller is constructed and applied to the rectifier output system of a 5 V/300 A synchronous generator to complete the nonlinear feed-forward PID control. Through the comparison between simulation and experiment, it has been proven that the control method can effectively resist the load disturbances and improve the response speed of the system.
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Tanaka, Ikki y Hiromitsu Ohmori. "Method Evaluation for Short-Term Wind Speed Prediction Considering Multi Regions in Japan". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, n.º 5 (20 de octubre de 2016): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0681.
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[abstFig src='/00280005/09.jpg' width='300' text='Prediction errors at observation points' ] Wind energy use is being developed worldwide. Improving wind speed forecasting techniques has become important due to their economic impact on power system operation with increasing wind power penetration. Wind speed prediction is generally difficult due to wind’s intermittent nature, so many approaches have been proposed by researchers. The viability of these techniques has been verified, however, in only a certain few areas, rather than being evaluated quantitatively in many different locations. We use data from different parts of Japan for one-step-ahead prediction and applied different approaches at each point, which was then evaluated such as mean absolute error. We used the persistent model, the ARMA-GARCH model, the nonlinear autoregressive network with external input (NARX), the recurrent neural network (RNN), and support vector regression (SVR). Our results suggest that it is difficult to create the same model which minimizes error in all areas, confirming the need for individual predictors for individual regions.
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ZLATI, George. "Violarea secretului corespondenţei vs. accesul ilegal la un sistem informatic". Analele Universitării din București Drept 2020, n.º 2020 (13 de enero de 2020): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/aubd.2020.08.
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In this article, the author tries to clarify the relationship between the offence of violating the privacy of correspondence and the offence of unauthorized access to a computer system. The purpose is to test the scope of art. 302 of the Criminal Code in regard to electronic correspondence. Even if some would argue that the notion of correspondence stipulated in article 302 of the Criminal Code also covers electronic correspondence (e.g. an e-mail), the author concludes that only the offence provided under art. 360 of the Criminal Code is applicable. In this context, it is emphasized that the principle of lex certa prohibits the assimilation of the act consisting in opening of a correspondence with the act of accessing computer data. In the author’s point a view, any kind of electronic correspondence is in fact a communication which consists only in a set of computer data. Consequently, computer data cannot be opened but only accessed.
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Yu, Chao, Qianyun Lu, Honglei Sun, Xingwang Wu y Xiao-Wei Zhu. "Digital Predistortion of Ultra-Broadband mmWave Power Amplifiers with Limited Tx/Feedback Loop/Baseband Bandwidth". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4510243.
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A novel digital predistortion (DPD) technique is proposed to linearize ultra-broadband millimeter wave (mmWave) power amplifiers (PAs) by only employing very limited bandwidth resources for the Tx, feedback loop (FB), and baseband (BB). Compared to the conventional methods, the proposed method will comprehensively reduce the bandwidth requirements for the whole system, which will make the linearization affordable for mmWave PAs. To validate the proposed idea, a 4-carrier 320 MHz modulated signal was employed to excite a mmWave PA with the center frequency of 41 GHz. Experimental results have proven that the proposed method can effectively realize the PA linearization with very narrow Tx/FB/BB bandwidth, which largely extends the capability of DPD to the forthcoming 5G era.
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Dalla Vecchia, Mauricio, Giel Van den Broeck, Simon Ravyts y Johan Driesen. "Novel Step-Down DC–DC Converters Based on the Inductor–Diode and Inductor–Capacitor–Diode Structures in a Two-Stage Buck Converter". Energies 12, n.º 6 (22 de marzo de 2019): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061131.
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This paper explores and presents the application of the Inductor–Diode and Inductor-Capacitor-Diode structures in a DC–DC step-down configuration for systems that require voltage adjustments. DC micro/picogrids are becoming more popular nowadays and the study of power electronics converters to supply the load demand in different voltage levels is required. Multiple strategies to step-down voltages are proposed based on different approaches, e.g., high-frequency transformer and voltage multiplier/divider cells. The key question that motivates the research is the investigation of the aforementioned Inductor–Diode and Inductor–Capacitor–Diode, current multiplier/divider cells, in a step-down application. The two-stage buck converter is used as a study case to achieve the output voltage required. To extend the intermediate voltage level flexibility in the two-stage buck converter, a second switch was implemented replacing a diode, which gives an extra degree-of-freedom for the topology. Based on this modification, three regions of operation are theoretically defined, depending on the operational duty cycles δ2 and δ1 of switches S2 and S1. The intermediate and output voltage levels are defined based on the choice of the region of operation and are mapped herein, summarizing the possible voltage levels achieved by each configuration. The paper presents the theoretical analysis, simulation, implementation and experimental validation of a converter with the following specifications; 48 V/12 V input-to-output voltage, different intermediate voltage levels, 100 W power rating, and switching frequency of 300 kHz. Comparisons between mathematical, simulation, and experimental results are made with the objective of validating the statements herein introduced.
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El Hassan, Adil Abou, Abdelmalek El Mehdi y Mohammed Saber. "NB-IoT and LTE-M towards massive MTC: Complete performance evaluation for 5G mMTC". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp308-320.
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Since the emerging 5G wireless network is expected to significantly revolutionize thefield of communication, its standardization and design should regard the internet ofthings (IoT) among the main orientations. Also, emerging IoT applications introducenew requirements other than throughput to support massive machine-type commu-nication (mMTC) where small data packets are occasionally sent. Therefore, moreimportance is attached to coverage, latency, power consumption, and connection den-sity. For this purpose, the third generation partnership project (3GPP) has introducedtwo novel cellular IoT technologies supporting mMTC, known as NB-IoT and LTE-M. This paper aims to determine the system configuration and deployment required forNB-IoT and LTE-M technologies to fully meet the 5G mMTC requirements in termsof coverage, throughput, latency, battery life, and connection density. An overview ofthese technologies and their design principles is also described. A complete evalua-tion of NB-IoT and LTE-M performance against 5G mMTC requirements is presented,and it is shown that these requirements can be met but only under certain conditionsregarding system configuration and deployment. This is followed by a performancecomparative analysis, which is mainly conducted to determine the limits and suitableuse cases of each technology.
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Liu, Jinfeng, Xin Qu y Herbert Ho-Ching Iu. "Synchronous Generator Rectification System Based on Double Closed-Loop Control of Backstepping and Sliding Mode Variable Structure". Electronics 10, n.º 15 (30 de julio de 2021): 1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151832.
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Low-voltage and high-current direct current (DC) power supplies are essential for aerospace and shipping. However, its robustness and dynamic response need to be optimized further on some special occasions. In this paper, a novel rectification system platform is built with the low-voltage and high-current permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), in which the DC voltage double closed-loop control system is constructed with the backstepping control method and the sliding mode variable structure (SMVS). In the active component control structure of this system, reasonable virtual control variables are set to obtain the overall structural control variable which satisfied the stability requirements of Lyapunov stability theory. Thus, the fast-tracking and the global adjustment of the system are realized and the robustness is improved. Since the reactive component control structure is simple and no subsystem has to be constructed, the SMVS is used to stabilize the system power factor. By building a simulation model and experimental platform of the 5 V/300 A rectification module based on the PMSG, it is verified that the power factor of the system can reach about 98.5%. When the load mutation occurs, the DC output achieves stability again within 0.02 s, and the system fluctuation rate does not exceed 2%.
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Akram, Shazad, Johan Sidén y Kent Bertilsson. "Battery Powered Inductive Welding System for Electrofusion Joints in Optical Fiber Microducts". Electronics 10, n.º 6 (21 de marzo de 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060743.
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Optical fiber microducts are joined together by mechanical joints. These mechanical joints are bulky, require more space per joint, and are prone to air pressure leakage and water seepage during service. A battery powered electrofusion welding system with a resistive-type joint has been recently developed to replace mechanical joints. These resistive-type electrofusion joints require physical connectors for power input. Due to a different installation environment, the power input connectors of resistive optical fiber microduct joints may corrode over time. This corrosion of connectors will eventually cause water seepage or air pressure leakage in the long run. Moreover, due to connector corrosion, resistive-type optical fiber microduct joints cannot be re-heated in future if the need arises. In this study, an inductively coupled electrofusion-type joint was proposed and investigated. This inductive-type electrofusion joint is not prone to long-term corrosion risk, due to the absence of power connectors. Inductive-type electrofusion joints can be re-heated again for resealing or removal in the long run, as no metal part is exposed to the environment. The battery powered inductive welding system can be easily powered with a 38 volts 160 watt-hour battery. The inductive-type electrofusion joint was welded within one second, and passed a 300-newton pull strength test and a 10-bar air pressure leakage test. It was demonstrated that the power input requirement for inductive electrofusion joints is 64% higher than that of resistive electrofusion joints. However, these inductive joints are relatively easy to manufacture, inexpensive, have no air leakage, and no water seepage risk in highly corrosive environments.
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Syawaludin, Muhammad-Firdaus, Seungwon Kim y Jae-In Hwang. "Planar-Equirectangular Image Stitching". Electronics 10, n.º 9 (10 de mayo de 2021): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091126.
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The 360 cameras have served as a convenient tool for people to record their special moments or everyday lives. The supported panoramic view allowed for an immersive experience with a virtual reality (VR) headset, thus adding viewer enjoyment. Nevertheless, they cannot deliver the best angular resolution images that a perspective camera may support. We put forward a solution by placing the perspective camera planar image onto the pertinent 360 camera equirectangular image region of interest (ROI) through planar-equirectangular image stitching. The proposed method includes (1) tangent image-based stitching pipeline to solve the equirectangular image spherical distortion, (2) feature matching scheme to increase correct feature match count, (3) ROI detection to find the relevant ROI on the equirectangular image, and (4) human visual system (HVS)-based image alignment to tackle the parallax error. The qualitative and quantitative experiments showed improvement of the proposed planar-equirectangular image stitching over existing approaches on a collected dataset: (1) less distortion on the stitching result, (2) 29.0% increased on correct matches, (3) 5.72 ROI position error from the ground truth and (4) lower aggregated alignment-distortion error over existing alignment approaches. We discuss possible improvement points and future research directions.
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Ghisotti, Sandro, Stefano Pisa y Paolo Colantonio. "S Band Hybrid Power Amplifier in GaN Technology with Input/Output Multi Harmonic Tuned Terminations". Electronics 10, n.º 18 (21 de septiembre de 2021): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182318.
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In this paper, the design, fabrication, and measurements of an S band multi harmonic tuned power amplifier in GaN technology is described. The amplifier has been designed by exploiting second and third harmonic tuning conditions at both input and output ports of the active device. The amplifier has been realized in a hybrid form, and characterized in terms of small and large signal performance. An operating bandwidth of 300 MHz around 3.55 GHz, with 42.3 dBm output power, 9.3 dB power gain and 53.5% power added efficiency PAE (60% drain efficiency) at 3.7 GHz are measured.
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Salhi, Souheil, Djemai Naimi, Ahmed Salhi, Saleh Abujarad y Abdelouahab Necira. "A novel hybrid approach based artificial bee colony and salp swarm algorithms for solving ORPD problem". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1825-1837.
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Optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) is an important task for achieving more economical, secure and stable state of the electrical power system. It is expressed as a complex optimization problem where many meta-heuristic techniques have been proposed to overcome various complexities in solving ORPD problem. A meta-heuristic search mechanism is characterized by exploration and exploitation of the search space. The balance between these two characteristics is a challenging problem to attain the best solution quality. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm as a reputed meta-heuristic has proved its goodness at exploration and weakness at exploitation where the enhancement of the basic ABC version becomes necessary. Salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is a newly developed swarm-based meta-heuristic, which has the best local search capability by using the best global solution in each iteration to discover promising solutions. In this paper, a novel hybrid approach-based ABC and SSA algorithms (ABC-SSA) is that developed to enhance the exploitation capability of the ABC algorithm using SSA and applied for solving ORPD problem. The efficiency of ABC-SSA is investigated using two standard test systems IEEE-30 and IEEE-300 buses, and that by considering the famous objective functions in ORPD problem.
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Ravichandran, Siddharth, Shuhei Yamada, Tomonori Ogawa, Tailong Shi, Fuhan Liu, Vanessa Smet, Venky Sundaram y Rao Tummala. "Design and Demonstration of Glass Panel Embedding for 3D System Packages for Heterogeneous Integration Applications". Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 16, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2019): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.930748.
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Abstract This article demonstrates a next-generation high-performance 3D packaging technology with smaller form factor, excellent electrical performance, and reliability for heterogeneous integration. High-density logic-memory integration, today, is built predominantly using interposers which are fundamentally limited in assembly pitch and interconnect lengths, and they also are expensive as the package sizes increase. On the other hand, high-frequency applications continue to use laminates which are also limited by package size and ability to integrate many components. Wafer-level fan-out (WLFO) packaging promises better performance and form factor at lower costs, but current WLFO packages are mold-based and hence are limited to small packages. This article presents a 3D packaging technology using glass panel embedding (GPE) for high-performance with potential for large body size heterogeneous integration applications. The tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion of glass allows a reliable direct board attach of large GPE packages that not only benefits the form factor and signal speed but also provides radical benefits to power delivery. Unlike interposers and silicon bridges, GPE packages are not bump-limited and can support I/O densities comparable with backend-of-line with silicon-like redistribution wiring at much lower costs. The fundamental limitations such as die shift and poor dimensional stability of current organic WLFO packages are addressed by parametric process improvements to reduce die shift to <2 μm while also improving the RDL surface planarity for high-yielding fine-line structures and integrating through glass via (TGV) in the fan-out region for 3D packaging. This article describes the fabrication process for 3D GPE, leading to demonstration of a technology using embedding of chips with all-Cu interconnections at 40-μm I/O pitch with TGVs at 300-μm pitch, thus enabling double-side RDL and assembly of chips to achieve three levels of device integration.
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Megantoro, Prisma, Pinto Anugrah, Yusrizal Afif, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin y P. Vigneshwaran. "A practical method to design the solar photovoltaic system applied on residential building in Indonesia". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1736-1747.
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The use of solar PV system in Indonesia has expanded to various field and area. One example is residential buildings in urban areas. This article discusses calculation methods for designing a solar power generation system that is applied to residential buildings, such as homes, offices, or colleges. Electricity generated from the solar home system (SHS) is used to support many kinds of electrical equipments, where the electrical equipments are used by building occupants in their daily life. The calculation method is considered from the potential of solar energy and the reliability of the on-site system to generate electricity. The system is designed in an off-grid topology by exchanging connections with the public electricity grid owned by PLN. Calculation results shows that this SHS has a generation capacity of 1 kWp, 24 V 300 Ah battery storage, and a 200 W inverter. This SHS can reduce electricity usage in this sector by 18.2 kWh in average every month.
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Gupta, Vaibhav, John A. Sellers, Charles D. Ellis, Bhargav Yelamanchili, Simin Zou, Yang Cao, David B. Tuckerman y Michael C. Hamilton. "Minimizing Film Stress and Degradation in Thin-Film Niobium Superconducting Cables". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (1 de enero de 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-tha3_presentation4.
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The future of superconducting and cryogenic electronic systems can significantly benefit from densely integrated superconducting multi-layer and multi-signal flexible cables due to the massive number of electrical interconnects needed in systems such as superconducting quantum computers and cryogenic detector arrays. In order to maintain superconductivity in niobium (Nb) thin films, film stress and degradation must be minimized. We are working towards configurations with embedded traces, where it is expected that the superconductor material will be subjected to subsequent fabrication steps that must not degrade the properties of the superconductor. We previously observed degradation of the superconducting properties of Nb, such as reduction of both transition temperature and critical current, as a result of curing a polyimide passivation layer at supplier recommended curing temperature (350 oC). The deterioration in the superconducting properties may be due to mechanical stress in the film or diffusion of impurities into the Nb during the curing process Film stress plays a vital role in the superconducting properties of Nb. Previous research by other groups has focused on in situ ion bombardment, substrate fixturing and wafer preparation in order to minimize film stress. In this work, we discuss the role of argon (Ar) pressure and power during Nb sputtering on the quality of Nb and Nb/Al thin films. By varying the Ar pressure and applied power during sputter deposition, we have produced both tensile and compressive films on flexible substrates in order to find the pressure that yields a near zero stress Nb and Nb/Al thin film at room temperature. A low stress Nb film was tested with a thin Al barrier layer (of the order of 10's of nm) between Nb and polyimide to protect the Nb superconductivity during the PI curing step. Nb traces with a thickness of roughly 250nm and a width of 50um were used for this work. Nb films deposited at different Ar pressures and power levels were tested for critical transition temperature (Tc), critical current (Ic), and sheet resistance (Ω/□), to compare the superconducting behavior of different Nb films. Details of the fabrication processes, experimental procedures and performance results will be presented. This work will help determine materials stacks-ups that may be useful for future multi-layer Nb-based flexible superconducting cables. Acknowledgment: We gratefully acknowledge financial support and technical guidance from Microsoft Research for this work.