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1
Walczuk Beltrão, Ana Carolina. "Aquí no se habla Spanglish: the issue of language in US Hispanic media". Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, n.º 21 (15 de noviembre de 2008): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2008.21.11.
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A strong and still growing ethnic community in the United States, Hispanic Americans, with a common language but culturally diverse, have for years constituted a challenge for the media. How to communicate with them? With the development of Spanish-language print, broadcast, and cable outlets within American territory, communication became easier. Some of these media, however, have for years denied Hispanic Americans one of their most genuine forms of expression: namely, the use of Spanglish, a language generated by immigrants. The two major Hispanic American television networks in particular have adopted the policy of vetoing the use of Spanglish. The issue may be very upsetting for many Hispanic Americans who consume information on a daily basis. It becomes even more upsetting, then, when the same media also self-appoint themselves as “representatives of the Hispanic American population”. If the hybrid language is one of the few elements that indeed unite and represent the Hispanic group in America, shouldn’t these media rethink their practices? This is exactly what this article intends to answer, taking the case of Hispanic American television, from an initial description of Hispanics in America, to a closer analysis of the major media outlets available in the country.
2
González Sepúlveda, Paola. "La imagen del mundo hispánico en Polonia: hispanismo, relaciones hispanopolacas y su reflejo en la enseñanza del español a través de los manuales de ELE". Politeja 16, n.º 3(60) (1 de marzo de 2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.60.13.
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The Image of the Hispanic World in Poland: Hispanicism, Spanish-Polish Relations and Their Reflection in the Teaching of Spanish through the ELE Manuals
There is evidence of medieval Polish pilgrimages to (place) and the first Polish writings about Latin America date back to the 16th century. Since then the Hispanic World has raised the interest of the Polish population and its perception has been reflected not only in literary works but also in Spanish teaching books. This paper aims to approach the concept of country image, and it will reflect on the first trips of Polish citizens to Spain and Latin America and the first writings, treatises and bilateral relationships between these countries. It will also reflect on the beginnings of the teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in Poland and the use of the first teaching methods in the country. An analysis of the image of the Hispanic world in the manual Język hiszpański dla lektoratów (1971) by Oskar Perlin and the interpretation of some examples from the manual will follow.
3
Gitelman, Zvi. "Judaism and Jewishness in the USSR: Ethnicity and Religion". Nationalities Papers 20, n.º 01 (1992): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408227.
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American Jews often treat their religion and ethnicity as coterminous. In the Soviet Union religion and ethnicity are formally more distinct, through in most people's minds the two are closely related. American society generally considers Jews both an ethnic and religious group. There is a strong correlation between religion and ethnicity among other groups—for example between Irish and Polish ethnicity, on the one hand, and Catholicism, on the other. But since Catholicism is a universal religion—to say “Irish” or “Polish” is usually is to say “Catholic”—the converse is not true, since to say “Catholic” may also imply French, Spanish, Italian, Brazilian or many other ethnicities.
4
Janeba-Bartoszewicz, Edyta, Rafał Zadencki y Wojciech Misztal. "The flight recorders of modern multi-role aircraft operated in the Polish Armed Forces". AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 20, n.º 1-2 (28 de febrero de 2019): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.046.
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In the operation of multi-purpose aircraft used in the Polish Armed Forces, various flight parameter registration systems are used, which results from the diversification of supplies of aircraft used in the Polish Army. The first technologies, imported from the east, were gradually enriched with Spanish solutions, up to the American ones mounted on F-16 airplanes. The indigenous research and scientific activity is also very important. It has found application in Polish airframe structures and modifications of older types of structures used in the Polish Armed Forces over the last decades. The article lists the systems for recording aircraft F-16 and MiG-29.
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Rodríguez Barcia, Susana y Andre Moskowitz. "An Authentic Pan-Hispanic Language Policy? Spain as the Point of Reference in the Spanish Royal Academy’s Diccionario de la lengua espaÑola". International Journal of Lexicography 32, n.º 4 (27 de abril de 2019): 498–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecz012.
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Abstract Despite the Spanish Royal Academy’s claim that it has broken away from its Eurocentric perspective and embraced a pan-Hispanic approach, a careful analysis of its dictionary, the Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE), reveals a clear bias in favor of Peninsular Spanish usage and a systematic relegation of Latin American Spanish to an inferior, subsidiary status. This paper arises out of that specific concern and is focused on a close reading of the Spanish Royal Academy’s DLE in its most recent electronic version 23.1 (2017). In this paper we will show that the Real Academia Española’s claim of a pan-Hispanic approach is in fact a disingenuous smokescreen and that, in reality, the DLE places Latin American Spanish usage in an inferior and subsidiary status via-a-vis Peninsular Spanish usage. To demonstrate this, we have classified selected dictionary entries into two categories: 1) Latin American Spanish usages that are defined by cross-references to the term used in Peninsular Spanish; and 2) usages that occur frequently in Spain and rarely in Spanish-speaking Latin America (Peninsular Spanish usages or españolismos) but are defined in the Dictionary with no geographic marker whatsoever. The results of our analysis reveal that the DLE repeatedly presents Peninsular Spanish usage as if it were General Spanish or ‘neutral Spanish’ and portrays Latin American Spanish as the ‘other.’ This study reveals the fallacy of the RAE’s pan-Hispanic language policy, an institutional device that attempts to force linguistic unity centered around Peninsular Spanish usage where no such unity in fact exists. We will also show that the motivation for this policy stems from a combination of a neocolonial bias and economic interests that seek to promote Spain’s international standing and branding as a country.
6
Jareño, Francisco, Ana Escribano y Monika W. Koczar. "Non-Linear Interdependencies between International Stock Markets: The Polish and Spanish Case". Mathematics 9, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9010006.
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This research analyzes non-linear interdependencies between the Polish (WIG20) and the Spanish (IBEX 35) stock market returns with some other relevant international stock market returns, such as the German (DAX-30), the British (FTSE-100), the American (S&P 500) and the Chinese (SSE Composite) stock markets. In addition, this research focuses on the impact of the stage of the economy on these interdependencies, in concrete, on the influence of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. To that end, we use a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach in the sample period between January 1998 to December 2018. Our results show positive interdependencies between the Polish and the Spanish stock markets with the international reference stock markets analyzed in this research, as well as significant long-run relations between most of the stock markets. Furthermore, the Polish and the Spanish stock market returns may similarly react to positive and negative changes in international stock market returns, evidencing strong short-run asymmetry. In addition, both countries show great persistence in response to both positive and negative changes in stock market returns in the other mayor international markets. Finally, the NARDL model proposed in this research would show good explanatory power, mainly to changes in the international stock market returns, except for the Chinese market.
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Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé. "The American Empire and the Spanish Economy: an Institutional and Regional Perspective". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007072.
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The Spanish Empire in America —so envied by other countries— has never been regarded by economic historians as an unmixed blessing. For Hamilton, the precious metals from the Americas caused a parallel rise in prices and wages, reducing industrial investment and thus aborting the development of capitalism. For Vilar, a critic of that view, the Empire, as «the supreme phase of feudalism», led to a primitive accumulation of capital responsible for freezing structures inhibiting to capitalism. Wallerstein recognised that America was essential for the conversion of Spain into a semi-periphery of the world market1. To that can be added other less general but equally negative approaches concerning the effects of emigration or of American treasure, seen by many as contributing to an absolutism powerful enough to impose a foreign policy alien to the interests of the country and highly damaging to the Spanish economy, and to that of Castile in particular.
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Donlon, Anne y Evelyn Scaramella. "Four Poems from Langston Hughes's Spanish Civil War Verse". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134, n.º 3 (mayo de 2019): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.3.562.
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Langston Hughes traveled to Spain in 1937, during that Country's Civil War. He saw the Republic's Fight against Franco as an international fight against fascism, racism, and colonialism and for the rights of workers and minorities. Throughout the 1930s, Hughes organized for justice, at home and abroad, often engaging with communist and other left political organizations, like the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club, the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, and the International Workers' Order (Rampersad, Life 236, 286, 355; Scott). When the war in Spain began, in 1936, workers and intellectuals who were engaged on the left came from around the world to fight against Franco's forces; these volunteers, the International Brigades, included approximately 2,800 Americans known as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, of which about ninety were African American (Carroll vii; “African Americans”). Hughes went to Spain to interview black antifascist volunteers in the International Brigades and write about their experiences for the Baltimore Afro-American, VolunteerforLiberty, and other publications. Much of Hughes's writing from Spain sought to explain to people at home why men and women, and African diasporic people especially, had risked their lives to fight in Spain. Hughes profiled African Americans fighting for the first time alongside white comrades in the International Brigades, including Ralph Thornton, Thaddeus Battle, and Milton Herndon (“Pittsburgh Soldier Hero,” “Howard Man,” “Milt Herndon”). In addition to writing articles, he wrote poetry, gave radio speeches, and translated poems and plays from Spanish into English. Much of Hughes's work from the Spanish Civil War has been collected in anthologies. However, so prolific was Hughes, and so fastidious was he in saving drafts and ensuring they reach his collection at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, that many unpublished works exist in archives. The four poems here represent different poetic registers and levels of polish, and they illuminate the dynamic range of Hughes's literary production during his time in Spain.
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Olivares, Javier Vidal. "Latin America in the internationalisation strategy of Iberia, 1946–2000". Journal of Transport History 40, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2019): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619832276.
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Since 1946, Iberia, the Spanish flag carrier, was one of the most useful instruments of Spanish foreign policy, focusing, after the Second World War, on connections between Europe and Latin America. Taking advantage of many bilateral agreements between Spain and Latin American countries, Iberia increased its traffic in the region and in the 1950s consolidated an extensive Latin American network. After 1965, its top managers deployed a new policy in Latin America, scaling up its technical cooperation and financial support. In order to cope with the global liberalisation and privatisation of flag carriers, in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s Iberia attempted to further escalate its penetration, acquiring many Latin American airlines, and to impede the access of European competitors in this region, but this strategy failed.
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Larkosh, Christopher. "Reading In/Between: Migrant Bodies, Latin American Translations". TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 17, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2005): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011975ar.
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Abstract This essay examines the role of translation in the redefinition of the relationship between authors and their respective national cultures, and in continuing discussions of gender, sexuality, migration and cultural identity in translation studies. The translation of Witold Gombrowicz’s novel Ferdydurke from Polish into Spanish by Cuban author Virgilio Piñera and a Translation Committee, not only calls into question the conventional dichotomy of author and translator, but also creates a transnational literary community which questions a number of assumptions about the history of translation in the West, its complicity both in the construction of literary canonicity and the maintenance of the educational institution.
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Grotowski, Jerzy. "Reply to Stanislavsky". TDR/The Drama Review 52, n.º 2 (junio de 2008): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2008.52.2.31.
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While it has its origins in a talk given at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in February 1969, this key essay has never previously appeared in English. Publications in Italian, Polish, and Spanish, however, have ensured the circulation of this historically crucial text in European and South American theatre culture, resulting in a far more accurate historicization of Grotowski's work and its indebtedness to Stanislavsky.
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ÇOBAN ORAN, Filiz y Adem Emre KÖSE. "İspanya Dış Politikasında İmparatorluk Geçmişi ve Latin Amerika". Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, n.º 13 (10 de julio de 2021): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.6.1.7.13.11.
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In Spain’s foreign policy, the relationships with the Spanish-speaking Latin American countries have a special privileged place which dates back to the country’s imperial past. Based on a narrative of common language and a shared cultural history and identity with the Latin American people, Spain still aims to maintain its leading role in diplomatic relations, cultural investment, and foreign aid more than any country. Moreover, the ongoing relationships with this region has been one of the key areas of Madrid’s foreign policy for its global role expanding from the Iberian Peninsula to the entire world. Since Spain emphasises on the concept of Ibero-American identity in its relations with the Latin America, this study attempts to use a social-constructivist approach in analysing the place of the Latin America in the contemporary Spanish foreign policy. Specifically, it searches for the influences of Spain’s European Union membership on these relationships. Consequently, it argues that European identity of the nation has gained a greater weight than its Ibero-American identity since the democratisation process of 1980s. Thus, the relationships with Europe have pushed the Latin America to a secondary position in the foreign affairs.
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Waddell, D. A. G. "British Neutrality and Spanish—American Independence: The Problem of Foreign Enlistment". Journal of Latin American Studies 19, n.º 1 (mayo de 1987): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00017119.
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Throughout the Spanish–American wars of independence Britain's policy was to observe a strict neutrality between Spain and the colonial revolutionaries. This did not reflect an indifferent detachment or a commitment to even-handed justice, but was rather dictated by the pursuit of Britain's own interests, which necessitated the maintenance of good relations both with Spain and with Spanish America. During the period of the Peninsular War of 1808–14 Spain was a vital ally against Napoleon, and after the war was over she remained an important element in the European collective security system that Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, constructed to prevent the re-emergence of French dominance. Accordingly Britain refused requests from the revolutionary regimes in South America to recognise their independence or to help them to defend it against the mother country. At the same time Britain declined to assist her Spanish ally in recovering control over the rebellious territories, as she had no desire to imperil the important commerical links she was developing with the emergent states of Spanish America. Both parties continued to try to enlist British assistance, and both of them at times complained of breaches of neutrality by British officials. But for several years Britain walked her tightrope very successfully.
14
Scovazzi, Tullio. "Sunken Spanish Ships before American Courts". International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 34, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2019): 245–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12333084.
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Abstract Decisions by American courts on sunken Spanish ships have followed different approaches. Some have applied the so-called admiralty law and granted ownership rights to the finder. Others have assimilated wrecks to natural resources of the continental shelf, thereby falling under the sovereign rights of the coastal State. Others have found that Spain retains title over Spanish galleons that are to be considered as State-owned ships. Others have declined jurisdiction because of the immunity of Spain before American courts. What all decisions have in common is that they show how inappropriate it would be to apply admiralty law (salvage law and law of finds) to sunken wrecks and their cargo. It would correspond to the triumph of the first-come-first-served principle (or the freedom-of-fishing principle) for the benefit of commercial gain, without any care for the preservation of the heritage and the position of States which have a special link with it.
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BETHELL, LESLIE. "Brazil and ‘Latin America’". Journal of Latin American Studies 42, n.º 3 (agosto de 2010): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x1000088x.
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AbstractThis essay, part history of ideas and part history of international relations, examines Brazil's relationship with Latin America in historical perspective. For more than a century after independence, neither Spanish American intellectuals nor Spanish American governments considered Brazil part of ‘América Latina’. For their part, Brazilian intellectuals and Brazilian governments only had eyes for Europe and increasingly, after 1889, the United States, except for a strong interest in the Río de la Plata. When, especially during the Cold War, the United States, and by extension the rest of the world, began to regard and treat Brazil as part of ‘Latin America’, Brazilian governments and Brazilian intellectuals, apart from some on the Left, still did not think of Brazil as an integral part of the region. Since the end of the Cold War, however, Brazil has for the first time pursued a policy of engagement with its neighbours – in South America.
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Hamnett, Brian. "Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues". European History Quarterly 41, n.º 3 (julio de 2011): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691411405295.
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The least studied aspect of Ibero-American Independence is the impact on Spain and Portugal. Many complex issues were involved, including the nature of the economic impact, the degree of political readjustment, and the international position of the former metropoles. The 1820s exposed the contradictions in Iberian responses to the loss of continental American territories. Spanish merchants turned towards the domestic and Caribbean markets, and Portuguese policy shifted away from Brazil to the southern-African territories. Although the monarchy survived in both Spain and Portugal, each experienced dynastic convulsions of differing dimensions. The survival of empire beyond continental America complicated the development of European identities and of specifically Spanish and Portuguese national sentiment.
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Foster-Cohen, Susan. "CHILDREN'S LANGUAGE: VOLUME 9.Carolyn E. Johnson and John H. V. Gilberts (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996. Pp. xii + 297. $59.95 cloth." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1998): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263198224065.
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This eclectic volume represents a selection of 17 papers from the Seventh Congress of the International Association for the Study of Child Language held in Trieste in 1993. They cover a wide range of languages, including Swedish, Italian, German, Spanish, a group of Bantu languages, Polish, Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN), Hebrew, American Sign Language (ASL), and English, and a wide range of topics and frameworks. Although almost all the papers can be mined by SLA researchers, I will mention five papers that might be of particular interest.
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Federspiel, Howard M. "Islam and Muslims in the Southern Territories of the Philippine Islands During the American Colonial Period (1898 to 1946)". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1998): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007487.
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The United States gained authority over the Philippine Islands as a result of the Spanish-American War (1898) and the Treaty of Paris (1899), which recognized American wartime territorial gains. Prior to that time the Spanish had general authority over the northern region of the Islands down to the Visayas, which they had ruled from their capital at Manila on Luzon for nearly three hundred years. The population in that Spanish zone was Christianized as a product of deliberate Spanish policy during that time frame. The area to the south, encompassing much of the island of Mindanao and all of the Sulu Archipelago, was under Spanish military control at the time of the Spanish American War (1898), having been taken over in the previous fifteen years by a protracted military campaign. This southern territory was held by the presence of Spanish military units in a series of strong forts located throughout the settled areas, but clear control over the society was quite weak and, in fact, collapsed after the American naval victory at Manila Bay. The United States did not establish its own presence in much of the southern region until 1902. It based its claim over the region on the treaty with the Spanish, and other colonial powers recognized that claim as legitimate.
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Szpyra-Kozłowska, Jolanta y Marek Radomski. "The Perception of English-Accented Polish –A Pilot Study". Research in Language 10, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2012): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0041-x.
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While the perception of Polish-accented English by native-speakers has been studied extensively (e.g Gonet & Pietroń 2004, Scheuer 2003, Szpyra-Kozłowska 2005, in press), an opposite phenomenon, i.e. the perception of English-accented Polish by Poles has not, to our knowledge, been examined so far despite a growing number of Polish-speaking foreigners, including various celebrities, who appear in the Polish media and whose accents are often commented on and even parodied.
In this paper we offer a report on a pilot study in which 60 Polish teenagers, all secondary school learners (aged 15-16) listened to and assessed several samples of foreign-accented Polish in a series of scalar judgement and open question tasks meant to examine Poles’ attitudes to English accent(s) in their native language.
More specifically, we aimed at finding answers to the following research questions:
• How accurately can Polish listeners identify foreign accents in Polish?
• How is English-accented Polish, when compared to Polish spoken with a Russian, Spanish, French, Italian, German and Chinese accent, evaluated by Polish listeners in terms of the samples’ degree of:
(a) comprehensibility
(b) foreign accentedness
(c) pleasantness?
• What phonetic and phonological features, both segmental and prosodic, are perceived by Polish listeners as characteristic of English-accented Polish?
• Can Polish listeners identify different English accents (American, English English and Scottish) in English-accented Polish?
• Does familiarity with a specific foreign language facilitate the recognition and identification of that accent in foreign-accented Polish?
20
Lynch, John. "The Institutional Framework of Colonial Spanish America". Journal of Latin American Studies 24, S1 (marzo de 1992): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00023786.
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The colonial stateSpain asserted its presence in America through an array of institutions. Traditional historiography studied these in detail, describing colonial policy and American responses in terms of officials, tribunals, and laws. The agencies of empire were tangible achievements and evidence of the high quality of Spanish administration. They were even impressive numerically. Between crown and subject there were some twenty major institutions, while colonial officials were numbered in their thousands. The Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias (1681) was compiled from 400,000 royal cedulas, which it managed to reduce to a mere 6,400 laws.1 Thus the institutions were described, classified, and interpreted from evidence which lay in profusion in law codes, chronicles, and archives. Perhaps there was a tendency to confuse law with reality, but the standard of research was high and derecho indiano, as it was sometimes called, was the discipline which first established the professional study of Latin American history.This stage of research was brought to an end by new interests and changing fashions in history, and by a growing concentration on social and economic aspects of colonial Spanish America. Institutional history lost prestige, as historians turned to the study of Indians, rural societies, regional markets, and various aspects of colonial production and exchange, forgetting perhaps that the creation of institutions was an integral part of social activity and their presence or absence a measure of political and economic priorities. More recently, institutional history has returned to favour, though it is now presented as a study of the colonial state.
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Budzik, Justyna. "The Great Theater of the World by Elżbieta Wittlin Lipton". Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, n.º 3 (177) (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.030.12594.
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The paper takes as its focus the theatrical oeuvre of Elżbieta Wittlin Lipton – a Polish émigré artist and the daughter of an eminent Polish émigré writer Józef Wittlin. It presents a concise introduction to the artistic work of Wittlin Lipton – her costume and set designs – which she has been creating on the European (Spain) and North American continents (United States) since late seventies of the previous century onwards. Biographical facts have been outlined here along with the most charactristic features of her artistic style, with a special emphasis laid on the Spanish genius loci which should be regarded as the most outstanding trait of her total work. The paper constitutes a part of a book devoted to the life and artistic achievements of Elżbieta Wittlin Lipton which the author of this manuscript has been currently writing.
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Bollet, Alfred J. "Military Medicine in the Spanish-American War". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48, n.º 2 (2005): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2005.0049.
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Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Małgorzata. "Foreign policy in Spanish literature – an introduction to research". Przegląd Europejski, n.º 2-2017 (29 de noviembre de 2017): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.17.2.
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The aim of this article is to present a section of Spanish research on the theory of foreign policy of the state against the background of European, American and Latin American arrangements. The publications of Luis V. Pérez Gil and Rafael Calderch Cervery were the basis of the analysis. This article is an introduction to further research. Research problems have been tackled in order to answer the following questions: 1) How do Spanish teachers define foreign policy, and which theorists of international relations do they relate to? 2) What are the phases and goals of foreign policy? 3) How do Spanish scientists define the national interest and which theoretical researchers of international relations do they refer to? The article uses methods of analysing and criticising sources.
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Hoyte-West, Antony. "A return to the past? The Spanish as the First Foreign Language policy in Trinidad and Tobago". Open Linguistics 7, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0018.
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Abstract Situated close to the coast of Venezuela, the small twin-island nation of Trinidad & Tobago is geographically South American, but culturally Caribbean. Despite colonisation by various European powers, years of British rule and the ensuing dominance of English have meant that the country’s rich ethnic and cultural heritage is currently not paralleled by equivalent linguistic diversity. Building on the country’s natural position as a bridge between the English and Spanish-speaking worlds, the government launched the Spanish as the First Foreign Language (SAFFL) policy in 2005, with the aim to enhance trade links with Latin America through increased use of Spanish in the education system, civil service, and wider society. After outlining the historical and sociocultural background underpinning the SAFFL policy, this study examines the initiative’s implementation and surveys its impact, seeking to evaluate the policy’s effectiveness as a whole.
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Albornoz, Luis A. y M. Trinidad García Leiva. "Spanish cooperation in culture and communication: An overview of a decade of exchanges with Ibero-America". Global Media and Communication 8, n.º 1 (abril de 2012): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766511434733.
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The article presents the main results of the investigation, ‘Current Situation and Prospects of Spanish Cooperation in Culture and Communication with the Rest of Ibero-America, 1997–2007’. The text offers an overview of the initiatives which took place during the period studied, by country, cultural and media sectors, agents involved, and type of activity. Spain’s role in terms of cooperation in culture and communication is analysed, and a reflection on the possibility of building an Ibero-American cultural space appropriate to the new digital scene is also included. Although Ibero-America has traditionally been a privileged geopolitical space for Spanish cooperation policy, this was not developed until well into the new millennium, evolving from simplistic and rhetorical visions based on instrumental conceptions of culture and communication to a gradual recognition of the fact that cooperation is much more than the classical actions of dissemination and promotion of Spanish cultural products.
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Schwartz, Thomas A. "The “Skeleton Key” — American Foreign Policy, European Unity, and German Rearmament, 1949–54". Central European History 19, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1986): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890001116x.
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An older colleague recently observed to me that today we stand further removed in time from the end of World War II than Americans at the beginning of that conflict were from the Spanish American War. To those Americans of 1939, he said, the war with Spain seemed almost antediluvian, while to us World War II lives vividly in memory, and its consequences still shape our lives. As a student of modern American foreign policy, I found my colleague's observation particularly appropriate. American and Soviet soldiers still face each other in the middle of Germany, and Europe remains divided along the lines roughly set by the liberating armies. Yet could we now be facing major changes? Will an agreement to eliminate nuclear weapons in Europe, and glasnost in the Soviet Union transform this environment? Will the postwar division of Europe come to an end? What will be the consequences for the United States?
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Ginzberg, Eitan. "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma". Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2020): 122–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1666.
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The reasoning behind Hispanic-American colonization was that the indigenous people were rational vassals, who could be embraced by Christianity, and must, therefore, be protected and well-treated, though judiciously recruited to serve the interests of the Spanish Empire. Eyewitnesses and studies conducted on the Indian issue since the early sixteenth century found that the preservation-exploitation policy gradually became extremely destructive. Raphael Lemkin, in an unpublished study on Hispanic-American colonialism, was the first to call its damaging consequences genocide. The objective of this article is to explore the historical reliability of Lemkin’s controversial claim, and how it might tally with the Spanish Crown’s manifested caring approach toward the Indians. The study is based on a broad range of documents, many of them personal and unpublished until recently, making these sources highly reliable. We believe that the research will shed light on the historical dilemma of Hispanic-American colonization.
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RODRÍGUEZ DEL POZO, PABLO y JOSÉ A. MAINETTI. "Bioética sin Más: The Past, Present, and Future of a Latin American Bioethics". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, n.º 3 (julio de 2009): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090434.
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The most casual conversation about Latin American life, politics, or culture can turn into a shouting match just by innocently asking the table to define what Latin America is. Some will dismiss the term as an American (or French or Jesuit) construct that fails to capture the geographic and cultural complexities of the former Spanish colonies. Others will fervently argue that despite its imprecision—or perhaps because of it—this lexical wild card connotes an aspiration of brotherhood against colonialist threats past and present. When the dust settles, both sides will likely concede that the question is a beguiling one indeed.
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Sokov, Il'ya A. "Justice, Power and Policy towards the Ethnics in the Sunbelt region of the USA. Review of the collective monograph: Chase, R.T., ed. Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 4, n.º 4 (2020): 1419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2020-4-3-11.
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The work is devoted to the analysis of a collection prepared by a group of American researchers on the historical past and present of the situation of Hispanic population in the United States of America, which raises the problem of segregation of Hispanics at the federal level. In the 21st century, ethnic Hispanics are becoming one of the largest population groups in the United States, and Spanish is the second most widely used language after English in this country, which makes the issue raised in the monograph under review very relevant. The authors of the collection focused their research on the features of segregation of Latin Americans in the states of the Sunbelt, thereby clearly limiting the regional scope of their research. By their publications, they prove that the southern states of the United States have turned into carceral states for Latin Americans.
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Bailey, Bill. "One Man's Education: A Testimony to Internationalism". Harvard Educational Review 55, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1985): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.55.1.x093gh5891765250.
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Bill Bailey was working as a union organizer in Hawaii in 1936 when the Spanish Civil War broke out. Fascist troops led by Franco rebelled against Spain's democratically elected Republican government. The U.S. government declared a policy of nonintervention that prohibited the shipment of arms to the Republican Loyalists and banned travel to Spain. This policy contributed to the Fascist cause and outraged many Americans, including Bailey. Early in 1937, Bailey joined a group of American volunteers forming the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, an unpaid and nonprofessional troop of men and women who chose to fight with the International Brigade alongside the Republican Loyalists. In this article, the complexity of internationalism is expressed through Bailey's commitment to support the Spanish democracy, a decision in which he places the international cause of fighting fascism above his nation's choice not to participate. Bailey shares his memories of that period and describes his reasons for choosing the path that led him to Spain.
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RODRÍGUEZ DEL POZO, PABLO y JOSEPH J. FINS. "Guest Editorial: The Many Voices of Spanish Bioethics—An Introduction". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, n.º 3 (julio de 2009): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090355.
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Edmund Pellegrino noted that contemporary medicine is to a large extent a North American product, and so too is the ethics that accompanies it. This was an accurate observation back in the 1980s when he said it. Even today bioethics is to a considerable extent informed by the seminal works of the Anglo-American model, at least seen from the United States. The dissemination of ideas from the Spanish-speaking world has been nearly invisible to the English-speaking world of bioethics, isolated by language and culture from intellectual currents abroad.
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Dierksmeier, Claus. "The Humanistic Economics of Krausismo". Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 140, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.140.1.65.
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Current efforts of reconciling economics with ethics, as exemplified by the works of Amartya Sen, may be assisted by a glance back into the history of ideas. A tradition typically overlooked in Anglo-American scholarship, the Spanish and Latin America movement of krausismo, proposed a conception of a humanistic economics already in the late 19th century. This article reconstructs the intellectual premises of said tradition, portrays its participatory agenda for an integration of ethical norms into economic policy in a selected case and concludes with reflections on how to advance an economics in tune with society’s normative aspirations.
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Askew, Mark. "Military Government by Induction: American Strategic Ambiguity in the Military Government of Cuba, 1899". War in History 27, n.º 1 (5 de julio de 2018): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344518757562.
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In the wake of the Spanish American War, the United States became a world power. How consciously the USA pursued global ambitions is the subject of intense scholarly debate. This article examines US strategic policy toward Cuba in 1899 and argues that the USA prioritized stability and left US commanders to infer via a process of experimentation the true strategic direction of US policy in Cuba.
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Torshin, M. y Y. Gerasimova. "Formation and development of diplomatic and trade economic cooperation between Russia and Central American countries". Diplomatic Service, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2003-06.
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The article is devoted to the relations of Russia with the regional association Central American Integration System (Spanish: SICA). The features of formation and development of Russia's integration policy in SICA are briefly revealed. The positive dynamics of this process is traced. The most promising areas for the future cooperation are identified.
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Cahill, David. "Financing Health Care in the Viceroyalty of Peru: The Hospitals of Lima in the Late Colonial Period". Americas 52, n.º 2 (octubre de 1995): 123–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008259.
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Perceptions of provision for health care in colonial Spanish America are invariably influenced by commonplaces familiar from the comparative history of pre-modern medicine. There is a danger that the reproduction of facile a priori judgements–such as lack of adequate provision, institutional underfunding, deficient nutrition, insanitary conditions, concomitant high mortality rates, and “Dickensian” institutions functioning as workhouses and death-traps for the poor–will distort our understanding of Spanish American health-care systems, such clichés being all too often simplistic, anachronistic, or culturally purblind. Moreover, the whole system, such as it was, may at first sight appear to have depended largely upon the desultory charity of some religious orders and a few pious individuals, with the royal exchequer occasionally rescuing financially-straitened institutions from the brink of bankruptcy and foreclosure. Like most such formulations, there is enough truth to this simplistic scenario for it to be a plausible enough portrait of health care not only in colonial Spanish America but in early modern Spain itself; indeed, of any pre-modern system of health provision. Some of these pejorative impressions–e.g., lack of adequate provision, underfunding–are hardy perennials that even today retain their currency in the wealthiest of welfare states, and are writ especially large in Third World countries. Then as now, such strictures, well-founded or not, are but part of the picture, and overlook considerable institutional achievements in making the best of available resources. Much of this criticism is of course susceptible to quantitative analysis, though statistical data on colonial health care are difficult to come by. As in so many spheres of colonial Spanish America, such figures as are available cluster in the second half of the eighteenth century, a product of the insatiable appetite of Bourbon ministers and bureaucrats for a quantitative dimension to policy-making.
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Wulf, Stefan. "The Revista Médica project: medical journals as instruments of German foreign cultural policy towards Latin America, 1920-1938". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 2013): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702013000100010.
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After the First World War, foreign cultural policy became one of the few fields in which Germany could act with relative freedom from the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. In this context the Hamburg doctors Ludolph Brauer, Bernhard Nocht and Peter Mühlens created the Revista Médica de Hamburgo (as of 1928 Revista Médica Germano-Ibero-Americana), a monthly medical journal in Spanish (and occasionally in Portuguese), to increase German influence especially in Latin American countries. The focus of this article is on the protagonists of this project, the Hamburg doctors, the Foreign Office in Berlin, the German pharmaceutical industry, and the publishing houses involved.
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Rumbaut, Rubén G. y Douglas S. Massey. "Immigration & Language Diversity in the United States". Daedalus 142, n.º 3 (julio de 2013): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00224.
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While the United States historically has been a polyglot nation characterized by great linguistic diversity, it has also been a zone of language extinction in which immigrant tongues fade and are replaced by monolingual English within a few generations. In 1910, 10 million people reported a mother tongue other than English, notably German, Italian, Yiddish, and Polish. The subsequent end of mass immigration from Europe led to a waning of language diversity and the most linguistically homogenous era in American history. But the revival of immigration after 1970 propelled the United States back toward its historical norm. By 2010, 60 million people (a fifth of the population) spoke a non-English language, especially Spanish. In this essay, we assess the effect of new waves of immigration on language diversity in the United States, map its evolution demographically and geographically, and consider what linguistic patterns are likely to persist and prevail in the twenty-first century.
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Wasserman-Soler, Daniel I. "Lengua de los indios, lengua española:Religious Conversion and the Languages of New Spain, ca. 1520–1585". Church History 85, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 690–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000755.
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This article examines the language policies of sixteenth-century Mexico, aiming more generally to illuminate efforts by Mexican bishops to foster conversions to Christianity. At various points throughout the colonial era, the Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church propagated the use of Castilian among Amerindians; leaders of these institutions, however, also encouraged priests to study indigenous languages. That Spanish authorities appear to have never settled on a firm language policy has puzzled modern scholars, who have viewed the Crown and its churchmen as vacillating between “pro-indigenous” and “pro-Castilian” sentiments. This article suggests, however, that Mexico's bishops intentionally extended simultaneous support to both indigenous languages and Castilian. Church and Crown officials tended to avoid firm ideological commitments to one language; instead they made practical decisions, concluding that different contexts called for distinct languages. An examination of the decisions made by leading churchmen offers insight into how they helped to create a Spanish-American religious landscape in which both indigenous and Spanish elements co-existed.
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Forteza-Forteza, Dolors, Alejandro Rodríguez-Martín, Emilio Álvarez-Arregui y David Menéndez Álvarez-Hevia. "Inclusion, Dyslexia, Emotional State and Learning: Perceptions of Ibero-American Children with Dyslexia and Their Parents during the COVID-19 Lockdown". Sustainability 13, n.º 5 (3 de marzo de 2021): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052739.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed educational processes. This has had major consequences for students and, in particular, for those with special education needs. Dyslexic students suffer from widespread educational and legal invisibility, and information on their situation and that of their families during this health crisis is lacking. This article presents the results of an exploratory study based on two online surveys taken by parents (n = 327) and children with dyslexia (n = 203) through the Spanish Dyslexia Federation (acronym in Spanish “FEDIS”), the Dyslexia and Family Association (acronym in Spanish “DISFAM”), and the Ibero-American Organisation for Specific Learning Difficulties (acronym in Spanish “OIDEA”). Data were collected in May–July 2020. The results offer a comprehensive viewpoint (family and children) on the aspects that have helped and hindered learning, such as teacher and family support, emotional state, use of ICT, and the importance of the voluntary/association network. The study provides evidence of how lockdown and school closures have created additional difficulties for learning but also how certain educational processes have been bolstered with the support of technological resources that should serve as benchmarks for education policy and classroom practice.
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Ortiz, Stephen R. "Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Movement". Journal of Policy History 18, n.º 3 (julio de 2006): 275–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2006.0010.
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In 1927, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), the national organization founded in 1899 by veterans of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, appeared destined for historical obscurity. The organization that would later stand with the American Legion as a pillar of the powerful twentieth-century veterans' lobby struggled to maintain a membership of sixty thousand veterans. Despite desperate attempts to recruit from the ranks of the nearly 2.5 million eligible World War veterans, the VFW lagged behind in membership both the newly minted American Legion and even the Spanish War Veterans. The upstart Legion alone, from its 1919 inception throughout the 1920s, averaged more than seven hundred thousand members. Indeed, in 1929, Royal C. Johnson, the chairman of the House Committee on World War Veterans Legislation and a member of both the Legion and the VFW, described the latter as “not sufficiently large to make it a vital factor in public sentiment.” And yet, by 1932, in the middle of an economic crisis that dealt severe blows to the membership totals of almost every type of voluntary association, the VFW's membership soared to nearly two hundred thousand veterans. Between 1929 and 1932, the VFW experienced this surprising growth because the organization demanded full and immediate cash payment of the deferred Soldiers' Bonus, while the American Legion opposed it. Thus, by challenging federal veterans' policy, the VFW rose out of relative obscurity to become a prominent vehicle for veteran political activism. As important, by doing so the VFW unwittingly set in motion the protest movement known as the Bonus March.
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Livingstone, Victoria. "BETWEEN THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY AND THE LATIN AMERICAN “BOOM”:". Belas Infiéis 4, n.º 2 (8 de octubre de 2015): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/belasinfieis.v4.n2.2015.11340.
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This article studies the translation of Brazilian literature in the United States between 1930 and the end of the 1960s. It analyzes political, historical and economic factors that influenced the publishing market for translations in the U.S., focusing on the editorial project of Alfred A. Knopf, the most influential publisher for Latin American literature in the U.S. during this period, and Harriet de Onís, who translated approximately 40 works from Spanish and Portuguese into English. In addition to translating authors such as João Guimarães Rosa and Jorge Amado, de Onís worked as a reader for Knopf, recommending texts for translation. The translator’s choices reflected the demands of the market and contributed to forming the canon of Brazilian literature translated in the United States.
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Hernández-Ruiz, Alejandra. "Antifraud editorial policy in Spanish and Latin American scientific publication: JCR social sciences edition". Comunicar 24, n.º 48 (1 de julio de 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c48-2016-02.
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The process of publishing scientific papers should be based on universal principles of professional conduct: credibility, truth and authenticity. In academia, the inclusion of policies on ethical standards in journal instructions to authors could prevent misconduct and fraud in scientific publication. Due to the lack of attention to research ethics in the Social Sciences, in particular in Spain and Latin America, this research aims to analyze the scientific misconduct policy of the Spanish and Latin American journals in the JCR-Social Sciences Edition (2014). To achieve our goal, 104 selected journal instructions to authors were examined in relation to the following ethical principles: (1) the rights of people involved in the research; (2) the welfare of animals used in research; (3) conflicts of interest; and (4) publication issues. Our results suggest that publication issues such as unpublished research and the ban on simultaneous submission are the most frequently cited ethical issues. In spite of the efforts made by policy-making bodies to establish misconduct guidelines, very few journals adhere to ICMJE and COPE recommendations. Given the ethical heterogeneity evinced by our study, and by previous studies, it seems that the development of a uniform code of ethics in the field of Social Sciences may be required. El proceso de publicación de un artículo debe basarse en la credibilidad, la verdad y la autenticidad. La inclusión de normas éticas en la política editorial científica se concibe como una medida preventiva y disuasoria de conductas inapropiadas. Dada la escasez de estudios sobre ética y publicación científica en Ciencias Sociales y, en particular, en España e Iberoamérica, esta investigación analiza la política editorial antifraude de las revistas españolas y latinoamericanas indexadas en el JCR en Ciencias Sociales (2014). Para cumplir nuestro objetivo, se utilizaron como muestra objeto de estudio 104 revistas y en las instrucciones a autores se examinaron una serie de principios de actuación ética: 1) Derechos de las personas que participan en la investigación; 2) Protección del bienestar de los animales objeto de experimentación; 3) Conflicto de interés; 4) Envío y publicación de manuscritos. Nuestros resultados apuntan que el carácter inédito de la investigación, así como la prohibición del envío simultáneo de los trabajos a otras revistas son los temas que aparecen con más frecuencia. Pese al intento de sociedades de edición científica como ICMJE y COPE por estandarizar los asuntos que afectan al fraude en la ciencia, su incidencia es exigua en las publicaciones objeto de estudio. Dada la dispersión normativa analizada, se retoma la necesidad detectada por otros autores de desarrollar un código ético uniforme para las disciplinas de Ciencias Sociales.
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Jiménez, Ma Luisa Gómez y C. Theodore Koebel. "A Comparison of Spanish and American Housing Policy Frameworks Addressing Housing for the Elderly". Journal of Housing For the Elderly 20, n.º 4 (12 de marzo de 2007): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j081v20n04_03.
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Badyda, Ewa. "Pidżin zrodzony z żartu? Przypadek języka kraju San Escobar". Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 1, n.º 23 (29 de julio de 2021): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0286.
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The article analyzes onomastic material from the map of San Escobar, which was created on the Internet, with the intention of mockery, after a slip of the diplomat Witold Waszczykowski, who in January 2017 listed the non-existent state of San Escobar among the Caribbean countries, which was publicized by the media and released huge activity of Internet users. The author argues that the material reveals the framework of the satirically created fictional Escobar language, which fills the element of the conceptual structure of San Escobar, blended from the concepts of Poland, Latin America and fictional countries. The language revealed can be perceived as a pidgin based on Polish and Spanish.
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Kleiser, R. Grant. "An Empire of Free Ports: British Commercial Imperialism in the 1766 Free Port Act". Journal of British Studies 60, n.º 2 (abril de 2021): 334–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.250.
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AbstractThe Free Port Act of 1766 was an important reform in British political economy during the so-called imperial crisis between the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) and the American Revolution (1775–1783). In an explicit break from the letter if not the spirit of the Navigation Acts, the act opened six British ports in the West Indies (two in Dominica and four in Jamaica) to foreign merchants trading in a highly regulated number of goods subject to various duties. Largely understudied, this legislation has been characterized in most previous work on the subject as a fundamental break from British mercantile policies and meant to benefit North American colonial merchants. This article proposes a different interpretation. Based on the wider context of other imperial free port models, the loss of conquests such as French Guadeloupe and Martinique and Spanish Havana in the 1763 Paris Peace Treaty, a postwar downturn in Anglo-Spanish trade, and convincing testimonies by merchants and colonial observers, policy makers in London conceived of free ports primarily as a means of extending Britain's commercial empire. The free port system was designed to ruin the rival Dutch trade economically and shackle Spanish and French colonists to Britain's mercantile, manufacturing, and slaving economies. The reform marks a key moment in the evolution of British free trade imperial designs that became prevalent in the nineteenth century and beyond.
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Crespo, Miguel, Rafael Martínez-Gallego y Jesús Ramón-Llin. "Tennis Coaches’ Perceptions of Covid-19 Impact on Their Health and Professional Activity: A Multi-Cultural Approach". Sustainability 13, n.º 10 (16 de mayo de 2021): 5554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105554.
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Tennis coaches are facing considerable challenges as the game is disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The long tradition of tennis in the Latin American region and in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking European countries makes comparing these regions particularly interesting. The purpose of this research was to study the perceptions of Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking tennis coaches working in Latin American and European countries regarding the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on their health, professional, and economic circumstances. The perceptions of 655 coaches from 19 Latin American and European countries were collected using an ad-hoc questionnaire. Coaches reported on the incidence of the virus in terms of infection and quarantine, the impact on their coaching programs, and on their professional development, training, and education. They were also asked about their perception of the overall situation as a threat. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on the health and the profession of tennis coaches. Although Latin American coaches reported a greater impact on their health, economic, and professional circumstances, they viewed the pandemic as an opportunity for professional improvement and training as compared to the perceptions of European coaches. In light of these results, implications, practical applications, and future research are proposed.
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Patterson, Shirley L. y Flavio Francisco Marsiglia. "“Mi Casa Es Su Casa”: Beginning Exploration of Mexican Americans' Natural Helping". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 81, n.º 1 (febrero de 2000): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.1089.
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This article presents the findings of a pilot study on natural helping among Mexican Americans conducted in a large urban area of the Southwest. Twelve community-identified natural helpers were interviewed using the “Natural Helper Interview Schedule” utilized in previous studies in other parts of the country with European American subjects. As expansion of the earlier studies, the interview schedule was translated into Spanish and assessed for cultural appropriateness. The similarities found between the findings of the Mexican American sample and previous samples may suggest that natural helping is a cross-cultural phenomenon. At the same time, the unique trends identified among Mexican American respondents may indicate a stronger family connection to natural helping processes in this community. Respondents narrated the helping incidents as if the recipients and providers of help were all family members. A series of common trends emerged from the data gathered on helping incidents. Some of these trends suggest that natural helpers assisting recent immigrants used a doing type of helping style, but a facilitating style of helping was also reported for other recipients. Although these findings cannot be generalized, they provide important information about community-based natural helping networks and provide beginning comparison about natural helping characteristics among different ethnic groups. These findings can be of use by practitioners and policy makers as they attempt to reach the Mexican American community in a culturally competent manner.
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Martínez-Rodríguez, Francisco-Javier, Andrés Sánchez-Picón y José-Joaquín García-Gómez. "¡España se prepara! La ayuda americana en la modernización y colonización agraria en los años cincuenta". Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, n.º 78 (27 de marzo de 2019): 191–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.078e07m.
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The opening of Spain to international political relations in the 1950s and the economic growth that began at end of that decade was linked to the agricultural sector and aid from the United States. American tender was needed to break the technological bottleneck, modernise Spanish agriculture and end the secular backwardness of a key sector for economic development. The aim of this article is to analyse the transcendental importance of US aid in Spanish agrarian development, through the INC colonization policy, machinery import programmes and knowledge transfer. This study is based on the INC documentary collection in the Central Archive of the Agriculture and Food Area of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. In the introduction, we describe the situation of the Spanish agrarian sector in the 1950s, followed by an analysis of US aid to Spain in Section 2. In the third and fourth sections, we explain the application of the McCarran Amendment and Public Law 480 in the INC, and in the fifth section we look at the overall effects and impacts of US aid in Spanish agricultural development. The article ends with some conclusions that demonstrate the importance of this aid.
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WERTZ, DANIEL J. P. "Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898–1925". Modern Asian Studies 47, n.º 2 (31 de octubre de 2012): 467–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000388.
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AbstractWhile establishing a framework for colonial governance in the Philippines, American policymakers had to confront the issue of opium smoking, which was especially popular among the Philippine Chinese community. In 1903, the Philippine Commission proposed a return to the Spanish-era policy of controlling the opium trade through tax farming, igniting outrage among American Protestant missionaries in the Philippines and their supporters in the United States. Their actions revived a faltering global anti-opium movement, leading to a series of international agreements and domestic restrictions on opium and other drugs. Focusing mostly on American policy in the Philippines, this paper also examines the international ramifications of a changing drug control regime. It seeks to incorporate the debate over opium policy into broader narratives of imperial ideology, international cooperation, and local responses to colonial rule, demonstrating how a variety of actors shaped the new drug-control regimes both in the Philippines and internationally.
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Chaves, Federico Quesada. "The springboard network: multinationals in Latin America". International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, n.º 5 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 855–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-07-2016-0172.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence regarding the springboard regionalization strategy implemented by multinationals entering Latin America and the organizational networks developed to serve this end. Design/methodology/approach Using the organizational network approach, a typology is developed to explain the Springboard network. Quantitative analysis is used, in the form of logistic binary regression, to study these networks composition. Findings From a sample of 154 subsidiaries extracted from the AMADEUS intelligent database, three categories for multinational’s networks are created, with the Spanish subsidiary acting as the leader: strategic centers (SCs), administrative centers (ACs) and regional headquaters (RHQs). Findings provide evidence of cultural features, industry behavior and the multinational’s size and entry mode influence these networks organization. Research limitations/implications It is proposed that culture and historical ties have evolved together and management scholars should be aware of this phenomenon. Specific limitation that this study exhibits is the data provided by AMADEUS and the fact that R&D information for both the Spanish and the Latin American subsidiary were not available. Practical implications Staffing composition and expatriate corporate policy should consider the springboard effect to manage springboard networks. Social implications Industries and authorities in all countries involved should be aware of their role in MNC strategies for regional expansion. Originality/value It is argued that a network of subsidiaries within the multinational can participation in the springboard behavior, which is determined by the culture that the multinational originates from, as well as the Spanish culture, creating a particular type of leadership.