Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "PR English literature"

The paper highlights the peculiarities of the artistic modifications of urban existence in the English literature of the interwar period. We have analysed such novels as Death of a Hero by Richard Aldington, Antic Hay by Aldous Huxley, and Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, in which in the light of M. Heidegger’s analytic of Dasein, we investigated the ways of the main characters’ awareness of their own possibilities in a city. The article follows through the correlation between the heroes’ existence and urban reality, in which it is projected. We have discovered that in the novels Death of a Hero and Antic Hay urban discourse is characterised by eschatological markers, in which the semantics of the heroes’ loss of spiritual values and beliefs is expressed. Because of the lack of understanding of the world, George Winterbourne and Theodore Gumbrill are not capable to perceive true nature of their own selves and achieve maturity. This leads to self-alienation and dissolving in the ‘they’, which is a manifestation of falling into average everydayness. The mode of pr ojection of oneself into the future is illustrated by the image of Mrs. Dalloway from the eponymous novel by Virginia Woolf, in which the horizon of existence is revealed as a free choice in the face of finitude. The study demonstrates how differently characters can perceive the city in the face of a choice between true and untrue existence, between themselves and others, between freedom and dependence.

Background. Extra-mammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare neoplasm of epithelial origin, whose precise incidence is not clear. Starting from what is already known, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate in male and female patients the immunohistochemical expression of biological markers that could serve as potential prognostic/therapeutic factors, including only human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and Androgen Receptor (AR). Methods. A literature search was performed of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for English-language studies published from January 2000 to June 2020. Results. A total of 27 studies with 713 patients assessed the role of HER2/neu, AR, ER, and PR expression in male and female with EMPD. The overall rate of HER2/neu expression was 30%, the expression’s rate for ER and AR was 13% and 40%, respectively, and the overall rate for PR was 8%. The subgroup analysis revealed that there is a different expression of molecular markers between male and female patients. Conclusions. This study revealed that AR status and HER2/neu overexpression/amplification have been shown as two fundamental pathogenetic pathways in both female and male patients affected by EMPD.

Background Chronic respiratory diseases are highly prevalent and compromise an individual’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and participate in meaningful life roles. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a well-established intervention aimed at restoring an individual’s exercise capacity and improving their ability to complete their ADLs. Occupational therapists help individuals engage in meaningful “occupations,” improving their health and well-being. Given the concordance in the aims of PR and the occupational therapy (OT) scope of practice, occupational therapists appear to be well suited as key players in PR programs. However, the benefits of adding OT to PR programs have been sparsely reported in the literature and the role of OT in PR has never been synthesized or reported in national and international guidelines. Objective The aim of this review is to explore the role of OT in PR programs, the current guideline recommendations for the inclusion of OT in PR programs, the estimated prevalence of OT in PR programs, and the reported or anticipated effects of OT interventions in PR programs. Methods The review will be conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. A comprehensive search will be undertaken in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL (EBSCO) to identify and retrieve relevant literature published in English, French, or Portuguese. Gray literature on international OT association websites will also be identified, including position statements and guidelines relevant to PR programs. All literature published since the establishment of the effectiveness of PR for chronic respiratory disease in 1994 that explores OT in PR programs for these patients will be included. Search results will be exported to Covidence for title, abstract, and full-text screening by two independent reviewers. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers using a pilot-tested template including the following: the number of PR programs including OT (specifically from surveys), the purpose of the study, the study design, patient characteristics, respiratory conditions included, PR components, OT role, outcomes, and results. Findings will be presented using a narrative summary, supplemented by figures and/or tables. Key themes will be displayed in an infographic or schematic. Results The study was initiated in January 2021 and registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF) in February 2021, prior to title and abstract screening. Data collection and analysis and drafting of the manuscript will occur throughout 2021, with expected publication in 2022. Conclusions The results of this scoping review will help health care professionals improve patient care by broadening their understanding and awareness of the role of OT in PR programs. This role clarification may help to inform program development and clinical decision making and will serve to optimize the delivery of multidisciplinary care for patients in PR programs, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Trial Registration OSF Registries ZH63W; https://osf.io/zh63w International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/30244

ResumoTendo como pano de fundo o ensino de línguas para alunos com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar a realidade e as possibilidades em relação ao ensino de inglês para alunos TDAH no município de Andirá-PR. Como objetivo específico, este estudo busca descrever e explicar estratégias/métodos na pedagogia de inglês para alunos com TDAH no município citado. Alinhadas aos objetivos, o estudo visa responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: (a) Que desafios, se algum, os professores enfrentam ao ensinar inglês a alunos com TDAH no contexto investigado? (b) Que estratégias de ensino são empregadas para o ensino de inglês a alunos com TDAH? A literatura que embasa o estudo se situa no âmbito do ensino e aprendizagem de línguas para alunos com TDAH. Este estudo de caso, de natureza qualitativa, envolve dois participantes de duas escolas públicas no município supramencionado. O instrumento de geração de dados se constitui de observação de seis aulas, três em cada instituição, e uma entrevista semiestruturada, gravada em áudio. Os dados sinalizam uma falta de sistematização e dificuldades metodológicas para a pedagogia de língua inglesa. No entanto, a integração de alunos com TDAH pode trazer ganhos de ordem cognitiva e pragmática. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Língua Inglesa. Perspectiva Inclusiva. TDAH. AbstractHaving as background language teaching to students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), this research primarily aims to investigate the reality and possibilities regarding English teaching to students with ADHD in Andirá-PR. Furthermore, it seeks to describe and explain strategies/ methods for English teaching to students with ADHD in the aforementioned town. Aligned with the aims, this study also endeavors to answer the following research questions: (a) What challenges, if any, do teachers face when they teach English to students with ADAH in the context investigated? (b) Which strategies/ methods are employed in English teaching to students with ADAH? The literature that supports this research includes the context of teaching-learning to students with ADHD. The case study, of qualitative nature, involves two participants of two public schools in the above-mentioned town. The data generation tools encompass observations of six classes, three in each institution and a semi-structured, audio-recorded interview. The findings bespeak a lack of systematization and methodological difficulties to English teaching. Nonetheless, the integration of students with ADHD seems to promote cognitive and pragmatic gains. Keywords: English Language Teaching. Inclusive Education. ADHD

Abstract INTRODUCTION Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease (RDD) is a rare non–Langerhans cell histiocytosis with neurologic involvement in fewer than 5% of cases. Data about neurologic RDD is limited. Our objective was to synthesize the clinical literature about presentation, treatments, and outcomes of neurologic RDD. METHODS A multi-database English systematic review search using keywords related to (1) histiocytosis and (2) neurologic involvement. Candidate articles were screened for clinical content. Secondary literature and cases without treatment information were excluded. Sites of involvement, presenting symptoms, treatments, and therapeutic responses were reviewed. RESULTS Of 4768 screened, 153 articles presenting 223 patients were included. Mean age was 37.7 years (range 2–79; IQR 23.5–52.5). 149 patients (66.8%) were male and 74 (33.2%) were female. RDD lesions were located in the dura in 111 (49.8%) of cases, spine in 16.6%, brain parenchyma in 9.0%, orbit in 7.2%, calvarium in 2.7%, and in multiple sites in 13.5%. The most frequent presenting symptoms were headache in 101 (45.3%.), focal neurological deficits (32.7%), visual symptoms (31.8%), seizures (24.7%), cranial (11.7%), and cerebellar dysfunction (11.2%). Cognitive decline, masses were less common presentations. First-line treatments included resection, radiation, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, and combinations of these. First-line treatment led to complete (CR) or partial response (PR) in 153 (68.6%) of cases, stable disease in 30 (13.5%), and progressive disease in 40 (17.9%). CR or PR was observed in the calvarium in 5/6 (83.3%), dura in 82/111 (73.9%), spine in 29/37 (78.4%), orbit 8/16 (50.0%), parenchyma in 15/20 (75.0%), and multiple sites in 14/30 (46.7%). 47 (21.1%) of patients required second-line therapy. DISCUSSION Neurologic RDD is a rare form of histiocytosis with varying sites of involvement, clinical presentations, and responses to treatment. Further investigation of effective therapies for neurologic RDD may improve outcomes for this disease.

Abstract R is an anti-CD20 MoAb developed to treat B-cell malignancies. While R has been used to treat various autoimmune disorders including AIHA, a systematic review of reports of R to treat AIHA in adults has not been performed. We describe the clinical features and response to R in patients (pts)18 yrs or > with AIHA from PubMed English language citations and manufacturer (Genentech, Inc.) provided reports from 1998–2004. 39 reports (34 case reports, 5 case series) identified 92 pts (M 47, F 44, NS 1) with a mean age of 60.7 yr (range, 18–91). 1°/2° Warm (W) Ab, Cold (C) Ab (± associated disease), and mixed (C/W) AIHA was observed in 11/33, 46, and 2 pts, respectively. Associated disease included: lymphoproliferative (LPD)-(W: NHL 4, CLL 20; C: NHL 26, CLL 1, other 6; C/W: other 1), rheumatologic-(W:6), infectious-(W:2, C:1 with EBV); and other (W:3; C:2) disorders. Other baseline pre-R features included: mean Hgb 7.5 g/dl (range, 2.8–12); >45 pts with a Hgb < 10 g/dl; DAT (+): all W-AIHA; Cold Ab or agglutinin (+): all C-AIHA; both DAT/C Ab(+): C/W-AIHA; previously untreated 17%; prior splenectomy >11 patients; transfusion dependent 21%; and a mean of 2.6 (range, 1–8) prior immunosuppressive regimens. R was administered as 375 mg/m2 IV weekly X 4 in 83% and in other schedules (15%) for a mean of 3 doses (range, 2–8); cycle no. was not stated in 2% pts. R was administered alone in 52 pts and with IVIG 3, chemotherapy 13, or corticosteroids 27. The criteria for response to R included: CR [stable↑ Hgb by 2 or > g/dl or Hgb 12 or > g/dl and (−) W or C Ab or agglutinin, resolution of symptoms of anemia, transfusion independent]; PR (↑ Hgb by 2 or > g/dl or Hgb 10 or > g/dl but < 12 g/dl, and 50% ↓ in C Ab/agglutinin titers, + warm Ab, improvement in symptoms of anemia, transfusion independent); NR (failure to meet CR/PR). 83% were eligible for response determination: R monotherapy-CR 10, PR 22, NR 14; R+other regimen-CR 12, PR 10, NR 8. Pt. response by type of AIHA included: 1° W-Ab (CR 3, PR 1, NR 3), 2° W-Ab (CR 7, PR 14, NR 7), C-Ab ± associated disease (CR 11, PR 17, NR 12) and C/W (CR 1). In the total group, the Hgb increased a mean of 3.8 g/dl (range, −1.4–10.5). Hgb increased in CRs by 5.6 (range, 2.9–10.5), in PRs by 4.0 (0.7–8.1), and in NRs by 2.1(−1.4–9.5). The mean time to response/response duration among CR+PRs was 22 days (range, 5–120)/10.5 mo. (range, 1.5–42). Response duration was recorded as last f/u if the pt did not relapse. Re-treatment with R was reported in 17 pts after initial best reported response (1st cycle PR 14, NR 3) with R alone (9) or in combination with CTX + DEX (5), or IFN (3) achieving 12 PRs (R 5, R+C+D 5, R+IFN 2) and 5 NRs (R 4, R+IFN 1). Reported R toxicity (n): infusion-related (7), myalgia (1), pruritis (2) rash (1) Gr.4 WBC (2) hypotension (1) and headache (2). One pt died from a fungal infection 3 mo.after R therapy. In this report, R ± other agents was effective and well-tolerated producing a 71% response rate with clinically meaningful response durations. LPDs were reported in 63% of pts. Studies of R to prospectively assess treatment and response variables, particularly among pts with with W-Ab AIHA, are warranted.

Mullerian-type ciliated cysts are uncommon lesions usually found in the lower extremities and perineal region of young females. They have however been reported in males and in other anatomic sites. The cyst lining is typically positive for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), PAX-8, and WT1 immunohistochemical stains. This staining pattern has led to the notion that these cysts are of Müllerian origin. The vast majority of cases are located in the dermis where the preferred nomenclature is cutaneous ciliated cyst (CCC). We report a case of Müllerian-type ciliated cyst in the thigh of a 16-year-old girl. Unlike most of the cases reported in the English literature, this cyst was not centered in the dermis. Only a few other cases of Müllerian-type ciliated cysts with no cutaneous connection have been reported. We propose the term ectopic Müllerian cyst for this rare subset of lesions that are not skin based as is the current case.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of self-initiated expatriate (SIE) organizational socialization. Design/methodology/approach To assess the socialization process, data were collected at three points in time. SIE English teachers were surveyed at three points in time. At Time 3, data from the principals of those teachers who completed surveys at Time 2 were also collected. Findings Organizational socialization tactics facilitate social integration and learning speed, which, in turn, are positively related to SIE adjustment. Moreover, SIEs who climbed the learning curve more quickly were only able to capitalize on their learning ability to promote performance when their calculative commitment was low. Originality/value First, in contrast with the majority of expatriate socialization studies that tend to focus on the proactive behaviors of expatriates, the authors examine the organizational socialization tactics of a local host organization. Second, they consider the role of calculative commitment, which is especially germane to the SIE context, on SIE performance. Third, this study contributes to the organizational socialization literature by recognizing that socialization is an on-going process that continues to influence employees even after they are no longer “newcomers.” Fourth, the authors assess adjustment directly rather than through proxy measures.

Purpose – Based on two studies on different occupational groups, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between perceived organizational support (POS) and different forms of emotional labor. Drawing from social identity theory, the present study extends the social exchange theory to provide an alternate explanation to the above relationships. Design/methodology/approach – The survey design following questionnaire in English language was physically administered among medical sales employees and subsequently among employees in the hospitality industry. Findings – The study found that POS is positively related to deep acting and negatively related to surface acting. The study further found that organizational identification mediates the relationship between POS and deep acting where as there was no mediation effect of organizational identification on the relationship between POS and surface acting. Research limitations/implications – The research relies on a cross-sectional design with a single source of data collected from two sources at different time periods. Practical implications – With the emergence of service economy there is an increasing emphasis on the performance of emotional labor. The present study suggests that organizations need to focus on organizational practices as employees’ perception of organizational support is related to the way they express their emotions during customer interactions. The finding of the study suggests that on what the organizations should do to motivate employees to perform expected emotional labor. Originality/value – The literature is relatively silent on the relationship between POS and different forms of emotional labor. The present study adds to the existing body of knowledge by explaining POS as an important antecedent of emotional labor. Further, the study contributes by exploring the mediation effect of organizational identification on the relationship between POS and different forms of emotional labor.

Abstract Background: Unpredictable efficacy and toxicity are hallmarks of most anticancer therapies. Predictive markers are factors that are associated with response or resistance to a particular therapy. Methods: The English literature relating to predictive markers in oncology was reviewed. Particular attention was paid to metaanalyses, systematic reviews, prospective trials, and guidelines issued by expert panels. Results: The prototype predictive tests in oncology are the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), which are used to select patients with breast cancer likely to respond to hormone therapy. A more recently introduced predictive marker is HER-2 for selecting patients with advanced breast cancer for treatment with the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin). In adjuvant breast cancer, overproduction of HER-2 may also indicate an enhanced sensitivity to high-dose anthracycline-based regimens. On the other hand, in both early and advanced breast cancer, high concentrations of HER-2 appear to correlate with a lower probability of response to hormone therapy. Although many different anticancer drugs appear to mediate tumor regression by inducing apoptosis, there is currently no consistent evidence that any of the molecules implicated in this process can be used as predictive markers. Conclusions: Currently, the only recommended predictive markers in oncology are ER and PR for selecting endocrine-sensitive breast cancers and HER-2 for identifying breast cancer patients with metastatic disease who may benefit from trastuzumab. For malignancies other than breast cancers, validated predictive markers do not exist at present.

Abstract Introduction Light chain multiple myeloma (LCMM) constitutes approximately 15% of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). It has an earlier average age of onset (54 years) and appears to have a poorer prognosis when compared to IgG or IgA variant. The main aim of our analysis is to study the published literature on the efficacy of bortezomib (V) based regimens and disease monitoring in patients with LCMM. Methods We performed a literature search of articles published after 2012 using following four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science). We included only English language studies and summarized our data using medians, absolute values, and percentages. Results The literature search identified a total of 390 articles on LCMM. After detailed scrutiny, 6 studies involving a total of 1054 LCMM patients (pts) were included. In a study by Zhang et al. (2014) including 96 pts, 66 pts received 4 cycles of V (1 mg/m2) with dexamethasone (D) (20 mg) while 30 pts received non-V regimens. In bortezomib group, the overall response rate (ORR) was 95.5%. Complete response (CR) was seen in 56.1% pts while 39.4% pts showed partial response (PR). In non-bortezomib group, the ORR was 60%. CR was seen in 10% pts while 50% pts showed PR. The overall survival (OS) at 3 and 5 years in bortezomib group was 33% and 24% respectively while the OS in non-bortezomib group was 28% and 9% respectively (p=0.335). The progression free survival (PFS) at 1, 2 and 3 years in bortezomib group was 37%, 25% and 8% respectively while the PFS at 1 and 2 years in non-bortezomib group was 27% and 9% respectively (p=0.036) (Table 1). In two different studies by Mrachacz et al. (2015) and Tessenow et al. (2017), a total of 45 pts were treated with V (1.3 mg/m2) in combination with bendamustine (B) (60 mg/m2) and prednisone (P) (100 mg). ORR was 95.5% including 37.7% pts with CR, 22.2% pts with very good partial response (VGPR) and 35.5% pts with PR. Median OS at 24 and 30 months was 95% and 96 % respectively while PFS at 24 and 30 months was 90% and 68% respectively. In another study by Heaney et al. (2017) including 576 pts, 567 (98.4%) pts were identified by serum free light chain (sFLC) level compared to 460 (79.8%) pts which were identified by urine free light chain (uFLC) level. Hundred thirty-two pts were evaluated at maximum response to therapy with V. ORR was 98.4% including 43.1% pts with CR, 44.6% pts with VGPR, 10.6% pts with PR and 1.5 % pts had stable disease (SD). In a study by Dejoie et al. PFS (2016) including 113 pts, Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPEP) was positive in 87 (78.3%) out of 111 evaluable pts while serum involved free light chain (iFLC) was positive in all (113) pts. Seventy eight %, 37% and 18% pts showed abnormal UPEP at baseline (diagnosis), treatment cycle 1 and treatment cycle 3 respectively while 100%, 71% and 46% of pts showed abnormal iFLC at baseline, treatment cycle 1 and treatment cycle 3 respectively, indicating sFLC as more sensitive indicator of the disease than UPEP. Abnormal iFLC level at the end of consolidation therapy showed a statistically significant shorter PFS than pts with normal iFLC level [p= 0.004; Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.4-5.4]. UPEP did not reach any statistical significance in determining PFS [p = 0.178; HR= 1.6; 95% CI= 0.8-3.3]. No statistically significant data was found for abnormal iFLC and abnormal UPEP in determining OS [(p= 0.164; HR= 2.2; 95% CI= 0.7-6.6) and (p= 0.891; HR= 0.9; 95% CI= 0.2-4.0) respectively]. However, abnormal sFLC ratio at the end of consolidation therapy showed a statistically significant shorter PFS (p= 0.006; HR= 3.1; 95% CI= 1.4-6.8) as well as OS (p=0.047; HR=7.8; 95% CI= 1.0-58.5). In a similiar study by Bradwell et al. including 224 pts, 82 pts were evaluated at follow up after chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicin and melphalan. CR was seen in 26 (31.7%) pts as indicated by normal uFLC levels compared with only 9 (10.9%) pts by their normal sFLC levels, indicating false negative results with uFLC compared to sFLC. Conclusion There is a paucity of data on LCMM in the literature. V has shown superior efficacy in LCMM patients over non-V regimens with ORR > 95%. Moreover, V showed better PFS at 2 years when used with bendamustin compared to VD (95% vs. 25%). Similarly, V with B showed better OS i.e. 90% at 2 years. Moreover, sFLC levels were more sensitive in indicating the disease and predicting PFS and OS compared to uFLC levels, hence monitoring of LCMM patients should include serum assays. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

27 Background: According to data from the Palestinian Ministry of Health, breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting Palestinian women, being 30% of all cancers affecting female patients, 60% of them present with metastasis, very few studies were conducted to explore characteristics of this cancer in this population. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has distinct clinical and pathologic features. The fact that this type is more aggressive despite lacking the expression of growth promotion receptors, suggest other players, as defect in tumor suppressors such as PTEN gene. To our knowledge this is the first study in English literature correlating TNBC to loss of PTEN protein expression. The aim of this study is to establish data about the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer in Palestinian women, and to study the status of PTEN protein expression by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer and specifically in TNBC. Methods: 100 confirmed cases of breast cancer, were collected from different pathology centers, clinicopathological data; age, grade, stage for each case were specified. Each case was evaluated for the expression of hormone receptors, Her-2 status, and for PTEN protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to see if a certain pattern is noted. Results: Out of the 100 cases, the mean age at presentation was 53.3 years, 69.84% of the cases presented with advanced stage and 53% were high grade, 58% were ER positive and 46% were PR positive. HER-2 positive breast cancer were 26%. 30% of all breast cancer cases were TNBC subtype. Loss of PTEN expression was seen in 44% of cases. 60% of TNBC cases lost PTEN expression, which was statistically significant (p + 0.035), no significant correlation between PTEN loss and ER, PR, HER-2, grade or stage. Conclusions: Palestinian women have high incidence of TNBC in comparison to White population, and presented with high grade, and advanced stage tumors. There is a significant correlation between PTEN loss and TNBC that needs more research and study.

O ensino de Língua Inglesa, na maioria das escolas regulares de Ensino Médio, tem seu foco na escrita, na compreensão textual e na estrutura gramatical da língua. Uma justificativa para isso talvez seja o fato de esses alunos precisarem prestar exames de vestibular e, na maioria deles, são essas as competências exigidas. No entanto, os professores de Língua Inglesa precisam destinar também atenção à produção oral do aluno. Para isso, há a necessidade de se realizar um trabalho com a fonética e com textos orais, a fim de que os estudantes aperfeiçoem a oralidade. Dessa forma, o presente estudo apresenta resultados de uma proposta metodológica com trabalho sobre aspectos de fonética e texto oral, aplicada a três turmas do Ensino Médio de uma escola da rede particular de ensino da cidade de Londrina-PR. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: levar o aluno a preparar um texto sobre astronomia em Inglês; desenvolver um Podcast sobre o tema; avaliar e comentar de forma escrita o Podcast do colega. Os tipos de pesquisa selecionados para o estudo foram a bibliográfica, a de campo e a analítica. O aporte teórico versou sobre os estudos realizados por Prensky (2001) e Carvalho e Aguiar (2010). Os resultados dessa ferramenta tecnológica aplicada ao ensino de Língua Inglesa permitiram o desenvolvimento da prática oral, além da auditiva, da leitura e da escrita dos alunos; propiciou ainda a participação, a autonomia e a mobilidade na aprendizagem. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Língua Inglesa. Produção Oral. Podcast. AbstractThe English teaching, in the most of the regular high schools, has its focus on writing, reading comprehension and grammar. One reason for this may be the fact that these students need to apply for college entrance examinations exams, and in the most of the examinationsthese are the required skills. However, English teachers must also pay attention to the students’ oral production. It is necessary to work with phonetics and oral texts, so that students can improve their oral skills. Thus, this study presents the results of a methodological approach on phonetics and oral texts, applied to three high school classes froma private school in Londrina city. The objectives of this study were to encourage the students to prepare a text in English on astronomy; develop a Podcast on this topic; watch and write a comment about a classmate’s Podcast in a blog. This paper was developed by means of the literature, the field and the analytical researches types. The theoretical concepts were based on the studies made by Prensky (2001) and Carvalho and Aguiar (2010). The results of this technological tool, which was applied to the English language teaching, have allowed the oral practice development, in addition to listening, reading and writing skills of the students; it also encouraged the participation, autonomy and mobility in learning. Keywords: English teaching. Oral Production. Podcast

Abstract Background: Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD20 antigen on neoplastic and normal B cells. In addition to its role in the treatment CD20-positive B-cell malignancies, rituximab has been approved for symptom management of rheumatoid arthritis. Expanding the use of rituximab in other autoimmune diseases remains investigational. The treatment of auto-antibody mediated platelet destruction in refractory ITP is challenging. Although a good response is seen in the majority of patients treated with steroids and/or splenectomy, relapses occur in half of the patients. A few uncontrolled studies have evaluated the use of rituximab for therapy of relapsed/refractory ITP. Objective: In order to define the efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of patients with refractory/relapsed ITP we conducted a review of the current available literature and performed a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE literature search using Pub med, Ovid software for the key words rituximab, ITP and immune thrombocytopenia on all available published literature analyzed to date (Jan 2001 to June 30, 2006). Studies involving children (&lt;18 years) were excluded and our search was limited to reports in English. References of each article were also searched for additional literature. Individual case reports with less than 5 patients were excluded. In addition, studies were analyzed for disease duration, rituximab toxicity, and characteristics of responders. Results: A total of 34 peer reviewed publications were identified after the electronic search that identified a total of 324 patients. Five abstracts and 14 full-length manuscripts were excluded from the analysis as they included &lt; 5 patients/report. Thus, the meta-analysis consisted of 299 patients described in 15 reports. The mean age of the patients was 50 (39–49 years); about half (52%) had failed splenectomy; mean duration of ITP was 54.4 months. All patients received four weekly doses of rituximab at 375mg/m2. The overall response rate was 55%, of which 38% of the patients achieved a complete response (CR) that was defined as a platelet count of at least 100,000–150,000. In addition, 17% of the patients achieved a partial response (PR) (i.e. platelet count &gt;50,000 and &lt; 100,000). The median duration of response in CR patients was 74 weeks (24–120) and in PR patients was 55 weeks (12–160). Of 12 patients re-treated with rituximab: 7 had 2nd CR (duration 6 m to 4 yrs). CR in splenectomized patients (available from 5 studies, n=126) was higher (62%) than non-splenectomized patients. Initial rise in platelet count in early responders was seen as early as 7–14 days from initiation of therapy. Discussion: Treatment of relapsed or refractory ITP is based on retrospective studies and no specific guidelines exist. Rituximab-associated depletion of antibody producing B-cells and/or Fc receptor blockade by mAb results in objective responses in over half (55%) of the patients treated. Re-treatment is effective in a similar percentage of patients with durable response. Minimal toxicity with equivalent results to other immunosuppressants favors rituximab’s use in patients with symptomatic refractory ITP. Prospective trials should further validate these results and potentially identify ITP patient characteristics prognostic for responsiveness to rituximab immunotherapy.

OBJECTIVE To review and summarize data on carfilzomib, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2012 for the treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) who received prior bortezomib and thalidomide or lenalidomide. DATA SOURCES A literature search through PubMed was conducted through October 2012 using the terms carfilzomib, PR-171, proteasome inhibitor (PI), and MM. Data were also obtained through the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society of Hematology abstracts and FDA briefing documents. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Priority was placed on trials of carfilzomib in relapsed and refractory MM. DATA SYNTHESIS Carfilzomib is a new PI that differs in pharmacology and pharmacokinetics from bortezomib, the first-in-class PI. The FDA approval was based on efficacy data from a Phase 2 study of carfilzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory MM (n = 266). All patients had received prior bortezomib and 80% were refractory or intolerant to both bortezomib and lenalidomide. Patients were treated with intravenous carfilzomib 20 mg/m2 (cycle 1) followed by 27 mg/m2 (cycles ≥2) on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 of each 28-day cycle. The overall response rate was 23.7% (18.7–29.4), with a median duration of response of 7.8 (5.6–9.2) months. Safety data from an integrated analysis reported thrombocytopenia, anemia, fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea as the most common adverse events, with minimal dose-limiting neutropenia or peripheral neuropathy (PN) (n = 526). The incidence of grade 3 or higher thrombocytopenia was 24.9%, while that of neutropenia was 11.9%, and the incidence of all grades of treatment-emergent PN was 13%. CONCLUSIONS Carfilzomib is a safe and effective new treatment option for patients with relapsed MM refractory to bortezomib and thalidomide or lenalidomide. Randomized head-to-head trials with bortezomib will assist in formulary and treatment decisions in the context of PIs as a drug class.

Context.—The pioneering works on molecular classification (MC) by Perou and Sorlie et al in the early 2000s using global gene expression profiling identified 5 intrinsic subtypes of invasive breast cancers (IBCs): luminal A, luminal B, normal breast-like, HER2-enriched, and basal-like subtypes, each unique in incidence, survival, and response to therapy. Because the application of gene expression profiling in daily practice is not economical or practical at the present time, many investigators have studied the use of immunohistochemical (IHC) surrogates as a substitute for determining the MC of IBC. Objective.—To discuss the continuing efforts that have been made to develop clinically significant and readily available IHC surrogates for the MC of IBC. Data Sources.—Data were obtained from pertinent peer-reviewed English-language literature. Conclusions.—The most commonly used IHC surrogates are estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), dividing IBC into luminal, HER2, and triple-negative subtypes. The addition of Ki-67, cytokeratin 5, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) separates luminal B from luminal A subtypes, and basal-like subtype from triple-negative breast cancer. More recently, biomarkers such as androgen receptor and p53 have been shown to further stratify these molecular subtypes. Although many studies of IHC-based MC have shown clinical significance similar to gene expression profiling–defined MC, its critical limitations are: (1) a lack of standardization in terminology, (2) a lack of standardization in biomarkers used for each subtype, and (3) the lack of a uniform cutoff for each biomarker. A panel of IHC surrogates for each subtype of IBC is proposed.

Background: Cyclic thrombocytopenia (CTP) is an uncommon condition characterized by periodic fluctuations in platelet counts, typically resulting in episodes of thrombocytopenia alternating with normal platelet counts. Because of similar clinical presentation, CTP is mostly misdiagnosed as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The natural history and optimal therapy are not defined. Methods: The English medical literature was reviewed for reported CTP cases up to December 2003 using PubMed. Only idiopathic forms (not associated with other hematologic disorders) of CTP were included. Results: Fifty one cases of CTP were identified. There was a female predominance (33:18) with a median age at diagnosis of 35 years (range, 1–70). Serious bleeding episodes were reported in 13 patients (27%) at various time points, while 7 (15%) were asymptomatic. Twenty-six (51%) patients were given an initial diagnosis of ITP. The median time from ITP to CTP diagnosis was 24 months (range, 1–420). The median nadir and peak platelet counts were 10 x 109/L (range, 1–90) and 330 x 109/L (range, 72–2,300), respectively. Rebound thrombocytosis occurred in 18 patients (35%). Most of the patients had regular platelet cycles within 21–35 days. In the 20 patients who were premenopausal and in whom relationship between platelet counts and menstrual cycles were studied, 16 (80%) had CTP in phase with menstrual periods. Bone marrow biopsy was performed during platelet nadir in 45 patients. Megakaryocytes were normal or increased in number in 33 patients (73%) and decreased or absent in 12 patients (27%). Anti-platelet antibodies were measured in 42 patients and found to be present in 17 (40%). After a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 3–558), 2 (4%) patients had died of disease; 14 (27%) were alive without disease; 34 (67%) were alive with disease; and 1 (2%) died with disease. Ten (20%) patients did not require therapy. In 9 patients, treatment was not described. The rest of the 32 patients received various therapies appropriate for ITP (Table). Half (5/10) of those who received hormonal therapy (danazol, progestin, or estrogen/progestin) responded. Conclusions: When evaluating patients with suspected ITP, CTP should always be included in the differential diagnoses. CTP generally does not respond to standard ITP treatments, including corticosteroids, splenectomy, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Two clinical features relatively unique to CTP besides periodic thrombocytopenia are rebound thrombocytosis unrelated to recent splenectomy and platelet nadirs occurring during menstruation. When a diagnosis of CTP is made, patients must be offered a period of observation, as many may not require treatment. If treatment is clinically indicated, hormonal therapy may provide the best response. TREATMENT N CR PR RR (%) Corticosteroids 26 0 0 0 Splenectomy 19 1 1 10 Intravenous immunoglobulin 11 0 0 0 Cyclosporine 5 1 2 60 Danazol 5 3 0 60 Vincristine 5 0 0 0 Azathioprine 4 1 0 25 Plasma infusion 4 0 0 0 Estrogen/progestin 3 1 0 33 Others 21 2 1 14

Introduction: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable B-cell malignancy that disproportionately affects the elderly. After first-line therapy failure, relapsed/refractory MCL assumes a more aggressive and universally fatal course. Currently, several classes of chemo/biologic therapies are approved in the second line. However, these agents and their combinations have not been compared head-to-head. We conducted this proportional meta-analysis to evaluate their relative impact on selected clinical outcomes. Methods: A review of the medical literature was conducted using online databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of English language; diagnosis of relapsed/refractory MCL; trials that explored the efficacy of first-line approved antineoplastic agents and their combinations that comprised: BTK-inhibitors (Ibrutininb (IB), Acalabrutinib, Zanubrutinib), Bortezomib (Velcade, VEL), Venetoclax (VEN), Lenalidomide (LEN), and Bendamustine+Rituximab (B-R); and studies reporting types of responses and duration of response. Proportional meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model. The respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and funnel plots were constructed. Results: Thirteen studies comprising a total of 1,264 participants were included. The pooled overall response rates, ORR (95%CI), of the regimens were: 74% (66,81) BTK-inhibitors, 39% (25,53) VEL, 34% (24,46) LEN, 85% (78,92) B-R, 75% (58,92) VEN-IB, and 88% (79,97) IB-R. The pooled complete responses, CR (95%CI), of the regimens were: 33% (20,47) BTK-inhibitors, 9% (5,13) VEL, 6% (4,9) LEN, 45% (36,54) B-R, 42% (22,63) VEN-IB, and 44% (30,58) IB-R. There were no significant differences in ORR and CR between BTK-inhibitors, B-R, VEN-IB, and IB-R. ORR of VEL and LEN also did not significantly differ. However, ORR and CR of the former group were significantly higher than those of the latter. The pooled partial responses, PR (95%CI), of the regimens were: 41% (32,50) BTK-inhibitors, 28% (20,38) VEL, 28% (15,43) LEN, 41% (35,47) B-R, 34% (15,53) VEN-IB, and 44% (30,58) IB-R. There were no significant differences between PR of the regimens. The weighted duration of responses in months, DOR (95%CI), of the regimens were: 20 BTK-inhibitors, 9 VEL, 16 LEN, and 20 B-R. Conclusions: This proportional meta-analysis is the first to compare the current regimens in first-line relapsed/refractory MCL. It indicates that BTK-inhibitors monotherapy, IB combinations with R or VEN, and B-R provide equivalent ORR and CR rates that are significantly better than VEL and LEN with notably longer duration of response. It also raises questions about whether there is an additional ORR and CR benefits when adding VEN or R to IB in this clinical setting. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Introduction For patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (r/r FL) beyond front-line therapy, there is no well-defined standard of care (SOC) treatment, especially in the third-line or later (3L+) setting. Treatment decisions for symptomatic patients depend on comorbidities, extent of disease, lines of prior therapy and duration of response to initial anti-CD20 containing treatment. Treatment options for 3L+ may include similar options to the ones in earlier lines, with a preference for non-cross-resistant schemes. Recently, a plethora of new compounds are being studied in clinical trials. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to identify relevant evidence on clinical outcomes in pts with r/r FL, including conventional treatments and emerging compounds, within the 3L+ setting. Methods We performed a SLR on March 17, 2020. Clinical trials and observational studies were searched through Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials from 1998 to 2020, followed by relevant conference proceedings and regulatory documents. Evidence assessing any intervention as 3L+ FL and published in English language was included. If a study included broader indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL) pts, only FL data was reported; if a study included pts with fewer than 3L+, 3L+ data was included, with mixed line results excluded. Conventional treatments, defined as approved or clinical guideline recommended treatments, included anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-containing regimen, mAb alone, chemotherapy alone, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (idelalisib, copanlisib, duvelisib), lenalidomide + rituximab (R2), radio-immunotherapy (RIT) with yttrium-90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan, tazemetostat, autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (auto- and allo-SCT). Emerging compounds included new treatments that are not approved but were tested in the context of clinical trials (bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, bortezomib, polatuzumab vedotin, daratumumab, inotuzumab, bi-specific T-cell engaging CD19 mAb, anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell [CAR-T] therapy). Results Of the 3747 publications identified, 74 studies assessing 26 treatment regimens, including conventional ones like rituximab (R)-containing immunochemotherapy to emerging compounds such as CAR-T therapies, were selected. Across the conventional regimens, 7 studies reported clinical trial data with relatively large 3L+ FL populations (Table 1). With R monotherapy, PI3K inhibitors and tazemetostat, the reported complete response (CR) rates and overall response rates (ORR) ranged from 1-20% and 34-77%, while median duration of response (mDOR) ranged between 7.9-16.3 months. Three clinical trials with PI3K inhibitors reported proportions of pts achieving a response of at least 6 months in duration ranging from 18-30%; median progression-free survival (mPFS) ranging from 8.3-11.2 months. For tazemetostat, mPFS was 11.0 months in EZH2 mutant vs 5.7 months in wild-type FL. With allo-SCT, 2-yr PFS rate was 88% and 57% for pts with CR and PR, respectively. Overall survival (OS) data varied: median overall survival (mOS) was 28-38 months for PI3K inhibitors while mOS was up to 85 months after allo-SCT, despite high non-relapse mortality (NRM) rates with most common causes of death being graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and infections. Safety profiles were also different across treatments, with most common side effects being hepatotoxicity, diarrhea and infections (PI3K inhibitors) to GvHD (allo-SCT). Three trials presented patient-reported outcomes (PRO) data, all using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) questionnaire. Two studies with PI3K inhibitors demonstrated favorable or clinically significant improvement on pts quality of life (QoL), but 1 allo-SCT trial did not show a significant difference between baseline and 2 years post-transplant scores. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first SLR focusing on 3L+ treatments of FL. Heterogeneity in study design, patient population, safety profile and reported outcomes make it challenging to identify an optimal treatment regimen for FL in the 3L+ setting. More PRO data are needed considering the important role pt QoL plays in treatment selection. Disclosures Ma: Novartis:Current Employment.Kaur:Novartis:Current Employment.Zhao:Novartis:Current Employment.Zhang:Novartis:Current Employment.Ramos:Novartis:Current Employment.Kumar:Novartis:Current Employment.John:Novartis:Current Employment.Bubuteishvili Pacaud:Novartis:Current Employment.Forcina:Novartis:Current Employment.

Introduction Cutaneous infiltration (Leukemia cutis) by CLL is regarded as specific sign of skin involvement, these findings can vary in presentations; they can be localized or generalized in the form of erythematous papules, plaques, nodules, and large tumors, however ulceration is uncommon. Skin lesions in general can be seen in 25% of patients with CLL. It is unclear what is the impact of cutaneous infiltration by CLL on prognosis, mainly because most cases are sporadic, either in case reports or series, with no consistency in the modality of treatment. Patients and methods A systematic search of the Medline database (PubMed), Google Scholar was performed to identify English language articles published from Jan 2000 to June 2019 with the following search terms: Leukemia cutis - CLL, cutaneous - CLL, skin - CLL, cutaneous - chronic lymphocytic leukemia, skin - chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Only patients with confirmed CLL Leukemia cutis were included in this analysis. Results A total of 56 cases were identified, with median age of 66 years (range from 39-90), of these cases 43 (76.8%) were males and 12 (21.4%) were females, with ratio of 3.6 : 1. Head and neck were the most common involved sites, interestingly it was very common on the earlobes, followed by trunk and extremities. The most common clinical presentation was papulonodular skin lesions, others like erythematous patches were seen, but ulceration was uncommon. Most cases had leukemia cutis as the initial presentation of CLL. The median time before relapse with skin involvement was 5.5 years (range 1 to 21 years). Most patients were diagnosed at early stage. Majority were treated with chemotherapy, others managed by observation, local radiotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy. In general, 35 (62.5%) cases had cutaneous response to treatment (25 CR and 10 PR). Discussion CLL skin infiltration is not uncommon, but it is not well described in the literature, here in our review we revisited specific cutaneous infiltration by CLL, we emphasized on Leukemia cutis rather than general secondary skin manifestations in CLL. Many cases had CLL skin involvement at the site of old herpetic lesions, which raises the hypothesis of monoclonal B-cells antigenic recruitment, rather than true metastasis. Most presentations came as first sign of the disease, and mostly in early stage. It was also observed that skin infiltration by CLL does not affect prognosis, as most patients attained complete or partial remission with very low progression rate. Because of the rarity of the disease, treatment modalities varied widely, and there was no consensus on treatment, yet all treatment modalities resulted in cutaneous response rate of 62.5%. The best modality of treatment in cutaneous CLL is based on the staging, lesions distribution (localized vs. generalized) and co-morbidities. Conclusion Leukemia cutis is rare but rather a recognized complication of CLL, most likely presents as papulonodular lesions as initial sign of the disease, furthermore most patients present in early stage, it is observed that all patients ≤60 year old had early stage disease, patients with early stage and localized leukemia cutis can benefit from observation alone strategy, on the other hand all patients with advanced stage were >60 year old, and intervention in these patients is warranted, in other situations treatment is individualized based on staging, lesions distribution (localized vs. generalized) and comorbidities. Leukemia cutis did not affect the prognosis of the disease. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

-Peter Hulme, Simon Gikandi, Writing in limbo: Modernism and Caribbean literature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. x + 260 pp.-Charles V. Carnegie, Alistair Hennessy, Intellectuals in the twentieth-century Caribbean (Volume 1 - Spectre of the new class: The Commonwealth Caribbean). London: Macmillan, 1992. xvii 204 pp.-Nigel Rigby, Anne Walmsley, The Caribbean artists movement, 1966-1972: A literary and cultural history. London: New Beacon Books, 1992. xx + 356 pp.-Carl Pedersen, Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A black poet's struggle for identity. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992. xii + 235 pp.-Simone Dreyfus, Irving Rouse, The Tainos: Rise and decline of the people who greeted Columbus. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. xii + 211 pp.-Louis Allaire, Antonio M. Stevens-Arroyo, Cave of the Jagua: The mythological world of the Taino. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. xiii + 282 pp.-Irving Rouse, William F. Keegan, The people who discovered Columbus: The prehistory of the Bahamas. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992. xx + 279 pp.-Neil L. Whitehead, Philip P. Boucher, Cannibal encounters: Europeans and Island Caribs, 1492-1763. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xii + 217 pp.-Peter Kloos, Kaliña, des amérindiens à Paris: Photographies du prince Roland. Présentées par Gérard Collomb. Paris: Créaphis, 1992. 119 pp.-Maureen Warner-Lewis, Alan Gregor Cobley ,The African-Caribbean connection: Historical and cultural perspectives. Bridgetown, Barbados: Department of History, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, 1990. viii + 171 pp., Alvin Thompson (eds)-H. Hoetink, Jean-Luc Bonniol, La couleur comme maléfice: une illustration créole de la généalogie des 'Blancs' et des 'Noirs'. Paris: Albin Michel, 1992. 304 pp.-Michael Aceto, Richard Price ,Two evenings in Saramaka. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991. xvi + 417 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Vernon W. Boggs, Salsiology: Afro-Cuban music and the evolution of Salsa in New York City. New York: Greenwood, 1992. xvii + 387 pp.-Martin F. Murphy, Sherri Grasmuck ,Between two islands: Dominican international migration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. xviii + 247 pp., Patricia R. Pessar (eds)-Rosario Espinal, Richard S. Hillman ,Distant neighbors in the Caribbean: The Dominican Republic and Jamaica in comparative perspective. New York: Praeger, 1992. xviii + 199 pp., Thomas D'Agostino (eds)-Svend E. Holsoe, Neville A.T. Hall, Slave society in the Danish West Indies: St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix. Edited by B.W. Higman. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 1992. xxiv + 287 pp.-Light Townsend Cummins, Francisco Morales Padrón, The journal of Don Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis 1780-1783. Translated by Aileen Moore Topping. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1989. xxxvii + 380 pp.-Francisco A. Scarano, Laird W. Bergad, Cuban rural society in the nineteenth century: The social and economic history of monoculture in Matanzas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xxi + 425 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Larry R. Jensen, Children of colonial despotism: Press, politics, and culture in Cuba, 1790-1840. Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1988. xviii + 211 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Anton L. Allahar, Class, politics, and sugar in colonial Cuba. Lewiston NY; The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. xi + 217 pp.-Aline Helg, Josef Opatrny, U.S. Expansionism and Cuban annexationism in the 1850s. Prague: Charles University, 1990. 271 pp.-Rita Giacalone, Humberto García Muñiz ,Bibliografía militar del Caribe. Río Piedras PR: Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1992. 177 pp., Betsaida Vélez Natal (eds)-Carlos E. Santiago, Irma Tirado de Alonso, Trade issues in the Caribbean. Philadelphia: Gordon & Breach, 1992. xv + 231 pp.-Drexel G. Woodson, Frantz Pratt, Haiti: Guide to the periodical literature in English, 1800-1990. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1991. xiv + 313 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, Livio Sansone, Hangen boven de oceaan: het gewone overleven van Creoolse jongeren in Paramaribo. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1992. 58 pp.-Ronald Gill, Dolf Huijgers ,Landhuizen van Curacao en Bonaire. Amsterdam: Persimmons Management. 1991. 286 pp., Lucky Ezechiëls (eds)-Alex van Stipriaan, Waldo Heilbron, Colonial transformations and the decomposition of Dutch plantation slavery in Surinam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam centre for Caribbean studies (AWIC), University of Amsterdam, 1992. 133 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Bea Lalmahomed, Hindostaanse vrouwen: de geschiedenis van zes generaties. Utrecht: Jan van Arkel, 1992. 159 pp.-Aart G. Broek, Peter Hoefnagels ,Antilliaans spreekwoordenboek. Amsterdam: Thomas Rap, 1991. 92 pp., Shon Wé Hoogenbergen (eds)

Abstract Introduction: Treatment of CLL has advanced tremendously in the past decade with significant extension of life expectancy in patients diagnosed with the disease. Three anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAB) combinations approved for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients are obinutuzumab-chlorambucil (OBI-CHL), ofatumumab-chlorambucil (OFA-CHL), and rituximab-chlorambucil (RTX-CHL), have comparable efficacy but varying safety profiles in pivotal trials. Grade 3-4 adverse events (AEs), including infusion-related reactions (IRRs), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and infections differ by each mAB. Grade 3-4 AEs, defined as requiring hospitalization or life-threatening, result in reductions in patient quality of life (QoL) and bear cost implications. We sought to compare the safety of the IV-administered anti-CD20 mABs in the first-line treatment of CLL and to evaluate the respective QoL and economic implications of these AEs. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library for the time period of 2010-2016 and in conference proceedings of ASH, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the European Hematology Association (EHA) for 2014-2016. Search was limited to clinical trials conducted on humans and published in English language. The IRRs were compared directly as CHL is administered orally. A Bayesian network meta-analyses (NMA) was conducted with data from phase 3 trials using SAS® (v9.3) to compare grade 3-4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and infections associated with the three anti-CD20 mABs. A pooled analysis of data from phase 2 trials and cohort studies was conducted using MedCalc® version 16.2.1. Analyses were also conducted to estimate the potential impact of the AEs of respective anti-CD20 mABs on QoL and cost of care based on the NMA results and previously published estimates of utilities associated with CR (0.780), PR (0.790), SD/PD (0.760); disutilities associated with IRR (-0.11), neutropenia (-0.09), thrombocytopenia (-0.05), anemia (-0.09), and infections (-0.20); and costs associated with episodes of IRR ($4,482), neutropenia ($5,406), thrombocytopenia ($12,621), anemia ($8,894), and infections ($7,163) in CLL. Results: Of the 86 studies screened, 10 studies were included. Direct comparison showed that the rate of IRRs in OBI-CHL, OFA-CHL, and RTX-CHL were 21%, 10%, and 4%, respectively. Risks for neutropenia were lower for OFA-CHL compared to OBI-CHL (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.12-4.59) and similar to RTX-CHL (1.08; 0.20-5.82); for thrombocytopenia were lower for OFA-CHL compared to OBI-CHL (0.16; 0.02-1.33) and to RTX-CHL (0.49; 0.06-4.15); for anemia were lower for OFA-CHL compared to OBI-CHL (0.80; 0.21-3.06) and similar to RTX-CHL (1.08; 0.24-4.64); and for infections OFA-CHL, OBI-CHL (1.00; 0.15-6.74) and RTX-CHL (0.86; 0.15-4.43) were similar. The pooled analyses of AEs observed in phase 2 / cohort studies revealed similar trends when assessed. The mean pre-progression QoL utilities associated with OBI-CHL, OFA-CHL, and RTX-CHL weighted by rates of AEs, utilities associated with respective response rates to treatments, and disutilities of the respective AEs were 0.772, 0.761, and 0.748 respectively. The total cost of treating AEs per 1,000 patients on OFA-CHL, OBI-CHL and RTX-CHL were $3.9M, $8.0M and $4.2M, respectively. Conclusion: The safety profile was most desirable for OFA-CHL, followed by RTX-CHL and OBI-CHL. Though RTX-CHL had the lowest rate of grade 3-4 IRR, OFA-CHL had the better grade 3-4 hematologic safety profile compared to OBI-CHL and RTX-CHL. As efficacy of CLL treatments has improved substantially, safety of treatments is increasingly important particularly on the impact of QoL. In addition, in the cost-conscious payer environment, selecting drugs with a better safety profile and lower cost implications is vital. Our findings demonstrate that better safety profile is associated with less impact on QoL and lower costs. We found that for every 1,000 patients covered by a payer, safety alone can save an excess of $4M based on regimen choice. Fewer incidences of AEs also results in better adherence and reduction in treatment interruption or discontinuation. Safety with the QoL and cost implications should be taken into consideration to maximize the overall benefits of the treatment to CLL patients. Disclosures Mwamburi: Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Bal:Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Cascella:Novartis Oncology: Employment. Shah:Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Nanavaty:Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Gala:Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy.

Objective: The present study aims to expose through a literature review the cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/CP) and its treatment in a multidisciplinary approach. Methodology: This literature review was conducted by the leading health databases: Pubmed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). The keywords for the textual search were: Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Dental Staff; Classification; Embryology. The inclusion criteria were: literature on the subject under study, literature of the last years, english language, laboratory and clinical studies and systematic review. Literature Review: Fissures can be defined by a space at the junction between two bones, usually where there would be a suture. Orofacial clefts are part of the congenital facial anomalies resulted from the non-junction of the embryonic facial processes. These changes occur due to an alteration in the migratory velocity of the neural crest cells, in charge of the phenomenon of fusion of the facial prominences between the 6th and 9thweek of embryonic life. Conclusion: The treatment of patients with orofacial clefts requires the approach of a multidisciplinary team that involves physicians in the area of plastic surgery, otorhinolaryngology, pediatrics, geneticists, dentists, prosthetics, nurses and speech pathologists, focusing on patient prevention, recovery and rehabilitation. However, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the subject and the steps that should be applied for each particular case.Descriptors: Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Dental Staff; Classification; Embryology.ReferencesShaw WC, Brattström V, Mølsted K, Prahl-Andersen B, Roberts CT, Semb G. The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 5: discussion and conclusions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(1):93-8. Friede H, Lilja J. The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(4):453-54.Rosenstein SW, Grasseschi M, Dado D. The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(4):453.Semb G, Brattström V, Mølsted K, Prahl-Andersen B, Zuurbier P, Rumsey N, Shaw WC. The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 4: relationship among treatment outcome, patient/parent satisfaction, and the burden of care. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(1):83-92. Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Strauss RP, Aylsworth AS. Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts. Clin Plast Surg. 2014;41(2):149-63. Coleman JR Jr, Sykes JM. The embryology, classification, epidemiology, and genetics of facial clefting. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2001;9(1):1-13.Pengelly RJ, Arias L, Martínez J, Upstill-Goddard R, Seaby EG, Gibson J, Ennis S, Collins A, Briceño I. Deleterious coding variants in multi-case families with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate phenotypes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30457.Ren Y, Steegman R, Dieters A, Jansma J, Stamatakis H. Bone-anchored maxillary protraction in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(5):2429-2441.Alberconi TF, Siqueira GLC, Sathler R, Kelly KA, Garib DG. Assessment of Orthodontic Burden of Care in Patients With Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(1):74-78.Eriguchi M, Watanabe A, Suga K, Nakano Y, Sakamoto T, Sueishi K, Uchiyama T. Growth of Palate in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Undergoing Two-stage Palatoplasty and Orthodontic Treatment. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2018;59(3):183-91.Smane L, Pilmane M. Evaluation of the presence of MMP-2, TIMP-2, BMP2/4, and TGFβ3 in the facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. Acta Med Litu. 2018;25(2):86-94. AlHayyan WA, Pani SC, AlJohar AJ, AlQatami FM. The Effects of Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding on the Midface Symmetry of Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Long-term Follow-up Study. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018;6(7):e1764. Thakur S, Singh A, Thakur NS, Diwana VK. Achievement in Nasal Symmetry after Cheiloplasty in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Infants Treated with Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018;9(3):357-60. Turri de Castro Ribeiro T, Petri Feitosa MC, Almeida Penhavel R, Zanda RS, Janson G, Mazzottini R, Garib DG. Extreme maxillomandibular discrepancy in unilateral cleft lip and palate: Longitudinal follow-up in a patient with mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;154(2):294-304. Perillo L, Vitale M, d'Apuzzo F, Isola G, Nucera R, Matarese G. Interdisciplinary approach for a patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153(6):883-94. Hoffmannova E, Moslerová V, Dupej J, Borský J, Bejdová Š, Velemínská J. Three-dimensional development of the upper dental arch in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients after early neonatal cheiloplasty. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;109:1-6. Tan ELY, Kuek MC, Wong HC, Ong SAK, Yow M. Secondary Dentition Characteristics in Children With Nonsyndromic Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Retrospective Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(4):582-89. Rodrigues R, Fernandes MH, Monteiro AB, Furfuro R, Sequeira T, Silva CC, Manso MC. SPINA classification of cleft lip and palate: A suggestion for a complement. Arch Pediatr. 2018;25(7):439-41. Ortiz-Posadas MR, Vega-Alvarado L, Maya-Behar J. A new approach to classify cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2001;38(6):545-50.Spina V, Psillakis JM, Lapa FS, Ferreira MC. Classificação das fissuras lábio-palatinas. Sugestão de modificação [Classification of cleft lip and cleft palate. Suggested changes]. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 1972;27(1):5-6. Allori AC, Mulliken JB, Meara JG, Shusterman S, Marcus JR. Classification of Cleft Lip/Palate: Then and Now. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2017;54(2):175-88. Spina V. A proposed modification for the classification of cleft lip and cleft palate. Cleft Palate J. 1973;10:251-2. Yun-Chia Ku M, Lo LJ, Chen MC, Wen-Ching Ko E. Predicting need for orthognathic surgery in early permanent dentition patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153(3):405-14. Garib D, Yatabe M, de Souza Faco RA, Gregório L, Cevidanes L, de Clerck H. Bone-anchored maxillary protraction in a patient with complete cleft lip and palate: A case report. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153(2):290-97. De Stefani A, Bruno G, Balasso P, Mazzoleni S, Baciliero U, Gracco A. Teeth agenesis evaluation in an Italian sample of complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Minerva Stomatol. 2018;67(4):156-64. Chang SY, Lonic D, Pai BC, Lo LJ. Primary Repair in Patients With Unilateral Complete Cleft of Lip and Primary Palate: Assessment of Outcomes. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;80(2S Suppl 1):S2-6.Vura N, Gaddipati R, Palla Y, Kumar P. An Intraoral Appliance to Retract the Protrusive Premaxilla in Bilateral Cleft Lip Patients Presenting Late for Primary Lip Repair. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(4):622-25.Massie JP, Bruckman K, Rifkin WJ, Runyan CM, Shetye PR, Grayson B, Flores RL. The Effect of Nasoalveolar Molding on Nasal Airway Anatomy: A 9-Year Follow-up of Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(4):596-601. Jabbari F, Wiklander L, Reiser E, Thor A, Hakelius M, Nowinski D. Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Patients Born With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A 20-Year Follow-up. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018;55(2):173-79.Jones CM, Roth B, Mercado AM, Russell KA, Daskalogiannakis J, Samson TD, Hathaway RR, Smith A, Mackay DR, Long RE Jr. The Americleft Project: Comparison of Ratings Using Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Images for Evaluation of Nasolabial Appearance in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2018;29(1):105-8. Gatti GL, Freda N, Giacomina A, Montemagni M, Sisti A. Cleft Lip and Palate Repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2017;28(8):1918-24.

Abstract Background Physical restraint (PR) is a routine care measure in many hospital wards to ensure patient safety. However, it is associated with many different professional, legal, and ethical challenges. Some guidelines and principles have been developed in some countries for appropriate PR use. The present study aimed to explore the principles of PR use for hospitalized elderly people. Methods This was an integrative review. For data collection, a literature search was conducted in Persian and English databases, namely Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed as well as the websites of healthcare organizations and associations. Eligibility criteria were publication in English or Persian between January 1, 2010, and January 1, 2021, and description of the principles of PR use for hospitalized elderly people. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was used for document screening and selection, while the critical appraisal tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument were used for quality appraisal. The data were analyzed through constant comparison. Results Primarily, 772 records were retrieved, while only twenty were eligible for the study. The principles of PR use for hospitalized elderly people were categorized into six main categories, namely principles of education for PR use, principles of decision making for PR use, principles of implementing the PR procedure, principles of monitoring patients with PR, principles of PR use documentation, and principles of PR management. Conclusion PR should be used only by trained healthcare providers, with the consent of patient or his/her family members, with standard devices and safe techniques, based on clear guidelines, and under close managerial supervision. Moreover, elderly people with PR should continuously be monitored for any PR-related complications. The findings of the present study can be used for developing clear PR-related guidelines.

Rotavirus and norovirus are common pathogens associated with gastroenteritis in children. Although rotavirus occasionally induces central nervous system disease, only 3 cases with rotavirus-induced acute myositis have been reported in the English literature. We recently treated a female patient with acute myositis associated with gastroenteritis induced by concurrent infection with rotavirus and norovirus. Having suffered from gastroenteritis for 3 days, she suddenly developed myositis affecting her lower extremities with concomitant creatine kinase elevation. Herein, we present our patient and review the previous cases including those reported in the Japanese literature.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a very severe disease, being its incidence increasingly reported and, nowadays, successfully treatable only when surgery is deemed to be feasible. Furthermore, the disease and the clinical effects related to the complementary therapies (radio and/or chemotherapy) may strongly affect, frequently with dramatic clinical side effects, the patient’s ability to endure physical exercise. In such context, the PR(PR), which has already been proved to be useful and effective in other diseases such as COPD, could play a pivotal role. The aim of this review article is, therefore, to analyze the pertinent data recently reported in English literature in order to highlight the role of rehabilitation as complementary therapy in the management of patients with NSCLC. The evidence currently available suggests that, when surgery is indicated, PR is a safe and feasible option, both during pre-operative and post-operative timing.The safety and feasibility of rehabilitation are proven even in inoperable patients, although to date, little evidence has been reported on its role in the overall management of such complex diseases.

Abstract Study question How should acupuncture be rated on the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority traffic light scheme for IVF add-ons? Summary answer Randomised controlled trials examining the possible effects of acupuncture on IVF success rates are conflicting, and acupuncture should be rated amber. What is known already The use of complementary therapies in assisted reproduction and IVF has become increasingly more commonplace in recent years. Patients seeking to maximise their chances of conception are often interested in purchasing additional treatments (termed ‘add-ons’) to augment their treatment cycle, often at a high price even in the absence of robust underlying evidence. The use of acupuncture is popular due to putative holistic benefits including stress reduction, and the perceived lack of side-effects and minimal invasiveness. The HFEA traffic light system has not yet rated any complementary therapies, even though these are promoted by fertility clinics. Study design, size, duration A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture during IVF treatment was conducted. A literature search for acupuncture studies was conducted on the PubMed database and the University College London (UCL) library database. Search terms used were “acupuncture” paired with “IVF”, “in vitro fertilisation”, “assisted reproduction” and “RCT”. Study quality and variance in treatment protocols were assessed, to understand both any evidence and its quality. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA. Participants/materials, setting, methods The UCL library database yielded 403 individual search results and PubMed database yielded 47. Papers were screened and sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion: publication in English, in an English-language journal; RCT; intervention administered during IVF; either pregnancy rate (PR), ongoing/clinical PR or live birth rate (LBR) reported. Exclusion: reviews; not in English; not RCT; above outcomes not reported. Main results and the role of chance After final screening, a total of 34 acupuncture RCTs were included in the review and meta-analysis. The sample sizes of the studies analysed ranged from 44 to 809 (median 162). Only a minority of studies (18%, 6/34) involved blinding of both assessor and participant, while foregoing incorporation of blinding into study design was most common (44%, 15/34 studies). There was little consistency regarding the timing of acupuncture treatment during the IVF protocol across RCTs. A total of 21/34 studies (62%) had a protocol involving acupuncture administration before and after the embryo transfer procedure on the day of transfer. The number of needle insertions during the treatment protocols ranged from 5–13 (mean 8.7). Manual acupuncture only was performed in 8/34 (24%) of studies and 26/34 (76%) utilised electrical stimulation of at least some of the acupuncture needles. Out of 34 RCTs, only 10/34 studies (29%) reported LBR. The meta-analysis included all identified RCTs. The most clinically relevant outcome measure reported in each study found a slight benefit of acupuncture for overall IVF success (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.13–1.65) however the effect was diluted when only comparing studies reporting LBR (OR 1.14 ,95% CI 0.81–1.61). Limitations, reasons for caution Methodological heterogeneity of acupuncture RCTs in IVF (needling location, stimulation, retention time, repetition and timing) complicates data pooling. Underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of action are still being clarified and may help delineate optimal regimens, potentially tailored to individual causes of infertility. Treatment safety and potential for worse outcomes must be considered. Wider implications of the findings: Complementary therapies are a popular add-on for IVF treatment but assessing them from a robust biomedical perspective is challenging due to issues with study design (including controls), study quality and general attitudes. For acupuncture, future research should arguably focus on biomedical perspectives and shift away from Traditional Chinese Medicine philosophies. Trial registration number Not applicable

Em 2017, integrantes do grupo de pesquisa Letramentos em inglês: língua, literatura e cultura (Linc) da Universidade Federal de Sergipe realizou um projeto de extensão voltado para professores de inglês da educação básica. Dividido em quatro módulos ao longo do ano, o projeto “Formação continuada de professores de inglês como língua adicional” tinha como objetivo ampliar as oportunidades de ensino e aprendizagem de língua inglesa como prática social. Com base nas ações desenvolvidas ao longo de dois dos módulos ofertados, English through New Literacies e English Language Materials, bem como em apresentações feitas por dois professores de inglês da rede pública em um evento na universidade, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo (re)pensar criticamente as propostas do curso a partir dos relatos das experiências desses dois professores. Para isso, fazemos uso de referenciais teóricos tais como letramentos, multimodalidade, educação linguística crítica, entre outros. Nesse processo, um dos aspectos que chamaram a nossa atenção é o fato de que repensar a formação (continuada) de professores de línguas em uma perspectiva crítica ainda é um grande desafio, já que é preciso (re)pensar constantemente os caminhos e não voltar para o caminho mais conhecido, mais confortável, que aponta a direção certa ou errada, desconsiderando os diferentes contextos em que uma aula de inglês acontece.

The compulsion to work has clearly become pathological in modern industrial societies. Millions of people are working long hours, devoting their lives to making or doing things that will not enrich their lives or make them happier but will add to the garbage and pollution that the earth is finding difficult to accommodate. They are so busy doing this that they have little time to spend with their family and friends, to develop other aspects of themselves, to participate in their communities as full citizens. Unless the work/consume treadmill is overcome there is little hope for the planet. The work ethic, and the corresponding respect accorded to those who accumulate wealth, are socially constructed but rapidly becoming dysfunctional for social and environmental welfare. Much has been written about the role of Protestant preachers in the rise of the work ethic but the continued reinforcement of a secular work ethic owes much to literature, particularly self-help books and children's literature of the nineteenth century, which promoted work as a route to success and a sign of good character. In the centuries following the Protestant reformation the emphasis on work as a religious calling was gradually superseded by a materialistic quest for social mobility and material success. This success-oriented work ethic encouraged ambition, hard work, self-reliance, and self-discipline and held out the promise that such effort would be materially rewarded. Through example and reiteration, the myth that any man, no matter what his origins, could become rich if he tried hard enough became firmly established. The self-made man owed his advancement to habits of industry, sobriety, moderation, self-discipline, and avoidance of debt (Beder). In early America the middle classes "controlled the major institutions of social influence" the schools, churches, factories, political offices and publishing companies and used them to propagate work values (Cherrington 32-3). Their children learned the value of hard work from their parents and this was reinforced by school teachers, classroom readers and popular books. Benjamin Franklin was one of the best-known early propagators of work values. Poor Richard and Franklin's autobiography sold millions of copies at the time and was translated into many languages for sale abroad. In his books he urged thrift, industry, pursuit of money and hard work. "Newspapers, books, interviews, speeches, and literature abounded with praise of the successful who had made it on their own" (Bernstein 141). Success was defined in terms of doing well in business and making lots of money. Owning one's own business was supposed to be a route to success that was open to all, as Abraham Lincoln explained in an 1861 speech to Congress: "The prudent, penniless beginner in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land for himself, then labors on his own account for awhile, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This is a just, and generous, and prosperous system; which opens the way to all gives hope to all, and consequent energy and progress, and improvement of conditions to all." (qtd. in Chinoy 4) The earliest textbooks published in America promoted work values as part of good character and the formula to success. These included the Peter Parley books first published by Samuel Goodrich during the 1820s and 30s (Peter Parley was a pseudonym). Goodrich wrote some 150 children's books beginning with Tales of Peter Parley about America. The Parley books covered geography, history, commerce and even mathematics. McGuffey's Eclectic Readers were the standard English textbooks in American schools from 1830s through to 1920s. They were first published in 1836 and became perhaps the most widely read children's books in the 19th century with 122 million copies of the six readers sold to an estimated four fifths of US school children (Cherrington 36). American children learned to read and write using these books, which also taught middle-class values including the work ethic and success through hard work: "Work, work, my boy, be not afraid; Look labor boldly in the face" (qtd. in Bernstein 161). They are again being promoted today by conservative groups in the US (see for example http://www.liberty-tree.org/ltn/mcguffeys-reader.html and http://www.aobs-store.com/reviews/mcguffey.htm). American story books also taught work values. Horatio Alger (1832-99) was one of the most prolific American writers. He wrote some 130 books that taught work values to young boys. Twenty million copies of Alger's books were sold with titles such as Strive and Succeed, Ragged Dick, Mark the Matchboy, Risen from the Ranks, Bound to Rise. They typically told of poor boys who became self-made men through their own efforts and perseverance. In the twentieth century children continued to learn at school about how various successful businessmen had started from humble origins. From the 1940s the American Schools and Colleges Association presented an annual "Horatio Alger Award" to businessmen whose "rise to success symbolizes the tradition of starting from scratch under our system of free competitive enterprise" (Chinoy 1) and there are still a range of Alger associations and awards current today (see for example http://www.ihot.com/~has/ and http://www.horatioalger.com/). Self-help books supplemented fiction in showing the way to success. Books at the turn of the 20th century with names such as The Conquest of Poverty, Pushing to the Front, Success under Difficulty, all preached the message of how any motivated, hard-working individual could overcome life's obstacles. Work as a route to success was also promoted in Britain in books, newspapers and official reports. Workers were urged to work hard towards success, to be independent and raise themselves above their lowly stations in life through saving, striving, and industriousness. Nineteenth century organisations such as the Bettering Society promoted thrift and self-improvement and criticised measures to aid the poor (Roach 69). Samuel Smiles was one of the foremost advocates of "the spirit of self-help". His 1859 book Self-Help argued: "In many walks of life drudgery and toil must be cheerfully endured as the necessary discipline of life... He who allows his application to falter, or shirks his work on frivolous pretexts, is on the sure road to ultimate failure... even men with the commonest brains and the most slender powers will accomplish much..." (qtd. in Ward 22-3) The myth of the self-made man was also evident in popular music hall songs in the 19th century, such as Work Boys Work by Harry Clifton (1824-1872): ...labour leads to wealth and will keep you in good health, so its best to be contented with your lot. Whilst it was true that some of the early English manufacturers started off as workers themselves, they tended to come from the middle classes and as time went by the opportunity for working people to become capitalists were reduced as the income gap between capitalists and workers broadened. In fact the much publicised gospel of improvement and self-help served only to obscure the very limited prospects and achievements of the self-made men within early and later Victorian society, and investigations of the steel and hosiery industries, for instance, have shown how little recruitment occurred from the ranks of the workers to those of the entrepreneurs. (Thomis 86) However, there were enough oft-repeated stories of individuals moving from poverty to wealth to keep alive, at least in the minds of the well-to-do, the idea that hard work could lead from rags-to-riches, despite this not being the case for the vast majority of people who were born in poverty and died in poverty after a life time of hard work (Furnham 198). In this way the affluent were able to feel comfortable about poverty in their midst, blaming it on individual weakness rather than societal failings. In Britain, as in America, the myth of the self-made man persisted in children's literature into the twentieth century. Academic Philip Cohen noted: When I was growing up in the early 1950s it was still possible to get given 'improving books' for one's birthday, consisting of biographies of self-made men, engineers, inventors, industrialists, entrepreneurs, philanthropists and the like. These men, and they were all men, had usually lived in the 'heroic' age of nineteenth-century capitalism and the books themselves were clearly prepared for the edification of the young. (Cohen 61) The contemporary reception by audiences of the texts discussed in this article is unknown. In particular, the degree to which children were able to resist the none too subtle moral lessons contained in their texts and stories is a question requiring empirical research that has yet to be carried out. However, it is evident that the promotion of the work ethic has been a successful enterprise and this article has shown that 19thcentury books played an active part in that. Although not everyone subscribes to the work ethic today, the myth of the self-made man remains a myth in most English speaking countries, even though the disparities between rich and poor are widening and it is becoming more and more difficult for the poor to become rich through talent, effort and opportunities. Despite the dysfunctionality of the work ethic it continues to be promoted and praised, accepted and acquiesced to. It is one of the least challenged aspects of industrial culture. Yet it is based on myths and fallacies which provide legitimacy for gross social inequalities. If we are to protect the planet and our social health we need to find new ways of judging and valuing each other which are not work and income dependent. References Beder, Sharon. Selling the Work Ethic: From puritan pulpit to corporate PR. London: Zed Books, 2000. Bernstein, Paul. American Work Values: Their Origin and Development. Albany, NY: State U of New York P, 1997. Cherrington, David J. The Work Ethic: Working Values and Values that Work. New York: AMACON, 1980. Chinoy, Ely. Automobile Workers and the American Dream. 2nd ed. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1992. Cohen, Philip. "Teaching Enterprise Culture: Individualism, Vocationalism and the New Right." The Social Effects of Free Market Policies: An International Text. Ed. Ian Taylor. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990. 49-91. Furnham, Adrian. The Protestant Work Ethic: The Psychology of Work-Related Beliefs and Behaviours. London: Routledge, 1990. Roach, John. Social Reform in England 1780-1880. London: B T. Batsford, 1978. Thomis, Malcolm I. The Town Labourer and the Industrial Revolution. London: B.T.Batsford, 1974. Ward, J. T. The Age of Change 1770-1870. London: A&C Black, 1975. Links http://www.horatioalger.com/ http://www.aobs-store.com/reviews/mcguffey.htm http://www.ihot.com/~has/ http://www.liberty-tree.org/ltn/mcguffeys-reader.html Citation reference for this article MLA Style Beder, Sharon. "The Promotion of a Secular Work Ethic" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4.5 (2001). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Beder.xml >. Chicago Style Beder, Sharon, "The Promotion of a Secular Work Ethic" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4, no. 5 (2001), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Beder.xml > ([your date of access]). APA Style Beder, Sharon. (2001) The Promotion of a Secular Work Ethic. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Beder.xml > ([your date of access]).

If thinking about home necessitates thinking about “place, space, scale, identity and power,” as Alison Blunt and Robyn Dowling (2) suggest, then thinking about home themes in popular music makes no less a conceptual demand. Song lyrics and titles most often invoke dominant readings such as intimacy, privacy, nurture, refuge, connectedness and shared belonging, all issues found within Blunt and Dowling’s analysis. The spatial imaginary to which these authors refer takes vivid shape through repertoires of songs dealing with houses and other specific sites, vast and distant homelands, communities or, less tangibly, geographical or cultural settings where particular relationships can be found, supporting Blunt and Dowling’s major claim that home is complex, multi-scalar and multi-layered. Shelley Mallett’s claim that the term home “functions as a repository for complex, inter-related and at times contradictory socio-cultural ideas about people’s relationships with one another…and with places, spaces and things” (84) is borne out heavily by popular music where, for almost every sentiment that the term home evokes, it seems an opposite sentiment is evoked elsewhere: familiarity versus alienation, acceptance versus rejection, love versus loneliness. Making use of conceptual groundwork by Blunt and Dowling and by Mallett and others, the following discussion canvasses a range of meanings that home has had for a variety of songwriters, singers and audiences over the years. Intended as merely partial and exploratory rather than exhaustive, it provides some insights into contrasts, ironies and relationships between home and gender, diaspora and loss. While it cannot cover all the themes, it gives prominence to the major recurring themes and a variety of important contexts that give rise to these home themes. Most prominent among those songs dealing with home has been a nostalgia and yearning, while issues of how women may have viewed the home within which they have often been restricted to a narrowly defined private sphere are almost entirely absent. This serves as a reminder that, while some themes can be conducive to the medium of popular music, others may be significantly less so. Songs may speak directly of experience but not necessarily of all experiences and certainly not of all experiences equally. B. Lee Cooper claims “most popular culture ventures rely upon formula-oriented settings and phrasings to attract interest, to spur mental or emotional involvement” (93). Notions of home have generally proved both formulaic and emotionally-charged. Commonly understood patterns of meaning and other hegemonic references generally operate more successfully than alternative reference points. Those notions with the strongest cultural currency can be conveyed succinctly and denote widely agreed upon meanings. Lyrics can seldom afford to be deeply analytical but generally must be concise and immediately evocative. Despite that, this discussion will point to diverse meanings carried by songs about home. Blunt and Dowling point out that “a house is not necessarily nor automatically a home” (3). The differences are strongly apparent in music, with only a few songs relating to houses compared with homes. When Malvina Reynolds wrote in 1962 of “little boxes, on the hillside, little boxes made of ticky-tacky,” she was certainly referring to houses, not homes, thus making it easier to bypass the relationships which might have vested the inhabitants with more warmth and individuality than their houses, in this song about conformity and homogeneity. The more complex though elusive concept of home, however, is more likely to feature in love songs and to emanate from diasporal songs. Certainly these two genres are not mutually exclusive. Irish songs are particularly noteworthy for adding to the array of music written by, or representational of, those who have been forced away from home by war, poverty, strife or other circumstances. They manifest identities of displacement rather than of placement, as studied by Bronwen Walter, looking back at rather than from within their spatial imaginary. Phil Eva claims that during the 19th Century Irish émigrés sang songs of exile in Manchester’s streets. Since many in England’s industrial towns had been uprooted from their homes, the songs found rapport with street audiences and entered popular culture. For example, the song Killarney, of hazy origins but thought to date back to as early as 1850, tells of Killarney’s lakes and fells, Emerald isles and winding bays; Mountain paths and woodland dells… ...her [nature’s] home is surely there. As well as anthropomorphising nature and giving it a home, the song suggests a specifically geographic sense of home. Galway Bay, written by A. Fahy, does likewise, as do many other Irish songs of exile which link geography with family, kin and sometimes culture to evoke a sense of home. The final verse of Cliffs of Doneen gives a sense of both people and place making up home: Fare thee well to Doneen, fare thee well for a while And to all the kind people I’m leaving behind To the streams and the meadows where late I have been And the high rocky slopes round the cliffs of Doneen. Earlier Irish songs intertwine home with political issues. For example, Tho’ the Last Glimpse of Erin vows to Erin that “In exile thy bosum shall still be my home.” Such exile resulted from a preference of fleeing Ireland rather than bowing to English oppression, which then included a prohibition on Irish having moustaches or certain hairstyles. Thomas Moore is said to have set the words of the song to the air Coulin which itself referred to an Irish woman’s preference for her “Coulin” (a long-haired Irish youth) to the English (Nelson-Burns). Diasporal songs have continued, as has their political edge, as evidenced by global recognition of songs such as Bayan Ko (My Country), written by José Corazon de Jesus in 1929, out of love and concern for the Philippines and sung among Filipinos worldwide. Robin Cohen outlines a set of criteria for diaspora that includes a shared belief in the possibility of return to home, evident in songs such as the 1943 Welsh song A Welcome in the Hillside, in which a Welsh word translating roughly as a yearning to return home, hiraeth, is used: We’ll kiss away each hour of hiraeth When you come home again to Wales. However, the immensely popular I’ll Take You Home Again, Kathleen, not of Irish origin but written by Thomas Westendorf of Illinois in 1875, suggests that such emotions can have a resonance beyond the diaspora. Anti-colonial sentiments about home can also be expressed by long-time inhabitants, as Harry Belafonte demonstrated in Island in the Sun: This is my island in the sun Where my people have toiled since time begun. Though I may sail on many a sea, Her shores will always be home to me. War brought a deluge of sentimental songs lamenting separation from home and loved ones, just as likely to be parents and siblings as sweethearts. Radios allowed wider audiences and greater popularity for these songs. If separation had brought a longing previously, the added horrors of war presented a stronger contrast between that which the young soldiers were missing and that which they were experiencing. Both the First and Second World Wars gave rise to songs long since sung which originated in such separations, but these also had a strong sense of home as defined by the nationalism that has for over a century given the contours of expectations of soldiers. Focusing on home, these songs seldom speak of the details of war. Rather they are specific about what the singers have left behind and what they hope to return to. Songs of home did not have to be written specifically for the war effort nor for overseas troops. Irving Berlin’s 1942 White Christmas, written for a film, became extremely popular with US troops during WWII, instilling a sense of home that related to familiarities and festivities. Expressing a sense of home could be specific and relate to regions or towns, as did I’m Goin’ Back Again to Yarrawonga, or it could refer to any home, anywhere where there were sons away fighting. Indeed the American Civil War song When Johnny Comes Marching Home, written by Patrick Sarsfield Gilmour, was sung by both Northerners and Southerners, so adaptable was it, with home remarkably unspecified and undescribed. The 1914 British song Keep the Home Fires Burning by Ivor Novello and Lena Ford was among those that evoked a connection between home and the military effort and helped establish a responsibility on those at home to remain optimistic: Keep the Homes fires burning While your hearts are yearning, Though your lads are far away They dream of home, There’s a silver lining Through the dark clouds shining, Turn the dark clouds inside out, Till the boys come Home. No space exists in this song for critique of the reasons for war, nor of a role for women other than that of homemaker and moral guardian. It was women’s duty to ensure men enlisted and home was rendered a private site for emotional enlistment for a presumed public good, though ironically also a point of personal hope where the light of love burned for the enlistees’ safe return. Later songs about home and war challenged these traditional notions. Two serve as examples. One is Pink Floyd’s brief musical piece of the 1970s, Bring the Boys Back Home, whose words of protest against the American war on Viet Nam present home, again, as a site of safety but within a less conservative context. Home becomes implicated in a challenge to the prevailing foreign policy and the interests that influence it, undermining the normal public sphere/private sphere distinction. The other more complex song is Judy Small’s Mothers, Daughters, Wives, from 1982, set against a backdrop of home. Small eloquently describes the dynamics of the domestic space and how women understood their roles in relation to the First and Second World Wars and the Viet Nam War. Reinforcing that “The materialities and imaginaries of home are closely connected” (Blunt and Dowling 188), Small sings of how the gold frames held the photographs that mothers kissed each night And the doorframe held the shocked and silent strangers from the fight. Small provides a rare musical insight into the disjuncture between the men who left the domestic space and those who return to it, and we sense that women may have borne much of the brunt of those awful changes. The idea of domestic bliss is also challenged, though from the returned soldier’s point of view, in Redgum’s 1983 song I Was Only Nineteen, written by group member John Schuman. It touches on the tragedy of young men thrust into war situations and the horrific after-affects for them, which cannot be shrugged off on return to home. The nurturing of home has limits but the privacy associated with the domestic sphere has often concealed the violence and mental anguish that happens away from public view. But by this time most of the songs referring to home were dominated once more by sentimental love, often borne of travel as mobility rose. Journeys help “establish the thresholds and boundaries of home” and can give rise to “an idealized, ideological and ethnocentric view of home” (Mallett 78). Where previously songsters had sung of leaving home in exile or for escape from poverty, lyrics from the 1960s onwards often suggested that work had removed people from loved ones. It could be work on a day-by-day basis, as in A Hard Day’s Night from the 1964 film of the same name, where the Beatles illuminate differences between the public sphere of work and the private sphere to which they return: When I’m home, everything seems to be alright, When I’m home feeling you holding me tight, tight, yeah and reiterated by Paul McCartney in Every Night: And every night that day is through But tonight I just want to stay in And be with you. Lyrics such as these and McCartney’s call to be taken “...home to the Mull of Kintyre,” singled him out for his home-and-hearth messages (Dempsey). But work might involve longer absences and thus more deepfelt loneliness. Simon and Garfunkel’s exemplary Homeward Bound starkly portrays a site of “away-ness”: I’m sittin’ in the railway station, got a ticket for my destination… Mundaneness, monotony and predictability contrast with the home to which the singer’s thoughts are constantly escaping. The routine is familiar but the faces are those of strangers. Home here is, again, not simply a domicile but the warmth of those we know and love. Written at a railway station, Homeward Bound echoes sentiments almost identical to those of (Leaving on a) Jet Plane, written by John Denver at an airport in 1967. Denver also co-wrote (Take Me Home) Country Roads, where, in another example of anthropomorphism as a tool of establishing a strong link, he asks to be taken home to the place I belong West Virginia, mountain momma, Take me home, Country Roads. The theme has recurred in numerous songs since, spawning examples such as Darin and Alquist’s When I Get Home, Chris Daughtry’s Home, Michael Bublé’s Home and Will Smith’s Ain’t No Place Like Home, where, in an opening reminiscent of Homeward Bound, the singer is Sitting in a hotel room A thousand miles away from nowhere Sloped over a chair as I stare… Furniture from home, on the other hand, can be used to evoke contentment and bliss, as demonstrated by George Weiss and Bob Thiele’s song The Home Fire, in which both kin and the objects of home become charged with meaning: All of the folks that I love are there I got a date with my favourite chair Of course, in regard to earlier songs especially, while the traveller associates home with love, security and tenderness, back at home the waiting one may have had feelings more of frustration and oppression. One is desperate to get back home, but for all we know the other may be desperate to get out of home or to develop a life more meaningful than that which was then offered to women. If the lot of homemakers was invisible to national economies (Waring), it seemed equally invisible to mainstream songwriters. This reflects the tradition that “Despite home being generally considered a feminine, nurturing space created by women themselves, they often lack both authority and a space of their own within this realm” (Mallett 75). Few songs have offered the perspective of the one at home awaiting the return of the traveller. One exception is the Seekers’ 1965 A World of Our Own but, written by Tom Springfield, the words trilled by Judith Durham may have been more of a projection of the traveller’s hopes and expectations than a true reflection of the full experiences of housebound women of the day. Certainly, the song reinforces connections between home and intimacy and privacy: Close the door, light the lights. We’re stayin’ home tonight, Far away from the bustle and the bright city lights. Let them all fade away, just leave us alone And we’ll live in a world of our own. This also strongly supports Gaston Bachelard’s claim that one’s house in the sense of a home is one’s “first universe, a real cosmos” (qtd. in Blunt and Dowling 12). But privacy can also be a loneliness when home is not inhabited by loved ones, as in the lyrics of Don Gibson’s 1958 Oh, Lonesome Me, where Everybody’s going out and having fun I’m a fool for staying home and having none. Similar sentiments emerge in Debbie Boone’s You Light up My Life: So many nights I’d sit by my window Waiting for someone to sing me his song. Home in these situations can be just as alienating as the “away” depicted as so unfriendly by Homeward Bound’s strangers’ faces and the “million people” who still leave Michael Bublé feeling alone. Yet there are other songs that depict “away” as a prison made of freedom, insinuating that the lack of a home and consequently of the stable love and commitment presumably found there is a sad situation indeed. This is suggested by the lilting tune, if not by the lyrics themselves, in songs such as Wandrin’ Star from the musical Paint Your Wagon and Ron Miller’s I’ve Never Been to Me, which has both a male and female version with different words, reinforcing gendered experiences. The somewhat conservative lyrics in the female version made it a perfect send-up song in the 1994 film Priscilla: Queen of the Desert. In some songs the absentee is not a traveller but has been in jail. In Tie a Yellow Ribbon round the Ole Oak Tree, an ex-inmate states “I’m comin’ home. I’ve done my time.” Home here is contingent upon the availability and forgivingness of his old girl friend. Another song juxtaposing home with prison is Tom Jones’ The Green, Green Grass of Home in which the singer dreams he is returning to his home, to his parents, girlfriend and, once again, an old oak tree. However, he awakes to find he was dreaming and is about to be executed. His body will be taken home and placed under the oak tree, suggesting some resigned sense of satisfaction that he will, after all, be going home, albeit in different circumstances. Death and home are thus sometimes linked, with home a euphemism for the former, as suggested in many spirituals, with heaven or an afterlife being considered “going home”. The reverse is the case in the haunting Bring Him Home of the musical Les Misérables. With Marius going off to the barricades and the danger involved, Jean Valjean prays for the young man’s safe return and that he might live. Home is connected here with life, safety and ongoing love. In a number of songs about home and absence there is a sense of home being a place where morality is gently enforced, presumably by women who keep men on the straight and narrow, in line with one of the women’s roles of colonial Australia, researched by Anne Summers. These songs imply that when men wander from home, their morals also go astray. Wild Rover bemoans Oh, I’ve been a wild rover for many a year, and I’ve spent all my money on whiskey and beer… There is the resolve in the chorus, however, that home will have a reforming influence. Gene Pitney’s Twenty-Four Hours from Tulsa poses the dangers of distance from a wife’s influence, while displaying opposition to the sentimental yearning of so many other songs: Dearest darlin’, I have to write to say that I won’t be home anymore ‘cause something happened to me while I was drivin’ home And I’m not the same anymore Class as well as gender can be a debated issue in meanings attached to home, as evident in several songs that take a more jaundiced view of home, seeing it as a place from which to escape. The Animals’ powerful We Gotta Get Outta This Place clearly suggests a life of drudgery in a home town or region. Protectively, the lyrics insist “Girl, there’s a better life for me and you” but it has to be elsewhere. This runs against the grain of other British songs addressing poverty or a working class existence as something that comes with its own blessings, all to do with an area identified as home. These traits may be loyalty, familiarity or a refusal to judge and involve identities of placement rather than of displacement in, for instance, Gerry and the Pacemakers’ Ferry Cross the Mersey: People around every corner, they seem to smile and say “We don’t care what your name is, boy. We’ll never send you away.” This bears out Blunt and Dowling’s claim that “people’s senses of themselves are related to and produced through lived and metaphorical experiences of home” (252). It also resonates with some of the region-based identity and solidarity issues explored a short time later by Paul Willis in his study of working class youth in Britain, which help to inform how a sense of home can operate to constrict consciousness, ideas and aspirations. Identity features strongly in other songs about home. Several years after Neil Young recorded his 1970 song Southern Man about racism in the south of the USA, the group Lynyrd Skynyrd, responded with Sweet Home Alabama. While the meaning of its lyrics are still debated, there is no debate about the way in which the song has been embraced, as I recently discovered first-hand in Tennessee. A banjo-and-fiddle band performing the song during a gig virtually brought down the house as the predominantly southern audience clapped, whopped and stamped its feet. The real meanings of home were found not in the lyrics but in the audience’s response. Wally Johnson and Bob Brown’s 1975 Home Among the Gum Trees is a more straightforward ode to home, with lyrics that prescribe a set of non-commodified values. It is about simplicity and the right to embrace a lifestyle that includes companionship, leisure and an enjoyment of and appreciation of nature, all threatened seriously in the three decades since the song’s writing. The second verse in which large shopping complexes – and implicitly the consumerism they encourage – are eschewed (“I’d trade it all tomorrow for a little bush retreat where the kookaburras call”), is a challenge to notions of progress and reflects social movements of the day, The Green Bans Movement, for instance, took a broader and more socially conscientious attitude towards home and community, putting forward alternative sets of values and insisting people should have a say in the social and aesthetic construction of their neighbourhoods as well as the impacts of their labour (Mundey). Ironically, the song has gone on to become the theme song for a TV show about home gardens. With a strong yet more vague notion of home, Peter Allen’s I Still Call Australia Home, was more prone to commodification and has been adopted as a promotional song for Qantas. Nominating only the desire to travel and the love of freedom as Australian values, both politically and socially innocuous within the song’s context, this catchy and uplifting song, when not being used as an advertisement, paradoxically works for a “diaspora” of Australians who are not in exile but have mostly travelled for reasons of pleasure or professional or financial gain. Another paradox arises from the song Home on the Range, dating back to the 19th century at a time when the frontier was still a strong concept in the USA and people were simultaneously leaving homes and reminiscing about home (Mechem). Although it was written in Kansas, the lyrics – again vague and adaptable – were changed by other travellers so that versions such as Colorado Home and My Arizona Home soon abounded. In 1947 Kansas made Home on the Range its state song, despite there being very few buffalo left there, thus highlighting a disjuncture between the modern Kansas and “a home where the buffalo roam” as described in the song. These themes, paradoxes and oppositional understandings of home only scratch the surface of the wide range of claims that are made on home throughout popular music. It has been shown that home is a flexible concept, referring to homelands, regions, communities and private houses. While predominantly used to evoke positive feelings, mostly with traditional views of the relationships that lie within homes, songs also raise challenges to notions of domesticity, the rights of those inhabiting the private sphere and the demarcation between the private and public spheres. Songs about home reflect contexts and challenges of their respective eras and remind us that vigorous discussion takes place about and within homes. The challenges are changing. Where many women once felt restrictively tied to the home – and no doubt many continue to do so – many women and men are now struggling to rediscover spatial boundaries, with production and consumption increasingly impinging upon relationships that have so frequently given the term home its meaning. With evidence that we are working longer hours and that home life, in whatever form, is frequently suffering (Beder, Hochschild), the discussion should continue. In the words of Sam Cooke, Bring it on home to me! References Bacheland, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1994. Beder, Sharon. Selling the Work Ethic: From Puritan Pulpit to Corporate PR. London: Zed Books, 2000. Blunt, Alison, and Robyn Dowling. Home. London: Routledge, 2006. Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1997. Cooper, B. Lee. “Good Timin’: Searching for Meaning in Clock Songs.” Popular Music and Society 30.1 (Feb. 2007): 93-106. Dempsey, J.M. “McCartney at 60: A Body of Work Celebrating Home and Hearth.” Popular Music and Society 27.1 (Feb. 2004): 27-40. Eva, Phil. “Home Sweet Home? The Culture of ‘Exile’ in Mid-Victorian Popular Song.” Popular Music 16.2 (May 1997): 131-150. Hochschild, Arlie. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan/Holt, 1997. Mallett, Sonia. “Understanding Home: A Critical Review of the Literature.” The Sociological Review 52.1 (2004): 62-89. Mechem, Kirke, “The Story of ‘Home on the Range’.” Reprint from the Kansas Historical Quarterly (Nov. 1949). Topeka, Kansas: Kansas State Historical Society. 28 May 2007 http://www.emporia.edu/cgps/tales/nov2003.html>. Mundey, Jack. Green Bans and Beyond. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1981. Nelson-Burns, Lesley. Folk Music of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and America. 29 May 2007 http://www.contemplator.com/ireland/thoerin.html>. Summers, Anne. 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