Artículos de revistas: "Primitive reflex"

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Scherzer, Alfred L. "Primitive Reflex Profile". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 27, n.º 1 (12 de noviembre de 2008): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1985.tb04532.x.

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Stephens-Sarlós, Erzsébet. "The relationship between primitive reflex profile and development of vestibular maturity in early school years". Exercise and Quality of Life 16, n.º 2 (6 de diciembre de 2024): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.241202.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Previous research indicates that vestibular perception is related to muscle tone regulation. Muscle tone influences auditory and visual perception. Research findings suggest that the functioning of primitive reflexes affects the maturation and condition of the vestibular organ. The goal of the study is to examine whether the primitive reflex profile can be influenced by appropriate exercises and whether inhibition of persistent primitive reflexes affects vestibular functions. The sample consisted of 506 children aged 5&ndash;8 years (237 boys and 269 girls). In kindergartens and schools, 443 participants performed reflex inhibition exercises 3&ndash;5 times a week for 7 months. A control group of 63 individuals attended only regular PE lessons. Input and output results were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, and effect sizes were calculated. Input primitive reflex profile and vestibular maturity: not significant. Effect size: primitive reflex profile: 0.109; vestibular maturity: 0.052. Output: primitive reflex profile: p &lt;0.001; vestibular maturity: p &lt;0.001. Effect size: primitive reflex profile: 0.572; vestibular maturity: 0.306. The results obtained with appropriate non-parametric measurements show that children participating in the intervention achieved statistically significantly higher scores in all tested variables of primitive reflex profile and vestibular maturity compared to the control group. The children in the intervention group showed significant improvement in both primitive reflex profile and vestibular maturity: p &lt;0.001; effect size: primitive reflex profile: 0.714; effect size: vestibular maturity: 0.664; while there was no significant improvement in the control group: effect size primitive reflex profile: 0.01; vestibular maturity: 0.06. We found a strong, significant correlation between the inhibition of primitive reflexes and vestibular maturity: r=0.000; rho (&rho;)=0.000. Based on this study we recommend incorporating these exercises into physical education for 5&ndash;8-year-old children.</p>

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Calvin, Nicholas y Yetty Ramli. "Detecting neurodevelopmental problems in children aged 1-5 years using the simple parent-reported screening tool in combination with primitive reflex assessment". Paediatrica Indonesiana 60, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2020): 31–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi60.1.2020.31-6.

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Background The Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan/DPsQ (Developmental Pre-screening Questionnaire/DPsQ) is a series of questions and instructions used as a developmental screening tool for children aged 3 months to 6 years. However, the DPsQ cannot fully detect the soft signs of future neurological disorders. However, the retained primitive reflex assessment as an adjunct to the DPsQ may be useful for such detection. Objective To determine whether assessing for retained primitive reflexes can add to the usefulness of DPsQ as a neurodevelopmental screen in children aged 1 to 5 years. Methods This cross-sectional study included children aged 1-5 years. Developmental screening was done using the DPsQ and retained primitive reflex assessment was performed using the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) screening and scoring guideline. Results Of 46 subjects, 56.8% of children with normal DPsQ scores had not retained primitive reflexes, while 88.9% of children with suspect DPsQ score had retained primitive reflexes. Hence, children with suspect DPsQ score had a 10.5 times higher chance of retaining primitive reflexes (OR 10.50; 95%CI 1.19 to 92.73; P=0.034). Furthermore, 66.7-77.8% of children with suspect DPsQ score had retained the Moro reflex, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), and symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR). Neither gender nor age were significantly associated with either suspect DPsQ score or the presence of retained primitive reflexes. Conclusion The DPsQ results correlate to integration of primitive reflexes, with 10.50 greater odds of children with ‘suspect’ DPsQ scores to have retained primitive reflexes. As such, retained primitive reflexes is not useful as a primary screen for future neurological problems. However, a high percentage of children (43.2%) with normal DPsQ scores also have retained primitive reflexes.

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Dr.Heena Pranavsinh Rathod, Dr. Anil Kumar Mishra y Dr. Sneha Somrajan. "Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: Persistence of Primitive Reflexes and Related Motor Activity Issues". International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 6, n.º 07 (13 de julio de 2024): 2170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0318.

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To identify which primitive reflex is higher and its associated problem with motor performance in children with ADHD.14 children with ADHD (4–6 years old) from pediatric clinic of Surat were checked for the presence of the asymmetric tonic neck reﬂex, symmetric tonic neck reﬂex, tonic labyrinthine reﬂex, Palmer, Galant, and Moro reflex test method given by sally Goddard. Motor skills were checked with the motor proficiency test (MOT 4–6 test) in those18 tasks. A child with ADHD has reflex activity in the following areas: ATNR right (42.9%), Galan right (21.4%), STNR extension (28.6%), and Moro (35.7%). Motor skills are inversely related to retained permeative reflex. ADHD Children with increased reflex activity facing difficulty on the MOT test. This study shows that ADHD symptoms are closely linked with persistence of primitive reflexes. The association between persisting primitive reflexes and motor skills suggests that ADHD symptoms may represent a compensation for unfinished developmental phases related to declining reflexes.

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Hendrik, H. D. "Sucking-pads and primitive sucking reflex". Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 6, n.º 4 (2013): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/npm-1372413.

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DUBOWITZ, V. "How primitive is the Moro reflex?" European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 1, n.º 5-6 (1997): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(97)80034-7.

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Katona, Ferenc. "How primitive is the Moro reflex?" European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2, n.º 2 (enero de 1998): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(98)80050-0.

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Capute, Arnold J., Bruce K. Shapiro, Pasquale J. Accardo, Renee C. Wachtel, Alan Ross y Frederick B. Palmer. "Motor Functions: Associated Primitive Reflex Profiles". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 24, n.º 6 (12 de noviembre de 2008): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1982.tb13677.x.

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Futagi, Yasuyuki, Yasuhisa Toribe y Yasuhiro Suzuki. "The Grasp Reflex and Moro Reflex in Infants: Hierarchy of Primitive Reflex Responses". International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/191562.

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The plantar grasp reflex is of great clinical significance, especially in terms of the detection of spasticity. The palmar grasp reflex also has diagnostic significance. This grasp reflex of the hands and feet is mediated by a spinal reflex mechanism, which appears to be under the regulatory control of nonprimary motor areas through the spinal interneurons. This reflex in human infants can be regarded as a rudiment of phylogenetic function. The absence of the Moro reflex during the neonatal period and early infancy is highly diagnostic, indicating a variety of compromised conditions. The center of the reflex is probably in the lower region of the pons to the medulla. The phylogenetic meaning of the reflex remains unclear. However, the hierarchical interrelation among these primitive reflexes seems to be essential for the arboreal life of monkey newborns, and the possible role of the Moro reflex in these newborns was discussed in relation to the interrelationship.

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Muji Murtiningsih, Yuly Peristiowati, Agusta Dian Ellina, Nurwijayanti y Ratna Wardani. "Effect of ATNR (Asymetrical Tonic Neck Reflexs) Primitive Reflexs on Postural Control and Focus of Children Aged 5-8 Years at the Touch Care Mataram Physiotherapy Clinic". Journal Of Nursing Practice 8, n.º 2 (30 de enero de 2025): 448–54. https://doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v8i2.733.

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Background: Primitive reflexes affect emotional development, because in a healthy and well-developed brain, the baby will slowly integrate primitive reflexes naturally into a mature developed reflex pattern. In early childhood, children have begun to enter early childhood education, and the occurrence of postural disorders can occur due to the use of the wrong backpack, various types of movement behavior, physical activity and sports including genetic factors. Purpose: Analyze the effect of ATNR primitive reflex on postural control and focus of children aged 5-8 years at Touch Care physiotherapy clinic. Methods: Quantitative design with a cross sectional approach. This study was conducted at the Touchcare Mataram Physiotherapy clinic with a population of children aged 5-8 years who came to the TouchCare physiotherapy clinic to examine / consult. Sample determination using purposive sampling with the results of 102 children. Results: The results of the study based on hypothesis testing were 0.011 for postural control, which means that there is an effect of ATNR primitive reflexes on postural control in children aged 5-8 years. The focus variable has a significance level of 0.647, which means that the ATNR variable has no effect on the focus of children aged 5-8 years. The posture variable has a significance level of 0.155, which means that the ATNR primitive reflex variable has no effect on the posture of children aged 5-8 years. Conclusion: There is an influence between ATNR primitive reflex with postural control, posture and focus of children aged 5-8 years at Touchcare Mataram Physiotherapy clinic.

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Bogdanoviča, Irina y Viesturs Lāriņš. "CASE STUDY OF PRIMITIVE REFLEXES IMPACT ON SWIMMING SKILL ACQUISITION BY HEALTHY CHILDREN". SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (20 de mayo de 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol6.5180.

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Primitive reflexes is an automatic muscle reactions which are only present in the first few months, but can remain active in healthy children, thus, impacting on motor proficiency. There is little evidence how primitive reflexes influence on swimming skills acquisition by healthy children. The aim of the study is to examine how primitive reflexes influence swimming skills acquisition by healthy children. Subjects: two 7-year-old girls. Methods: Checklists by Oh et al., (2011) were used to evaluate swimming skill proficiency at swimming lesson 8 and 16. The results were represented as a percentage of the possible maximal score. The testing of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex, and the tonic labyrinthine reflex was done using Blythe’s, 5-point rating scale. The analysis was carried out using descriptive method. The first girl showed two reflexes at level 1, while the second girl demonstrated all tested reflexes at level 1, 2 and 3. The girl with less total score of reflexes (8%) achieved a better level of swimming proficiency (from 73% to 77%) than the girl with higher (25%) severity of these reflex (from 21% to 33%.). The obteined data evidence about influence of primitive reflexes on swimming skill acquisition by healthy children.

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J Stokey, Phillip, Sreeram Ravi y Nabil A Ebraheim. "Moro Reflex: A Mini Review of Literature". Journal of Clinical Surgery and Research 3, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2022): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-2757/035.

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The Moro reflex is an infantile primitive reflex that is normally present in all infants and newborns. The Moro reflex is normally seen at birth and it is an involuntary response to stimulation or abrupt body displacement. The reflex was first described by Austrian pediatrician Ernst Moro in 1918. It develops between the 28 and 32 weeks of gestation and disappears at 3-6 months of age. Abnormalities of the Moro reflex is highly specific for a variety of perinatal injuries and defects.

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Kalemba, Agata, Maria Lorent, Sally Goddard Blythe y Ewa Gieysztor. "The Correlation between Residual Primitive Reflexes and Clock Reading Difficulties in School-Aged Children—A Pilot Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 3 (28 de enero de 2023): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032322.

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The aim of the pilot project was to research relationships between the occurrence and level of intensity of primitive reflexes in primary school children, the ability to read an analogue clock and to tell the time. A group of 28 children (14 girls and 14 boys) who attended Montessori Primary School was examined. In the first stage, participants were assessed for the presence of five primitive reflexes (PR): the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR), spinal Galant reflex, tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) and Palmar grasp reflex. Romberg’s test was employed to identify signs of difficulties with control of balance and/or proprioception. In the second stage, pupils underwent tests that challenged their ability to read a clock and calculate passing time. After summing up points obtained for all tests, a correlation coefficient was made from which the results were derived. There is a negative correlation between the ability to read an analogue clock and the continued presence of some primitive reflexes. Lower neuromotor maturity (higher points of PR) correlates with lower ability to read a clock. The highest correlations between difficulty with telling the time were found with persistence of the STNR, ATNR and Romberg’s test.

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Richards, Lorie, Ryan Avery, Sarah Gray y Robin Price. "Relationship of Retained Primitive Reflexes and Handwriting Difficulty in Elementary-Age Children". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, Supplement_1 (1 de julio de 2022): 7610505010p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2022.76s1-rp10.

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Abstract Date Presented 04/03/2022 OTs often address handwriting difficulties. Primitive reflex retention may interfere with handwriting development. In a cross-sectional study, we explored a possible relationship between reflex retention and handwriting difficulties among 74 children ages 7-9 years. We found that more children with handwriting difficulties had reflex retention, and reflex retention was associated with handwriting ability, after controlling for vision, implying a likely need to address reflex integration. Primary Author and Speaker: Lorie Richards Contributing Authors: Ryan Avery, Sarah Gray, Robin Price

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Matuszkiewicz, Maria y Tadeusz Gałkowski. "Developmental Language Disorder and Uninhibited Primitive Reflexes in Young Children". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2021): 935–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00423.

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Purpose Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a developmental disorder where children fail to acquire language in the absence of a clear cause. Many studies have reported general motor deficits in children with DLD, but no studies have uncovered a cure. The purpose of our study is to better understand the underlying motor deficits in DLD, starting from uninhibited primary reflexes—which are the most basic stage of motor development. Knowledge of this motor–language relationship should lead to earlier and more targeted interventions in young children with DLD. Method Children with DLD ( n = 75, age range: 4–10 years) and 99 age-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a nonword repetition test to assess DLD and six other tests to assess primitive reflexes. Results Children with DLD demonstrated higher levels of persistent primitive reflexes compared to TD children. As the scores for neuromotor immaturity increased, nonword repetition test scores decreased ( r = −.44, p < .01). Results indicated that TD children exhibited lower neuromotor immaturity ( M = 7.63, SD = 3.75) compared to children with DLD ( M = 13.51, SD = 4.47). All primitive reflexes (the Moro reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex in flexion and in extension, the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the tonic labyrinthine reflex, and the Galant reflex) turned out to be statistically significantly different for the TD and DLD groups ( p < .001). We also observed some differences between sexes. Conclusions Children with impaired language development underwent slower neuromotor development. However, further research is needed to determine whether motor intervention programs that inhibit primitive reflexes are helpful for children with DLD.

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Sudo, Kazumasa, Tomokiho Matsuyama, Yoshiro Goto, Akihisa Matsumoto y Kunio Tashiro. "Elbow flexion response as another primitive reflex". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 56, n.º 2 (abril de 2002): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00941.x.

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Turner, C. y F. Schon. "Visually-evoked rooting, a fascinating primitive reflex". Practical Neurology 6, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.106443.

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Vlădăreanu, Liliana, Mădălina Gabriela Iliescu, Iulia Tania Andronache y Elena Danteș. "Persistence of Primitive Reflexes as Possible Predictive Factors for Progression, Prevention, and Early Rehabilitation Intervention in Idiopathic Scoliosis". Medicina 61, n.º 3 (28 de febrero de 2025): 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030427.

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Background and objectives: Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by a lateral curvature exceeding 10 degrees in the frontal plane accompanied by vertebral rotation in the transverse plane. Despite extensive research on genetic and neurological factors, its etiology is uncertain. This prospective observational study aims to investigate the relation between the primitive reflexes, specifically, the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), and spinal Galant reflex (SGR), which play key roles in early motor development and postural control and the severity of idiopathic scoliosis (measured via the Cobb angle and the Nash–Moe rotational quota. Additionally, the study evaluated whether the retention of primitive reflexes correlates with increased progression risk over 12 months of conservative treatment. Materials and Methods: Our study cohort included 162 patients, aged 7–19 years, diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis, who underwent clinical examination and assessment of retained primitive reflexes using standardized grading systems. Results: A total of 162 patients (95 girls, 67 boys; mean age: 12.73 ± 2.74 years) met the inclusion criteria. In 73.5% of the cases, scoliosis was detected, with the majority occurring in the dorsal region (40.1%). The mean initial Cobb angle was 13.49° ± 7.14°, with no significant change after 12 months of conservative treatment (p = 0.584). Nash–Moe rotation scores were 1 in 52.5% and 2 in 22% of the cases. Retention of the following primitive reflexes were identified at baseline: Moro (19.1%), ATNR (38.3%), STNR (44.4%), and GSR (27.8%). GSR retention significantly correlated with the Cobb angle (p = 0.011; R = 0.233). All the reflex scores decreased significantly after 12 months, but no correlation existed between the retained reflexes and scoliosis progression. Patients with a history of quadrupedal locomotion had significantly lower ATNR (p = 0.002), STNR (p < 0.001), and GSR (p = 0.017) retention. Conclusions: These findings suggest that primitive reflex testing could serve as an early screening tool in scoliosis risk stratification, being a cost-effective, non-invasive instrument for identifying at-risk children before clinically significant deformity develops.

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Camarda, Cecilia, Paola Torelli, Carmela Pipia, Delia Azzarello, Iacopo Battaglini, Gianluca Sottile, Giovanna Cilluffo y Rosolino Camarda. "Nociceptive Primitive Reflexes in Neurologically and Cognitively Healthy Aging Subjects". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 46, n.º 2 (14 de febrero de 2019): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.388.

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ABSTRACT:Background: To assess the prevalence of three nociceptive primitive reflexes (nPR), i.e., glabellar tap, snout reflex, and palmomental reflex, in neurologically and cognitively healthy (NCH) aging subjects. Objective: To investigate whether nPR are cross-sectionally associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, atrophy of the caudate nuclei, and global brain atrophy. Methods: A total of 1246 NCH subjects aged 45–91 years were included in the study and underwent standard brain MRI. Atrophy of the caudate nuclei and global brain atrophy were assessed through the bicaudate ratio (BCr) and lateral ventricles to brain ratio (LVBr), respectively. WMH were assessed through visual rating scales. Lacunes were also rated. Association of nPR with vascular risk factors/diseases and imaging findings was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: nPR were exhibited by 33.1% of subjects and increased with age. Subjects with nPR performed less than subjects without nPR in tests evaluating global cognition, executive functions, attention, and language. Snout reflex was the most common nPR, followed by glabellar tap and palmomental reflex. Glabellar tap was associated with parieto-temporal WMH, BCr, and LVBr; snout reflex was associated with frontal lacunes, temporal WMH, BCr, and LVBr; palmomental reflex was associated with parieto-occipital WMH, basal ganglia lacunes, BCr, and LVBr. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that in NCH aging individuals, nPR are associated with WMH, lacunes, BCr, and LVBr and are probably a warning sign of incipient cognitive decline. Therefore, NCH subjects presenting nPR should manage their vascular risk factors/vascular diseases rigorously in order to prevent or delay progression of small vessel disease, and future neurological and cognitive disabilities.

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Pecuch, Anna, Ewa Gieysztor, Ewelina Wolańska, Marlena Telenga y Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz. "Primitive Reflex Activity in Relation to Motor Skills in Healthy Preschool Children". Brain Sciences 11, n.º 8 (23 de julio de 2021): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11080967.

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Psychomotor development in the first year of life is possible due to activity and then integration of primitive (neonatal) reflexes. The presence of active primitive reflexes (APRs) in preschool and school-aged children indicates neuromotor immaturity. Studies show dependencies between the preserved activity of primary reflexes and developmental problems such as learning difficulties (problems with reading, writing, reduced mathematics skills, and dyslexia), difficulties with coordination, and attention deficit. The primary purpose of this study is to present the activity of three tonic reflexes in a sample of 112 Polish children aged 4–6 in relation to their motor skills. The children were examined for the presence of the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), and tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR). Motor performance was examined with the MOT 4–6. Statistical analysis shows an inverse correlation between the score in the test of reflexes and motor efficiency (MOT 4–6) at p < 0.05 (−0.33). Children with increased reflex activity presented a lower level of motor efficiency. The multiple regression model showed that with the older age of the child and the decrease in the level of reflex activity, the motor skills of children improve. Thus, there is a need for early screening of primitive reflexes in children. Properly selected exercises and therapeutic activities aimed at integrating APRs in children with developmental difficulties can improve their motor skills, perceptual abilities, and emotional behavior.

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Manojkumar Jaiswal y Rahul Morankar. "Understanding Primitive Reflexes and Their Role In Growth And Development: A Review". International Healthcare Research Journal 1, n.º 8 (10 de noviembre de 2017): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/01_08/123.

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Reflexes are set motor responses to specific sensory stimuli. In newborns and young infants these primitive reflexes are an important assessment tool. Children with a distinctive reflex are difficult to treat. This includes a large category in which primitive reflexes are retained longer than necessary. Certain reflexes may not appear at appropriate age of development. Many neurological conditions are characterized by aberrations in reflex actions. However, there is scarcity of data for high-risk infants pertaining to this topic. Dental treatment becomes challenging in these individuals and sometimes due to lack of compliance even necessary emergency dental treatment is difficult to carry out.

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Taiello, Alfonsa Claudia, Rossella Spataro y Vincenzo La Bella. "The Primitive Palmomental Reflex in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". European Neurology 79, n.º 3-4 (2018): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487993.

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Background and Purpose: The palmomental reflex (PMR) is a primitive reflex that might be released due to inhibition in adulthood. It has been associated with several neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of PMR in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Patients and Methods: Non-demented ALS patients (n = 179) were recruited. Two groups of disease controls were enrolled: (a) non-demented patients with other neurological disorders (NC; n = 86, mean age 60 ± 14 years); (b) healthy subjects, healthy controls (HC; n = 175, mean age 61 ± 12 years). PMR was elicited by a brisk stroke along the thenar eminence of the right hand with a key or a pen. Results: The PMR could be elicited in 46% of the ALS patients, compared to 29% of NC and 16% of HC (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that bulbar-onset and female gender are associated with an increased risk of PMR. Conclusion: We demonstrate a higher frequency of the PMR in ALS patients compared to NC or HC. Its expression increases with age, being higher in bulbar-onset patients. Given that the reflex circuit is located in the brain stem, its release due to inhibition might be associated to the presence of a cortico-bulbar tract dysfunction in ALS.

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Links, K. A., D. Merims, M. A. Binns, M. Freedman y T. W. Chow. "Prevalence of Primitive Reflexes and Parkinsonian Signs in Dementia". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2010): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100010763.

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Objective:Primitive reflexes and parkinsonian signs are used by clinicians to differentiate among dementias. We reviewed our clinical sample to determine whether primitive reflexes were more prevalent in frontally-based dementias and whether parkinsonian signs were more common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) than in other types of dementia.Design:We retrospectively reviewed charts from 204 patients with dementia who presented for consultation at Baycrest's Ross Memory Clinic between April, 2003, to December, 2007.Results:A greater proportion of subjects with DLB and dementia of the Alzheimer type with cardiovascular disease had primitive reflexes than subjects with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Primitive reflexes were not positively predictive of FTD or vascular dementia (VaD). Dementia with Lewy bodies subjects were more likely to have parkinsonian signs than the other dementias, and bradykinesia and rigidity were positively predictive of FTD. The palmomental reflex was the most common primitive reflex in the sample, and cogwheeling was the most common parkinsonian sign. There was no significant difference between early- and late-stage groups in presence of primitive reflexes or parkinsonian signs.Conclusions:Primitive reflexes appear not to be clinically discriminative of frontally-based dementias such as FTD and VaD.

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Lubis, Fithri Handayani, Bunga Mari Sembiring, Hengky Frengki Manulang, Herawati Bukit, Friska Ernita Sitorus y Alprindo Sembiring. "PENYULUHAN TENTANG PERTUMBUHAN FISIK DAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK ANAK DI KECAMATAN BIRU-BIRU". Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Putri Hijau 1, n.º 4 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpmph.v1i4.726.

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The physical and motor development of a child is influenced by many factors, one of which is the labor process. The labor process can be divided into two parts: natural delivery and caesarean section. During spontaneous labor, babies actively experience the labor reflex, but babies born by cesarean section do not experience the labor reflex. Early development of the adult infant brain is influenced by reflex mechanisms, including primitive intrauterine reflexes, birth reflexes, primitive postnatal reflexes, and natural reflexes. Indigenous reflexes, on average, were masked by functional exercise at 6 months of age. Persistent primitive reflexes indicate a developmental disorder. Motor development controls the development of body movements by coordinating the activities of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, and muscles. This control of movement is due to the development of reflexes that begin in the womb. The development of athletic achievement can be divided into two types. In other words, thorough motor skills and fine motor skills. Overall movement is an aspect of motor (movement) and postural (positional) development, and fine motor skills include mature motor function, good neuromuscular coordination, accurate visual function, and non-verbal intellectual skills.

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Landau, W. M. "Clinical Neuromythology IV -- Reflex dementia: Disinhibited primitive thinking". Neurology 39, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1989): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.39.1.133.

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Chikkanna, Somashekhar, Nagaraj M. V., Bhavana K. R. y Shwetha N. "Evaluation of Babinski reflex in term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a cross sectional observational study". International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, n.º 12 (24 de noviembre de 2020): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20204946.

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Background: Assessment of primitive reflexes is one of the earliest, easiest and most frequently used method among health care workers for newborns and young infants. Babinski reflex is one of the infantile reflexes. Our aim was to study Babinski reflex in a term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).Methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational study. 100 consecutive neonates fulfilling criteria of HIE according to Sarnat and Sarnat classification, admitted in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were included. It was elicited from 12 hours after birth to 72 hours of birth. Babinski response was assessed using thumb nail drag method.Results: 78% babies are term babies. 22% babies are post term babies. Male to female ratio is 1.5:1. 38% neonates belong to HIE stage I, 39% and 33% neonates belong to HIE stage II and III respectively. In HIE stage I, planter grasp was elicitable in 89%. It remain non-elicitable in 44% and 91% in HIE stages II and III respectively.Conclusions: Absence of Babinski reflex can be correlated with the increase in severity of HIE. It is important to include the assessment of Babinski reflex along with other primitive reflexes in the newborn generally and especially in HIE.

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Handryastuti, Setyo, Ghaisani Fadiana, Sofyan Ismael, Sudigdo Sastroasmoro, Asril Aminulah, Ferial Hadipoetro Idris, Adji Saptogino y Sunartini Hapsara. "Early detection of cerebral palsy in high-risk infants: diagnostic value of primitive and developmental reflexes as well as ultrasound". Paediatrica Indonesiana 1, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi1.1.2018.5-12.

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Background The incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) has increased due to better survival of high-risk babies. A simple assessment method is needed for the early detection of CP, which can be performed by general practitioners and pediatricians in daily practice.Objectives To assess motor delay, primitive and developmental reflexes, and cerebral ultrasound abnormalities as simple methods for early detection of CP in high-risk infants. We also aimed to evaluate the ease and consistency of the methods for use in daily practice, as well as determine risk factors associated with CP.Methods A prospective cohort study was done on 150 high-risk babies starting from the age of 4 months up to 12 months. We obtained subjects’ histories of motor ability and assessed primitive reflexes and postural reactions at the ages of 4, 6, 9 and 10 months. The diagnosis of CP was established at 6 and 12 months of age. We also determined Kappa test for inter-rater reliability between pediatric residents and pediatric neurologist.Results In 88.7% of subjects, CP was detected in the first 6 months. At 4 months, positive palmar reflex, head lag, and fisting were predictive of CP at 6 months of age. Motor delay, positive palmar grasp reflex, head lag, fisting, and absent protective extension reflex at 6 months were predictive of CP at 12 months. At 9 to 10 months, motor delays, absent protective extension reflex, and negative parachute reaction were predictive of CP at 12 months. Cerebral ultrasound abnormalities were predictive of CP at 6 and 12 months of age. Kappa test result was 0.9, indicating the ease and consistency of these methods for daily medical practice.Conclusion Cerebral palsy can be detected as early as the first 6 months of life. Assessment for motor delays, physical examination for asssessing primitive and developmental reflexes, and cerebral ultrasound can be used for this purpose.

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Handryastuti, Setyo, Ghaisani Fadiana, Sofyan Ismael, Sudigdo Sastroasmoro, Asril Aminulah, Ferial Hadipoetro Idris, Adji Saptogino y Sunartini Hapsara. "Early detection of cerebral palsy in high-risk infants: diagnostic value of primitive and developmental reflexes as well as ultrasound". Paediatrica Indonesiana 58, n.º 1 (20 de marzo de 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi58.1.2018.5-12.

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Background The incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) has increased due to better survival of high-risk babies. A simple assessment method is needed for the early detection of CP, which can be performed by general practitioners and pediatricians in daily practice.Objectives To assess motor delay, primitive and developmental reflexes, and cerebral ultrasound abnormalities as simple methods for early detection of CP in high-risk infants. We also aimed to evaluate the ease and consistency of the methods for use in daily practice, as well as determine risk factors associated with CP.Methods A prospective cohort study was done on 150 high-risk babies starting from the age of 4 months up to 12 months. We obtained subjects’ histories of motor ability and assessed primitive reflexes and postural reactions at the ages of 4, 6, 9 and 10 months. The diagnosis of CP was established at 6 and 12 months of age. We also determined Kappa test for inter-rater reliability between pediatric residents and pediatric neurologist.Results In 88.7% of subjects, CP was detected in the first 6 months. At 4 months, positive palmar reflex, head lag, and fisting were predictive of CP at 6 months of age. Motor delay, positive palmar grasp reflex, head lag, fisting, and absent protective extension reflex at 6 months were predictive of CP at 12 months. At 9 to 10 months, motor delays, absent protective extension reflex, and negative parachute reaction were predictive of CP at 12 months. Cerebral ultrasound abnormalities were predictive of CP at 6 and 12 months of age. Kappa test result was 0.9, indicating the ease and consistency of these methods for daily medical practice.Conclusion Cerebral palsy can be detected as early as the first 6 months of life. Assessment for motor delays, physical examination for asssessing primitive and developmental reflexes, and cerebral ultrasound can be used for this purpose.

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Gieysztor, Ewa, Mateusz Kowal y Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz. "Primitive Reflex Factors Influence Walking Gait in Young Children: An Observational Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 7 (29 de marzo de 2022): 4070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074070.

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Background: Primitive reflexes (PRs) are observed as an automatic response to a specific stimulus. They are vivid from intrauterine life to 6 months postnatal. The reactions are inhibited with the growing maturation of the central nervous system (CNS). In some cases, when the natural process of development is incorrect, PRs manifest later. The analysis of differentiation in gait parameters in children with persistent PRs is important for better understanding their specific behaviour and movement. This study’s aim was to investigate the influence of active PRs on the gait parameters of preschool children. Methods: There were 50 children examined, 30 girls and 20 boys. They were 3.5–6 years old. The children had persistent PRs in the trace form. Each child was examined by S. Goddard’s Battery Test. The acquisition of the spatial-temporal gait parameters was performed using a BTS G-SENSOR measurement instrument. Participants walked barefoot, in the most natural way for them, at a self-selected speed on a 5 m walkway, then turned around and went back. They performed this twice. Results: The reflex activity influences gait cycle duration (p = 0.0099), the left step length (p = 0.0002), the left double support phase (p = 0.0024), the right double support phase (p = 0.0258) and the right single phase. Difficulties in recreating the crawling pattern and GRASP reflex influence gait cadence (p < 0.05). The left GRASP reflex corresponds to step length (p < 0.05). The activeness of the symmetrical tonic neck reflex correlates with the right single support (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The presence of PRs affect walking gait in preschool children.

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Brooks, Joseph Bruno Bidin y Yara Dadalti Fragoso. "The blink reflex test does not show abnormalities in a large group of patients with chronic migraine". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2013): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130139.

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The blink reflex – a simple, non-invasive and inexpensive test – may be indicative of lesions or dysfunctions of the brainstem, and particularly assesses the trigeminal-facial arch. Results from alterations of the blink reflex in patients with headaches have provided controversial data. Method Registration of the waves R1 and R2 (ipsilateral to the stimulus) and R2c (contralateral to the stimulus) by electroneuromyography. Results A large number of controls (n=160) and patients with chronic migraine (n=160) were studied. No significant differences were observed between the two groups. Conclusion It is possible that this relatively simple and primitive reflex is not affected unless there is significant damage to the brainstem.

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Allen, Marilee C. y Arnold J. Capute. "Tone and Reflex Development Before Term". Pediatrics 85, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1990): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.85.3.393.

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The evolution of tone and reflexes from 25 weeks postmenstrual age (gestational age plus chronologic age) to term in a population of 42 surviving infants is described. The infants were born in 1983 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, had birth weights <1300 g, were examined weekly until neonatal intensive care unit discharge, and did not develop cerebral palsy. Lower-extremity flexor tone was first detectable at 29 weeks postmenstrual age by the popliteal angle and heel to ear maneuvers. Flexor tone, recoil, and hyperreflexia were all noted 2 to 3 weeks earlier in the lower extremities (33 to 35 weeks) than in the upper extremities (35 to 37 weeks). Hip tone (35 to 37 weeks) followed knee flexor tone, but preceded shoulder tone (37 to 38 weeks). Trunk tone on ventral suspension emerged closer to term (36 to 40 weeks), and more than half of infants evaluated at term continued to demonstrate head lag when pulled to sitting position. The emergence of the primitive and pathologic reflexes reflects (both in timing and pattern) the evolution of tone: development of the reflexes in the lower extremities precedes that of those in the upper extremities, and development of the distal reflexes precedes that of the proximal. Maturation of tone, deep tendon reflexes, pathologic reflexes, and primitive reflexes occurs in an orderly, sequential manner, with a well-defined pattern: caudocephalad (lower extremities to upper extremities) and centripetal (distal to proximal).

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Petrov, K. B. y T. V. Mitichkina. "Primitive Reflexes of the SpinalBrainstem Level and Their Rehabilitation Significance in Post-Stroke Patients: Short Communication". Comorbidity neurology 1, n.º 2 (2024): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.62505/3034-185x-2024-1-2-90-96.

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INTRODUCTION. Primitive reflexes of the spinal-brainstem level (defensive reflexes, support reactions, cervical and vestibular tonic reflexes) can often be observed in the first days after a stroke. In clinical neurology, they are used for topical diagnosis and serve as an indicator of the severity of damage to the central nervous system. Their rehabilitation value has not been sufficiently studied. AIM. Based on literature data, to study the features of primitive spinal-brainstem automatisms in post-stroke patients, and to evaluate the possibility of their use to optimize rehabilitation methods (kinesitherapy). RESULTS. Simple protective reflexes are suitable for awakening elementary motor activity in one of the paralyzed limbs, and complex ones are suitable for stimulating static-locomotor reactions in the arm and leg on the side of hemiparesis. Support reactions are a reliable tool for awakening both flexion movements and for restoring the support ability of paretic limbs. They should be considered when treating with positioning using positioning, splints, and orthoses. Cervical and vestibular tonic reflexes are suitable for stimulating motor activity on the side of hemiparesis, as well as for suppressing pyramidal spasticity. CONCLUSION. Thus, all studied primitive reflexes of the spinal-brainstem level have significant rehabilitation potential. Their use is most justified to facilitate flexion-extension movements in paretic limbs. The better the rehabilitologist is familiar with the characteristics of the patient’s reflex activity, the more opportunities he has for conducting a “dialogue” with paretic muscles and the more effective the rehabilitation treatment will be. KEYWORDS: protective reflex, support reaction reflex, cervical tonic reflexes, vestibular tonic reflexes, ehabilitation

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Szombati, Éva, Zsuzsa Molnár, Kamilla Szemenyeiné Szederháti y Péter Temesvári. "A new neonatal primitive reflex: “The elbowing”. First experiences obtained on 543 Hungarian human newborns and infants". Orvosi Hetilap 149, n.º 32 (1 de agosto de 2008): 1499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2008.28304.

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A szerzők 2007. március és 2008. március között 481 érett, valamint 62 koraszülött újszülöttön vizsgálták az érintettek újonnan leírt primitív reflexét, a könyöklés sajátosságait. Ezerháromszázhuszonkilenc vizsgálatot végeztek közvetlenül a születést követően, az újszülöttrészlegen, valamint a csecsemőosztályon, majd különböző életkorokban az első 6 élethónap során. Azt észlelték, hogy a reflex az első élethónap alatt a vizsgáltak 70–80%-ában megfigyelhető, majd fokozatosan csökkenő pozitív prevalencia kíséretében, 4–6 hónapos életkorra 25–30%-ban maradt kiváltható. Érett újszülöttek, valamint koraszülöttek vonatkozásában nem észleltek jelentős különbséget a reflex életkori prevalenciájának tárgyában. A reflex sajátosságainak további vizsgálata elsősorban gyermekgyógyászati kóros állapotokban, valamint utánkövetési célzattal is indokoltnak látszik.

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Bindu k, Akshatha y Srinivasa S. "Babinski reflex evaluation in term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: Across-sectional observational study". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 12, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2024): 3074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.1.1191.

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Background: Assessment of primitive reflexes is one of the earliest, easiest and most frequently used method among health care workers for newborns and young infants. Babinski reflex is one of the infantile reflexes. Our aim was to study Babinski reflex in a term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The incidence of HIE in developed countries is estimated to be 1.5 per 1,000 live births. Estimates in developing countries range from 2.3-26.5 per 1,000 live births. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational study. 70 consecutive neonates fulfilling criteria of HIE according to Sarnat and Sarnat classification, admitted in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were included. It was elicited from 12 hours after birth to 72 hours of birth. Babinski response was assessed using thumb nail drag method. Results: 83% babies are born to 18-35 years and 17% to elderly gravid. 55% are delivered through normal vaginal delivery and 45% to LSCS. 52% neonates belong to HIE stage I, 30% and 18% neonates belong to HIE stage II and III respectively. In HIE stage I, planter grasp was elicitable in 89%. It remains non-elicitable in 44% and 91% in HIE stages II and III respectively. Conclusions: Absence of Babinski reflex can be correlated with the increase in severity of HIE. It is important to include the assessment of Babinski reflex along with other primitive reflexes in the newborn generally and especially in HIE.

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Martínez, Malalana A. M., Marín M. Á. Gabriel, Olza I. Martínez, Fernández-Cañadas A. Morillo, López F. Sánchez, Perez P. Riveiro, Martinez B. Rodríguez y Durán M. Duque. "559 Effect of Intrapartum Oxytocin Administration on Primitive Neonatal Reflex". Pediatric Research 68 (noviembre de 2010): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-201011001-00559.

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Borroni, B., M. Broli, C. Costanzi, S. Gipponi, N. Gilberti, C. Agosti y A. Padovani. "Primitive reflex evaluation in the clinical assessment of extrapyramidal syndromes". European Journal of Neurology 13, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2006): 1026–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01404.x.

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Orenstein, Susan R., Ira Bergman, Roy Proujansky, Samuel A. Kocoshis y Vicki S. Giarrusso. "Novel primitive swallowing reflex: Facial receptor distribution and stimulus characteristics". Dysphagia 7, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1992): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02493448.

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Franssen, Emile H. y Barry Reisberg. "Neurologic Markers of the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease". International Psychogeriatrics 9, S1 (diciembre de 1997): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297005036.

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This article describes the results of studies conducted to determine the usefulness of reflex changes as markers of disease severity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Standardized and quantified muscle stretch reflexes, cutaneous, reflexes, and developmental (primitive) reflexes were studied in normal older adults, in individuals with mild memory impairment, and in patients with AD, in all clinical severity stages as assessed with the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) procedure. Changes in frequency and intensity of these individual reflex variables, as well as of variables consisting of combinations of these individual reflexes, appeared to be sensitive indicators of the progression of AD. These neurological reflex variables showed high Pearson correlations with the GDS (.72), the MMSE (.74), and the FAST (.80). Standardized quantified neurological reflex measures are useful as noncognitive, education-independent, and culture-independent markers of the course of AD.

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TIBICHI, Denisa Ioana, Doriana CIOBANU y Dorina IANC. ""A Study Regarding the Role of Physical Therapy in Improving Gross Motor Function and the Integration of the Archaic Reflexes in Children with Cerebral Palsy"". Romanian Journal of Physical Therapy 30, n.º 52 (2024): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.61215/rjpt.2024.30.52.23.

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"Introduction: Cerebral palsy in children (CP) is a group of non-progressive neurological disorders characterized by inadequate control of movement and posture, caused by factors affecting the central nervous system pre-, intra-, or postnatally, within the first 3-5 years of life (the initial period of brain development). Cerebral palsies are considered non-progressive conditions, but they are continuously dynamic, influenced by the processes of growth and development, so the clinical manifestations can change over time. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the role of physical therapy in improving Gross Motor Function and integrating Primitive Reflexes in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Material and methods: The study was conducted at the Mihai Nesu Foundation (Oradea) over a period of 6 months (from November 7, 2022, to May 5, 2023) on a female subject with a chronological age of 6 years and 5 months. It involved implementing a physical therapy program twice a week, consisting of exercises to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic girdle, trunk, and lower limbs, as well as exercises to improve anterior knee balance, coordination, and integration of primitive reflexes. Results: Following the rehabilitation program, regarding the progression of walking, a reduction in the time needed by the patient to complete it was observed, from 21 seconds initially to 18 seconds at the end. Additionally, the integration of the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex on both the left and right sides, as well as the Moro reflex for the vestibular and visual systems, was evident. The Stepping-Over-Obstacle reflex was integrated within physiological parameters, while no changes were observed in the Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex of Flexion/Extension from the beginning to the end. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can affirm that implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation program over a period of 6 months, consisting of thermotherapy, massage, and sensory stimulation, followed by Thera-Suit sessions and physical therapy, will allow for the integration of primitive reflexes, improvement of walking and balance, as well as the enhancement of gross motor function in a child with spastic tetraparesis, as confirmed by partial results."

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Saraga, Marijan, Biserka Rešić, Dragan Krnić, Tihana Jelavić, Duška Krnić, Ivana Sinovčić y Maja Tomasović. "A Stereotypic “Elbowing” Movement, a Possible New Primitive Reflex in Newborns". Pediatric Neurology 36, n.º 2 (febrero de 2007): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.09.013.

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Ziaks, Lauren y Chelsea Brown. "The Potential Role of Primitive Reflex Disinhibition in a Concussed Individual". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 99, n.º 10 (octubre de 2018): e43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.148.

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Okamoto, Riina, Yoshiaki Saito, Takehiko Inoue, Yoshihiro Maegaki, Jun-ichi Nagaishi y Kousaku Ohno. "Forced mouth opening reaction: A primitive reflex released from cortical inhibition". Brain and Development 28, n.º 4 (mayo de 2006): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2005.09.001.

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Martello, Jennifer M. "Persistent Primitive Reflex and Developmental Delay in the School-Aged Child". Journal for Nurse Practitioners 19, n.º 10 (noviembre de 2023): 104767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2023.104767.

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Johnson, Natasha, Denise Gobert y William V. Padula. "An Integrated Approach Using Physical Therapy and Therapeutic Lenses to Treat Post Encephalitis Syndrome and Lupus". International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 12, n.º 4 (30 de agosto de 2024): 4748–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2024.121.

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Background and Purpose: This case report documents the use of physical therapy, primitive reflex integration and neuro-optometric interventions for AM, a 38-year-old, left-handed female, with flu-like signs and symptoms with cognitive changes over a 5-month period. AM had a sudden onset of chorea, headache, blurred vision, light sensitivity, loss of smell, sensation, strength, and coordination. Diagnostic tests and imaging studies suggested the diagnoses of Post Encephalitis Syndrome, Lupus, and Autoimmune Encephalitis. Case Description: With a noxious stimulus present, such as noise, AM exhibited dystonic movements, hyperkinetic gait, an extensor synergy in the left lower extremity and a flexor synergy in the right upper extremity. Symptoms resolved immediately with removal of noxious stimulus. AM’s symptoms also suggested bilateral cerebellar involvement. Methods: Primary impairments included sensorimotor deficits including decreased cervical muscle and core strength, presence of primitive reflexes, balance dysfunction and incoordination. Therefore, the physical therapy plan of care incorporated Rhythmic Movement Training, primitive reflex integration exercises, cervical muscle and core strengthening as well as high-level balance, coordination and agility training. Following neuro-optometric testing, retinal neuromodulation and mapping techniques, AM received various therapeutic lenses that improved quality of movement when presented with noxious stimuli. Results: Following therapy techniques and use of various therapeutic lenses, AM exhibited improved coordination and times on PT standardized tests, the absence of dystonic movement with noxious stimuli, improved recruitment of muscles during surface electromyography studies and improved coherence in the quantitative electroencephalogram measures. Conclusion: This retrospective case study demonstrates an interdisciplinary approach to address sensorimotor processing impairments linked to Post Encephalitis Syndrome with autoimmune infirmities. It also highlights the importance of evaluation for the presence and integration of primitive reflexes following adult brain injury and the benefit of neuro- optometry to facilitate improved coordination and processing of visual, sensorimotor, and auditory information. KEY WORDS: Vestibular, Retinal Neuromodulation, Post Encephalitis Syndrome, Lupus, Sensorineural Dysfunction, Neuro-Optometry, Physical Therapy, Primitive reflexes.

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Pecuch, Anna, Ewa Gieysztor, Marlena Telenga, Ewelina Wolańska, Mateusz Kowal y Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz. "Primitive Reflex Activity in Relation to the Sensory Profile in Healthy Preschool Children". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 21 (6 de noviembre de 2020): 8210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218210.

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The presence of active primitive reflexes (APRs) in healthy preschool children can be an expression of immaturity in the functioning of the nervous system. Their trace presence may not significantly affect the quality of child functioning. They may also undergo spontaneous and complete integration within the stages of child development. However, a higher level of active reflexes and their significant number can disturb sensory-motor development and lead to additional problems in a child’s motor activities, social life, and education. The main purpose of this study was to examine the types of sensory disorders noticed by parents of children, if any, that accompany the presence of active primitive reflexes. The study was conducted in a group of 44 preschool children (aged 4–6 years). The sensory profile of children was determined using Child Sensory Profile Cards, and Sally Goddard-Blythe tests were used to measure their primitive reflexes. The coefficient of determination (R-squared) indicated that the level of reflex activity was most strongly associated with sensory disorders such as dyspraxia, sensory-vestibular disorders, and postural disorders, at a level of p < 0.005. The obtained research results show that the examination of non-integrated reflexes might be a screening tool for children of preschool age. Knowledge of the subject of reflexes and their impact on sensory-motor functions may contribute to more accurate diagnoses of the causes of problems and higher effectiveness of possible therapy.

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Damasceno, Alfredo, Adriane M. Delicio, Daniel F. C. Mazo, João F. D. Zullo, Patricia Scherer, Ronny T.Y. Ng y Benito P. Damasceno. "Primitive reflexes and cognitive function". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63, n.º 3a (septiembre de 2005): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000400004.

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BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence of primitive reflexes (PR) in adulthood, their pathological significance and relationship to age and cognition are controversial. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between PR and cognition in 30 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 154 control subjects. METHOD: Diagnosis of probable AD was based on DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA, and CAMDEX criteria. Primitive reflexes were quantified from zero (absent) to 1 (mild) or 2 (markedly present). The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument - Short Form (CASI-S) was used to evaluate registration, temporal orientation, verbal fluency and recall. A drawing test was added. RESULTS: Most frequent PR among demented and controls were suck (77% and 62%, respectively) and snout (60% and 27%), followed by glabellar (30% and 19%), paratonia (37% and 5%), and palmomental (23% and 5%). None of controls had more than three PR. Frequency of PR tended to increase with age and cognitive deterioration. Grasp and Babinski responses were found only in dementia patients. Primitive reflexes were not correlated with each other, except snout with suck, and snout with glabellar reflex. CONCLUSION: The finding of grasp and Babinski sign, or the presence of more than three primitive signs, particularly the combination of paratonia, snout, suck, and palmomental reflexes strongly suggests brain dysfunction, especially when these signs are marked and accompanied by deficits in orientation, recall, verbal fluency, and constructional praxis.

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Said, Aprillia Ramadhin, Samsunuwiyati Marat y Debora Basaria. "PENERAPAN RHYTHMIC MOVEMENT TRAINING DALAM MENINGKATKAN ATENSI PADA ANAK DENGAN ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER". Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 4, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v4i1.2982.2020.

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The number of children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) keeps increasing, therefore it is important to highlight the problems experienced by children with ADHD. The problem that persists as children with ADHD grow older is attention problem. Attention problem can impair learning, performance, academic achievement and social functioning. Attention problem among ADHD children is closely related to the condition of retained primitive reflex. This attention problem must be solved to minimize the ensuing impact, especially among children with ADHD. There are several therapies to help children with ADHD overcome attention problem, one of them being Rhythmic Movement Training. Rhythmic Movements Training (RMT) integrates retained primitive reflexes through movements that can stimulate the development of nerve cells in the brain, which results in increased attention. The purpose of this study is to determine the application of Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT) in increasing attention of children with ADHD. This study uses one group pre-test post-test design using Structured Observation of Academic and Play Settings (SOAPS) to measure the attention of participants before and after Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT) is given. The results show that Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT) can increase the attention of participants, who are children with ADHD. Jumlah anak dengan Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) semakin bertambah, sedangkan terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang dialami oleh anak dengan ADHD. Permasalahan yang menetap seiring dengan perkembangan usia pada anak dengan ADHD adalah permasalahan atensi. Permasalahan atensi dapat menyebabkan permasalahan dalam pembelajaran, performa anak, prestasi akademik dan fungsi sosial. Permasalahan atensi pada anak ADHD erat kaitannya dengan kondisi retained primitive reflex. Permasalahan atensi ini perlu diatasi untuk meminimalisir dampak yang terjadi, khususnya pada anak dengan ADHD. Terdapat beberapa terapi untuk mengatasi permasalahan atensi pada anak dengan ADHD, salah satunya dengan Rhythmic Movement Training. Rhythmic Movements Training (RMT) dapat mengintegrasikan retained primitive reflex melalui gerakan yang dapat menstimulasi perkembangan sel saraf pada otak, yang dapat berdampak pada meningkatnya atensi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT) dalam meningkatkan atensi pada anak ADHD. Penelitian ini menggunakan one group pre-test post-test design dengan menggunakan Structured Observation of Academic and Play Settings (SOAPS), untuk mengukur atensi para partisipan sebelum dan sesudah diberikannya Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT) dapat meningkatkan atensi para partisipan yang merupakan anak dengan ADHD.

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48

Andersson, Ulf y Kevin J. Tracey. "Neural reflexes in inflammation and immunity". Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, n.º 6 (4 de junio de 2012): 1057–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20120571.

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The mammalian immune system and the nervous system coevolved under the influence of infection and sterile injury. Knowledge of homeostatic mechanisms by which the nervous system controls organ function was originally applied to the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and other body systems. Development of advanced neurophysiological and immunological techniques recently enabled the study of reflex neural circuits that maintain immunological homeostasis, and are essential for health in mammals. Such reflexes are evolutionarily ancient, dating back to invertebrate nematode worms that possess primitive immune and nervous systems. Failure of these reflex mechanisms in mammals contributes to nonresolving inflammation and disease. It is also possible to target these neural pathways using electrical nerve stimulators and pharmacological agents to hasten the resolution of inflammation and provide therapeutic benefit.

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49

Reddy, K. Venkataramana, Chapay Soren, M. Geethika, N. Dharani y K. Sruthi Reddy. "Early infantile form of Krabbe disease: a case report". International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 9, n.º 1 (24 de diciembre de 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20214950.

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A 7-month-old female child, born to 2nd degree consanguineous marriage brought with complaints of gross developmental delay. Her examination revealed spasticity in all 4 limbs with brisk deep tendon reflexes with intact primitive reflexes and exaggerated startle reflex. Her MRI brain showed demyelination signs in bilateral thalami, dentate hila, and thickened optic chaisma. Age of presentation, clinico-radiological findings were suggestive of early infantile form of Krabbe disease.

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50

ANGHELESCU, Aurelian. "Unedited pathological recurrent association of palmomental and rooting archaic reflexes in a young woman with severe traumatic brain lesions – case presentation and physiopathological considerations". Balneo Research Journal 10, Vol 10 No. 4 (10 de diciembre de 2019): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2019.304.

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Introduction. Archaic reflexes are present in infancy, disappear as the brain matures, but reappear in pathological conditions. Case report. A 29-years-old woman has suffered a severe traumatic brain injury. She was admitted to neurorehabilitation 6 months after neurosurgical interventions (ventriculoperitoneal shunt for traumatic hydrocephalus, emerged after decompressive craniectomy). Neurological examination revealed a minimal conscious state, spastic tetraparesis, trismus, central facial palsy, nystagmus, bilateral palm-chin reflex, and a “mitigated” variant of the rooting reflex. The left corneal, snout and glabellar reflexes were absent. Osteotendinous reflexes were brisk, Babinski sign was bilaterally present, palmar and plantar grasp reflexes were absent. The trismus has persisted and chewing remained severely disabled after botulinum toxin injected in the left temporalis muscle and bilaterally in the masseter. The patient was fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. Neurologic evolution remained stationary after two months of rehabilitative nursing. Discussion. The palmomental reflex described by Marinescu and Radovici, is elicited by scratching the thenar eminence of the palm, and consists of an ipsilateral twitch of the mentalis muscle. Baby rooting for milk is a primitive trigemino-facial reflex found in newborn infants. The lower lip is lowered, and the tongue is moved in the direction where the cheek near the corner of the mouth is brushed. The lockjaw has “mitigated” the classical pattern of clinical response. Repeated stimulation causes a unilateral mentalis muscle response, similar to the palm-chin reflex. The severe traumatic brain lesions have induced pathological reappearance of the palmomental and rooting archaic reflexes, in a unique, unedited pathological association. Key words: palmomental reflex (Marinescu Radovici reflex); rooting reflex; archaic reflexes; botulinum toxin; traumatic brain injury; minimal conscious state,

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