Artículos de revistas: "Private Students Scheme (PSS)"

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John, Kevin A. y Poonam R. Naik. "Do the undergraduate medical students perceive stress and what are the stressors?" International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, n.º 3 (27 de febrero de 2020): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200934.

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Background: Medical students have been reported to suffer from higher perceived stress compared to general population and students in the other academic fields. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of stress and to identify the potential stressors among undergraduate medical students using perceived stress scale (PSS).Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 301 undergraduate medical students at a private medical college in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka. The extent of the stress was assessed using PSS-10 and a questionnaire was used to identify the potential academic, psychosocial and environmental stressors.Results: The mean PSS score was found to be 26.34±3 in this study. Moderate stress was observed in 68% of the study participants. The PSS score was higher among the 2nd year MBBS students. Stress was observed more among female medical students (74%). Inadequate study leave (92.4%), vastness of academic curriculum (84.1%), poor quality of food in mess or home (70.4%), accommodation away from home (60.1%) and high parental expectations (48.5%) were found to be the potential stressors in this study.Conclusions: The study results thereby highlight the need to plan tailored interventions to address the various stressors and prevent stress among the medical students.

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Butt, Nausharwan, Nimrah Badar, Marium N. Khan, Ahreen Allana, Ahmer Ashraf, Danial Siddiqui, Maria H. Baig et al. "The effect of physical activity on stress levels of medical students: A cross-sectional analysis". Pakistan Journal of Surgery and Medicine 1, n.º 2 (11 de mayo de 2020): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37978/pjsm.v1i2.167.

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Objectives To determine association between physical activity and hours of physical activity and stress levels in medical students Methods A cross sectional study was conducted at a private medical college in Karachi, during April and May 2015. Convenience sampling was used to identify the study participants. The subjects were medical students from year one through five. We interviewed 235 students. A pre-tested, self-administered three-part questionnaire was used to collect the data. The first part of the questionnaire inquired about the subjects’ demographics and exercise habits, the second part of the questionnaire was adapted from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to determine stress scores within participants, and the third part of the questionnaire asked about other stress relieving factors. Results According to the PSS, 30.3% of the participants were moderately stressed. The mean PSS was found to be 16.95 ± 5.72. 2A significant correlation was found between physical activity and stress levels; those involved in physical activity were 52 percent less likely to be moderately stressed (OR 0.48, p-value = 0.015) as compared to those who had not partaken in physical activity. Furthermore, studentswho performed physical activity for >4 hours per week had a lower mean PSS score (16.2) when compared to those who exercised for <2 hours per week. (18.2). Post-hoc statistical testing revealed the difference to be significant (p=0.028). Conclusion Based on the findings of our study, we conclude that physical activity of any form is associated with significantly decreased stress levels in medical students.

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Pinto, Violet N., Sumit Wasnik, Sumedha M. Joshi y Deepa H. Velankar. "Medical students’ perceptions of stress factors affecting their academic performance, perceived stress and stress management techniques". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, n.º 5 (24 de abril de 2018): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181411.

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Background: Medical students during their training period to become competent physicians are themselves vulnerable to various stresses which can affect their health and academic performance. The objectives of the study were to study MBBS students perceptions of stress factors affecting their academic performance; to assess the perceived stress in the students; to identify the stress management techniques used by the students.Methods: A cross-sectional was conducted on 169 MBBS students in a private medical college in Navi Mumbai after taking their consent. Data collection was by pretested, pre-coded, semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 20.0 and relevant tests for data analysis.Results: The mean PSS score in the students was 26.96 (SD=6.332). Moderate stress and severe stress were present in 37.3% and 1.1% students respectively. Perceived stress was significantly associated with female sex, mother tongue; vastness of curriculum, dissatisfaction with clinical teaching, competition with peers and high parental expectations. More than 50% students felt that they were not able to adequately manage their stress. The most commonly used stress management techniques were social media usage and engaging in hobbies/sports.Conclusions: There is an urgent need for conducting screening programmes for stress in medical students and implementing measures which will equip them with skills to manage their stress.

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Al-Khafaji, Ahmed Waleed. "РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ МЕТОДИКИ PSMECA АНАЛІЗУ ПРИ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ IoT КОМПОНЕНТІВ У СИСТЕМАХ ФІЗИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ". RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, n.º 3 (30 de octubre de 2018): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2018.3.07.

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Physical security systems are applied to alert in advance a well-known vector of attacks. This paper presents an analysis of the research and assessment of physical security systems applying the PSMECA technique (analysis of modes, efforts, and criticality of physical security). The object of research and analysis is the physical security system of the Ministry of Education and Science of Iraq (as the infrastructure of the region's objects), as well as the area of the compact living of students and co-workers (campus). This paper discusses the organization of physical security systems, which are based on devices with low power consumption and function in the Internet of things environment. The main aim is to describe and develop a physical security system that functions in the Internet of things environment, as well as the development of a scheme for the research and development of models and methods for risk analysis, models of functions and components, models of failures and conducting research and analysis of occurrence failures of PSS. The generalized structural and hierarchical scheme of the physical security system of the infrastructure of the region is presented, as well as the applied application of the scheme is illustrated by the example of the physical security system of a student campus of one of the universities of Baghdad. The functional modeling scheme of the object is provided and is based on the use of the Raspberry Pi microcomputer and the Arduino microcontroller. The set-theoretical models of functions, components, and failures of the system under study, as well as the projection of a hierarchical failure structure in the table of the basic structural elements of the system, are presented. The IDEF0 diagram, showing a power outage scenario (accidental or intentional) in connection with lighting and video subsystems, is presented. The scheme of research and development of models and methods of analysis of risks of PSS is carried out in the paper. A PSMECA table for the CCTV system has been created, which allows you to more precisely determine the cause of the failure in the physical security system and the importance of failure criticality

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Cheng, Suwina L. S. "The PCCW Going Private Saga: What Is a Fair Deal?" Issues in Accounting Education 28, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2012): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-50299.

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ABSTRACT: This instructional case discusses the process and maneuvers of a going private scheme in which the controlling shareholders of Pacific Century CyberWorks (PCCW) proposed to buy out all the shares of the minority shareholders and to then delist the company. The case highlights the importance of applying accounting knowledge in evaluating the value of a company. It also exposes students to the real-world ethical issues relating to vote manipulation and minority shareholder protection in the voting process of a going private deal.

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Yahaya, Solehah, Haslindar Ibrahim, Abdul Hadi Zulkafli y Mohd Shahril Ahmad Razimi. "Demographics factors and awareness on Shariah-based Private Retirement Scheme among higher learning institution students in Malaysia". Economics, Management and Sustainability 2, n.º 2 (19 de diciembre de 2017): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jems.2017.2-2.9.

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Pimentel, Carlos Eduardo, Flávia Marcelly de Sousa Mendes da Silva, Jérssia Laís Fonseca dos Santos, Karen Guedes Oliveira, Nájila Bianca Campos Freitas, Ricardo Neves Couto y Tátila Rayane de Sampaio Brito. "Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale: Brazilian Adaptation and Relationship with Personality and Prosocial Behavior". Psico-USF 23, n.º 1 (marzo de 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230101.

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Abstract The objective of this correlational study was to test the psychometric properties of convergent validity of the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISES). The correlation between the SISES and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), which also measures self-esteem, and with scales that measure other variables (personality and prosocial behaviors) was also tested. A total of 203 students, aged 18 to 58 years (M=23.49, SD= 5.84), from public and private universities in the city of João Pessoa, participated in the study. The Pro-Socialness Scale (PSS), the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), the SISES, the RSE, and a demographic questionnaire were used. The results showed that the Portuguese version of the SISES presents satisfactory validity. Therefore, as this study shows a correlation between self-esteem and personality traits and socio-demographic variables, it contributes to the scientific literature in this field and provides an alternative for measuring self-esteem.

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Oladokun, Timothy Tunde y Timothy Oluwafemi Ayodele. "Students’ perception of the relevance of work experience scheme to real estate education in Nigeria". Property Management 33, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2015): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-09-2013-0045.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relevance of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) to real estate education in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – Primary data were collected with the aid of questionnaire served on 182 parts 3 and 4 students of Estate Management and Valuation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria. The descriptive methods of mean and proportion method were used to determine the factors that are considered could contribute to real estate education in Nigeria. Findings – The result shows that SIWES is an integral part of real estate education and that it helps the students to acquire behavioural skills in addition to acquiring necessary experience required to set up private practice upon completion. Research limitations/implications – Obtaining the perception of students alone could make the findings one sided and bias. Further detailed research targeted at the employers of labour will provide a balanced view. Also, extending further studies to incorporating students of more universities will be more exciting. Originality/value – This paper is an effort at stimulating the interest of other researchers in conducting similar research to cover all institutions in Nigeria as well as obtaining the perception of the employers of labour in this respect.

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Lim, David. "Jackson and the Overseas Students". Australian Journal of Education 33, n.º 1 (abril de 1989): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494418903300101.

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The underlying framework adopted by the Committee to Review the Australian Overseas Aid Program demands that Australian aid helps to promote the economic development of the recipient less developed countries. If it does not, then the humanitarian, political and economic arguments for giving aid lose much of their cogency. This approach is evident in the treatment of overseas students. The Report recommends a vastly expanded scholarship program because it recognises the central role played by education in economic development. It recommends a different geographical and academic composition for the scholarship scheme because it supports the developmental thrust of Australia's aid program. It recommends also the development of education as an export industry because it believes Australia is competitive in this lucrative trade. It sees no conflict in having Australian educational expertise being used for aid and trade purposes, and does not recommend that trade is more important than aid. It should thus be clear that the current government policy on overseas students is not based solely on the reports of either this Committee or the Committee of Review of Private Overseas Student Policy. It is a compromise between the two and, as with most compromises, suffers from a number of inconsistencies.

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Terwase, Isaac Terungwa, Ismail Bello, Jude Onyekachi Onwuanibe y Mohammed Abubakar Sambo. "Peace and Security Sustainability through Hostel Provision in Nigerian Universities: Lessons from Malaysia". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 17, n.º 3 (11 de septiembre de 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v17.n3.p2.

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This research paper focused on the provision of students’ accommodation in the Nigerian universities through public-private partnership, drawing lessons from the Universiti Utara Malaysia. Hostel accommodation is a form of providing the students with an enabling environment where they can stay as a place of residence, will feel secured and comfortable to learn in a peaceful environment. The objective of this paper is to learn from the Malaysian environment, with a focus on the Universiti Utara Malaysia. The research work made use of the qualitative method through the conduct of interviews and other sources such as journals and online publications. Findings from the research reveal that the Universiti Utara Malaysia provides hostel accommodation which is more than enough to serve the university's capacity of 30,000 students’ population on campus through the public-private partnership scheme. The research also found that multinational companies like PETRONAS Oil Company, Proton automobile company, Malaysia Airline, and Maybank among other companies built hostel accommodation for the students. The Malaysian Government on the other hand through a public-private partnership provided infrastructural facilities such as constant electricity and water supply for the purpose of a conducive environment for learning. The work, therefore, recommends that the Nigerian Government can partner with the Malaysian Government through resolving the big problem of electricity supply in the country and on the Universities as well. The paper also recommends that the Nigerian Government should regulate the private companies in order to engage them in partnership development through the provision of adequate hostel accommodations for the students. This would enable peace and security sustainability on the campuses of the Nigerian universities with lessons from the Universiti Utara Malaysia.

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Castellón-Montenegro, Herminia Rosa, Cecilia Rocha-Rodríguez, Lina Montes-Rodríguez y Gloria Elena Lastre-Amell. "Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de enfermería de una Universidad privada de Barranquilla 2010-2011". Respuestas 20, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.258.

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Objetivos: Determinar los conocimientos actitudes y prácticas relacionados con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad privada del distrito de Barranquilla. Metodología: información obtenida directamente de la aplicación de la encuesta de 37 preguntas la cual fue diseñada por un médico toxicólogo, docente del área de farmacología de la División de Salud de la Universidad del Norte a los estudiantes de los distintos semestres para un total de 198. Este proceso se llevó a cabo en tres momentos: la socialización del estudio a los estudiantes y docentes de cada acompañantes; aplicación encuesta y por último, análisis y procesamiento de los resultados. Resultados: de los 198 estudiantes, menos del 70% de ellos considera que las sustancias mencionadas son drogas, a pesar que el total de ellas son consideradas como tal. Más del 80% de las estudiantes conoce que las drogas producen efectos perjudiciales para la salud, a excepción de la benzodiacepina, orlasteina y LSD cuyos conocimientos son muy escasos. En general (mas del 88%), de los estudiantes rechazan todo tipo de intencion de legalizar la produccion, trafico o consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas (SPA), y apoyan todo esfuerzo del gobierno en erradicarlas y establecer programas que frenen su consumo. Del total de los estudiantes, aproximadamente un 97% de ellos no han hecho uso de sustancias psicoactivas, a excepción del alcohol y de la nicotina. Conclusiones: Este estudio revela el importante papel que desempeñan los programas y escuelas de enfermería frente a la problemática de consumo de SPA, en la medida, en que los semestres son más complejos se observa un notable cambio de actitud y un nivel de conocimientos superior. La tarea de la educación en SPA es vital para concertar acciones interinstitucionales, interdisciplinares e intersectoriales para hacer promoción, prevención, tratamiento, rehabilitación y reinserción social de sujetos vulnerables y consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas en nuestra región.Abstract Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to the use of psychoactive drugs in nursing students from a private university district of Barranquilla. Method: Information obtained directly from the application of the survey of 37 questions which was designed by a medical toxicologist , professor of pharmacology area of the Health Division of the Universidad del Norte to students of different semesters for a total of 198. This process took place in three stages: the socialization of study students and teachers of each escort, survey implementation and finally, analysis and processing of the results. Results: Of the 198 students, less than 70% of them feel that the above substances are drugs, although the total of them considered as such. Over 80% of the students know that drugs produce adverse health effects, except for benzodiazepine, and LSD Orlasteina whose skills are scarce. In general (over 88%), our students reject all kinds of intention to legalize the production, trafficking or consumption of Psychoactive Substances (PSS), and support all efforts to eradicate government and establish programs to curb consumption. Of all students, about 97% of them have not made use of psychoactive substances, with the exception of alcohol and nicotine. Conclusion: This study reveals the important role of nursing programs and schools face the problem of consumption of PSS, as the semesters are more complex there is a remarkable change of attitude and a higher level of knowledge. The task of education is vital to arrange PSS agency actions, interdisciplinary and intersectorial for promotion, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration of vulnerable subjects and consumers of psychoactive substances in our region.Palabras claves: Actitudes, Conocimientos, Drogas, Educación, Enfermería, Practicas, Prevención, Sustancias Psicoactivas.

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Welner, Kevin G. "Taxing the Establishment Clause: Revolutionary Decision of the Arizona Supreme Court". education policy analysis archives 8 (30 de julio de 2000): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v8n36.2000.

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This article explores the nature and implications of a 1999 decision of the Arizona Supreme Court, upholding the constitutionality of a state tax credit statute. The statute offers a $500 tax credit to taxpayers who donate money to non-profit organizations which, in turn, donate the money in grants to students in order to help defray the costs of attending private and parochial schools. The author concludes that the Arizona decision elevates cleverness in devising a statutory scheme above the substance of long-established constitutional doctrine.

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Charmaille, J.-P., M. G. Clarke, J. Harding, C. Hildebrand, I. W. Mckinlay, S. R. Rice y P. Reynolds. "Financial Management of the UK Pension Protection Fund". British Actuarial Journal 18, n.º 2 (23 de enero de 2013): 345–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135732171200044x.

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AbstractThe UK Pension Protection Fund (PPF) was established in April 2005 to protect the pensions of members of UK private sector defined benefit pension schemes which have insufficient assets and whose corporate sponsor fails. The Fund takes over the pension scheme assets and assumes responsibility for the payment of compensation to the former members of the scheme. The PPF is funded by a levy on the population of eligible schemes. This paper discusses the application of Enterprise Risk Management principles and techniques to the unique situation of the PPF. The elements of the financial management of the Fund have been developed by reference to practice within proprietary insurance institutions and within pension funds. The paper will be of interest and, we hope, of some value to students, researchers and analysts and also to the PPF's own stakeholder groups that have a stake in an effective pension protection regime.

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Nazukova, Nataliia. "Public funding of education as a factor of economic growth". Economy and forecasting 2020, n.º 2 (12 de octubre de 2020): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.02.072.

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The main approaches to the analysis of the impact of education on economic growth consist in assessing the link between economic growth indicators (GDP/GDP growth per capita) and three groups of educational indicators: quantitative ones (educational attainment – coverage of population by an education level), qualitative ones (standardized grades of students) and the amounts of educational funding. At the same time, educational attainment and the quality of knowledge obtained depend on the amount of educational funding. The article proves that there is a significant positive relationship between indicators of state funding of higher and secondary education per student and a country's total factor productivity. At the same time, there is no unified optimal scheme for the distribution of public funding between the educational levels: to accelerate the pace of economic growth, some countries prioritize primary education, others – secondary or higher education. As stated in the article, this depends on the country's technological level, the existing educational and professional structure of human capital, and such contextual factors, as the quality of institutions in the country. The article discusses practical approaches to financing various levels of education at the expense of public and private funds, where the latter are presented in the context of private funds, and state transfers to families with students – that is public-to-private transfers. The article concludes that public educational funding – both direct and in the form of public-to-private transfers – concidered at various levels, indicates prioritization of the specific educational and professional composition of human capital. The results of the study indicate the need to harmonize approaches to budgetary processes in the field of educational funding with a country's technological, qualificational, and institutional prerequisites, as well as with strategic forecasts of the socio-economic development of national economies.

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Gagnidze, Archil y Shorena Maglakelidze. "Competition on the Georgia Education Marketplace". International Education Studies 10, n.º 6 (30 de mayo de 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n6p10.

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Georgia implemented a nationwide, full scale school voucher program in 2005. The new voucher plan was designed with the intent to provide equitable distribution and efficient utilization of financial and human resources. By introducing the voucher scheme, the government hoped to promote competition among public as well as private schools to push them operate in a cost-effective way and consequently improve education quality. This study tries to identify the effect of increased competition on the quality of education as perceived by school principals and teachers in Georgia. More specifically, we study to identify if the voucher model, as a result of increased competition, has created an environment that is supportive to students in improving their academic performance. Our results suggest that school principals and teachers do not view competition as a force or stimulation towards better quality teaching and improved students’ academic achievement.

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Filipe, Rita y Pedro Aguiar. "Saúde Oral - Fatores de Não Adesão aos Cheques-Dentista: Um Estudo de Caso-Controlo". Acta Médica Portuguesa 31, n.º 6 (29 de junio de 2018): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.9640.

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Introduction: A dental voucher was created to facilitate the access to oral health care, however the use of these vouchers, by students aged 7, 10 and 13 with dental caries from state schools within the geodemographic area covered by the Community Health Center Group of Western Lisbon and Oeiras, had a low uptake (23%, school year 2014/2015) The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with this non-use.Material and Methods: A case-control study was carried out involving 270 students (135 cases and 135 controls) from 35 state schools who agreed to participate in the study. A descriptive analysis of the reasons for non-adhesion to the voucher, and a study associating the variables and the use/non-use of the dental vouchers using bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis was made adopting a significance of 0.05.Results: The main reasons for non-use (n = 135) were the use of private dentists outside the dental voucher scheme (23.7%) and forgetting to use the vouchers or exceeding the expiry date (21.5%). The main factor associated with the non-use was students having a private dentist (OR adjusted 2.004, p = 0.012; IC 95%: 1.176 – 3.413) and the main factor associated with the use was having information of dentists accepting dental vouchers (OR adjusted 0.096, p = < 0.001; IC 95%: 0.047 – 0.198).Discussion: Our findings highlight the need to improve the accessibility to dental vouchers.Conclusion: It is hoped that the identification of these factors will contribute in the planning of strategies and activities to improve the use of dental vouchers.

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Preto, Vivian Aline, Vitória Palomo Palomo, Laura Gonçalves Araujo, Michele Mendes Flauzino, Caroline Correia Teixeira, Raissa Da Silva Parmegiane y Lucilene Cardoso. "Perception of stress in nursing academics". Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, n.º 3 (3 de marzo de 2018): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i3a231389p708-715-2018.

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RESUMOObjetivo: avaliar a percepção de estresse em baixa, média e alta e a relação entre a percepção do estresse e características sociodemográficas em acadêmicos de Enfermagem. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, em que foram incluídos 136 acadêmicos de Enfermagem de uma instituição particular de ensino, com o uso do questionário sociodemográfico e a Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS-14). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do programa SPSS, versão 17.0. Os dados foram apresentados em tabelas. Resultados: a maioria dos acadêmicos (63=46,3%) apresenta média percepção de estresse. As variáveis sociodemográficas não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com a percepção de estresse. Conclusão: número significativo de universitários apresenta média percepção de estresse. Observa-se que os acadêmicos casados e que ingerem bebida alcoólica apresentaram maior percepção. Já realizar atividade física auxilia em uma menor percepção de estresse. É relevante observar que a percepção de estresse média ou alta constatada neste estudo é preocupante considerando a saúde desses participantes e seu futuro profissional. Os dados deste estudo contribuem cientificamente com o fornecimento de subsídios e auxiliam a identificar variáveis sociodemográficas que podem vulnerabilizar os acadêmicos na percepção do estresse. Descritores: Estresse Fisiológico; Estresse Psicológico; Estudante de Enfermagem; Educação em Enfermagem; Educação; Aprendizagem.ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the perception of stress as low, medium and high and the relationship between the perception of stress and sociodemographic characteristics in Nursing students. Method: a cross-sectional quantitative study of 136 nursing students from a private educational institution using the sociodemographic questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). The results were submitted to statistical analysis using the SPSS program, version 17.0. The data was presented in tables. Results: the majority of academics (63 = 46.3%) presented mean perception of stress. The sociodemographic variables did not present a statistically significant association with the perception of stress. Conclusion: a significant number of university students present average perception of stress. It is observed that married and alcoholic students presented higher perception. Already performing physical activity assists in a lower perception of stress. It is important to note that the perception of medium or high stress found in this study is worrying considering the health of these participants and their professional future. The data from this study contributes scientifically to the provision of subsidies and helps to identify sociodemographic variables that may vulnerabilize academics in the perception of stress. Descriptors: Physiological Stress; Psychological stress; Nursing Student; Education, Nursing; Education; Learning. RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la percepción de estrés en baja, media y alta y la relación entre la percepción del estrés y características sociodemográficas en académicos de Enfermería. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, en que se incluyeron 136 académicos de Enfermería de una institución particular de enseñanza, con uso del cuestionario sociodemográfico y la escala de estrés percibido (PSS-14). Los resultados se sometieron al análisis estadístico a través del programa SPSS, versión 17.0. Los datos se presentaron en tablas. Resultados: la mayoría de los académicos (63=46,3%) presentan una media percepción de estrés. Las variables sociodemográficas no presentaron asociación estadísticamente significativa con la percepción de estrés. Conclusión: número significativo de universitarios presenta media percepción de estrés. Se observa que los académicos casados y que ingeren bebida alcohólica presentaron mayor percepción. Ya la realización de actividad física auxilia en una menor percepción de estrés. Es importante observar que la percepción de estrés media o alta constatada en este estudio es preocupante considerando la salud de esos participantes y su futuro profesional. Los datos de este estudio contribuyen científicamente con el suministro de subsidios y ayudan a identificar variables sociodemográficas que pueden vulnerabilizar a los académicos en la percepción del estrés. Descriptores: Estrés Fisiológico; Estrés Psicológico; Estudiante de Enfermería; Educación en Enfermería; Educación; Aprendizaje.

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Afridi, Tahira. "“DIGITAL LEARNING AS EDUCATION INNOVATION AT UNIVERSITIES”". Psychology and Education Journal 58, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2021): 5273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2083.

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The well-rounded education is the interpretation of brilliant 21st century which has laid stress on use of digital technology in education. Policy makers are spotting at educational technologies to ensure the changed education. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory, which is considered more suitable for assessing the digital learning in education, was selected for this study. This study explores the perceptions of 3350 university students from Central Punjab, Pakistan, regarding the digital learning at public and private universities in Punjab. Survey research was used to achieve the objectives of the research study. A representative sample of administrators, teachers and students from faculties of Education and Business in eight Public and Private Universities of Central Punjab was taken. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to assess and compare responses taken on adapted five-point Likert rating scale. Respondents rated outside class digital learning activities as the highest and inside class digital learning activities as the lowest factor in order of their preference. The overall level of digital learning at public and private universities of Punjab with respect to all three sub-scales is found to be at an average level, thus conventional learning is continued. The major findings revealed stakeholders are having an easy access and sufficient skills to use these digital technologies but even then its integration in learning is beyond acceptance. This study recommends the continuation of current Prime Minister free Laptops Scheme, concerned authorities providing pay back student loans with easy installments, high speed internet facilities at department’s computer labs, libraries, hostels and homes, improving searching skills of learners, counseling centers with trained staff for learners, learners’ subsidized trainings and the rigorous application of digital learning activities inside the classroom.

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Treska, Tomi. "SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION IN ALBANIA IN LIEU OF THE BOLOGNA PROCESS: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA". CBU International Conference Proceedings 1 (30 de junio de 2013): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v1.40.

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This paper intends to explore the scientific research model developed at the European University of Tirana (UET), a private higher education institution in Albania. This requires for a reconsideration of the position of private universities in the higher education system in Albania, not just as profitable entities, but as institutions that provide public services for citizens in the country. The paper adopts a qualitative methodology approach, i.e. it applies document analysis and literature review in order to explore the development of the scientific research model in UET. The materials consulted include documents related to the Bologna Process; legislation of higher education in Albania; policies, guidelines and procedures of UET regarding scientific research. The paper suggests that private universities in Albania, albeit being recently established, enjoy more opportunities and freedom to develop new models for conducting scientific research. The analysis of the UET scientific research model shows that UET has adopted the most advanced Western approaches and the best practices from the Anglo-Saxon universities, bringing innovation in vision, research policies, procedures, practices and forms. The paper identifies the main principles upon which the scientific research of UET is built: (i) the connection and reflection of scientific research activities in the teaching process; (ii) the students’ involvement in research activities; (iii) further qualification of academic staff including doctoral candidates; (iv) the connection between scientific research and the market. The paper argues that this model should be supported by new policies to better regulate the financing scheme of higher education in Albania, in order to provide private universities with more opportunities to further develop their scientific research. This will also lead to an increased confidence from the side of the business sector to trust private universities with their market research and other related projects.

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Kaur, Jagdish y Sangeeta Arora. "Indian students’ attitude toward educational debt: scale development and validation". Quality Assurance in Education 27, n.º 4 (14 de octubre de 2019): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-12-2018-0131.

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Purpose This paper aims to develop, refine and validate a multidimensional scale for measuring students’ attitude toward educational debt for higher studies in Punjab (India) and the impact of this attitude on the satisfaction of students. Design/methodology/approach The study uses interview and survey approach. The sample comprises 417 students from four public and four private universities of Punjab (India). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis have been used to develop and validate students’ attitude toward education loan scale (Morgado et al., 2017). Further, structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used to analyze the impact of factors of students’ attitude on their satisfaction. Findings The scale has been tested for both reliability and validity. Analysis has revealed six factors of students’ attitude toward educational debt, namely, economic empowerment, social empowerment, utility, procedural requirements, risk and stress. These, six independent variables and one dependent variable, i.e. students’ satisfaction, were entered into structural equation model. The structural equation model shows that procedural requirements, economic empowerment and utility have a positive, whereas stress has a negative and significant impact on the students’ satisfaction. Practical implications Education financing is a gigantic problem nowadays due to the high cost of self-financing courses in Punjab. To make higher education accessible to all students, education loan plays a vital role. Thus, the attitude of students is of great importance to policymakers to bring reforms in education loan scheme. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the foremost study for developing a validated tool to measure the students’ attitude toward educational debt in India.

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Olukanni, David, Anne Aipoh y Inibraniye Kalabo. "Recycling and Reuse Technology: Waste to Wealth Initiative in a Private Tertiary Institution, Nigeria". Recycling 3, n.º 3 (8 de septiembre de 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030044.

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The practice of collecting, treating, and managing solid waste prior to disposal has become a necessity in developing and modern societies. However, over the years, most waste has become regarded as having second-rate value and could be recovered and reused for valuable goods. However, the construction costs for conventional Material Recovery Facility(s) (MRFs) have been a major barrier for its implementation, and these technologies also require considerable technical expertise, which is not often available in developing nations for the successful operation of the MRFs. Covenant University, a private mission institution undertaking a waste-to-wealth scheme, is focused on managing and processing used materials to create reusable products. Such materials included PET bottles, paper waste, food waste from cafeterias, plastic food packs, nylon, tin cans, and others. Specific areas from the university which were chosen for the survey included the residential areas for staff and students and the two cafeterias. The waste generated was characterized so as to quantify the amount of recyclable waste generated, and also to find out which was most-occurring. The survey involved the use of structured questionnaires, on-site observations, and measurements. The study revealed that the average amount of recyclable waste generated per day in the institution were 55.56% food waste, 13.46% PET bottles, 12.64% other plastic, 9.63% nylon, 4.68% tin cans, and 4.03% paper. The study establishes that adequate waste characterization is a requirement for effective integrated solid waste management, which would boost resource recovery, reuse, and recycling.

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22

Clark, Sheryl, Anna Mountford-Zimdars y Becky Francis. "Risk, Choice and Social Disadvantage: Young People's Decision-Making in a Marketised Higher Education System". Sociological Research Online 20, n.º 3 (agosto de 2015): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3727.

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Rising tuition fees in England have been accompanied by a policy mandate for universities to widen participation by attracting students from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. This article focuses on one such group of high achieving students and their responses to rising tuition fees within the context of their participation in an outreach scheme at a research-intensive university in the UK. Our findings suggest that rather than being deterred from attending university as a result of fee increases, these young people demonstrated a detailed and fairly sophisticated understanding of higher education provision as a stratified and marketised system and justified fees within a discourse of ‘private good.’ Our analysis situates their ‘risk’ responses within the discursive tensions of the fees/widening participation mandate. We suggest that this tension highlights an intensified commodification of the relationship between higher education institutions and potential students from disadvantaged backgrounds in which widening participation agendas have shifted towards recruitment exercises. We argue that an ongoing effect of this shift has resulted in increased instrumentalism and a narrowing of choices for young people faced with the task of seeking out ‘value for money’ in their degrees whilst concurrently engaging in a number of personalised strategies aimed at compensating for social disadvantage in a system beset by structural inequalities.

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Resnik, Pia y Christine Schallmoser. "Enjoyment as a key to success? Links between e-tandem language learning and tertiary students’ foreign language enjoyment". Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 9, n.º 3 (27 de septiembre de 2019): 541–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2019.9.3.6.

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This paper reports on crossing borders virtually via an e-Tandem scheme and presents the findings of a study, in which students of English from an Austrian university were paired with students of German from the UK and the USA. Drawing on data from 19 in-depth interviews, the study aims to identify links between e-Tandem language learning and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2014, 2016). A category-based qualitative text analysis (Kuckartz, 2014) revealed that a majority of the interviewees felt e-Tandem language learning contributed to their FLE. Furthermore, a range of reasons underlying students’ perceived enjoyment of learning a language in Tandem emerged: having authentic conversations in the target language with L1 (first language) users (Dewaele, 2018), perceiving each other as cultural mediators and a difference from language classroom contexts on the level of power relations, which made students feel more at ease. Helping each other, receiving one-on-one feedback and perceiving improvement in their linguistic mastery were furthermore mentioned as factors they felt boosted their enjoyment and so was developing friendships with L1 users. According to the interviewees, these aspects specifically increased their interest and enjoyment in using and learning the language and their eudaimonic happiness. The findings demonstrate that e-Tandem language learning can be a resource to enhance perceived enjoyment in foreign language learners at tertiary level and they illustrate that social and private components of FLE seem to be interlinked.

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Gandia, Rodrigo, Fabio Antonialli, Isabelle Nicolaï, Joel Sugano, Julia Oliveira y Izabela Oliveira. "Casual Carpooling: A Strategy to Support Implementation of Mobility-as-a-Service in a Developing Country". Sustainability 13, n.º 5 (4 de marzo de 2021): 2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052774.

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Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) offers tailored-made, on-demand mobility solutions to users by integrating on a single service subscription, public and private transport modes. However, the concept is still uncertain, and its current development and applicability is centered on developed countries. On the other hand, we advocate that MaaS is modular, adaptable, and applicable to several realities. In developing countries where public transport is mostly inefficient and insufficient, MaaS could help to “balance the scale” with private transport offerings, such as ridesharing. Casual carpooling could be an affordable alternative. Not only for being a low-tech transport mode but also for optimizing vehicle usage of idle seats. In that optics, we have identified drivers who would facilitate integrating casual practices into a MaaS. To identify the motivating factors behind casual carpooling and propose a strategy to implement it in a MaaS scheme, a quantitative survey was applied to 307 university students in the city Lavras, Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. We assumed that casual carpooling is sustained by solidarity, simplicity, and agility; no costs to passengers; and institutionalized pickup points. Then, we identify principal strategic components to implement such an initiative. We concluded that casual carpooling as a low-tech transport mode could enhance local strategy for implementing an eco-innovative MaaS in places with inefficient public transport offerings.

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Base Garcia, Paul Reinald y Yasser Adnan Abu Jaish. "Problems Facing Undergraduate Students At Al Ghad International College For Health Sciences: Basis To Improve Academic Performance". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 22 (30 de agosto de 2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n22p281.

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This action research has sought answers to the following research questions: What are the problems encountered by the low performing students of different departments in terms of psychosocial, psychological and educational? What are the proposed specific measures geared towards the enhancement of learners’ academic performance? Researchers have utilized a mixed method research design, both quantitative and qualitative methods which gave them greater confidence in establishing conclusion of the study. They have figured out specific measures to address problems in terms of psychosocial, psychological and education domains confronting the subjects of the study. These proposed measures are adaptation of academic performance flow chart and the revised attendance grading scheme. The authors also suggest the preparatory department to create an English proficiency committee which will design English proficiency programs for this low performing group zeroing in listening, reading, writing and speaking proficiencies. They also propose for the College to use better software management system and to conduct an annual departmental curriculum review and enhancement. They have included all of the students with GPA 2.75 and less from different departments of Al-Ghad International College Dammam Male Campus, a large and young private academic institution which offers various health care programs as participants of the study. A self-made questionnaire has been constructed and has become the main tool to gather the necessary data and interview has done to dissect the variables under scrutiny. Researchers have also used a standardized test (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) which determined the psychological distress status of the subject learners. The gathered numeric data have been tabulated, evaluated, analyzed and interpreted using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.

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Uteubayev, Talgat, Mariana Petrova y Irena Lyubenova. "TRAINING OF QUALIFIED SPECIALISTS IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY: THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP". CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (26 de septiembre de 2018): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1203.

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This article is devoted to the problem of forming qualified specialists in the labor market during the process of their education in university. This article presents the mechanisms of integration of education and business on the basis of a public-private partnership with the identification of strategic objectives, directions, and expected results of interaction between the educational institution and employers' enterprises in the training of qualified specialists. The expected results of the interaction between the subjects of the public-private partnership based on the results of the implementation of organizational and educational support for the personality of the student, teacher, employer and the state as a whole are revealed. A scheme for organizing a resource center for the interaction between an educational institution and employers' enterprises, as well as the effectiveness of its creation. The new mechanism for the sustainable development of the higher education system should solve the following strategic tasks: expansion of educational and research activities of universities and other organizations of the higher education system on the basis of the development of scientific schools and practice; interaction of fundamental scientific research and university vocational education; strengthening of the connection between the practice-oriented and research components of the university; the introduction of a competence approach that allows the linking of professional competencies that meet modern realities and market requirements in order to achieve the goald of higher education; increasing the level of preparation of competitive human resources in demand for students of universities in the domestic labor market.

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Beisebay, P. B. y G. H. Mukhamediev. "ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM OF SOLUTIONS OF A LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS OF AN ARBITRARY ORDER". BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 70, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7901.07.

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The paper proposes a method of presentation topics «On the construction of a fundamental system of solutions of a linear homogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients of an arbitrary order». In the traditional presentation of this topic in the case when the characteristic equation has complex roots, the particular solutions of the equation corresponding to them are constructed by applying the elements of complex analysis. In consequence of that, for students in the field, whose training programs included the theory of linear differential equations with constant coefficients and at the same time does not include the study of the theory of complex analysis, types of private solving the equation in this case is given without substantiation, or as a known fact, only for this case, previously issued elements complex analysis. Offered in the presentation technique differs from the traditional presentation of the topic in that it partial solutions scheme for constructing fundamental system of homogeneous linear equation with constant coefficients of arbitrary order is based only on the basis of the properties of the differential form corresponding to the left side of the equation, without using the elements of the theory of complex analysis.

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El Morr, Christo, Paul Ritvo, Farah Ahmad y Rahim Moineddin. "Effectiveness of an 8-Week Web-Based Mindfulness Virtual Community Intervention for University Students on Symptoms of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial". JMIR Mental Health 7, n.º 7 (17 de julio de 2020): e18595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18595.

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Background A student mental health crisis is increasingly acknowledged and will only intensify with the COVID-19 crisis. Given accessibility of methods with demonstrated efficacy in reducing depression and anxiety (eg, mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT]) and limitations imposed by geographic obstructions and localized expertise, web-based alternatives have become vehicles for scaled-up delivery of benefits at modest cost. Mindfulness Virtual Community (MVC), a web-based program informed by CBT constructs and featuring online videos, discussion forums, and videoconferencing, was developed to target depression, anxiety, and experiences of excess stress among university students. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an 8-week web-based mindfulness and CBT program in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (primary outcomes) and increasing mindfulness (secondary outcome) within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with undergraduate students at a large Canadian university. Methods An RCT was designed to assess undergraduate students (n=160) who were randomly allocated to a web-based guided mindfulness–CBT condition (n=80) or to a waitlist control (WLC) condition (n=80). The 8-week intervention consisted of a web-based platform comprising (1) 12 video-based modules with psychoeducation on students’ preidentified life challenges and applied mindfulness practice; (2) anonymous peer-to-peer discussion forums; and (3) anonymous, group-based, professionally guided 20-minute live videoconferences. The outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress, and mindfulness) were measured via an online survey at baseline and at 8 weeks postintervention using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form (FFMQ-SF). Analyses employed generalized estimation equation methods with AR(1) covariance structures and were adjusted for possible covariates (gender, age, country of birth, ethnicity, English as first language, paid work, unpaid work, relationship status, physical exercise, self-rated health, and access to private mental health counseling). Results Of the 159 students who provided T1 data, 32 were males and 125 were females with a mean age of 22.55 years. Participants in the MVC (n=79) and WLC (n=80) groups were similar in sociodemographic characteristics at T1 with the exception of gender and weekly hours of unpaid volunteer work. At postintervention follow-up, according to the adjusted comparisons, there were statistically significant between-group reductions in depression scores (β=–2.21, P=.01) and anxiety scores (β=–4.82, P=.006), and a significant increase in mindfulness scores (β=4.84, P=.02) compared with the WLC group. There were no statistically significant differences in perceived stress for MVC (β=.64, P=.48) compared with WLC. Conclusions With the MVC intervention, there were significantly reduced depression and anxiety symptoms but no significant effect on perceived stress. Online mindfulness interventions can be effective in addressing common mental health conditions among postsecondary populations on a large scale, simultaneously reducing the current burden on traditional counseling services. Trial Registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN12249616; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12249616

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Cockfield, Geoff, Linda Courtenay Botterill y Simon Kelly. "A prospective evaluation of contingent loans as a means of financing wild dog exclusion fences". Rangeland Journal 40, n.º 6 (2018): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj18054.

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Invasive species, such as wild dogs can be considered an externality arising from the activities of pastoral enterprises, with producers having limited responsibility for the problem and limited capacity to mitigate it. There are therefore arguments for government intervention through encouraging both individual and collective control measures. Governments are however increasingly inclined to ensure recipients of support make some contribution where there are private benefits. An example of this, in Australia, is the requirement that students repay some of the cost of their tertiary education. Using the issue of wild dog exclusion fencing in south-west Queensland as a case study, this paper considers if and how a policy instrument adopted for higher education (HECS-HELP), contingent loans, could be adapted to address problems of externalities in rural Australia. Central to the issue of exclusion fences are high upfront costs and highly variable incomes that limit the ability to recoup those costs according to a predictable timeline. Considering a range of incomes and a variety of private/government shares of the cost of the fences, we examine the effects of revenue contingent loans for the construction of these fences, using model farms developed from survey data for farm businesses in south-west Queensland. We find that contingent loans could mitigate the hardship effects of additional debt and variable incomes. Businesses with smaller properties and relatively lower incomes may however struggle to pay back larger loans. Using south-west Queensland as a case study, we show how different shares of contributions change the time to pay back loans, outline how a contingent loan scheme might be administered and note some issues with integrating personal contingent loans into a collective fence arrangement.

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Purnomo, Silvester Hari. "ARSITEKTUR JAMINAN KESEHATAN INDONESIA: CAPAIAN, KRITIK DAN TANTANGAN MASA DEPAN (THE ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIAN HEALTH INSURANCE: ACHIEVEMENT, CRITIQUE, AND FUTURE CHALLENGE)". Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran Duta Wacana 5, n.º 1 (19 de agosto de 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/bikdw.v5i1.173.

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This book has thoroughly described the achievements, critiques, and challenges in the future of the Indonesian health insurance architecture. The author describes his vision of the ideal universal health coverage (UHC) for the country impeccably. His experience as a general practitioner and public health practitioner since the early days of national insurance establishment has shaped his writing style. The author opens with an introduction to the principles of health insurance, such as the aggregation of funds and insurance risks. He also describes the health insurance scheme in various countries before discussing Indonesia’s situation. The historical development of Indonesian health insurance is aptly presented. Its concepts, albeit under frequent changes are presented as though they have already manifested in architecture. Detailed programmes of the national health insurance, which is organised by BPJS Kesehatan (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan) are presented with its challenges and difficulties. The frequent adjustment of fund collection and service payment scheme (e.g. the utilisation of case-based group method to replace the diagnosis-related group in service payment scheme) is also described thoroughly. Outstanding claim with a lag of payment time to the service providers is another example of the system shortcoming mentioned in this book. The author emphasises on the breadth of primary care coverage which includes government-owned primary health care centred and private general practitioners’ clinics. Regardless of the valuable information on the national insurance scheme, there is a lack of the definition and the systematic description of the “architecture” terminology. The readers might need a further picture of the dynamics of a new-born UHC system. The book seems to be directed to the general readers, yet placing more sophisticated knowledge which suitable for higher education students from health or medical discipline. This warrants further clarification on the scope of the audience and reorganises the contents accordingly. There is a potential for utilisation for educational purposes, where the chapter organisation may be modified to the number of periodic class sessions, including a chapter dedicated to changing issues and future challenges. The author has incorporated actual data, visualised in various graphs. However, the print quality is lacking so the readers might difficult to interpret them. The general population needs enticing figures, while the academic audience would prefer detailed graphics and data tabulation. In addition, there are important changes in the insurance policy between print date and this review, such as the significant change in insurance premium. This issue is quite important to be added in the future revisions. The reviewer deems the book important. The book itself has its own architecture, achievement, critiques, and challenges. Despite the effort to reach readers from the general population, the medical and health finance policy students would be the most benefited audience. This book is a good introduction to more advanced topics in the health insurance discipline, with routine revisions on dynamic changes in Indonesian healthcare insurance architecture.

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Magaziner, Daniel. "The Foundation: Design, Time, and Possibility in 1960s Nairobi". Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, n.º 3 (27 de junio de 2018): 599–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417518000208.

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AbstractThis article explores the history of an experiment in architectural education that took place at what is today the University of Nairobi, between 1965 and 1967. Organized by Selby Mvusi, a South African industrial designer, and Derek Morgan, a British expatriate architect, what was known as the “Foundation Course” was both an experiment in architectural education in postcolonial Africa and a serious attempt to think through the African experience of time and equip students with the tools to recognize and respond to the unique conditions of the postcolonial African present. Based on archival sources, including those in private collections, and oral interviews, the article situates the Foundation Course within African intellectual history as an exercise in social theory and phenomenology. I examine the content of Mvusi and Morgan's intellectual partnership and project by tracing their individual trajectories, and especially the pedagogical scheme they developed at Nairobi, which came to focus more on humanity in dialogue with the material environment than on material objects themselves. I trace the intellectual lineages of their concepts and explore their articulation within the postcolonial university until the course was cancelled in 1967. I conclude by considering how Mvusi imagined the Foundation Course as a laboratory for both being and building in postcolonial Africa, drawing from a conference paper he delivered just weeks before he died in 1967.

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Ash, Kevin D., Ronald L. Schumann y Gregg C. Bowser. "Tornado Warning Trade-Offs: Evaluating Choices for Visually Communicating Risk". Weather, Climate, and Society 6, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2014): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00021.1.

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Abstract Recent improvements in weather observation and monitoring have increased the precision of tornado warnings. The National Weather Service currently issues storm-based tornado warnings, and even more geographically specific warnings that include probability information are under development. At the same time, the widespread proliferation of smartphone and mobile computing technology supports the rapid dissemination of graphical weather warning information. Some broadcasters and private companies have already begun using probabilistic-style tornado warning graphics. However, the development of these new types of warnings has occurred with limited research on how users interpret probabilistic visualizations. This study begins filling this void by examining responses to color scheme and relative position using probabilistic tornado warning designs. A survey of university students is used to measure the level of perceived fear and likelihood of protective action for a series of hypothetical warning scenarios. Central research questions investigate 1) differences in responses across warning designs, 2) clustering of extreme responses in each design, 3) trends in responses with respect to probability levels, 4) differences in responses inside versus outside the warnings, and 5) differences in responses near the edges of the warning designs. Results suggest a variety of trade-offs in viewer responses to tornado warnings based on visual design choices. These findings underscore the need for more comprehensive research on visualizations in weather hazard communication that can aid meteorologists in effectively warning the public and spur appropriate tornado protection behaviors in a timely manner.

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Mackenzie, Lee. "Evaluation of an English language peer tutoring intervention". International Journal of Educational Management 34, n.º 5 (23 de diciembre de 2019): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-04-2019-0129.

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PurposeDesertion rates in Colombian universities remain unacceptably high. In the field of foreign languages, academic failure is particularly concerning since English language instruction is compulsory in most universities. To address the issue of poor student performance and high dropout rates, the University of Colombia has set up a peer tutoring scheme (PTS) for English as a foreign language (EFL) students in order to inform programme development. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe study was informed by realist evaluation principles. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with eight PTS stakeholders supplemented by documentary analysis of the programme’s publicity material on the PTS website. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsFindings reveal discrepancies between the “espoused theory” about how the programme operates and the “theory-in-use”. In particular, according to stakeholders, the programme does not appear to be used by many of those EFL students who would benefit from it, which suggests that the programme is not as effective as it could be. Student and teacher contextual factors and mechanisms may explain the reasons for issues with programme effectiveness.Research limitations/implicationsFormative evaluations such as the current study can provide rich contextual information, but cannot be generalised to other settings. Also, this study does not explore the perspective of peer tutors and tutees, which means key variables may have been overlooked. Further research into the perspectives of tutors and tutees would therefore be needed to firm up these conclusions.Practical implicationsDue to the scarcity of literature into EFL peer tutoring interventions in higher education (HE), it is hoped that these findings will have relevance for similar contexts. The current evaluation highlights the influence of contextual factors such as willingness to ask for help, student motivation, student priorities, tutor credibility, teacher workload, timetabling and scheduling issues and involvement from teachers on the success of open-access peer tutoring programmes for EFL students in higher educational settings.Originality/valueAs far the researcher is aware, this is the first evaluation of an EFL peer tutoring programme in a private HE context in Colombia, and one of only a handful of studies into EFL peer tutoring programmes. The findings therefore have implications for those working in similar contexts.

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Carreno, Michael, Ying-En Ge y Sarah Borthwick. "COULD GREEN TAXATION MEASURES HELP INCENTIVISE FUTURE CHINESE CAR DRIVERS TO PURCHASE LOW EMISSION VEHICLES?" TRANSPORT 29, n.º 3 (9 de mayo de 2014): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.913261.

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The paper begins with a brief review of evidence related to the different types of ‘green’ taxation measures that have been introduced by governments worldwide as a means to lessen the environmental consequences of private car ownership by incentivising the purchase of Low Emission Vehicles (LEV’s). An overview is then provided of current understanding of individuals’ car purchasing decisions, highlighting gaps in knowledge that exist with current explanatory models. Based on these gaps in knowledge and to investigate the potential of various taxation measures in influencing individuals’ car purchasing decisions, an online survey was conducted with students from Dalian University of Technology, China. The questionnaire was designed to measure: (1) situational and psychological factors that would be important for their next car purchase; (2) the impacts of adapting current taxation measures to incentivise LEV purchases; (3) the potential role of a range of taxation measures on their decisions on type of future car purchases. K-Cluster means analysis was employed to identify population segments according to their psychological preparedness and importance attached to situational factors in their future decisions to purchase a LEV, or not. This resulted in three distinct segments – Pro-Greens (33.6% of sample), Maybe-Greens (20.2%) and No-Greens (46.2%). Pro-Greens were more psychologically prepared to purchase LEV’s than the other two segments, whose future car purchasing decisions were primarily driven by situational factors (vehicle characteristics, performance, etc.). Pro-Greens were also more likely to be influenced by changes in current Chinese taxation measures (VAT and fuel duty), and also significantly more likely to be influenced by the introduction of future measures that would incentivise LEV purchases than the other two segments. In terms of future measures to incentivise future Chinese drivers LEV purchases and use, the introduction of a feebate system, a CO2 emissions VAT system, a distance based user charging scheme and annual road tax based on CO2 emissions would appear to have the greatest potential overall.

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Kaur, Navdeep. "AWARENESS OF RIGHT TO EDUCATION AMONG SECONDAY SCHOOL TEACHERS". JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 6, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2014): 1004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v6i2.3484.

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Education is a human right and essential for realization of all other human rights. It is a basic right which helps the individual to live with human dignity the right to education is a fundamental human rights. Every individual, irrespective of race, gender, nationality, ethnic or social origin, religion or political preference, age or disability, is entitled to a free elementary education. Hence the present study has attempted to find out awareness of right to education among secondary school teachers. The sample of 200 secondary school teachers was taken. A self made questionnaire comprising 34 multiple choice items was used by the investigator. It was found that both Government and Private secondary teachers have equal information regarding RTE, whereas Male school teachers are more aware of RTE than Female secondary school teachers Education is the foundation stone of national development. No nation can develops without education. The function of education is to accelerate the progress and development of nation. Education is the only means which brings about national integration. Educational achievement of a nation is also an indicator of national pride. During the pre-british Indian the indigenous secondary education was imparted in Pathshalas, Gurukuls, Gurudwaras and other religious organization. Education was banned for women and for scheduled classes and poor people. After sometimes Christian missionaries and East Indian Company established a few schools with the purpose of spreading Christianity in India. The first organized step to established planned primary schools of four years duration in India was established when Macaulay presented his famous minutes in 1835 with a view to popularize English education. In 1854 Woods Dispatch laid stress on imparting education atleast upto the primary level to the Indians. Later many commissions and committees were set up like India Education Commission 1882, Government resolution on education policy 1904, Gopal Krishan Gokhales Resolution 1911,Hartog committee 1929, Wardha Scheme 1938 and Sargent report 1944. All of them laid stress on free & compulsory primary education. After independence India adopted Article-45 directive principle of state policy laid down in Indian Constitution. The Article says, The state shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the commencement of the constitution free & compulsory education for all children untill they complete the age 6 to 14 years. Kothari Commission (1964-66) recommended qualitative improvement for the purpose of science education, work experience, vocalization of education and development of social, moral and spiritual values, improvement in methods of teaching curriculum, teacher training etc. were recommended. National Policy on Education (1986) emphasized on two aspects. One on the universal enrollment and universal retention of children upto 14 years of age and another on the substantial improvement in teaching quality of education. In order to improve the education of school, Operation, Blackboard was introduced by National Policy on Education. The programme of action (1986) was laid down, the purpose of Operation Blackboard is to ensure provision of minimum essential facilities in secondary schools, material facilities as learning equipment, use of blackboard implies that there is an urgency in this programme. In India, the desire for compulsory education figured in the writing and speeches of our leader before independence. But for national development and national integration, creation of good citizens, preparation for life, development of character, development of individuality, adaptation to environment and making man civilized. India just implemented the Right to Education on 27rd August (Thursday), 2009 by 86th Constitutional amendent. It says, the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine. Today education is considered an important public function and the state is seen as the chief provider of education through the allocation of substantial Budgetry resources and regulating the provision of education. The pre-eminent role of the state in fulfilling the Right To Education is enshrined in 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights. With regards to realizing the Right to Education the World Declaration on Education for All states that partnerships between government and non-government organizational, the private sector, local communities, religious groups, and families are necessary. The realization of Right to Education on a national level may be achieved through compulsory education or more specifically free and compulsory primary education as stated in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. So as India is first to made education compulsory and free for all. Formal Education is given to everybody without any discrimination of sex, caste, creed and colour. Education is the powerful tool. which accelerates the process of national growth and development. Moreover, economically and socially marginalized adults and children can left themselves out of miseries of darkness and participate fully as variable assets for their nation only with the help of education. Thus, education is a key towards a successful life. Keeping in view the importance of education, the secondary education in India has been made compulsory through 86th constitutional amendment. Moreover Right to Education has declared as fundamental right by this amendment under Article-emerge as a global leader in achieving the millennium development goal of ensuring that all children complete their secondary education by 2015 as set by UNESCO. The secondary stake holders for providing education are the parents and social authorities and both these entities have to be active: parents, by sending education is supported, thus, it is important that teacher should be aware of Right to Education. If teacher are well aware of Right to Education then only he/she can make the students to enjoy its benefits and motivate them to enroll in education. Moreover, if the teacher is fully awakened about the Right Education only then he/she will not dare to exploit the child.

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K K A, Abdullah, Robert A B C y Adeyemo A B. "August 2016 VOLUME 5, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2016 5th Generation Wi-Fi Shatha Ghazal, Raina S Alkhlailah Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5801 ECG Arrhythmia Detection Using Choi-Williams Time-Frequency Distribution and Artificial Neural Network Sanjit K. Dash, G. Sasibhushana Rao Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5802 Data Security using RSA Algorithm in Cloud Computing Santosh Kumar Singh, Dr. P.K. Manjhi, Dr. R.K. Tiwari Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5803 Detection Algorithms in Medical Imaging Priyanka Pareek, Pankaj Dalal Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5804 A Review Study on the CPU Scheduling Algorithms Shweta Jain, Dr. Saurabh Jain Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5805 Healthcare Biosensors - A Paradigm Shift To Wireless Technology Taha Mukhtar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5806 Congestion Control for Peer to Peer Application using Random Early Detection Algorithm Sonam Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5807 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Milk Parameters using Arduino Controller Y.R. Bhamare, M.B. Matsagar, C.G. Dighavkar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5808 Ardunio Based Security and Safety using GSM as Fault Alert System for BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Umeshwari Khot, Prof. Venkat N. Ghodke Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5809 Automatic Single and Multi Topic Summarization and Evolution to Generate Timeline Mrs. V. Meenakshi, Ms. S. Jeyanthi Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5810 Data Hiding in Encrypted HEVC/AVC Video Streams Saltanat Shaikh, Prof. Shahzia Sayyad Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5811 A Study of Imbalanced Classification Problem P. Rajeshwari, D. Maheshwari Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5812 Design of PTL based Area Efficient and Low Power 4-bit ALU Saraabu Narendra Achari, Mr. C. Pakkiraiah Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5813 The Design of Driver Safety Awareness and Assistance System through Sleep Activated and Auto Brake System for Vehicle Control D. Sivabalaselvamani, Dr. A. Tamilarasi, L. Rahunathan and A.S. Harishankher Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5814 Parameters Selection, Applications & Convergence Analysis of PSO Algorithms Sachin Kumar, Mr. N.K. Gupta Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5815 Effective Pattern Deploying Model for the Document Restructuring and Classification Niketa, Jharna Chopra Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5816 Cataloging Telugu Sentences by Hidden Morkov Techniques V. Suresh Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5817 Biometrics for Cell Phone Safety Jyoti Tiwari, Santosh Kumar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5818 Digital Image Watermarking using Modified DWT&DCT Combination and Bi Linear Interpolation Yannam .Nagarjuna, K. Chaitanya Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5819 Comparative Study and Analysis on the Techniques of Web Mining Dipika Sahu, Yamini Chouhan Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5820 A Review of MIL-STD-1553 Bus Trends and Future K. Padmanabham, Prabhakar Kanugo, Dr. K. Nagabhushan Raju, M. Chandrashekar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5821 Design of QPSK Digital Modulation Scheme Using Turbo Codes for an Air Borne System D. Sai Brunda, B. Geetha Rani Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5822 An Efficient Locally Weighted Spectral Cluster for Automatic Image Segmentation Vishnu Priya M, J Santhosh Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5823 An Efficient Sliding Window Based Micro Cluster Over Data Streams Nancy Mary, A. Venugopal Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5824 Comparative Analysis of Traditional Frequency Reuse Techniques in LTE Network Neelam Rani, Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5825 Score Level Integration of Fingerprint and Hand Geometry Biometrics Jyoti Tiwari, Santosh Kumar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5826 CHARM: Intelligently Cost and Bandwidth Detection for FTP Servers using Heuristic Algorithm Shiva Urolagin Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5827 Image Enhancement Using Modified Exposure Based Histogram SK. Nasreen, N. Anupama Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5828 Human Gesture Based Recognition and Classification Using MATLAB Suman, Er. Kapil Sirohi Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5829 Image Denoising- A Novel Approach Dipali D. Sathe, Prof. K.N. Barbole Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5830 Design of Low Pass Digital FIR Filter Using Nature Inspired Technique Nisha Rani, Balraj Singh, Darshan Singh Sidhu Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5831 Issues and Challenges in Software Quality Assurance Himangi, Surender singh Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5832 Hybridization of GSA and AFSA to Detect Black Hole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network Soni Rani, Charanjit Singh Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5833 Reversible Watermarking Technique for Data Hiding, Accurate Tamper Detection in ROI and Exact Recovery of ROI Y. Usha Madhuri, K. Chaitanya Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5834 Fault Tolerance and Concurrency Control in Heterogeneous Distributed Database Systems Sagar Patel, Meghna Burli, Nidhi Shah, Prof. (Mrs.) Vinaya Sawant Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5835 Collection of Offline Tamil Handwriting Samples and Database Creation D. Rajalakshmi, Dr. S.K. Jayanthi Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5836 Overview of Renewable Energy in Maharashtra Mr. Sagar P. Thombare, Mr. Vishal Gunjal, Miss. Snehal Bhandarkar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5837 Comparative Analysis of Efficient Image Steganographic Technique with the 2-bit LSB Algorithm for Color Images K. S. Sadasiva Rao, Dr A. Damodaram Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5838 An Efficient Reverse Converter Design for Five Moduli Set RNS Y. Ayyavaru Reddy, B. Sekhar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5839 VLSI Design of Area Efficient High Performance SPMV Accelerator using VBW-CBQCSR Scheme N. Narasimharao, A. Mallaiah Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5840 Customer Retention of MCDR using 3SCDM Approaches Suban Ravichandran, Chandrasekaran Ramasamy Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5841 User Privacy and Data Trustworthiness in Mobile Crowd Sensing Ms. T. Sharadha, Dr. R. Vijaya Bhanu Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5842 A Safe Anti-Conspiracy Data Model For Changing Groups in Cloud G. Ajay Kumar, Devaraj Verma C Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5843 Scope and Adoption of M-Commerce in India Anurag Mishra, Sanjay Medhavi, Khan Shah Mohd, P.C. Mishra Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5844 A Secure Data Hiding Scheme For Color Image Mrs. S.A. Bhavani Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5845 A Study of Different Content Based Image Retrieval Techniques C. Gururaj, D. Jayadevappa, Satish Tunga Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5846 Cache Management for Big Data Applications: Survey Kiran Grover, Surender Singh Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5847 Survey on Energy Efficient Protocols and Challenges in IOT Syeda Butool Fatima, Sayyada Fahmeeda Sultana, Sadiya Ansari Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5848 Educational Data Mining For Evaluating Students Performance Sampreethi P.K, VR. Nagarajan Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5849 Iterative Pareto Principle for Software Test Case Prioritization Manas Kumar Yogi, G. Vijay Kumar, D. Uma Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5850 Localization Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review Abhishek Kumar, Deepak Prashar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5851 Ensemble Averaging Filter for Noise Reduction Tom Thomas Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5852 Survey Paper on Get My Route Application Shubham A. Purohit, Tushar R. Khandare, Prof. Swapnil V. Deshmukh Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5853 Design and Implementation of Smart Car with Self-Navigation and Self-Parking Systems using Sensors and RFID Technology Madhuri M. Bijamwar, Prof. S.G. Kole, Prof. S.S. Savkare Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5854 Comparison Study of Induction Motor Drives using Microcontroller and FPGA Sooraj M S, Sreerag K T V Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5855 A Survey on Text Categorization Senthil Kumar B, Bhavitha Varma E Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5856 Multirate Signal Reconstruction Using Two Channel Orthogonal Filter Bank Sijo Thomas, Darsana P Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5857 The Multi-keyword Synonym Search for Encrypted Cloud Data Using Clustering Method Monika Rani H G, Varshini Vidyadhar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5858 A Review on Various Speech Enhancement Techniques Alugonda Rajani, Soundarya .S.V.S Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5859 A Survey on Various Spoofing Attacks and Image Fusion Techniques Pravallika .P, Dr. K. Satya Prasad Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5860 Non-Invasive Vein Detection using Infra-red Rays Aradhana Singh, Dr. S.C. Prasanna Kumar, Dr. B.G. Sudershan Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5861 Boundary-Polygons for Minutiae based Fingerprinst Recognition Kusha Maharshi, Prashant Sahai Saxena Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5862 Image Forgery Detection on Digital Images Nimi Susan Saji, Ranjitha Rajan Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5863 Enhancing Information Security in Big Data Renu Kesharwani Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5864 Secure Multi-Owner Data Sharing for Dynamic Groups in Cloud Ms. Nilophar M. Masuldar, Prof. V. P. Kshirsagar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5865 Compact Microstrip Octagonal Slot Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications Thasneem .H, Midhun Joy Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5866 ‘Aquarius’- Smart IOT Technology for Water Level Monitoring System Prof. A. M. Jagtap, Bhaldar Saniya Sikandar, Shinde Sharmila Shivaji, Khalate Vrushali Pramod, Nirmal Kalyani Sarangdhar Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5867 Future of Results in Select Search Engine Peerzada Mohammad Iqbal, Dr. Abdul Majid Baba, Aasim Bashir Abstract | PDF with Text | DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2016.5868 Semantic Indexing Techniques on Information Retrieval of Web Content". IJARCCE 5, n.º 8 (30 de agosto de 2016): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijarcce.2016.5869.

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Blebil, Ali, Juman Dujaili, Ali Haider Mohammed, Cheng Mun Cheong y Yishuan Hoo. "The effect of stress and depression on quality of life of pharmacy students in Malaysia". Pharmacy Education, 9 de agosto de 2021, 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.323333.

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Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of stress and depression among pharmacy students, evaluate their health related quality of life (HRQoL) in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among pharmacy students at eight universities from March to May 2020 across Malaysia. Instruments adopted in the survey included perceived stress scale 4 (PSS-4) for stress, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression and WHOQOL-BREF for health-related quality of life. Results: A total of 441 students participated in the study. The overall PSS-4 score mean was 7.30 and the differences in PHQ-9 scores mean between public and private universities were not significant. A positive correlation was observed between total PSS-4 scores and PHQ-9 scores. Only 24.5% of pharmacy students reported a good quality of life, with a median score of 96.00. A Significant negative correlation was found between stress and depression against the quality of life. Conclusions: Stress and depression play a significant role in deteriorating the quality of life of pharmacy students. This highlighted the importance of future research in developing useful interventions to improve the quality of life of university students, especially students from the medical and health science fields.

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Mathew, Maria, Navya C J y Vidhu M. Joshy. "Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies among First Year Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study, Thrissur District, Kerala". Global Journal of Medical Research, 7 de junio de 2019, 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34257/gjmrkvol19is4pg9.

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Coping strategies used by an individual for stress determine its effect on health and the body’s functioning. Academic challenges make the first year medical students disparately susceptible to it. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the first year undergraduate medical students of a private medical college in Thrissur, Kerala to find the prevalence of stress and the coping strategies used with the help of pretested and validated questionnaire containing the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10) and Brief COPE Inventory. 73% of the students had moderate stress and, 20% of the students had high-stress scores. Self-distraction and religion {(6.66 ±1.52), (6.55 ±1.58)}were the most common coping strategies used by the boys and girls respectively. The prevalence of stress was high among the first year undergraduate medical students and those with high-stress scores were found to use maladaptive coping strategies.

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Hartati, Elysa y Agustinus Hary Setyawan. "Critical discourse analysis on nomophobie students at in private university". JELE (Journal of English Language and Education) 4, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.26486/jele.v4i2.609.

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Nomophobie students have a major concern for current academic issues. Most mobile phone addiction is correlated with negative impacts. Hence, it is needed another descriptive result to know the whole impacts of nomophobie.The aim of this research is to know the critical discourse anlaysis for macro structure, superstructure, micro structure of the news articles by nomophobie students. This is a descriptive qualitative research of case studies which requires an exploratory method to examine, analyze and uncover certain cases. This research was conducted at a private university in Yogyakarta during January - September 2018. The ability of smartphone users' discourse analysis to circulate news about New Yogyakarta International Airport in two articles has been known in several elements. The findings show that theme elements has been 100% known by the nomophobie students. The second is the rethoric elements which is 91.6%. The third is stylistics which is known for 41.6%. The fourth is syntax which is 16.6%. Scheme and Semantics have not been known at all (9%) by the nomophobie students. Thus, it was proven that all nomophobie students always bring negative impacts towards a certain issue.

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40

V, Aswathy, Umadevi K N, Vivek Unni K K y Nivil K P. "A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY TO ASSESS THE STATUS OF BMI AND ATTITUDE OF SELF CARE AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF PRIVATE AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE KERALA". INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 1 de noviembre de 2020, 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/9309075.

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Health care profession is considered as most stressful and difficult profession that demands compromises. Health professionals are prone to lifestyle disorders and early aging owing to their work load, untimely food, inadequate sleep and sedentary work. Unfortunately, self-care among health care professionals and students are very less. It’s important to develop self-care attitude among the medical students along with medical education they receive. Self-care maintenance should develop as one’s habit and to develop such habit, health status assessment and self-care measures should be periodically encouraged in every medical colleges. Present study took place as a part of National Service Scheme campaign to assess the health status of our medical students and a short assessment of their attitude towards self- care.

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Heying, Emily y Emma Backes. "Risk Factors for Food Insecurity in Undergraduate Students at a Rural Liberal Arts Institution (P04-050-19)". Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (1 de junio de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz051.p04-050-19.

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Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and accompanying risk factors among undergraduate students at a private liberal-arts institution in a rural setting. Methods A cross-sectional research design was used to analyze the food security status and potential risk factors of undergraduate students. Participants completed an online survey distributed via email. The USDA Six-item Household Food Security Module was used to assess food security status. The perceived stress scale (PSS) assessed perceived stress levels. Participants were also asked about demographics, employment status, living situation, and on or off campus dining options. Results 532 respondents met the criteria for the study (14.5% of total undergraduate enrollment). 35% of female participants (n = 335) and 47% of male participants (n = 197) from the total sample were considered food insecure at some time during the semester. 3rd/4thyear students were more likely to be food insecure than 1st/2nd year students (P = 0.03). Factors that increased risk for food insecurity were: being a student of color, first-generation, working more than 16 hours per week, higher levels of perceived stress, and having a meal-plan that did not provide unlimited access to on-campus dining, Conclusions Food insecurity was prevalent in at least one third of participants at an undergraduate liberal arts institution in a rural community. Institutions in rural communities need to further explore the root of food insecurity to alleviate potential hunger and malnutrition, as these students often depend on on-campus resources due to lack of off-campus resources in the near vicinity. Funding Sources This study was funded through a “Becoming Community” grant to the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University provided by the Carnegie Mellon Foundation.

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"The Influence of Online Learning on Students’ Academic Achievement: Mediated by Collaborative Learning". International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 10, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2021): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2021/211012021.

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Universities oblige to develop students’ academic achievement and to prepare for the industrial revolution 4.0. This study aims at determining the effect of online learning on students’ academic achievement towards collaborative learning. There were 351 selected respondents of 13 (thirteen) private higher education institutions, known as STMIK, in Indonesia as the samples chosen in the proportionate stratified random sampling method. The data were collected using the media of google form and were analyzed in the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model, then were processed in the Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS). The results of this study indicate a positive despite a less significant impact on students’ academic achievement. Meanwhile, the online learning mediated in the collaborative learning scheme positively and significantly contributed to the remarkable achievement of students’ academic achievement. Therefore, it is necessary for universities these days to manage teaching methods to develop student’s interest in the environment of collaborative learning. The findings of this study are expected to support universities in improving their online teaching process by involving students actively to engage in the activities

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Bakolis, Antonios, Dimitrios Stamovlasis y Georgios Tsaparlis. "Explicit teaching of problem categorization using concept mapping, and an exploratory study of its effect on student achievement and on conceptual understanding – the case of chemical equilibrium problems". Chemistry Teacher International, 18 de febrero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2019-0021.

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Abstract A crucial step in problem solving is the retrieval of already learned schemata from long-term memory, a process which may be facilitated by categorization of the problem. The way knowledge is organized affects its availability, and, at the same time, it constitutes the important difference between experts and novices. The present study employed concept maps in a novel way, as a categorization tool for chemical equilibrium problems. The objective was to determine whether providing specific practice in problem categorization improves student achievement in problem solving and in conceptual understanding. Two groups of eleventh-grade students from two special private seminars in Corfu island, Greece, were used: the treatment group (N = 19) and the control group (N = 21). Results showed that the categorization helped students to improve their achievement, but the improvement was not always statistically significant. Students at lower (Piagetian) developmental level (in our sample, students at the transitional stage) had a larger improvement, which was statistically significant with a high effect size. Finally, Nakhleh’s categorization scheme, distinguishing algorithmic versus conceptual subproblems in the solution process, was studied. Dependency of problem solving on an organized knowledge base and the significance of concept mapping on student achievement were the conclusion.

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Kholis, Nur, Basuki Wibawa y Soeprijanto Soeprijanto. "Analisis Rantai Nilai Pendidikan Kejuruan dalam Mengembangkan Entrepreneurship : Studi Kasus pada SMK PGRI 20 Jakarta". JSHP : Jurnal Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 3, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32487/jshp.v3i2.703.

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This study aims to identify value chain models in vocational education in developing entrepreneurship. The research method used in this study uses a qualitative approach. The results of the performance of value chain activities that provide added value in developing entrepreneurship are operating activities and marketing activities. Operational activities include curriculum development activities, teaching and learning activities, student self-development and assessment standards. While marketing activities include professional certification institutions and school collaboration with DUDI. There are several activities that can improve the performance of the value chain in developing entrepreneurship, including: (1) Joint commitment to internalize the values of entrepreneurship in each learning activity. (2) Making the development of entrepreneurial learning models based on Contextual Teaching Learning. (3) Optimizing and developing entrepreneurial classes that have been carried out on a massive scale to evaluation and follow-up. (4) Testing of professional certification is carried out in stages with the unit competency scheme. (5) Making production units based on expertise competencies and other relevant competencies. (6) Developing teaching factories both in schools and other institutions that can become facilities for students improve their competence. (7) Creating a small business assistance program for students and graduates through a project work business. (8) Open a new network of cooperation with government agencies or private institutions that focus on the creation of small businesses for students and graduates.

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Chopra, Vanita y Ranjana Bhatia. "Practices of Teachers' in Implementing Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluationan Exploratory Study". MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices, 28 de enero de 2021, 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52634/mier/2014/v4/i1/1480.

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The present study reports on the practices adopted by the secondary school teachers of English in implementing the Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) scheme of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India which has to be implemented as part of its national assessment policy. The study is delimited to observing the formative assessment practices adopted by the English teachers in enhancing the four language skills along with using variety of tools and techniques as directed by Central Board of Secondary Education in the Teacher's Manual. This study was conducted on a group of twenty teachers chosen purposively from twenty schools (ten central government and ten private). The major findings reveal that almost all teachers use multiple activities for assessing the listening, speaking and writing skills of the students. Reading still remains a neglected skill in the classroom owing to lack of awareness among teachers to use innovative strategies for enabling them to enhance their reading habit with comprehension. In addition, teachers also make use of multiple criteria to assess the above skills along with assessing sub-skills for the same. It was also found that teachers use multiple forms of record maintenance and assessment for assessing the gifted students in the class. With regard to remediation and enrichment for the students less than 50% of the teachers' prefer not to use multiple strategies for remediation and enrichment.

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"Digi Locker –Indian Digital Locker, How much the youth is actually using it?" International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, n.º 4 (30 de noviembre de 2019): 11665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d9707.118419.

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Information and Communication Tools (ICT) are a prerequisite these days for ensuring better governance and administration. It not only improves the quality of administration but also facilitates procedures by making it more efficient and user-friendly. Government of India (GOI) has proposed many schemes under the Digital India umbrella; and DigiLocker is one of the flagship schemes initiated to bring a total digital change in the life of citizens of India especially the young citizens who are the future of India. The scheme has an inherent potential to give an opportunity to a large section of population with a paradigm shift for ushering in e-governance. DigiLocker, the Indian Digital Locker, allows an individual to save online and digitally share the documents issued by any government department, educational institute, transport department and other agencies. This research paper empirically calculates if the usage of DigiLocker is dependent on Gender (Male/Female), school background (Private/Government), area in which their college is, type of course (Undergraduate/Professional/Engineering) they are pursuing, year in which they studying (I/ II/ III/ IV year) of the course they are pursuing. The paper further analyzes the documents undergraduate college and engineering students maintain in their DigiLocker, whether DigiLocker documents are accepted in various undergraduate Institutes, if the students find DigiLocker secure or not, and the ease of use of digilocker. And finally, a few suggestions are made to make DigiLocker more usable among the young students that would have a marked change in digitalization scenario of India.

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47

Bligh, Emily R., Ellie Courtney, Rebecca Stirling, Asveny Rajananthanan, Hibatallah Altaher, Joshua Thomas, Rebecca Anim-Boadu et al. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK medical school widening access schemes: disruption, support and a virtual student led initiative". BMC Medical Education 21, n.º 1 (15 de junio de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02770-0.

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Abstract Background COVID-19 has disrupted medical education in the United Kingdom (UK). The pandemic may result in a long-term disproportionate negative impact to students applying to Medical School from a low-socioeconomic background. In addition, the upsurge in Medical School applications increases the likelihood of stricter University entry criteria over the coming years. There is no current research to determine how widening participation of Medicine to students from low-socioeconomic backgrounds can be improved virtually. The aim of this study is to establish the impact of COVID-19 on students enrolled in UK widening access schemes and the role of virtual student led initiatives in widening participation. Methods A voluntary online survey was distributed to UK Sixth Form students (N = 31) enrolled in a widening access scheme who attended Sheffield Neuroscience Society International Virtual Conference in February 2021. The event was free to attend. The five-domain survey consisted of questions determining demographics, career aspirations, impact of COVID-19, academic skillsets and an educational manipulation check. Results There were 30 pre-conference and 26 post-conference responses. 76.7 % had work experience cancelled due to COVID-19. A total of 36.7 % of participants reported participating in virtual work experience. ‘Observe GP’ and ‘Medic Mentor’ were each specified as attended virtual opportunities in 20 % of answers. Post conference, students felt significantly more confident in applying to Medical School (p = 0.008) and more prepared to undertake a presentation (p = 0.002). Educational manipulation check scores increased significantly (p = 0.003). 100 % of students felt inspired to do further CV building activities. Conclusions COVID-19 has negatively impacted pupils enrolled in UK Medical School widening access schemes. Virtual student led initiatives can instill confidence in delegates from low socio-economic backgrounds, increase their career knowledge and inspire them to take part in further CV building exercises. Both Medical Schools and medical students play a key role in widening participation. This study recommends Medical Schools promote access to virtual events, urge private and state schools to declare offered opportunities and act mindfully when determining student’s academic potential in the context of their socioeconomic and/or educational background.

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Mulyadi, Yadi, Mukhidin Mukhidin, Agus Setiawan, Aam Hamdani y Purnawan Purnawan. "Pemetaan SMK Di Jawa Barat, Bangka Belitung dan Kalimantan Tengah". Innovation of Vocational Technology Education 6, n.º 2 (5 de abril de 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/invotec.v6i2.6089.

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Since 2005 the Directorate of Vocational High School Development (Direktorat PSMK) has launched a national program of vocational high school (SMK) development on a large scale with the scenario of increasing the quantity vocational high school students and reducing the number of senior high school students (SMA) or known by the scheme of 70:30. Its fundamental consideration is to reduce the unemployment rate of SMA graduates can who not continue to studies to their further higher level of education. While the development of vocational education is expected to expand the employment absorption in the greater world of industry. The implications to the above national program significance of the increasing numbers of new SMK spreading from both in urban and rural . Some of both public and private vocational schools has emerged quickly, even in some areas there are primary school, junior or vocational school used to make the CMS. This condition is certainly worrying, on the one side it is line with the national program but on the other side the increase in quantity does not linearly correlate with the quality. More over the relevence of the SMK competence program has not been thoroughly examined an in depth study that can give an impact on the employment absorption in the world of indutry. Aperiodically comprehensive mapping of the all existing vocational the schools need tobe done ranging especially from the availability of the teachers the program expertise as well as the and the infrastructure as well as development of the students, including the increasing the number of teachers, the interest of the community as well as programs being carried out in SMK. The method used in conducting the research is a descriptive method, this method describes the condition of the existing vocational schools in each subject study area. Data is collected through using the census method and documentation methods. This research has produced data for all three subject study areas in West Java, Bangka Belitung and Central Kalimantan and has sequentially resulted as follows: (1) Number of SMK: 1043, 43, 67, (2) Number learning group: 9454, 418, 446, (3) Number of learning resource centre: 134 988, 5782, 5764, (4) Number of Students: 327,757, 14,482, 14,010, (5) Number of graduates: 81 916, 2517, 2586.

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Conquest, Jennifer Hanthorn, John Skinner, Estie Kruger y Marc Tennant. "Adult capped dental payment model applied within a university setting: an Australian reflective case study". BMC Oral Health 21, n.º 1 (23 de agosto de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01774-y.

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Abstract Background Capitation models of care in dentistry started around 1973 with varying degrees of success in meeting the needs of the individuals and expectations of the participating private practitioners. These studies mostly identified that capitation payments resulted in under treatment whilst fee-for-service models often led to over treatment. The objective of this study was to develop a new way of doing business using an outsourcing capitation model of care to meet population health needs and activity-based funding requirements of rural Local Health Districts with a local university dental school. This payment model is an alternate referral pathway for public oral health practitioners from the existing New South Wales Oral Health Fee-for-Service Scheme that focuses on urgent treatment to one that offers an all-inclusive preventive approach that concentrates on sustaining good long-term oral health for the individual. Method The reflective study analysed various adult age cohorts (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74 and 75 + years) based on 950 participants randomly selected from the Greater Southern adult public dental waiting lists. The study’s capitation formula was derived from NSW government adult treatment items (n = 447,625). Dental care was provided through the local university’s dental clinics utilising only dental students under clinical supervision. All data were sourced from NSW Oral Health Data Warehouse during 1 January 2012–30 June 2018 and analysed by using SAS 9.3 and Version 13 Microsoft Excel. Results There were 10,305 dental care items and 1129 capitation courses of care totalling A$599,026. This resulted in an average of 11 dental care items being provided to each participant. The capitation payment formula utilising the most provided dental care items of 100 individual patients proved to be economical and preventive focused. Conclusion The systematic reflection showed that this unique methodology in developing an adult capitation payment formula associated to diagnostic pathways that resulted in: (i) more efficient usage of government expenditure on public dental services, (ii) provision of person-centred courses of dental care, and (iii) utilisation of university dental education programs to best practice treatment and holistic care.

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Higley, Sarah L. "Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG". M/C Journal 3, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1827.

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Could we also imagine a language in which a person could write down or give vocal expression to his inner experiences -- his feelings, moods, and the rest -- for his private use? Well, can't we do so in our ordinary language? -- But that is not what I mean. The individual words of this language are to refer to what can only be known to the person speaking; to his immediate private sensations. So another person cannot understand the language. -- Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations par. 243 I will be using 'audience' in two ways in the following essay: as a phenomenon that produces and is produced by media technologies (readers, hearers, viewers, Internet-users), and as something, audiens, that is essential to language itself, something without which language cannot be. I shall do so in specific references to invented languages. Who, then, are the 'consumers' of invented languages? In referring to invented languages, I am not talking about speakers of Esperanto or Occidental; I am not concerned with the invention of international auxiliary languages. These projects, already well-debated, have roots that go back at least as far as the 17th-century language philosophers who were at pains to undo the damage of Babel and restore a common language to the world. While Esperanto never became what it intended to be, it at least has readers and speakers. I am also not even talking about speakers of Klingon or Quenya. These privately invented languages have had the good fortune to be attached to popular invented cultures, and to media with enough money and publicity to generate a multitude of fans. Rather, I am talking about a phenomenon on the Internet and in a well- populated listserv whereby a number of people from all over the globe have discovered each other on-line. They all have a passion for what Jeffrey Schnapp calls uglossia ('no-language', after utopia, 'no-place'). Umberto Eco calls it 'technical insanity' or glottomania. Linguist Marina Yaguello calls language inventors fous du langage ('language lunatics') in her book of the same title. Jeffrey Henning prefers the term 'model language' in his on-line newsletter: 'miniaturized versions that provide the essence of something'. On CONLANG, people call themselves conlangers (from 'constructed language') and what they do conlanging. By forming this list, they have created a media audience for themselves, in the first sense of the term, and also literally in the second sense, as a number of them are setting up soundbytes on their elaborately illustrated and explicated Webpages. Originally devoted to advocates for international auxiliary languages, CONLANG started out about eight years ago, and as members joined who were less interested in the politics than in the hobby of language invention, the list has become almost solely the domain of the latter, whereas the 'auxlangers', as they are called, have moved to another list. An important distinguishing feature of 'conlangers' is that, unlike the 'auxlangers', there is no sustained hope that their languages will have a wide-body of hearers or users. They may wish it, but they do not advocate for it, and as a consequence their languages are free to be a lot weirder, whereas the auxlangs tend to strive for regularity and useability. CONLANG is populated by highschool, college, and graduate students; linguists; computer programmers; housewives; librarians; professors; and other users worldwide. The old debate about whether the Internet has become the 'global village' that Marshall McLuhan predicted, or whether it threatens to atomise communication 'into ever smaller worlds where enthusiasms mutate into obsessions', as Jeff Salamon warns, seems especially relevant to a study of CONLANG whose members indulge in an invention that by its very nature excludes the casual listener-in. And yet the audio-visual capacities of the Internet, along with its speed and efficiency of communication, have made it the ideal forum for conlangers. Prior to the Web, how were fellow inventors to know that others were doing -- in secret? J.R.R. Tolkien has been lauded as a rare exception in the world of invention, but would his elaborate linguistic creations have become so famous had he not published The Lord of the Rings and its Appendix? Poignantly, he tells in "A Secret Vice" about accidentally overhearing another army recruit say aloud: 'Yes! I think I shall express the accusative by a prefix!'. Obviously, silent others besides Tolkien were inventing languages, but they did not have the means provided by the Internet to discover one another except by chance. Tolkien speaks of the 'shyness' and 'shame' attached to this pursuit, where 'higher developments are locked in secret places'. It can win no prizes, he says, nor make birthday presents for aunts. His choice of title ("A Secret Vice") echoes a Victorian phrase for the closet, and conlangers have frequently compared conlanging to homosexuality, both being what conservative opinion expects one to grow out of after puberty. The number of gay men on the list has been wondered at as more than coincidental. In a survey I conducted in October 1998, many of the contributors to CONLANG felt that the list put them in touch with an audience that provided them with intellectual and emotional feedback. Their interests were misunderstood by parents, spouses, lovers, and employers alike, and had to be kept under wraps. Most of those I surveyed said that they had been inventing a language well before they had heard of the list; that they had conceived of what they were doing as unique or peculiar, until discovery of CONLANG; and that other people's Websites astounded them with the pervasive fascination of this pursuit. There are two ways to look at it: conlanging, as Henning writes, may be as common and as humanly creative as any kind of model-making, i.e., dollhouses, model trains, role-playing, or even the constructed cultures with city plans and maps in fantasy novels such as Terry Pratchett's Discworld. The Web is merely a means to bring enthusiasts together. Or it may provide a site that, with the impetus of competition and showmanship, encourages inutile and obsessive activity. Take your pick. From Hildegard von Bingen's Lingua Ignota to Dante's Inferno and the babbling Nimrod to John Dee's Enochian and on, invented languages have smacked of religious ecstacy, necromancy, pathology, and the demonic. Twin speech, or 'pathological idioglossia', was dramatised by Jodie Foster in Nell. Hannah Green's 'Language of Yr' was the invention of her schizophrenic protagonist in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. Language itself is the centre of furious theoretical debate. Despite the inventive 'deformities' it is put to in poetry, punning, jest, singing, and lying, human language, our most 'natural' of technologies, is a social machine, used by multitudes and expected to get things done. It is expected of language that it be understood and that it have not only hearers but also answerers. All human production is founded on this assumption. A language without an audience of other speakers is no language. 'Why aren't you concentrating on real languages?' continues to be the most stinging criticism. Audience is essential to Wittgenstein's remark quoted at the beginning of this essay. Wittgenstein posits his 'private languages theory' as a kind of impossibility: all natural languages, because they exist by consensus, can only refer to private experience externally. Hence, a truly private language, devoted to naming 'feelings and moods' which the subject has never heard about or shared with others, is impossible among socialised speakers who are called upon to define subjective experience in public terms. His is a critique of solipsism, a charge often directed at language inventors. But very few conlangers that I have encountered are making private languages in Wittgenstein's sense, because most of them are interested in investing their private words with public meaning, even when they are doing it privately. For them, it is audience, deeply desireable, that has been impossible until now. Writing well before the development of CONLANG, Yaguello takes the stance that inventing a language is an act of madness. 'Just look at the lunatic in love with language', she writes: sitting in his book-lined study, he collects great piles of information, he collates and classifies it, he makes lists and fills card indexes. He is in the clutches of a denominatory delirium, of a taxonomic madness. He has to name everything, but before being able to name, he has to recognize and classify concepts, to enclose the whole Universe in a system of notation: produce enumerations, hierarchies, and paradigms. She is of course describing John Wilkins, whose Real Character and Universal Language in 1668 was an attempt to make each syllable of his every invented word denote its placement in a logical scheme of classification. 'A lunatic ambition', Yaguello pronounces, because it missed the essential quality of language: that its signs are arbitrary, practical, and changeable, so as to admit neologism and cultural difference. But Yaguello denounces auxiliary language makers in general as amateurs 'in love with language and with languages, and ignorant of the science of language'. Her example of 'feminine' invention comes from Helene Smith, the medium who claimed to be channeling Martian (badly disguised French). One conlanger noted that Yaguello's chapter entitled 'In Defence of Natural Languages' reminded him of the US Federal 'Defense of Marriage Act', whereby the institution of heterosexual marriage is 'defended' from homosexual marriage. Let homosexuals marry or lunatics invent language, and both marriage and English (or French) will come crashing to the ground. Schnapp praises Yaguello's work for being the most comprehensive examination of the phenomenon to date, but neither he nor she addresses linguist Suzette Haden Elgin's creative work on Láadan, a language designed for women, or even Quenya or Klingon -- languages that have acquired at least an audience of readers. Schnapp is less condemnatory than Yaguello, and interested in seeing language inventors as the 'philologists of imaginary worlds', 'nos semblables, nos frères, nos soeurs' -- after all. Like Yaguello, he is given to some generalities: imaginary languages are 'infantile': 'the result is always [my emphasis] an "impoverishment" of the natural languages in question: reduced to a limited set of open vowels [he means "open syllables"], prone to syllabic reduplication and to excessive syntactical parallelisms and symmetries'. To be sure, conlangs will never replicate the detail and history of a real language, but to call them 'impoverishments of the natural languages' seems as strange as calling dollhouses 'impoverishments of actual houses'. Why this perception of threat or diminishment? The critical, academic "audience" for language invention has come largely from non-language inventors and it is woefully uninformed. It is this audience that conlangers dislike the most: the outsiders who cannot understand what they are doing and who belittle it. The field, then, is open to re-examination, and the recent phenomenon of conlanging is evidence that the art of inventing languages is neither lunatic nor infantile. But if one is not Tolkien or a linguist supported by the fans of Star Trek, how does one justify the worthwhile nature of one's art? Is it even art if it has an audience of one ... its artist? Conlanging remains a highly specialised and technical pursuit that is, in the end, deeply subjective. Model builders and map-makers can expect their consumers to enjoy their products without having to participate in the minutia of their building. Not so the conlanger, whose consumer must internalise it, and who must understand and absorb complex linguistic concepts. It is different in the world of music. The Cocteau Twins, Bobby McFerrin in his Circle Songs, Lisa Gerrard in Duality, and the new group Ekova in Heaven's Dust all use 'nonsense' words set to music -- either to make songs that sound like exotic languages or to convey a kind of melodic glossolalia. Knowing the words is not important to their hearers, but few conlangers yet have that outlet, and must rely on text and graphs to give a sense of their language's structure. To this end, then, these are unheard, unaudienced languages, existing mostly on screen. A few conlangers have set their languages to music and recorded them. What they are doing, however, is decidedly different from the extempore of McFerrin. Their words mean something, and are carefully worked out lexically and grammatically. So What Are These Conlangs Like? On CONLANG and their links to Websites you will find information on almost every kind of no-language imaginable. Some sites are text only; some are lavishly illustrated, like the pages for Denden, or they feature a huge inventory of RealAudio and MP3 files, like The Kolagian Languages, or the songs of Teonaht. Some have elaborate scripts that the newest developments in fontography have been able to showcase. Some, like Tokana and Amman-Iar, are the result of decades of work and are immensely sophisticated. Valdyan has a Website with almost as much information about the 'conculture' as the conlang. Many are a posteriori languages, that is, variations on natural languages, like Brithenig (a mixture of the features of Brythonic and Romance languages); others are a priori -- starting from scratch -- like Elet Anta. Many conlangers strive to make their languages as different from European paradigms as possible. If imaginary languages are bricolages, as Schnapp writes, then conlangers are now looking to Tagalog, Basque, Georgian, Malagasay, and Aztec for ideas, instead of to Welsh, Finnish, and Hebrew, languages Tolkien drew upon for his Elvish. "Ergative" and "trigger" languages are often preferred to the "nominative" languages of Europe. Some people invent for sheer intellectual challenge; others for the beauty and sensuality of combining new and privately meaningful sounds. There are many calls for translation exercises, one of the most popular being 'The Tower of Babel' (Genesis 10: 1-9). The most recent innovation, and one that not only showcases these languages in all their variety but provides an incentive to learn another conlanger's conlang, is the Translation Relay Game: someone writes a short poem or composition in his or her language and sends it with linguistic information to someone else, who sends a translation with directions to the next in line all the way around again, like playing 'telephone'. The permutations that the Valdyan Starling Song went through give good evidence that these languages are not just relexes, or codes, of natural languages, but have their own linguistic, cultural, and poetic parameters of expression. They differ from real languages in one important respect that has bearing on my remarks about audience: very few conlangers have mastered their languages in the way one masters a native tongue. These creations are more like artefacts (several have compared it to poetry) than they are like languages. One does not live in a dollhouse. One does not normally think or speak in one's conlang, much less speak to another, except through a laborious process of translation. It remains to a longer cultural and sociolinguistic study (underway) to tease out the possibilities and problems of conlanging: why it is done, what does it satisfy, why so few women do it, what are its demographics, or whether it can be turned to pedagogical use in a 'hands-on', high- participation study of language. In this respect, CONLANG is one of the 'coolest' of on-line media. Only time will show what direction conlanging and attitudes towards it will take as the Internet becomes more powerful and widely used. Will the Internet democratise, and eventually make banal, a pursuit that has until now been painted with the romantic brush of lunacy and secrecy? (You can currently download LangMaker, invented by Jeff Henning, to help you construct your own language.) Or will it do the opposite and make language and linguistics -- so often avoided by students or reduced in university programs -- inventive and cutting edge? (The inventor of Tokana has used in-class language invention as a means to study language typology.) Now that we have it, the Internet at least provides conlangers with a place to hang their logodaedalic tapestries, and the technology for some of them to be heard. References Von Bingen, Hildegard. Lingua Ignota, or Wörterbuch der unbekannten Sprache. Eds. Marie-Louise Portmann and Alois Odermatt. Basel: Verlag Basler Hildegard-Gesellschaft, 1986. Eco, Umberto. The Search for the Perfect Language. Trans. James Fentress. Oxford, England, and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995, 1997. Elgin, Suzette Haden. A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan. Madison, WI: Society for the Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science- Fiction, 1985. Henning, Jeffrey. Model Languages: The Newsletter Discussing Newly Imagined Words for Newly Imagined Worlds. <http://www.Langmaker.com/ml00.htm>. Kennaway, Richard. Some Internet Resources Relating to Constructed Languages. <http://www.sys.uea.ac.uk/jrk/conlang.php>. (The most comprehensive list (with links) of invented languages on the Internet.) Laycock, Donald C. The Complete Enochian Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Angelic Language as Revealed to Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1994. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media. Reprinted. Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1994. Salamon, Jeff. "Revenge of the Fanboys." Village Voice 13 Sep., 1994. Schnapp, Jeffrey. "Virgin Words: Hildegard of Bingen's Lingua Ignota and the Development of Imaginary Languages Ancient and Modern." Exemplaria 3.2 (1991): 267-98. Tolkien, J.R.R. "A Secret Vice." The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. 198-223. Wilkins, John. An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language. Presented to the Royal Society of England in 1668. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations. 3rd ed. Trans. G.E.M. Anscombe. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1958. Yaguello, Marina. Lunatic Lovers of Language: Imaginary Languages and Their Inventors. Trans. Catherine Slater. (Les fous du langage. 1985.) London: The Athlone Press, 1991. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Sarah L. Higley. "Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/languages.php>. Chicago style: Sarah L. Higley, "Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 1 (2000), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/languages.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Sarah L. Higley. (2000) Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/languages.php> ([your date of access]).

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