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1
Annett, Gary C. Productivity analysis of INCO's McCreedy West Mine narrow veins. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, School of Engineering, 1997.
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1948-, Gore Albert, ed. Common sense government: Works better and costs less. Washington, DC: The Review, 1995.
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1925-, Shea Gordon F., ed. A better place to work: A new sense of motivation leading to high productivity. New York: AMA Membership Publications Division, American Management Association, 1997.
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Bělohlávek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben y George J. Klir. Fuzzy Logic in the Narrow Sense. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0004.
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The chapter examines the various propositional and predicate many-valued logics that were studied prior to the emergence of the concept of a fuzzy set in the mid-1960s, which led to the genesis of fuzzy logic in broad and narrow senses. Early ideas regarding formal systems of fuzzy logic allowed for deduction from partially true premises to partially true consequences, as suggested first by Goguen in the 1960s and further developed by Pavelka in the 1970s, and these ideas were developed from the 1990s onward. The systematic development of fuzzy logics based on t-norms and their residua, pursued under the leadership of Hájek in the 1990s, is discussed in some detail. An overview is presented of fuzzy logics that are not truth-functional, such as probabilistic, possibilistic and modal fuzzy logic. The chapter concludes by reviewing relevant additional issues, such as issues of computational complexity for fuzzy logic or higher-order fuzzy logics.
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Yli-Vakkuri, Juhani y John Hawthorne. Narrow Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785965.001.0001.
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Narrow mental content, if there is such a thing, is content that is entirely determined by the goings-on inside the head of the thinker. A central topic in the philosophy of mind since the mid-1970s has been whether there is a kind of mental content that is narrow in this sense. It is widely conceded, thanks to famous thought experiments by Hilary Putnam and Tyler Burge, that there is a kind of mental content that is not narrow. But it is often maintained that there is also a kind of mental content that is narrow, and that such content can play various key explanatory roles relating, inter alia, to epistemology and the explanation of action. This book argues that this is a forlorn hope. It carefully distinguishes a variety of conceptions of narrow content and a variety of explanatory roles that might be assigned to narrow content. It then argues that, once we pay sufficient attention to the details, there is no promising theory of narrow content in the offing.
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Ltd, ICON Group. SENSE HOLDINGS, INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series). 2a ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2000.
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Yli-Vakkuri, Juhani y John Hawthorne. What is narrow content? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785965.003.0002.
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In Chapter 1 we clarify and make precise a number of the key notions that will be used in the rest of the book—most notably those of content and narrowness. There is also a substantial critical discussion of the thesis that ‘character’, in something like David Kaplan’s sense, is narrow, instead of content. This discussion is the chapter’s main original contribution.
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Common-Sense Flexography: A User's Guide to Improved Pressroom Productivity. PIA/GATFPress, 2007.
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Ltd, ICON Group. GROUP SENSE (INTERNATIONAL) LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis. 2a ed. Icon Group International, 2000.
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Bělohlávek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben y George J. Klir. Fuzzy Logic in the Broad Sense. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0003.
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The chapter begins by introducing the important and useful distinction between the research agendas of fuzzy logic in the narrow and the broad senses. The chapter deals with the latter agenda, whose ultimate goal is to employ intuitive fuzzy set theory for emulating commonsense human reasoning in natural language and other unique capabilities of human beings. Restricting to standard fuzzy sets, whose membership degrees are real numbers in the unit interval [0,1], the chapter describes how this broad agenda has become increasingly specific via the gradual development of standard fuzzy set theory and the associated fuzzy logic. An overview of currently recognized nonstandard fuzzy sets, which open various new directions in fuzzy logic, is presented in the last section of this chapter.
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Albert, Gore. Common Sense Government: Works Better and Costs Less. Random House, 1995.
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Evans, Julian. Sustainability of forest plantations: The evidence : A review of evidence concerning the narrow-sense sustainability of planted forests (Issues / Department for International Development). Dept. for Int'l Development, 1999.
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Calhoun, Cheshire. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the topic of the book—the connection between being an evaluator and living temporally—and summarizes the succeeding chapters. Two preliminary topics are explored: what it means to be temporally oriented toward the future, and what it means to lead a life. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the future has a qualitative content; and a distinction is drawn between a narrow sense of leading a life that concerns choosing what will characterize our lives as a whole and a broader sense of leading a life that concerns making choices that reflect one’s normative outlook. Leading a life in either sense involves spending time; the chapter distinguishes four categories of time expenditures: primary, filler, entailed, and norm-required.
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Bělohlávek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben y George J. Klir. Aims and Scope of This Book. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0001.
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This chapter is a general introduction to the book and an overview of its content. It describes the aims and scope of the book, and explains why a historical perspective is essential for achieving the aims. It introduces informally the key concepts involved, and the particular challenge fuzzy logic poses to the principle of bivalence in classical logic. It looks at the circumstances that led to the emergence of fuzzy logic in the academic community and as well as at the agendas of two main subareas of fuzzy logic, known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense and fuzzy logic in the broad sense. The content of each of the subsequent chapters of the book is also briefly described.
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Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise y Lomnicka Eva. Part VI Conflict of Laws, 22 Conflict of Laws. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.003.0022.
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This chapter details how, in respect of security in the narrow sense, as well as in the more extended sense that includes title-based financing, the law of secured transactions raises issues that may be either contractual or proprietary in nature. It deals with cross-border issues in two main areas: first, the choice of law rules for contract and personal property; and second, uniform substantive law pertaining to contract and personal property and located in international conventions. The chapter also shows how the characterization of an issue arising out of a transaction as contractual or proprietary in nature, for the purpose of selecting the appropriate choice of law rule, is not an easy matter.
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Schuppert, Gunnar Folke, ed. Von Staat zu Staatlichkeit. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845299945.
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The concept of the state has proven itself to be too narrow in many ways. It is only partially—or not at all—suitable when looking at systems of rule in antiquity and the Middle Ages. This also applies to forms of denationalised rule in the wake of globalisation. Therefore, it appears advisable to supplement the overly narrow concept of the state with the concept of statehood—or even to replace it and thus pursue ‘Staatlichkeitswissenschaft’ (statehood studies) rather than the traditional ‘Staatswissenschaft’ (state studies). Using various historical examples, this book illustrates the productivity of this suggested conceptual shift. With contributions by Andreas Anter, Hans-Jürgen Bieling, Stefan Esders, Martin Große Hüttmann, Florian Meinel, Roland A. Römhildt, Martin P. Schennach, Klaus Schlichte, Folke Schuppert, Wolfgang Seibel, Gregor Walter-Drop, Jakob Zollmann, Michael Zürn
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Bělohlávek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben y George J. Klir. Mathematics Based on Fuzzy Logic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0005.
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Mathematical reasoning is governed by the laws of classical logic, based on the principle of bivalence. With the acceptance of intermediate truth degrees, the situation changed substantially. This chapter begins with a characterization of mathematics based on fuzzy logic, an identification of principal issues of its development, and an outline of this development. It then examines the role of fuzzy logic in the narrow sense for developing mathematics based on fuzzy logic and the main approaches developed toward its foundations. Next, some selected areas of mathematics based on fuzzy logic are presented, such as the theory of sets and relations, algebra, topology, quantities and mathematical analysis, probability, and geometry. The chapter concludes by examining various semantic questions regarding fuzzy logic and mathematics based on it.
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Rosen, David H. y Uyen B. Hoang. The Nature of the Healing Process. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190628871.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the nature of the healing process. Healing is an intrinsic activity in all natural systems that comprise known tangibles of scientific healthcare in the broadest sense coupled with intangibles such as compassion, empathy, hope, and meaning. Three patients trying to heal are discussed. Opportunities for a healing partnership were missed because of the doctors’ narrow view of a biomedical perspective. Medical students who uphold broad-minded, humanistic attitudes are the first to detect something awry, and as reflected in this chapter, are so often at the vanguard expressing their ideals. Intangibles that make up such humanistic attitudes are embedded in the essence of medicine, although they may not fit neatly in the systems hierarchy and should not be rejected because there is so much yet to be understood. Healing can occur even where there is no cure.
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Eijk, Philip van der. The Role of Medicine in the Formation of Early Greek Thought. Editado por Patricia Curd y Daniel W. Graham. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195146875.003.0015.
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The philosophical aspects of Greek medicine are now more widely appreciated, not only by historians of science and medicine but also by students of philosophy in a more narrow sense. There has also been a greater appreciation of the fact that Greek medical writers not only reflect a derivative awareness of developments in philosophy but that they also actively contributed to the formation of philosophical thought more strictly defined, for instance by developing concepts and methodologies for the acquisition of knowledge and understanding. Yet the consequences of this for a renewed study of the formation of Greek philosophy have yet to be drawn; and disciplinary boundaries between historians of medicine on the one hand and philosophers and historians of philosophy on the other still pose obstacles to an integrated account of Greek thought that takes on board the contributions by the medical writers. Some preliminary remarks may therefore be in order.
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Devine, A. M. y Laurence D. Stephens. Pragmatics for Latin. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939472.001.0001.
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Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. This book provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. The book covers a wide ranges of issues including broad scope focus, narrow scope focus, double focus, topicalization, tails, focus alternates, association with focus, scrambling, informational structure inside the noun phrase and hyperbaton (discontinuous constituency). Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.
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Roeser, Sabine. Socially Extended Moral Deliberation about Risks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0009.
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Current debates about risky technologies are frequently heated and end up in stalemates, due to the scientific and moral complexities of these risks. This chapter argues that emotions can make an important contribution to deliberation about ethical aspects of risk, because emotions can point out what morally matters. However, the chapter will also address the fact that emotions can be biased and that it can be hard to overcome such biases. The role that works of art can play in enticing moral emotions concerning responsible innovation of risky technologies will be examined. It is argued that works of art can contribute to emotional moral reflection on risky technologies by making abstract problems more concrete, letting us broaden narrow personal perspectives, exploring new scenarios, going beyond boundaries and challenging our imagination. In that sense, emotions as well as works of art can contribute to socially extended knowledge concerning ethical aspects of risk.
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Wedgwood, Ralph. Internalism Re-explained. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0008.
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According to ‘internalism’, what it is rational for me to think at a given time depends purely on the internal mental states and events that are present in my mind at that time. Intuitively, internalism is compelling. But should we trust the intuition? What is the distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ here? Don’t parallel intuitions establish controversial doctrines in the philosophy of mind, like the existence of ‘narrow content’? Why would this intuition be true? This chapter answers these questions. Internalism is true because we need to have norms that we can follow directly (not by reasoning about those norms, or by any more complex process of reasoning at all); and the only norms that we can follow directly in this sense at a given time are ones that supervene on the internal mental states and events that are present in our minds at (or shortly before) the time.
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Smith, Jennifer J. The Persistence of Place. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423939.003.0003.
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Building on correspondence, essays, and public statements, the second chapter examines the ongoing significance of place to contemporary cycles. Although Winesburg, Ohio did not originate the genre, it has had the most enduring and wide influence on cycles in recent decades, a period which has seen the resurgence of the cycle because community itself is being reimagined in response to the volatility of the economy. This chapter focus on texts whose authors explicitly cite Anderson’s influence: Russell Banks’s Trailerpark (1981), Cathy Day’s The Circus in Winter (2004), and Rebecca Barry’s Later, at the Bar (2007). Anderson hails Winesburg as enabling “a new looseness” in fiction; that sense of novelty and innovation recurs in authors’ statements about reading Winesburg for the first time, citing its transformative and revelatory power. These contemporary writers narrow even within the small town settings to focus on a particular, marginalized population, thereby amplifying the pervasiveness of alienation in contemporary America.
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Bird, Wendell. The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509197.001.0001.
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This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.
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Roessler, Philip y Harry Verhoeven. Why Comrades Go to War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611354.003.0013.
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The conclusion explores the book’s broader implications. The unraveling of the AFDL happened within the same fifteen-month timeframe that would also see the outbreak of a “war of brothers” between Eritrea and Ethiopia (May 1998) and a violent fall-out between the RPF and Uganda's NRM (August 1999)—on Congolese territory. The fall of Kinshasa in May 1997 marked the last successful violent revolution brought about by liberation movements in Africa (save for the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement’s (SPLM) partial victory in Sudan). Existing liberation regimes shifted their focus to internal development and a narrow conception of national interest rather than continuing to export revolution and building deep institutional ties with brother countries. Thus, rather than the AFDL triumph ushering in a new era of liberation politics and regional solidarity that would transform Africa, it was in some sense the Thermidor of the Pan-Africanist, Nyerere-driven vision of unity and security through regime change campaigns. The final pages of the book assess the lasting impact of the liberation project on African politics.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling y Nicholas A. J. Graham. Coral reefs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0001.
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Coral reefs are the ocean’s richest ecosystem in terms of biodiversity and productivity. They are restricted to tropical waters, where conditions of salinity, temperature and sedimentation are suitable. Where they grow, their main benthic organisms deposit substantial limestone skeletons, such that they effectively make their own habitat which sustains their dynamic nature and supports the wide range of species which inhabit them. Reefs grow to the low tide level, thus providing a breakwater, but the richest parts lie 5–20 metres below the surface, an area where light is still sufficient but where sediment and turbulence are not severe. Reefs may occur as narrow fringing reefs bordering a continental coast, as huge offshore barrier reefs or as series of atolls that support entire nations; the biogenic nature of corals is enormously important to mankind.
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Belohlavek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben y George J. Klir. Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.001.0001.
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The term “fuzzy logic” (FL) is a generic one, which stands for a broad variety of logical systems. Their common ground is the rejection of the most fundamental principle of classical logic—the principle of bivalence—according to which each declarative sentence has exactly two possible truth values—true and false. Each logical system subsumed under FL allows for additional, intermediary truth values, which are interpreted as degrees of truth. These systems are distinguished from one another by the set of truth degrees employed, its algebraic structure, truth functions chosen for logical connectives, and other properties. The book examines from the historical perspective two areas of research on fuzzy logic known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense (FLN) and fuzzy logic in the broad sense (FLB), which have distinct research agendas. The agenda of FLN is the development of propositional, predicate, and other fuzzy logic calculi. The agenda of FLB is to emulate commonsense human reasoning in natural language and other unique capabilities of human beings. In addition to FL, the book also examines mathematics based on FL. One chapter in the book is devoted to overviewing successful applications of FL and the associated mathematics in various areas of human affairs. The principal aim of the book is to assess the significance of FL and especially its significance for mathematics. For this purpose, the notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts in science, mathematics, and other areas are introduced and employed as useful metaphors.
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Oruc, Firat, ed. Sites of Pluralism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052713.001.0001.
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Scholars and policymakers, struggling to make sense of the ongoing chaos in the Middle East, have focused on the possible causes of the escalation in both inter-state and intra-state conflict. But the Arab Spring has shown the urgent need for new ways to frame difference, both practically and theoretically. For some, a fundamental incompatibility between different ethno-linguistic and religious communities lies at the root of these conflicts; these divisions are thought to impede any form of political resolution or social cohesion. But little work has been done to explore how these tensions manifest themselves in the communities of the Middle East. Sites of Pluralism fills this significant gap, going beyond a narrow focus on 'minorities' to examine the larger canvas of community politics in the Middle East. Through eight case studies from esteemed experts in law, education, history, architecture, anthropology and political science, this multi-disciplinary volume offers a critical view of the Middle East's diverse, pluralistic fabric: how it has evolved throughout history; how it influences current political, economic and social dynamics; and what possibilities it offers for the future.
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Brontë, Charlotte y Juliette Atkinson. Jane Eyre. Editado por Margaret Smith. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198804970.001.0001.
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Gentle reader, may you never feel what I then felt!’ Throughout the hardships of her childhood - spent with a severe aunt and abusive cousin, and later at the austere Lowood charity school - Jane Eyre clings to a sense of self-worth, despite of her treatment from those close to her. At the age of eighteen, sick of her narrow existence, she seeks work as a governess. The monotony of Jane’s new life at Thornfield Hall is broken up by the arrival of her peculiar and changeful employer, Mr Rochester. Routine at the mansion is further disrupted by mysterious incidents that draw the pair closer together but which, once explained, threaten Jane’s happiness and integrity. A flagship of Victorian fiction, Jane Eyre draws the reader in by the vigour of Jane’s voice and the novel’s forceful depiction of childhood injustice, of the restraints placed upon women, and the complexities of both faith and passion. The emotional charge of Jane’s story is as strong today as it was more than 150 years ago, as she seeks dignity and freedom on her own terms. In this new edition, Juliette Atkinson explores the power of narrative voice and looks at the striking physicality of the novel, which is both shocking and romantic.
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Buhler, James y Hannah Lewis, eds. Voicing the Cinema. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043000.001.0001.
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The introduction sets up the scope and framework of the volume as a whole. Over the past three decades, the study of the film soundtrack has developed into a rich scholarly discipline, characterized by diverse approaches and methodologies. As an object of theoretical focus, the voice has helped correct the long-standing ocularcentrism of film theory discourse. Yet, the voice as a narrow concept is itself problematic in that it limits our understanding of how it functions among the various components of the soundtrack. Understood as part of an integrated soundtrack—that is, a soundtrack where the various components have a sense of being planned or composed and where sound design and music are blended into a kind of conceptual unity—the voice assumes a somewhat different role and allows for a more complex and interpretively richer conceptual framework. This volume aims to reconsider and broaden our notion of what the voice as a concept can do for studies of film music and sound. The introduction explores theoretical concerns relating to film dialogue, vococentrism, the spectacle of the singing voice, film music’s commentative function as voice, as well as the voice of various cinematic authorship and production. It concludes with a brief summary of each chapter in the volume. Considering these many different conceptions of “voice” can provide new perspectives on how we consider the relationship between voice and cinema, broadly defined.
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Vannier, Marion. Normalizing Extreme Imprisonment. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827825.001.0001.
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Normalizing Extreme Imprisonment offers a new explanation for how penal reforms and those driving them can end up normalizing, in the sense of making the public view as acceptable, incredibly severe punitive practices. Since its introduction in 1978 as an alternative to the death penalty, there has been a dramatic increase and expansion of life without parole (LWOP) in the United States, including beyond the scope of capital crimes for which it was originally conceived. Despite this growth, limited attention has been given to this punishment and very few attempts made to narrow its scope or curtail its proliferation. Emerging scholarship suggests the punishment has been ‘normalized’, in part because of how some death penalty abolitionists have framed and used LWOP. Drawing upon a range of evidence and using the development of LWOP in the Californian death penalty context over 40 years as an example, this book significantly deepens and extends this claim to offer a new explanation for how extreme forms of imprisonment become normalized. To discuss the extent to which some opponents to the death penalty may have facilitated, participated in, or perhaps even animated the three main normalizing mechanisms (visibility, denial, and routinization), this book focuses on three sites where death penalty abolitionists have lobbied, campaigned, pled and settled, for LWOP, namely Congress, the broader political sphere, and courtrooms. The book then contrasts these representations of LWOP’s severity with prisoners’ lived experiences detailed in an exceptional set of 299 letters.
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Mody, Ashoka. EuroTragedy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.001.0001.
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In May 1950, five years after the second of two catastrophic wars, European nations began building a magnificent structure of institutional cooperation and open trade borders to secure peace and prosperity. Then, in 1969, they took an astonishingly ill-advised leap towards a single currency—requiring a single monetary policy for vastly divergent economies. This was economic folly, critics untiringly warned. Worse, it carried the seeds of political division. Europe’s leaders went forward unheeding, and in January 1999, the tragedy of the euro began. This vivid and compelling chronicle describes how the euro improbably emerged through a narrow historical window as a flawed compromise wrapped in a false pro-European rhetoric of peace and unity. The book then situates the tragedy in a fast-paced global context and guides the reader through forced—and unforced—errors eurozone authorities committed during their long financial crisis. The euro unfolded as both economic and political tragedy. It weakened the growth potential of member states, which made financially vulnerable Europeans more anxious. It deepened the sense of unfairness and widened the division between nations. Now, the burden falls upon younger Europeans, a generation with a discouragingly bleak future. A compassionate view of European possibilities, EuroTragedy makes clear that the euro’s structural flaws will continue to haunt—especially along cracks in the Italian economy. Instead of centralizing authority to prop up an ossified pro-Europeanist model, it is time to loosen ties that bind too tightly so that a liberal order can once more flourish.
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Lehmann, Scott. Privatizing Public Lands. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089721.001.0001.
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In the United States, private ownership of land is not a new idea, yet the federal government retains title to roughly a quarter of the nation's land, including national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges. Managing these properties is expensive and contentious, and few management decisions escape criticism. Some observers, however, argue that such criticism is largely misdirected. The fundamental problem, in their view, is collective ownership and its solution is privatization. A free market, they claim, directs privately owned resources to their most productive uses, and privatizing public lands would create a free market in their services. This timely study critically examines these issues, arguing that there is no sense of "productivity" for which it is true that greater productivity is both desirable and a likely consequence of privatizing public lands or "marketizing" their management. Lehmann's discussion is self-contained, with background chapters on federal lands and management agencies, economics, and ethics, and will interest philosophers as well as public policy analysts.
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Scanlon, T. M. Desert. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0008.
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The idea that just economic institutions should give people what they deserve can be appealed to as a way of justifying unequal rewards or as a way of limiting them. Claims about desert that could play these roles would be pure desert claims: that treating people in a certain way is justified simply by certain facts about what they are like or have done (where the qualifier “simply” excludes claims of need, and ideas of entitlement or legitimate expectations that presuppose particular institutions). Some pure desert claims are valid, such as claims about the appropriateness of moral praise, blame, and other evaluative attitudes. But economic rewards cannot be justified in this way. Claims to special reward based on moral merit, effort, ability, and marginal productivity, insofar as they are valid, are not desert claims in the relevant sense.
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Pamuk, Sevket. Uneven Centuries. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166377.001.0001.
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The population and economy of the area within the present-day borders of Turkey has consistently been among the largest in the developing world, yet there has been no authoritative economic history of Turkey until now. This book examines the economic growth and human development of Turkey over the past two hundred years. Taking a comparative global perspective, the book investigates Turkey's economic history through four periods: the open economy during the nineteenth-century Ottoman era, the transition from empire to nation-state that spanned the two world wars and the Great Depression, the continued protectionism and import-substituting industrialization after World War II, and the neoliberal policies and the opening of the economy after 1980. Making use of indices of GDP per capita, trade, wages, health, and education, the book argues that Turkey's long-term economic trends cannot be explained only by immediate causes such as economic policies, rates of investment, productivity growth, and structural change. The book offers a deeper analysis of the essential forces underlying Turkey's development—its institutions and their evolution—to make better sense of the country's unique history and to provide important insights into the patterns of growth in developing countries during the past two centuries.
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Beyes, Timon, Robin Holt y Claus Pias, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Media, Technology, and Organization Studies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809913.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
Humans are woven with technology; since their inception in myth, tools – things ready to hand for use – have been what defines us. Understood prosthetically, they are extensions of our physiological and sensory apparatus. Our most basic relationship with the world is thus a technological one. Rather than simply an array of instrumental equipment that enables the creation of end products, technology sets our skills, our understanding, and our action in relation to each other through the sense of productivity, and it is here that technology and organization are intertwined. This handbook will explore the largely unchartered territory of media, technology, and organization studies, and interrogate their foundational relations, their forms, and their consequences. The arrival of digital media technologies - the organizational powers that move people, data, and things – and their subsequent influence on the styles and forms of organizing highlights the need to survey the very technological materials and objects that enable and shape organization, and those that are enabled and shaped by organizational processes in return. To do so, each chapter focuses on a specific mediating, technological object, such as the Clock, High Heels, the Pen or the Smartphone, asking the question: How does this object or process organize? Rather than being a chapter ‘on’ an object in isolation, the chapters consider how we might think about their resonance in the way we have, and continue to, create organizational form.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The Development of Latin Clause Structure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
The focus of this book is Latin word order, and in particular the relative ordering of direct objects and lexical verbs (OV vs. VO), and auxiliaries and non-finite verbs (VAux vs. AuxV). One aim of the book is to offer a first detailed, corpus-based description of these two word order alternations, with special emphasis on their diachronic development in the period from ca. 200 BC until 600 AD. The corpus data reveal that some received wisdom needs to be reconsidered. For one thing, there is no evidence for any major increase in productivity of the order VO during the eight centuries under investigation. In addition, the order AuxV only becomes more frequent in clauses with a modal verb and an infinitive, not in clauses with a BE-auxiliary and a past participle. A second goal is to answer a more fundamental question about Latin syntax, namely whether or not the language is ‘configurational’, in the sense that a phrase structure grammar (with ‘higher-order constituents’ such as verb phrases) is needed to describe and analyse facts of Latin word order. Four pieces of evidence are presented which suggest that Latin is indeed a fully configurational language, despite its high degree of word order flexibility. Specifically, it is shown that there is ample evidence for the existence of a verb phrase constituent. The book thus contributes to the ongoing debate whether configurationality (phrase structure) is a language universal or not.