Tesis sobre el tema "Prospective paysagère"
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Planchat, Claire. "Du paysage aux intentions d'aménagement : usage des représentations paysagères pour la planification de l'agriculture dans les territoires périurbains : Élaboration d'un Itinéraire Méthodologique de Vision Prospective pour le Plan Local d'Urbanisme de Billom (France) et la Charte Paysagère du Parc Naturel de la Vallée d'Attert (Belgique)". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845389.
Texto completoPlanchat, Claire. "Du paysage aux intentions d'aménagement : usage des représentations paysagères pour la planification de l’agriculture dans les territoires périurbains : Élaboration d’un Itinéraire Méthodologique de Vision Prospective pour le Plan Local d’Urbanisme de Billom (France) et la Charte Paysagère du Parc Naturel de la Vallée d’Attert (Belgique)". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20014/document.
Texto completoAgricultural areas are subject to multiple functions in addition to agricultural production such as recreation, tourism, environmental practices, etc. For periurban areas, the multifunctionality of agricultural areas is now recognized in the planning procedures. But it is still difficult for the promoters to find managementguidelines to preserve the balance between these uses as well as maintaining a "landscape quality". Periurban agriculture is ultimately considered for its value as a space and an available land in terms of urbanization, but what about the opinion of the farmers and owners of agricultural land? The objective ofthis thesis is to propose but also to analyze a participatory method based on the use of landscape representations to foster dialogue between stakeholders, officials, farmers and owners. This device is designed to help actors build their planning intentions concerning the agriculture. To develop this method,we selected two European French speaking territories, with two different management contexts: the town of Billom in France by the implementation of its Local Urban Planning (2006-2008), and the future Landscape Charter of the Natural Park of Attert in Belgium (2007-2009). We assume that landscape representations can be mobilized as medium for dialogue, through a specific methodological system and through participatory workshops. This methodological system can also help the actors to reveal their planning intentions concerning both social, but also the technical (agricultural and urban), relations and representations and to incorporate them into the urban or landscape planning.From the implementation of the methodological system (surveys and workshops) on the both sites in France and Belgium, we built a Methodological Itinerary of Prospective Vision (IMVP) It is composed of five aims of landscape representations uses which relate to: 1. expertise, 2.identification of the participants’ intentions, 3. characterization of the “cadre de vie” from workshops using the method of the negative vision of the future, 4. sharing the positive vision of the future and operational arguments and intentions to integrate into the planning process, 5. evaluation of the integration of the actors’ intentions into the territorialproject. To formalize and articulate these aims, in terms of methodological steps, we have chosen to complete the reading grid of the local landscape interventions categories (Moquay et al., 2007) and to develop it upstream the landscape charter process and in the middle of the urban planning process. Theresearcher involvement appears at two levels. First is mediation in the aim to bring together stakeholders in the process. The second is the observation and deciphering of the representations and planning intentions on landscape components identified by the actors. The interest of the IMVP is to be included in decision processes. It assists farmers and elected officials by establish agricultural projects in their territories. The IMVP also distinguishes transferable references and tools that urban planning managers can use to analyze actor’s intentions and to develop collaborative approaches. The IMVP could become a methodological guide to complement the growing demand for tools of dialogue and visualization of regional issues to support planning
Baldermann-Cornec, Ute. "Urbanisme durable et potentialités de transferts d’expériences interculturelles entre Régions européennes : comparaison des démarches en Bretagne (France) et en Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Allemagne) au croisement de la qualité urbaine durable et de la prospective paysagère". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN20042.
Texto completoMy urban planning dual culture (German and French), the works to implement of a device for encouraging the sustainable urban design, the innovation and the environmental excellence for the Brittany elected representatives, had been my personal questioning a long standing concern: Can we transpose extraterritorial experiences from one culture to another and methods to boost and develop the quality of the projects and the approaches of local actors? The answer to this question, determinant for my own professional practice and my standing concern, does not exist in the literature in 2005. Starting from the Brittany region, at first glance, the choice of the Saxony Land was required for comparison resulting of a twinning since 1995. After investigation, it turns out that only few concrete projects and actions were developed. This is, perhaps, not surprising given the very different territorial characteristics from Britain and Saxony (very industrial past, little agriculture, no coastline, many large cities).. Accordingly, the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Land with its extensive coastline, its many islands, its economy which is shared between agriculture and tourism, seemed more interesting to compare (and for a future partnership, if my research would showed the real interest of collaboration on sustainable urban design). I am convinced of the relevance of the European regional level (the "region" in France and the "Land" in Germany) to introduce public policies and consistent urban planning strategies without losing the link with the mobilizing territorial identity.A State of art of the potential and limits of the transfer experiences introduced my thesis. A focus on the regional policies give a framework for the innovative devices specifically dedicated to the sustainable urban design and the prospective landscape (Eco-FAUR and Städtebau-und Dorferneuerungsprogramm) to place them in context. Comparison of 16 best and recent projects in Brittany and in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern allowed me to analyze in detail the approaches, methods, the intervention of the actors, the best and weak points of the projects. The face to face of these local examples give a framework on 8 topics currently in the discussions of the prospective and sustainable urban landscape Europeanexperts: the revitalization of the cities centers, the urban renewal, the urban landscapes, the great landscape and the city, the new rural dynamic, urban coastal planning, green tourism and urban eco-subdivisions as extensions. My analysis and exchanges with more than 250 actors led me some positive issues (under conditions) concerning the potential of enhanced cooperation between two non-adjacent European areas. My PhD thesis concludes with recommendations for the improvement of trade efficiency, because the interest for the innovative and concrete projects, and around a limited motivated actors group looks promising
Meine doppelte deutsch-französische Raumplanungskultur und meine Arbeit für Politiker der Bretagne (Aufbau eines Förderprogrammes für nachhaltigen Städtebau, Innovation und hohe Umweltverträglichkeit) machen aus meiner langjährigen persönlichen Fragestellung ein Thema der Aktualität: Kann man Erfahrungen, die auf einer anderen, außerterritorialen Planungskultur aufbauen transferieren, um die Qualität der Projekte und die Herangehensweise der Akteure vor Ort zu „dynamisieren“, zu verbessern ? Die Antwort auf diese Frage existierte im Jahr 2005 nicht in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur. Von der Bretagne ausgehend bot sich eigentlich Sachsen zum Vergleich an, da eine offizielleRegionalpartnerschaft seit 1995 besteht. Bei den Voruntersuchungen stellte sich aber heraus, dass sich sehr wenige Aktionen und konkrete Projekte entwickelt haben. Das ist vielleicht nicht verwunderlich wenn man sich die sehr unterschiedlichen territorialen Charakteristiken der Bretagne und Sachsens (Industriestandort, wenig Landwirtschaft, keine Küste und viele große Städte) vor Augen führt. So schien mir der Vergleich mit Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (ausgedehnte Küste mit Inseln, eine auf Landwirtschaft und Tourismus basierende Wirtschaftsstrukture) viel versprechender, vor allem wenn meine Forschungen ein reelles Interesse für eine Zusammenarbeit im Gebiet des Nachhaltigen Stadtbaus und der Landschaftsentwicklungsplanung aufzeigen sollten. Ich bin überzeugt, dass es der regionale Ansatz (die Region in Frankreich und das Land in Deutschland) ist, der im europäischen Rahmen kohärente Lösungen für lokale Entwicklungsstrategien hervorbringt, weil ein genügend großes Territorium mit der mobilisierenden Identität der Akteure verbunden werden kann. Eine Bestandsanalyse der positiven und negativen Faktoren für einen Erfahrungstransfer führtmeine Dissertation ein. Eine Fokussierung auf die Rahmenbedingungen (globale Regionalpolitik) ermöglicht, die beiden auf nachhaltigen Städtebau- und Landschaftsentwicklungsplanung spezialisierten Programme (Eco-FAUR und Städtebau- und Dorferneuerungsprogramm) einzuordnen. Der Vergleich von 16 innovativen und aktuellen Projekten der Bretagne und Mecklenburg- Vorpommerns gab mir die Möglichkeit, im Detail die Herangehensweisen, Methoden, Beteiligung derAkteure sowie die Stärken und Schwachpunkte der Projekte aufzuzeigen. Die Gegenüberstellung bedient sich 8, die aktuelle Fachdebatte der europäischen Experten in Städtebau und ländlicher Entwicklung anregende, Themen: Innenstadtrevitalisierung, Stadtumbau, Stadtlandschaft, Landschaftsplanung und Stadt, Dynamik des ländlichen Raumes, Küstenbebauung, Ökotourismus, Ökoquartiere. Meine Analyse und der Austausch mit über 250 Akteuren erlauben mir einen optimistische Einschätzung (unter entsprechenden Rahmenbedingungen) der Möglichkeiten der Intensivierungder Zusammenarbeit in den analysierten Gebieten und zwischen nichtbenachbarten europäischen Regionen. Meine Dissertation schließt mit Vorschlägen zur Verbesserung des Erfahrungsaustausches ab, da die Zusammenarbeit von motivierten, kleinen Gruppen von Akteuren mit konkreten, innovativen Projekten, vielversprechend erscheint
Sfaksi, Nafissa. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des paysages végétaux dans un espace naturel protégé : cas du Parc National de Taza (PNT), Algérie". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20061.
Texto completoUnder increasing human pressure, natural landscapes in Algeria currently undergoing changes in their composition and structure. This work aims to understand the transformation of landscape plants and highlight their spatio-temporal dynamics. Taza National Park (3807 ha) high biodiversity hotspot in Algeria and Biosphere Reserve served as an experimental site for the proposed modeling. The joint use of statistics and geomatics has provided powerful tools to analyze and model the changes in the structure and composition of natural habitats. Initially the floristic surveys were used to characterize their composition. Six vegetation associations were identified with a tendency to matorralisation forest formations. The use in a second time of Landsat images has achieved a track record Land use / Cover Changes between 2003 and 2011. It has been noticed that there has been an increase of 15.22% surfaces scrub against a decline of 188.57 ha of sclerophyllous forests and 348.15 ha of forest deciduous oak. The calibration of the simulation model proved difficult especially as the evaluation of the relationship between observed and explanatory factors highlighted the complexity of interdependencies in Mediterranean ecosystems. The model evaluation highlighted the studied phenomena complexity and the limitations of available data. Nevertheless, this has allowed us to confirm the trends observed landscape evolution.Overall, this work has enabled a recent mapping of the land, establishing a database on natural habitats and LUCC and developing a forward simulation model of landscape plants.Despite the limitations encountered, this study wanted to be a relevant approach by prospective landscape dynamics modeling in Algeria, which will be extremely useful in the management of sensitive natural areas
Morisseau, Gregory. "Mer combattue, mer acceptée : un projet de paysages et ses problématiques Bas-Champs (Picardie, France) et Camargue (PACA, France)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040063.
Texto completoCoastal territories and landscapes are submitted to increasing yet better identified natural risks (storms, flooding, etc.), especially under the effects of climate change. Its reflections, the eustatic ones among others, have various consequences on the landscape. How is it possible, in a proactive reasoning, to take advantage of the lanscape alterations at the same time as limitating, controling and why not correcting the excesses due to the sea level rise on the coasts ? The aim is to show that it is possible to adjust to these risks upon taking landscapes into account and managing the coastal structures a lighter and better thought-out way.An argued assessment on the way the landscape is taken into account in current strategies used to reduce the flooding risks, is followed with an evaluation of the way the landscape project, a holistic process of designing and sharing long term visions, can be used as a tool to reduce the vulnerability of both the territory and its society. Then, the thesis focuses on the emblematic Camargue delta, a territory which natural and social processes allowed to develop a society together with lanscapes creators of wealth in a dynamic balance considering the permanent flooding risks. However, keeping in mind, among other causes, that of climate change, this strategic balance is being questioned and needs the elaboration of hypotheses for another form of Camargue. Thus, in an exploratory dimension, the thesis suggests an argued illustration of new models of development and adjustment for the system of Camargue. Taking into account both the landscape and climate change, the first results of a study on managed realignment in Bas-Champs, Picardie, lead us to a demand for the implementation of a coastal regeneration policy as the answer to the issues of coastal terriories for today, and even more for tomorrow
Freyssinet, Philippe. "Géochimie et minéralogie des latérites du Sud-Mali : évolution du paysage et prospection géochimique de l'or /". Orléans : Ed. du BRGM, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb354993714.
Texto completoHouet, Thomas. "Occupation des sols et gestion de l'eau : modélisation prospective en paysage agricole fragmenté (Application au SAGE du Blavet)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389835.
Texto completoL'objectif de ce travail est de produire une démarche méthodologique générique pour élaborer des scénarios prospectifs spatialisés. Fondée sur la méthode des scénarios en prospective, cette démarche se nourrit des apports méthodologiques utilisés en modélisation de systèmes complexes afin d'apporter une dimension spatiale aux scénarios prospectifs. Articulée avec le volet prospectif du SAGE du bassin versant du Blavet (2000 km²), cette démarche a été appliquée à trois petits sous bassins versants représentatifs de la diversité des paysages agricoles bocagers rencontrés. Elle s'organise en quatre phases. La première phase vise à construire « la base » des scénarios. La deuxième phase consiste à construire des scénarios prospectifs pertinents pour éclairer les futurs possibles du territoire étudié. La troisième phase constitue la phase de spatialisation des scénarios. Suivant le type de scénarios (exploratoire ou normatif), la méthode diffère : une plateforme de modélisation dynamique et spatialement explicite (L1) a été utilisée et optimisée dans le cas des scénarios exploratoires ; un SIG a servi pour élaborer les scénarios normatifs. Enfin, la dernière phase consiste à évaluer les scénarios prospectifs spatialisés, leurs impacts sur les ressources en eau et leurs apports pour les gestionnaires et les acteurs locaux.
Les scénarios exploratoires produits ont permis de quantifier et de localiser les influences possibles de la nouvelle réforme de la PAC appliquée en 2006, de l'agrandissement des exploitations agricoles sur l'évolution des modes d'usages des sols et également l'influence des changements de la structure spatiale du parcellaire sur les transferts de flux. Les scénarios normatifs ont permis d'identifier les enjeux de gestion de l'eau entre acteurs locaux et gestionnaires. Au final, la localisation de zones à risque vis-à-vis des ressources en eau et l'identification de leviers d'actions (synergies locales, maîtrise du foncier) confèrent aux scénarios prospectifs un rôle d'outil d'aide à la décision pour les gestionnaires de l'eau et les acteurs locaux.
Feizi, Mahsa. "Le paysage culturel de la plaine de Sultāniyya durant la période islamique". Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2106.
Texto completoThe environmental potential of the Sultāniyya plain have emerged as powerful baseline for the formation and development of settlements during a long time. In addition, it is geographically located in a kind of corridor linking central Iran to its northwest. The interest of this region lies not only the archaeological evidence from the Paleolithic to the present day, but also in the considerable amount of written and illustrated sources in which various aspects of the landscape of the Sultāniyya plain have been discussed. However, there is no in-depth archaeological study of the plain. The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate the interaction of human and environment in the plain during the Islamic period. The study of written and archeological sources shows that in the early Islamic centuries and before the construction of the city of Sultāniyya, in the center and north of the plain, population concentration depended on agricultural potential and therefore on water resources. The 16th century is a turning point in the history of the region. The attention paid by the Ilkānid to the plain has led to the expansion of agricultural and industrial infrastructures, extensive water exploitation and expansion of the agricultural zone. As a result, the population has focused mainly on the central and southern regions on the groundwater table. The decline of the city in the early 16th century turned it into a prestigious village. It led to a general slowdown in trans-regional trade between Sultāniyya and other centers of Iran. But the continued use of the region's water infrastructure and the role of the former urban center of Sultāniyya in the regional economic system has helped to maintain the maximum population concentration in the central and southern areas along the ancient routes
Coreau, Audrey. "Dialogue entre des chiffres et des lettres : imaginer et construire des futurs possibles en écologie". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20190.
Texto completoStudying and predicting possible futures for ecological systems has become an objective of ecological research, particularly because of a growing awareness of the consequences of global changes. We propose here that the methods and concepts developed by the academic field of futures studies could be useful to enlarge ecological knowledge. Building model predictions has been the main method used by ecologists to study futures, whereas more qualitative methods are common in futures studies. We therefore adopted a reflexive viewpoint and conducted detailed interviews with ecologists to analyse the reasons for their limited application to ecological problems. The use of a reductionist approach to deal with complex systems and the lack of acknowledgement of futures' specificities appear as the major reasons for the continued preference for predictive approaches. We built conjectures based mainly on narratives to study possible futures for a Mediterranean landscape and showed that one can imagine several ecological futures. Incomplete knowledge, contingent events and the coexistence of several theories, play an important role in understanding possible future dynamics. By using numerical simulations of possible future changes in this Mediterranean landscape, we also illustrated the complementarities between prediction and narration. This study opens interesting perspectives for (i) ecological research, here we underline the importance of interactions and contingency to understand possible futures, (ii) futures studies, by going further in our understanding of the concepts of ‘conjectural problematic', and ‘diachronisation' and (iii) the link between these two disciplines
Stride, Sebastian. "Géographie archéologique de la province du Surkhan Darya (Ouzbékistan, Bactriane du nord)". Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010523.
Texto completoHouet, Thomas. "Occupation des sols et gestion de l'eau : modélisation prospective en paysage agricole fragmenté (Application au Schéma d'Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux du Blavet)". Rennes 2, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389835.
Texto completoSince the new European water policy, water managers must restore a “good ecological state” of water resources for 2015. To be efficient and provide sustainability, water policies have to be implemented at a local scale (i. E. Hedgerow or field scale) but they must also adopt a long term vision, i. E. Considering possible future land use changes. The production of prospective scenarios of landcover and landscape feature changes may help water managers to realize more effective water policy controls. The aim of this work is to implement a generic methodology to build spatialized prospective scenarios. Its application is made on three watersheds representative of the Blavet landscape diversity (Brittany, France). The prospective scenarios made have localized at-risk areas towards water resources and identified stakeholders which contribute to consider spatialized prospective scenarios as powerful tools to help decision-makers to manage water resources efficiently and sustainability
Labussière, Olivier. "Le défi esthétique en aménagement : vers une prospective du milieu : le cas des lignes très haute tension (Lot) et des parcs éoliens (Aveyron et Aude)". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU1005.
Texto completoThis thesis examines to what extent the aesthetic issue- easily reduced to a form of convenient protest - could be a favourable basis for land-planners to take “milieu” into serious account. In a first part, through the works of Kant, we assert that aesthetic strategies modify the various ways of apprehending “milieu” and allow it to be taken into account by land-planners. Rather than the concept of controversy, that of disagreement - suggested by J. Ranciere - is privileged to set off the consistency of such an approach. Through the opposition to the VHV project in Quercy Blanc, it appears that with the help of aesthetic strategies, the qualities of the “milieu” are better acknowledged by land-planning but they come up against the normative contents of its project methods. Are we prisoners of a huge gap between the aesthetic reading of “milieu” and the normative world of action ? In a second part, we assert that land-planning can take advantage of “milieu”, provided that a prospective method may be found to consider the latter as a potential. Deleuzian symptomatology supports a new approach to land-planning - not as a normative and anticipating capacity to define things but as the art of experimenting new modes of life. By studying two examples of windplanning projects (Aveyron and Aude), one can state that - although landplanners regard “milieu” as a means of carrying out projects in a practical way - they do not have such a good command of the windturbine develt. Reciprocally we have brought to light that a prospective method of analysing “milieu”, based on a multi-scalar approach and a non- determining cartographic semiology , gives a more efficient basis to wind-planning
Lemouland, Quentin. "Phytoarchéologie : impact d’occupations archéologiques sur la flore actuelle : historique, concepts, méthodes et études de cas". Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01923377.
Texto completoSince a long time throughout the World, presence of a particular flora has been observed on archaeological occupations. Archaeologists are interested in this relationship for surveying purposes. These long term man impacts are more and more intergrated in present ecological studies. Study of four archaeological sites in semi-natural areas allows to evaluate the link between sites and vegetation in North-Western France. Impact of structures on flora is obvious on each site. Soils of three of them are analysed : their physical and chemical properties are modified by ancient occupations. Ecological analysis of two sites flora provides answers. Plant species observed on specific sites were not introduced by man. They reflect this sustainable change of the soils. There is an early closure of the environment related to a better availability of mineral and water resources on old occupations. Bioindication software is developed to apply our approach to archaeological surveys. This discipline called “phytoarchaeology” is redefined
Arrignon, Florent. "Hover-winter : un modèle multi-agent pour simuler la dynamique hivernale d'un insecte auxiliaire des cultures (Episyrphus balteatus, Diptera: Syrphidea) dans un paysage hétérogène". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. https://hal.science/tel-04574792.
Texto completoAgbanou, Bidossèssi Thierry. "Dynamique de l'occupation du sol dans le secteur Natitingou-Boukombé (nord-ouest bénin) : de l'analyse diachronique à une modélisation prospective". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20076.
Texto completoIn Benin, forests and savannahs are the predominant types of land use and constitute dynamic systems whose evolution depends on several environmental and anthropogenic factors. In the Natitingou-Boukombé sector (Northwestern Benin), most of these ecosystems are in degradation due to increased anthropogenic activities. The objective of this study is to quantify the landscape dynamics and explore all possible future land use using remote sensing tools. The data used are mainly Landsat TM satellite images from 1987, ETM+ from 2000, OLIR TIRS from 2016, Modis VCF and NDVI series from 2000 to 2016. A multi-date classification was used to quantify land use changes in this study area.The results show that between 1987 and 2016, the landscape initially dominated by clear forests and wooded savannahs (38.81%) and wooded savannahs and shrubs (25.82%) in 1987 was replaced by land use categories, the most important of which were wooded savannahs and shrubs (40.53%) and cropland and fallow mosaics (50.61%) in 2016. Human activities and climatic disturbances are the main determinants of this land use dynamics. These explanatory factors, combined with the prospective analysis, made it possible to explore three possible future-oriented scenarios by 2031.The Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) extrapolating current trends shows that by 2031 the landscape of this study area will be dominated by mosaics of crops and fallow land (69.64%), tree and shrub savannahs (21.93%), saxicultural savannahs (3.6%) and agglomerations (2.66%). In the Rapid Economic Growth (REC) scenario, which focuses solely on increasing agricultural production, the landscape will consist mainly of mosaics of crops and fallow land (73.72%), wooded savannahs and shrubs (17.35%), saxicultural savannahs (3.7%) and agglomerations (3.06%). The Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CED) scenario, which incorporates environmental preservation, presents a landscape essentially composed of mosaics of crops and fallows (67.97%), wooded savannahs and shrubs (22.6%), saxicultural savannahs (3.7%), agglomerations (2.3%), clear forests and wooded savannahs (1.7%) and plantations (1.05%). In the latter scenario, there is therefore an effort to restore wooded savannahs and shrubs, clear forests and wooded savannahs and plantations.This landscape, on which the survival of populations depends, is evolving in the sense of its degradation. And it will get worse by 2031 if nothing is done. But the results obtained in the Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CED) scenario show that hope is possible if the authorities in charge of land management and the environment integrate the stolen environmental preservation into their decision-making
Collard, Blanche. "Effet de l’organisation spatiale intra-parcellaire des habitats sur le contrôle biologique par conservation : étude et modélisation des déplacements de dermaptères dans les bananeraies Spatial organisation of habitats in agricultural plots affects per-capita predator effect on conservation biological control: an individual based modelling study". Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0710.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we investigated whether - and how - the intra-plot spatial patterns of habitats favourable to generalist predators could influence the conservation biological control (CBC) through their foraging behaviour. The general approach of this work is based on a modelling approach guided by experiments on the earwig E. caraibea, a generalist predator in banana fields of Martinique. In an experiment in banana fields, we found that the abundance and activity of earwigs seemed to be influenced by habitat types: banana tree residues appeared to be particularly more favourable to earwigs than bare soil.We developed a spatially explicit and individual-based model (Foragescape) of the foraging movements of an earwig-like predator in a banana field - based on the favourable or unfavourable nature of habitats. We found that the per-capita predator effect was strongly affected by a spatial dilution of predators, induced by favourable habitat addition, but this negative effect could be partially or fully mitigated by their spatial organisation.A key hypothesis of the Foragescape model was found on earwigs in a mesocosm experiment: earwigs movements are slower and more sinuous on residues, a favourable habitat, than on bare soil, an unfavourable habitat. Therefore, the model's predictions on spatial organisation and CBC can to some extent be adapted to the earwigs in banana fields
Poirier, Nicolas. "Un espace rural en Berry dans la longue durée : expérience de micro-analyse des dynamiques spatio-temporelles du paysage et du peuplement dans la région de Sancergues (Cher)". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00212332.
Texto completoL'originalité principale de ce travail réside dans la variation des échelles de temps et d'espace, et s'inscrit par bien des aspects dans la démarche microhistorique, afin de favoriser une approche des pratiques spatiales à l'échelle élémentaire des sociétés anciennes, celle du finage. La combinaison de la micro-échelle spatiale et du temps long favorise en effet un meilleur repérage des ruptures et des continuités dans l'occupation du sol.
Mais considérer l'évolution d'un espace depuis la Protohistoire jusqu'au 19e s. implique la nécessité de traiter plusieurs sources différentes. La définition des modalités de leur croisement est un des objectifs méthodologiques de ce travail. Chacune d'elles doit être analysée distinctement, en fonction de ses conditions de production, et après une évaluation et une prise en compte rigoureuse des biais qu'elle produit. L'approche diachronique de l'espace retenu est donc la synthèse d'une étude archéologique (à partir de données acquises au cours de prospections au sol), d'une étude historique (fondée sur les textes) et d'une étude morphologique (réalisée sur les plans anciens et le cadastre « napoléonien »). Le recours à une démarche régressive permet ici une exploitation plus efficace de sources documentaires lacunaires, dispersées et plus rares à mesure que l'on remonte dans le temps.
La restitution de la dynamique de l'habitat tout d'abord, abordée au travers des sources archéologiques issues de la prospection au sol et du dépouillement des archives médiévales et modernes, a permis d'identifier plusieurs épisodes de développement et de recul du tissu de peuplement.
L'analyse du réseau viaire contemporain et sub-contemporain a favorisé, par la nature même de l'objet d'étude, une variation d'échelle du micro vers le macro. Cette variation de la focale d'observation a permis de mesurer l'insertion de la zone d'étude dans les réseaux de communication sub-actuels et passés.
Par une approche hiérarchique inspirée de l'écologie du paysage, la morphologie du parcellaire permet de lire les différents niveaux d'organisation qui régissent le paysage, de l'échelle du cours d'eau à celle du point de peuplement.
La documentation écrite de l'époque moderne, à travers la mention de nombreuses entités religieuses ou politico-administratives, illustre l'aboutissement d'un processus de définition de territoires à échelle locale, qui s'amorce sans doute dès la période médiévale avec l'émergence et l'affirmation de circonscriptions comme les paroisses et les seigneuries.
Enfin, les espaces de la pratique ont été abordés, notamment grâce aux données archéologiques. Les territoires agraires, que délimite l'emprise des épandages de mobilier associé aux fumures, permettent la lecture de l'évolution diachronique de la localisation des espaces mis en culture, leurs rapports aux lieux habités et aux contraintes physiques du milieu, à l'échelle des déplacements quotidiens.
Sur le plan méthodologique, ce travail a été l'occasion de définir des outils propres à étudier les dynamiques de l'occupation du sol de manière diachronique et à favoriser les comparaisons micro-régionales, notamment par la mise en œuvre de modélisations statistiques et spatiales au sein d'un SIG. Ces comparaisons permettent ainsi de discerner les évolutions témoignant de tendances communes et d'autres de particularismes locaux. La variation d'échelle du micro vers le macro favorise alors la remise en cause de schémas souvent construits à petite échelle et sur le silence des sources écrites.
Laplaige, Clément. "Comparaison de signaux (géophysique, LiDAR) utilisés dans l'étude des dynamiques anthropiques et naturelles". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732379.
Texto completoLaplaige, Clément. "Comparaison de signaux (géophysique, LiDAR) utilisés dans l'étude des dynamiques anthropiques et naturelles". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1002/document.
Texto completoThe characterization of the material reality of the landscape requires to accurately identify the physical geography and to capture the interrelationships between humans and their environment. These conditions are essential to the estimation of the origins of the landscape shaping. The analysis of documentary sources offers the opportunity to determine the organization of former landscapes and to characterize a large part of their evolutions since the Modern period. However, older land settlements are not localised or symbolised on maps. Their signs are efficiently detected in present landscape through the joint implementation of various detection methods: aerial photography, recording topographic or colorimetric variations on the soil surface, and the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) system, measuring micro-topographic variations using a laser beam. Other methods can be used to identify the elements conserved in present landscape and reflect their past uses. The measure of physical properties of soils by the geophysical methods can detected the presence of archaeological remains or structures buried while nothing is perceptible to the soil surface. It is widely supported that survey methods can provide archaeological data of the land use and / or the exploitation of the territory. Thus, they have been applied since several at the site of the ancient city of Epomanduodurum (Mandeure-Mathay, Doubs) in the north of the Franche-Comte. This city is considered by its size, urban equipment and monuments as the second behind de civitas capital of Sequani, Vesontio (Besancon). This research intends to compare, at different spatial scales, the contribution of several prospecting methods for the study of natural and anthropogenic dynamics in an area of 80 km². The study area is centred on the ancient city and combines a section of the alluvial plain of the Doubs river and the surrounding calcareous plateaus. In this study, it was possible, among other things, to develop tools for the detection of archaeological
Moreau, Anne. "Du tesson au système territorial : une approche multiscalaire de l'occupation du sol dans la vallée de la Vienne autour de L'Ile-Bouchard (Indre-et-Loire)". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00340878.
Texto completoL'adoption d'une progression par échelles géographiques emboîtées qui caractérise ce travail, a été dictée par les rythmes spatio-temporels propres à chaque source exploitée – les sources textuelles, matérielles, morphologiques et paléoenvironnementales – et les contraintes pratiques qui imposent au chercheur des cadres d'observation géographique et chronologique qu'on suppose être représentatifs de l'ensemble considéré. La démarche globale qui consiste à croiser les sources selon la logique du système territoire s'impose comme un cadre adapté à une étude pluridisciplinaire et diachronique, parce qu'elle permet de respecter et des gérer les rythmes d'espace-temps de chaque source sollicité et parce qu'elle pose les bases d'une modélisation de l'histoire du peuplement de la Protohistoire à nos jours dans la vallée de la Vienne. Toutefois, c'est seulement à l'issue de la critique et de l'exploitation des différents corpus de données que le système territoire commence à prendre forme, à travers la connaissance partielle de l'organisation de l'espace géographique et du jeu des acteurs de l'espace anthropisé, politique et institutionnel.
Bergeron, Julie. "Contribution des regards citoyens dans le cadre d'une démarche de prospective paysagère en milieu périurbain". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6304.
Texto completoWhile suburbs are being transformed at an alarming rate, under the pressures of the Real estate industry’s development strategies, social concerns regarding the quality of life and the resulting landscapes are currently on the rise. With these challenges to bear, stakeholders usually employ solutions from an "expert" perspective that remain impervious to existing social conditions and demands. Given the lack of knowledge from the citizens’ perspectives, there is an urgent need for developing novel methods that are capable of bringing forth this local knowledge. A survey conducted in fall 2009 with residents of Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, on the south shore of Montreal, revealed the strength of an under-used and innovative method: the go-along. This method has demonstrated a particularly interesting technique to grasp the way dwellers qualify, imagine, value and move through their locality. Allowing privileged access to biographies and giving rise to improvised paths, the method has enabled placed-based narratives and has lead to an opening for expressing concerns, valuations and aspirations of citizens towards their community. In doing so, landscapes shift from expert evaluation to a dynamic scene where significant fragments of individual stories are told in relation to the experience of places in the everyday life. The study results conclude that the residents’ narratives and knowledge are undeniably rich and relevant to comprehending collective landscape issues and values. The existing logics and processes behind suburban landscape transformations would highly benefit from the collective wealth of dwellers’ extensive, situated and complex knowledge of the city’s geography, politics, economy and sociology. Furthermore, it can lead way to community participatory projects engaging multiple actors within a collective multifaceted reflection on the future of suburbs and the actions that should be taken towards a better future.