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1
Erasmus, Christo. "Consumer protection in international electronic contracts / C. Erasmus". Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6917.
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Since the Internet became available for commercial use in the early 90s, the way of
doing business was changed forever. The Internet and electronic commerce have
allowed people to carry out business by means of electronic communications, which
makes it possible for them to do business and to conclude contracts with people
situated within foreign jurisdictions. The need for consumer protection in electronic
commerce has become necessary because of the misuse of aspects peculiar to
electronic–commerce. Consumers have been cautious to make use of electroniccommerce,
as they are uncertain about the consequences that their actions might
have. Consumers will only utilise e–commerce if they have confidence in the legal
system regulating it; therefore, legislation was needed to regulate their e–commerce
activities. In 2002, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 was
introduced into South African law as the first piece of legislation that would deal
exclusively with electronic communications. Chapter VII of this particular act deals
exclusively with consumer protection and seeks to remove certain uncertainties
imposed by e–commerce. This is done by providing the South African consumer with
statutory rights and obligations when engaging in electronic communications. The
Consumer Protection Act, 68 of 2008 is the most recent piece of legislation that aims
to promote a consistent legislative and enforcement framework relating to consumer
transactions and agreements. South African legislation dealing with electronic
commerce is relatively recent, and it is uncertain whether consumers are offered
sufficient protection when they conclude contracts with suppliers or sellers from a
foreign jurisdiction, that is, one that is situated outside South Africa.
After looking at the protection mechanisms in place for South African consumers
engaging in e–commerce, we have seen that there are certain problems that one
might experience when trying to determine the applicability of some of the consumer
protection measures to international electronic contracts. Most of the problems that
we have identified are practical of nature. Consumers may, for instance, find it hard
to execute their rights against foreign suppliers in a South African court, even if the
court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter. Another problem that we identified is
that some of the important terms in our legislation are too vaguely defined. Vague terms and definitions can lead to legal uncertainty, as consumers might find it hard to
understand the ambit of the acts, and to determine the applicability thereof on their
transactions. In order to look for possible solutions for South Africa, the author
referred to the legal position with regards to consumer protections in the United
Kingdom, and saw the important role that European Union legislation plays when
determining the legal position regarding consumer protection in the UK. The
legislation in the UK dealing with consumer protection is far more specific than the
South African legislation dealing with same. There is definitely consumer protection
legislation in place in South Africa but the ongoing technological changes in the
electronic commerce milieu make it necessary for our legislators to review consumer protection legislation on a regular basis to ensure that it offers sufficient protection
for South African consumers engaging in international electronic contracts.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
2
Spence, Michael. "Australian estoppel and the protection of reliance". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcf8b590-1ff6-4b14-a830-32483621346e.
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This thesis focuses upon recent Australian developments in the law of estoppel. It provides a justification and basis in principle for the doctrine of estoppel described in cases such as Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1987-1988) 164 C.L.R. 387 and Commonwealth of Australia v Verwayen (1990) 170 C.L.R. 394. This basis is found in the principle that we ought all to take reasonable steps to ensure the reliability of the assumptions that we induce in others. Ensuring the "reliability" of an induced assumption means ensuring that a party who relies upon the assumption does not thereby suffer harm: harm in the sense that he is worse off because the assumption has proved unjustified than he would have been had it never been induced. The thesis suggests a pattern for the development of the Australian law of estoppel reflecting that basis in principle. It further demonstrates the potential usefulness of the doctrine with specific reference to (i) pre-contractual negotiations and letters of intent, (ii) firm offers to contract, (iii) variations of contract unsupported by consideration, and (iv) the "battle of forms".
3
Haba, Parfait. "Le non-professionnel et le petit professionnel : la protection de deux contractants faibles par le droit privé". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100186/document.
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Pendant longtemps, le non-professionnel a été considéré comme un professionnel dont la situation de faiblesse était comparable à celle du consommateur et il était protégé comme tel. Or, le juge européen a défini le consommateur comme « visant exclusivement la personne physique ». Cela a conduit le juge français à nuancer sa position ; le non-professionnel est défini comme la personne morale n’exerçant pas d’activité professionnelle. De son côté, la notion de petit professionnel a été consacrée par les textes relatifs au droit de la consommation et au droit de la concurrence. Si ces contractants faibles sont protégés c’est avant tout parce qu’ils peuvent être marqués par une situation de faible économique, technique ou juridique. En tout état de cause la protection n’est accordée que par détermination de la loi et elle doit rester circonstanciée. Dans tous les cas, la protection de ces contractants est spécifiée par l’absence de standardisation car elle ne peut être calquée sur le modèle de protection du consommateur. Partant, la protection de ces contractants faibles est nécessaire contre les abus contractuels. Ainsi, le non-professionnel est essentiellement protégé contre les clauses abusives par l’appréciation du déséquilibre significatif dans les contrats de consommation. Alors que le petit professionnel est protégé par le contrôle du contenu du contrat et surtout contre toutes sortes d’abus dans les pratiques anticoncurrentielles. Aussi, les mécanismes de l’information prévus par le droit de la consommation, le Code civil ou ceux prévus au profit de l’acquéreur non-professionnel ou des non-avertis peuvent être étendus au profit du non-professionnel et du petit professionnelFor a long time , the non-professional was considered as a professional whose weakness was comparable to that of the consumer and was protect as such. However, the European judge has defined the consumer as « exclusively targeting the natural person ». This led the french judge to qualify his position ; the non-professional is defined as the legal person not exercising a professional activity. For his part, the notion of small business has been enshrined in the text relating to consumer and competition low. If this weak contractors are protected it is primarily because they can be marked by a weak economic, technical or legal situation. In any case, protection is granted only by the determination of the law and must remain detailed. In all cases, the protection of this contractors is specified by the lack of standardization because it can not be modeled on the model of consumer protection. Therefore, the protection of these weak contractors is necessary against contractual abuses. Thus, the non-professional is essentially protected against unfair terms by appreciating the significant imbalance in consumer contracts. While the small business is protected by the control of the content of the contract and especially against all kinds of abuses in anti-competitive practices. Also, the information mechanisms provided by consumer law, the civil Code or those provided for the benefit of the non-professional purchaser or uninformed can be extended to the benefit of the non professional and the small business
4
Habbassi-Mebarkia, Samira. "La protection de la caution". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016VALE0003/document.
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Le risque zéro n'existe pas ! Aussi, pour se protéger contre d'éventuels impayés, les créanciers n'hésitent pas à demander à leurs futurs débiteurs des garanties. Parmi ces dernières, le cautionnement tient une place de choix. Grâce à sa rapidité, sa simplicité, il séduit et devient au fil du temps « la reine des sûretés » mais dont le royaume cache bien des surprises, surtout pour les cautions qui ne se posent guère de questions lors de la formation du contrat. Prenant le risque d'autrui, les cautions disposent-elles des bonnes clés pour entrer en relations contractuelles ? Mesurent-elles la portée de leur engagement ? Il est permis d'en douter au regard de l'important contentieux qui agite la matière. Dans ce cas, comment les protéger efficacement sans mettre en péril le cautionnement ? Définit, ou plus exactement décrit à l'article 2288 du Code civil comme « celui qui se rend caution d'une obligation se soumet envers le créancier à satisfaire à cette obligation si le débiteur n'y satisfait pas lui-même », le cautionnement est soumis à de vives critiques. On s'interroge sur son efficacité, on doute de sa souplesse, de son aptitude à offrir la sécurité juridique attendue. On fustige également l'intrusion excessive du législateur et de la jurisprudence dans le contrat. Mais ces derniers se sont donnés pour mission de délivrer à la caution le fameux « mode d'emploi » qui doit l'avertir des menaces que dissimule cette sûreté. Mais la philosophie protectrice des cautions a poussé le raisonnement très loin, peut-être trop loin. Or, il faut un ajustement des règles du cautionnement à la mesure du droit des sûretés qui demeure une matière foisonnante où la vivacité, la créativité rythment les rapports contractuels. Le droit du cautionnement doit dès lors se garder d'être figé, immobile dans un monde qui est en perpétuelle mouvement et où le temps est à la révision, aux recherches pour être en adéquation avec les besoins économiques, sociaux et juridiques de notre société. De fait le cautionnement doit s'extraire de ce cercle vicieux dans lequel il est tombéThe zero risk does not exist! So, to protect itself against possible outstanding payments, the creditors do not hesitate to ask their future debtors of guarantees. Among the latter, the guarantee holds a special place.Thanks to it speed, its simplicity, its seduces and becomes over time “the queen of the safeties” but from whom the kingdom hides many surprises, especially for the guarantee which raise themselves not many questions during the training of the contract. Taking the risk of others, pledges do they arrange good keys to enter contractual relations? Do they measure the impact of their commitment? It is allowed to doubt it with regard to the important dispute which shakes the subject. In this cas, how protect them effectively without putting in danger the guarenty? Defines, or more exactly described in the article 2288 of the Civil code “as the one who goes pledge of an obligation submits itself to the creditor to satisfy this obligation if the debtor does not satisfy it himself”, the guarenty is subjected to deep criticisms.We wonder about his efficiency, we doubt his flexibility, its capacity to offer the expected legal security. We also castigate the excessive intrusion of the legislator and the jurisprudence in the contract. But the latter gave for mission to deliver to the pledge the famous “instructions for use” which has to warn it of threats which hides this safety. But the protective philosophy of pledges pushed the very far reasoning, maybe too far. Now, one needs that an adjustment of the rules of the guarenty for the measure of the law of the safeties which remains an abundant material where the liveliness, the creativity give rhythm to the contractual reports. The law of the guarenty has to be careful not from then on to be congealed, to motionless in a world which is in perpetual movement and where the time is for the revision, for the searches to be in adequacy with the economic, social and legal needs for our society. De facto the guarenty has to extract of vicious circle in which it fell
5
Voigt, Janina. "Access contracts : a dynamic approach to object-oriented access protection". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708888.
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Supapa, Rattapong. "The protection of upstream energy contracts under investment treaty arbitration : a study of the interaction between contract and treaty instruments". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225686.
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This thesis analyses how and to what extent the contractual and treaty instruments interact in protecting upstream energy contracts against political interference by the host state. The study considers whether the interaction between the upstream contracts and international investment treaties provide effective protection for the upstream investors and whether the interaction between them prevents the host state from exercising its regulatory rights. By examining both jurisdictional and substantive aspects of the interaction between these two instruments, the study found that political risks in the upstream industry are not effectively mitigated and managed. The study therefore calls for a higher degree of interaction between these two instruments. This can be achieved by drafting the relevant upstream contracts and investment treaties in a more interactive manner so that they would together provide maximum protection for the upstream investors.
7
Girot, Clarisse. "User protection in IT contracts a comparative study of the protection of the user against defective performance in information technology /". The Hague ; Boston : Kluwer Law International, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37743473d.
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Gillespie, Neil. "The legal protection of temporary employees". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019793.
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This paper is divided into two distinct sections. The first being an analysis of the legal protection of temporary employees as things currently stand. It deals with the various labour laws that currently regulate temporary employment as well as the temporary employment contract and the common-law. The second section summarises and analyses the provisions of the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill as they apply to fixed-term employees. Temporary employees are protected by the general protection extended to all employees in terms of section 23(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, guaranteeing all employees the “right to fair labour practice”. The Labour Relations Act has as one of its main objectives to give effect to and regulate the fundamental rights contained in the Constitution. Thus the Labour Relations Act must not only give effect to constitutional rights but it must also ensure that it in no way unreasonably or unjustly denies or limits constitutional rights. Temporary employees have a number of labour laws protecting their interests. Where the provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, a Bargaining Council Agreement or a Sectoral Determination do not apply the employee will rely on the terms of the fixed-term employment contract and thereafter the common law for protection. The only protection offered to temporary employees contained in the Labour Relations Act is in section 186(1)(b), where a dismissal is defined to include the non-renewal of temporary contracts of employment where there is a reasonable expectation of renewal on the same or similar terms. This provision has proved to be highly controversial in that it does not expressly cater for temporary employees who harbour reasonable expectations of indefinite employment. An analysis is made of the most important cases relating to section 186(1)(b). The second section unpacks and critically analyses the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill which have been long in the offing and when they are finally enacted, will bring with them sweeping changes for atypical employment . The amendments will drastically change the way employers make use of fixed-term employees as well as the way in which Temporary Employment Services may conduct business if they are in fact able to keep working at all. There is very little literature of substance written about the Labour Relations Amendment Bill as it applies to atypical employment. The fact that the proposed amendments have changed so many times over such a long period of time might have deterred many writers from investing time and effort in attempts to analyse and summarise the amendments. Articles posted on the internet are in the main short and have very little content. No books were found with any discussion that pertains to the amendments. The amendments divide employees involved in atypical employment into two different categories. These categories consist of employees earning above the threshold in terms of section 6(3) of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and those earning below this threshold. All fixed-term employees may rely on the provisions of section 186 of the Labour Relations Act. Employees earning below the threshold are considered to be the most vulnerable and have been afforded additional protections in terms of sections 198(A), (B) and (C). Issues surrounding Temporary Employment Services and fixed-term employees have been very divisive and have been the topics of heated debate at all levels of Industrial Relations for a long time. Discussions regarding the use of the services of Temporary Employment Services can be highly emotive, with Temporary Employment Services being accused of committing wideThis paper is divided into two distinct sections. The first being an analysis of the legal protection of temporary employees as things currently stand. It deals with the various labour laws that currently regulate temporary employment as well as the temporary employment contract and the common-law. The second section summarises and analyses the provisions of the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill as they apply to fixed-term employees. Temporary employees are protected by the general protection extended to all employees in terms of section 23(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, guaranteeing all employees the “right to fair labour practice”. The Labour Relations Act has as one of its main objectives to give effect to and regulate the fundamental rights contained in the Constitution. Thus the Labour Relations Act must not only give effect to constitutional rights but it must also ensure that it in no way unreasonably or unjustly denies or limits constitutional rights. Temporary employees have a number of labour laws protecting their interests. Where the provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, a Bargaining Council Agreement or a Sectoral Determination do not apply the employee will rely on the terms of the fixed-term employment contract and thereafter the common law for protection. The only protection offered to temporary employees contained in the Labour Relations Act is in section 186(1)(b), where a dismissal is defined to include the non-renewal of temporary contracts of employment where there is a reasonable expectation of renewal on the same or similar terms. This provision has proved to be highly controversial in that it does not expressly cater for temporary employees who harbour reasonable expectations of indefinite employment. An analysis is made of the most important cases relating to section 186(1)(b). The second section unpacks and critically analyses the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill which have been long in the offing and when they are finally enacted, will bring with them sweeping changes for atypical employment . The amendments will drastically change the way employers make use of fixed-term employees as well as the way in which Temporary Employment Services may conduct business if they are in fact able to keep working at all. There is very little literature of substance written about the Labour Relations Amendment Bill as it applies to atypical employment. The fact that the proposed amendments have changed so many times over such a long period of time might have deterred many writers from investing time and effort in attempts to analyse and summarise the amendments. Articles posted on the internet are in the main short and have very little content. No books were found with any discussion that pertains to the amendments. The amendments divide employees involved in atypical employment into two different categories. These categories consist of employees earning above the threshold in terms of section 6(3) of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and those earning below this threshold. All fixed-term employees may rely on the provisions of section 186 of the Labour Relations Act. Employees earning below the threshold are considered to be the most vulnerable and have been afforded additional protections in terms of sections 198(A), (B) and (C).
9
Srisomwong, Rung y n/a. "The protection of pre-registration rights in land: a comparative study of gazumping in Australian and other juridictions". University of Canberra. Law, 2005. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060725.124549.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the problem of gazumping, to consider the various factors which give rise to it, to examine the adequacy of existing legal doctrine in redressing it, to explore statutory provisions designed to reduce gazumping and to propose reform of the law to address the problem.
The term gazumping refers to a practice by which a vendor accepts a purchaser's offer to purchase land or property, and before exchanging contracts, withdraws from the existing agreement in order to accept a higher price from another purchaser.
This thesis proceeds on the assumption that gazumping is an undesirable practice, particularly from the prospective purchaser' perspective. The practice of gazumping initially boomed in a volatile property market with constantly rising house prices and where demand exceeded supply. A purchaser who believes he or she has secured the purchase of his or her desired property may suffer emotional stress and significant costs which cannot be recovered when the vendor reneges on his or her agreement.
The thesis notes that gazumping occurs at the pre-contractual stage in the sale of property because there is no legally binding relationship before the formal exchange of contracts. The thesis posits that the existing law in various Australian jurisdictions offers inadequate protection to prospective purchasers of property. The thesis examines the inadequacy of existing legal doctrines and remedies in addressing the problem of gazumping at the pre-contractual stage and arrives at the conclusion that existing legal doctrine is inadequate. The thesis notes legislative and other measures in response to gazumping in Australia and other common law jurisdictions and concludes that these too were inadequate in not going far enough to eliminate or reduce gazumping. The competing merits of these approaches are considered.
The thesis establishes that the solution to gazumping lies in an early protection of the purchaser�s interest in land. This is because as soon as an agreement is enforceable the purchaser acquires an equitable interest and in the event of any breach of the agreement by the vendor, the purchaser, as a general rule, can obtain either damages or specific performance.
The thesis raises seven key recommendations for law reform aimed to minimise the occurrence of gazumping and to provide the purchaser with tools against the practice of gazumping. It considers that the recommendations can minimise the undesirable practice of gazumping where the current law is inadequate and also achieve several other objectives.
10
Beligha, Yvan. "Réseaux de distribution et protection". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0297.
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Si la réalité du réseau ne fait pas de doute, sa reconnaissance juridique peine toujours à être entérinée. Il est généralement présenté comme une somme de contrats organisant les relations entre le fournisseur et ses distributeurs. Il en résulte une double conséquence. D'un point de vue interne seul est privilégié le lien bilatéral établi entre le fournisseur et chaque distributeur, si bien que la protection dans le réseau n'équivaut qu'à la protection des parties au contrat. Reste que l'asymétrie de pouvoir entre les parties et la dépendance du distributeur peuvent faire craindre des abus de la part du fournisseur, déséquilibres que le droit des obligations et de la concurrence tentent de juguler. D'un point de vue externe, le réseau est dénué de toute consistance juridique à l'égard des tiers, cela se manifeste tout particulièrement dans le cadre du commerce parallèle pour lequel il est jugé que l'existence du réseau ne suffit pas à interdire aux tiers de revendre parallèlement. La valeur du réseau et l'atteinte qui lui est faite ne sont donc pas pris en compte. L'objectif de cette étude vise donc à intégrer l’existence du réseau au sein du régime intrinsèque et extrinsèque de protection existant. La mise en exergue de la dimension holiste du réseau nous conduira à partir du régime de protection actuel en y intégrant l’incidence et la considération du réseauIf the reality of the network is not in doubt, its legal recognition still has to be ratified. It is generally presented as a sum of contracts organizing relations between the supplier and its distributors. This results in a double consequence. From an internal point of view, only the bilateral link established between the supplier and each distributor is privileged, so that the protection in the network is only equivalent to the protection of the parties to the contract. Still, the asymmetry of power between the parties and the distributor's dependence may give rise to fears of abuses on the part of the supplier, imbalances that the law of obligations and competition try to stem. From an external point of view, the network is devoid of any legal consistency with regard to third parties, this is particularly evident in the context of parallel trade for which it is considered that the existence of the network is not sufficient to prohibit third parties to resell in parallel. The value of the network and the damage done to it are therefore not taken into account. The objective of this study is therefore to integrate the existence of the network within the existing intrinsic and extrinsic protection regime. Highlighting the holistic dimension of the network will lead us from the current protection regime by integrating the impact and consideration of the network
11
Wagner, Sandra Vivian. "Verbraucherschutz bei Vertragsschluss im Internet ein Vergleich zwischen englischem und deutschem Recht /". Berlin : De Gruyter, 2010. http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=317872.
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Mohammed, Nazar A. "Specific challenges of consumer protection in distance selling contracts : a comparison of the laws of England and Iraq on the duty to provide pre-contractual information and the right of cancellation". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28031.
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This study has covered the duty to provide pre-contractual information and the right of cancellation, the two important key areas of consumer protection in distance selling contracts. These two protection models are invented to rebalance the distance contract in favour of the consumer albeit differently. The duty to provide information rebalances the contract in terms of information, and the right of cancellation provides the distance consumer with an opportunity to rethink the decision about the contract. The study has looked at pertinent laws of distance selling contracts in England and Iraq. In doing so, the study has followed comparative and analytical methodology, whereby strengths and weaknesses, similarities and dissimilarities between the selected laws under a chosen theme are addressed. The aim is to explore problems and loopholes, which may need future amendments, including legal gaps, ambiguity, and incomplete treatment. During the study, specific challenges related to the theme of study are critically analysed. Apparently, the quantity and type of information required, the time and manner of sending information, and the remedy available at the breach are challenges of the information requirements. Challenges of the right of cancellation are the conditions and effects of using the right. The study has concluded that many aspects of protection under both laws need further improvements. The need for changes is more obvious with Iraqi Law than English Law, where distance selling protection has not been recognised yet.
13
Morales, Hervias Rómulo. "Contracts with protection duties. A propos of Constitutional and Civil Law connection". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116618.
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This essay examines protection duties arising under a contract. Its doctrinal and comparative case-law development is very broad. In Peru, national doctrine has studied it from case-law specific cases. The purpose ofthis study is to develop the analysis of autonomy of these duties towards main and secondary obligations arose under contracts in order to give legal bases not only from Civil Law but also from Constitutional Law perspective.El presente ensayo se refiere a los deberes de protección nacidos de contratos. El desarrollo doctrinal y jurisprudencial comparado de esta categoría es amplísimo. En el Perú, la doctrina nacional la ha estudiado apartir de casos concretos jurisprudenciales. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar la autonomía de estos deberes frente a las obligaciones principales y secundarias nacidas de contratos, con el fin de otorgarle una fundamentación no solo desde el derecho civil, sino también desde el derecho constitucional.
14
Ho, Shirley Jin-Shien. "Asymmetric multistage models of R&D : technology adoption, contracts and protection". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108373/.
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This thesis consists of three individual models on technology adoption, contracts and protection. The first model is motivated by the inconsistency between empirical results and theoretical models regarding the firm size effects upon the timing of adoption. By proposing a two-stage, endogenous learning, Stackelberg model, we conclude that in a pure strategy equilibrium, the large firm may or may not tacitly delay its adoption to capture the information advantage, depending on cost and belief parameters. The welfare analysis provides a justification for government interventions in firms’ adoption decisions. The second model is motivated by the fact that although more and more resources have been devoted to R&D activities, there is little theoretical discussion regarding R&D funding issues. Chapter 3 derives the optimal funding contract, which happens to be a cost-plus-fixed-fee contract in the literature. After considering the adverse selection problem, the optimal contract induces no efficiency loss under both discrete and continuous settings and the principal will be more conservative in funding. The optimal auction maintains both allocation and production efficiency, and bidding the principal’s reservation price will be a dominant strategy in a second price auction. Neither the revenue equivalence nor the separation property will hold. With symmetric beliefs, the optimal funding length is shorter than that of contractible effort. Under some assumptions, the lock-in effect persists and the principal will prefer short-term contracts to long-term contracts. The third model decides the optimal protection forms, protection rates and protection lengths under various cost and revenue circumstances. Since the incentive scheme will be affected by the target firm’s future profits, we show that in the context of incomplete information, screening protection schemes can sometimes coincide with the efficient schemes. In R&D area, our result suggests that optimal patent length need not necessarily be increasing in firm’s investment efficiency.
15
Ballard, Martha Alicia Castenada. "The reform of insurance contract law for the protection of the consumer". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275941.
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Rowan, Solène. "The protection of the performance interest in English and French contract law". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611138.
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Alabdulqader, Latifah Abdulmohshen. "Contractual justice under English and Shariah law of contract : the case of consumer protection". Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15941.
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The modern role of the law of contract imposes a duty on the state to regulate the way individuals treat each other in the marketplace as part of fulfilling its social role. This thesis investigates the situation of contractual justice under Shariah and English law. It tests the extent to which contractual justice is protected under Shariah and English laws of contract. It indicates that the English law of contract is focused on the absolute sanctity of contract (in its classical form) and economic efficiency (in its modern form). On the other hand, the Shariah law of contract is governed by the general principle that gain comes only from labour and stresses the importance of the equivalence of counter-values. It reveals that while contractual justice under the English law of contract is procedurally oriented, it is substantively oriented under the Shariah law of contract. Additionally, the thesis also discusses the role of the law of consumer protection in pursuing contractual justice. While the consumer is protected under the English law by legislative control, the Shariah law of contract, which was the product of the seventh and eighth centuries, does not recognise the concept of the consumer. One would accordingly question the legitimacy of the action of protecting consumers in those states (take for example Saudi Arabia) that adopt Shariah as the law of the state. Most of the states, which adopt Shariah either alongside other normative systems or as the entire code, grant some kind of consumer protection measures within the law of contract. The thesis attempts to fill this gap by testing the viability of consumer protection derived from the Shariah law of contract. In doing so, attention is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the law. It is revealed that the Shariah law of contract is fit both from a theoretical and a practical perspective to serve the aims of consumer protection. The outcomes of the research should guide and enhance the legitimacy of consumer protection measures in Shariah-ruled countries.
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Waiyamuk, Awnrumpa. "La protection du consommateur en droit international privé européen". Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020009.
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La protection du consommateur en droit international privé européen passe par les règles protectrices de conflit de lois et de conflit de juridictions spécialement conçues pour les contrats transfrontières de consommation. Ces règles contribuent au rééquilibrage du rapport contractuel de consommation transfrontière et font peser sur le professionnel la charge des coûts de l’internationalisation du contrat de consommation. Sous réserve de certaines améliorations qui pourraient être apportées, la méthode choisie par le droit international privé européen est globalement satisfaisante. En revanche, son champ d’application est trop restrictif. Avec le critère d’ « activité dirigée », le modèle européen est actuellement fondé sur la distinction entre les consommateurs passifs et actifs. Le bénéfice des règles protectrices est réservé aux premiers. Cette distinction ne doit pas conduire à l’absence de protection pour les seconds. Dans cette thèse, il est proposé d’introduire des règles protectrices au bénéfice des consommateurs actuellement exclus du régime protecteur. Cette protection ne doit pas passer par l’extension du champ d’application des règles protectrices existantes aux consommateurs actifs mais par l’établissement d’un second régime protecteur parallèle pour ces consommateurs, inspiré par l’idée de mieux encadrer l’autonomie de la volonté et d’atteindre un bon compromis entre la protection du consommateur et le respect des intérêts du professionnelConsumer protection in European private international law is carried out through protective choice-of-law and jurisdiction rules which are specially designed for cross-border consumer contracts. These rules help balancing the bargaining power and make the professional bear the internationalization cost of consumer contract. With some improvements which should be brought to the existing rules, the method used in European private international law in matters relating to consumer contracts is generally satisfactory. On the other hand, its scope is too narrow. With the criterion of "directed activity", the European model is based on the distinction between passive and active consumers. Only passive consumers are covered by the protective rules. This distinction must not lead to the lack of protection for active consumers. In this thesis, it suggests that European private international law provide protective rules for consumers currently not covered. However, the protection must not be carried out by extending the scope of existing protective rules to active consumers but by establishing a second set of protective rules inspired by a better regulation of freedom of contract and a good compromise between professional’s interests and consumer protection
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Heide, Thomas Poul. "A world of online contracts and technological protection measures : copyright as regulatory instrument". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409738.
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Alkhalfan, Ismail. "La protection contre les clauses abusives du contrat d'assurance". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10024/document.
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Le contrat d'assurance est souvent donné comme un exemple du contrat d'adhésion. En fait, le contrat a été auparavant ; élaboré, rédigé, imprimé par l'assureur. Quant à l'assuré, il ne fait par la suite qu'adhérer à un contrat préétabli dont il n'a pas discuté les conditions. Il est donc nécessaire de protéger cet assuré contre les clauses abusives figurant dans son contrat. La protection contre les clauses abusives du contrat d'assurance provient de plusieurs sources. La source principale est le droit de la consommation et plus précisément l'article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation. Cet article ne protège que l'assuré consommateur ou non professionnel. Quant aux autres sources, elles se trouvent dans le droit commun des contrats et les droits spéciaux applicables au contrat d'assurance. Si dans l'état actuel des textes, ces sources ne parlent pas d'une protection contre les clauses abusives stricto sensu, une proposition formulée en vue d'une réforme du droit des contrats, pourrait insérer une telle protection. Dans notre étude, nous analysons les différentes sources de la protection, en droit positif et droit prospectif, puis nous essayerons de proposer un texte qui garantira, à nos yeux, la meilleure protection de l'assuré contre les clauses abusivesInsurance contract is often given as an example of adhesion contract. In fact, Insurance contract was before, developed, written, and printed by the insurer. As for the insured, he eventually got involved in a pre-arranged contract that he did not discuss its conditions. It is therefore necessary to protect the insured against any unfair terms in the insurance contract. The protection against these unfair terms could originate from several sources. The main source could be the Consumer Law and more specifically Article L. 132-1 of the Consumer Code. This article protects only the insured consumer. The other sources are mentioned in the common law of contracts and special laws applicable to the insurance contract. If in the current texts, these sources do not mention any protection against the unfair terms stricto sensu, a formulated as a reform to the Contract Law could demonstrate the protection. In this study, we analyzed the different sources of protection, and then we tried to propose a text that will guarantee, from our point of view, the best protection for the insured against unfair terms
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Corzo, de la Colina Rafael y Mendoza José Villafuerte. "Great risk insurances and disproportionate protection of insured persons in insurance contract Law". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122964.
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In this article, the authors tell us about great risk insurances and describe its regulation in foreign law. Then, they point out the protective role of State in the consumption relationship is to reduce information asymmetries, but there is no total disclosure obligation in the market. Therefore, information asymmetry ceases to be relevant when the user of the service has negotiating capacity and necessary resources to make an informed decision. They conclude it is pertinent to equate the application of the Peruvian Insurance Contract Law to international standards.En el presente artículo, los autores nos hablan de los seguros de grandes riesgos y describen su tratamiento en la legislación extranjera. Luego, señalan que el rol protector del Estado en la relación de consumo es reducir las asimetrías informativas, pero no existe una obligación total de divulgación de información en el mercado. Por lo tanto, la asimetría informativa deja de ser relevante cuando el usuario del servicio tenga capacidad de negociación y recursos suficientes para tomar una decisión informada. Concluyen que es pertinente equiparar la aplicación de la Ley del Contrato de Seguro peruana a estándares internacionales.
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Ndou, Fulufhelo Clyde. "The legal protection afforded to the consumer under current South African law with emphasis on the legal position in specific credit agreements contained in standard-form contracts". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003203.
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The thesis covers the field of the contract law known as the consumer credit law. It deals with the legal protection afforded to the consumer under current South African law with emphasis on the legal position in specific credit agreements contained in standard-form contracts. The thesis focuses on those credit contracts in which the legal relationship between the consumer and the dominant party is contained in the standard-form contracts, specifically credit agreements relating to money lending transactions in which the credit grantor’s rights are secured either by means of mortgage agreement, a suretyship contract, or a deed of cession. In South Africa the right to equality and human dignity, as opposed to the classical theories of contract: pacta sunt servanda and the principle of freedom of contract, are supported by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 which entrenched democratic values permeating all areas of the law including contract law. In this thesis the harmonisation of these classical theories of contract law and the constitutional values of human dignity and equality have been considered. As has been shown in a number of cases, notably those relating to the contracts of suretyship, cession in securitatem debiti, and mortgage, the current law regulating the relationship between the credit grantors and the credit receivers is in need of law reform to fall in line with the constitutional values of equality and human dignity. The greatest difficulty inherent in this area of the law is the reluctance of the courts to intervene at the instance of consumers. The courts would only intervene in the clearest of the cases, and would only do so in the public interest. In this thesis the current South African Law is considered in the light of the developments elsewhere. The tendency of credit providers to alter the terms of the contracts unilaterally and the growing number of conflicting decisions of the Provincial Divisions of High Court has also been considered. The writer also considers the role of the newly created Consumer Affairs Court.
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Kasassbeh, Firas Yosef. "Consumer protection against unfair contract terms : in the light of the Jordanian Civil Code and the English regulations on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts 1999". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/963.
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The purpose of this Thesis is to test the ability of Jordanian law to protect consumers against unfair contract terms. In doing this, a comparison is made between the Jordanian Civil Code (hereafter the JCC) and the English Regulations on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts 1999 (hereafter the Regulations). The writer believes that examining the effectiveness of a law enacted to challenge unfair terms in consumer contracts entails that three main areas should be treated: the scope of protection provided by that law, the test of fairness it generates and the enforcement mechanism it uses. The wider and clearer the scope is, and the clearer the test is, the more effective protection can be expected in favour of consumers. Also, given the position of the consumer as a weak party in the contract, the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism is linked with the deployment of public enforcement besides individual enforcement. By depending on the notion of adhesion contracts to protect consumers, Jordanian law has, to a large extent, failed to provide consumers with an acceptable level of protection. The Thesis shows that the scope of the notion of adhesion contracts is extremely narrow, falling short of covering all consumer contracts; or, at least, is not clear enough to establish certainty encouraging consumers to litigate. The test of fairness is also a source of uncertainty, since its main features are not set out clearly. Moreover, the enforcement of such protection is not effective since it has been left in the hands of individuals. This is far from being the case under English law, despite the existence of various defects and points of uncertainty throughout the Regulations. The Regulations were enacted to deal specifically with unfair terms in consumer contracts. Generally speaking, they appear to be, well established to undertake this task: the scope of protection is reasonably evident and wide; the test of fairness is, generally, clear; and the model of enforcement is, to a large degree, successful. Therefore, the English Regulations could represent a suitable example to be followed by any new Jordanian legislation aiming at protecting consumers against unfair terms, provided that the defects appearing in the Regulations are avoided and that any special characteristics of Jordanian consumers and the Jordanian legal system are taken into consideration.
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AlGhafri, Abdulla M. A. "The inadequacy of consumer protection in the UAE : the need for reform". Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7691.
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This thesis addresses the consumer protection regime in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) against damages posed by defective industrial products, unfair business practices and misleading advertising. Nowadays, unfair and deceptive practices such as the selling of defective or sub-standard goods, the charging of exorbitant prices, misrepresentation of the efficacy or usefulness of goods, and negligence as to safety standards have become rampant. Accordingly, it has become necessary to promote the development and refinement of statutory measures, even in developed countries, to make producers/traders more accountable to consumers. This thesis examines the legal grounds on which consumer protection stands within the newly enacted legal framework for consumer protection in the UAE. In addition, this thesis elaborates upon relevant regulations provided by UAE legislators as well as related laws in selected Arab countries. It further investigates the adequacy of administrative authorities’ measures in the UAE, and explains whether respective administrative rules are capable of compensating consumers for material and physical damages incurred. It also explores the inadequacies of the administration’s measures and rules, and highlights the importance of integration between administrative bodies in achieving a sufficient level of protection for consumers. The findings of this thesis are based on a detailed review of specific issues in consumer protection models in the Shari’a law and the United Kingdom (UK) model. Thus, it will refer to solutions devised by Islamic Shari’a law and the UK legal system to provide more comprehensive protection to consumers and strengthen their position in relation to that of traders. The study suggests that there is a need to amend the consumer protection in the UAE. It indicates a need for the unified, effective and meaningful implementation of consumer protection legal and administrative procedures in the UAE, and emphasizes that the non-governmental consumer protection association must be given a wider and legal role in supporting the governmental bodies. These findings may help in improving the current consumer protection regime in the UAE as well as reducing infringements committed by traders. This thesis concludes by making recommendations for drafting a comprehensive set of rules in the UAE in the hopes that such recommendations will contribute effectively toward the development of a consumer protection regime in the UAE.
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Gatti, Laurence. "La contractualisation, mode nouveau de protection de la personne". Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT3004.
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La contractualisation de la relation tutélaire peut être envisagée comme un artifice qui fragilise la protection de la personne et instrumentalise le droit commun des contrats.Ce mouvement offre en effet une liberté et une sécurité qui peuvent sembler illusoires. Les défauts du nouveau contrat civil qu'est le mandat de protection future constituent un danger pour certaines personnes vulnérables, tandis que le contrat d'accompagnement, outil d'aide à la gestion, porte la marque du contrôle social.Les textes issus de la réforme de la protection juridique des majeurs instaurent de nouveaux modes de protection qui, en théorie, sont assez éloignés de la vision traditionnelle du contrat et, en pratique, sont sources d'interrogations, sinon d'inquiétudes.Ces contrats, si leur qualification n'est pas mise en cause, peuvent être analysés sous l'angle de leur parenté avec les contrats relationnels. Leur singularité justifie toutefois un régime propreThe tutorship contractualization may be seen as an artifice weakening the individual protection and exploiting the law of contract.That movement actually provides a feeling of freedom and safety that might be illusory. The defects of this new civil contract, the mandate of future protection, are a danger for some vulnerable people, while the support contract, a management support tool, carries the mark of social control.Texts that result from the legal protection of adults reform establish new types of protection, which are theorically remoted from the traditionnal view of contract, and practically source of questions, if not of worries.These contracts, as long as their legal qualification is not questioned, can be analyzed from the angle of their similarities with relational contracts. Their singularity accounts for their own legal regime
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Hunter, Kate. "An historical analysis of the voidability of contracts in the long eighteenth century : control vs. protection". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/127489/.
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The thesis has a period of focus of the ‘long eighteenth century’. This phrase is coined from that in use by historians when discussing the period from 1688-1832 and has been chosen given the number of key contractual developments which took place in this era. The primary purpose of this research is to understand the basis and motivations behind the creation of important rules under which some contracts were made void. It is conceded that ‘voidness’ of contracts is an extremely wide area of law and as a consequence of this, three areas of contract law in particular have been chosen to be explored, these being illegality, immorality and incapacity. These three topics are linked by the way in which they concern the intervention of the law on private relationships and personal lives, which is the chosen theme throughout this thesis. Ultimately, the thesis will arrive at a point whereby the underlying motivations behind the eighteenth century legal developments which held certain contracts concerning illegality, immorality, and incapacity to be void will be discovered. The means of doing this will be to analyse and interpret the social history and the legal history concurrently. It will be determined whether these developments were underpinned by a law which sought to protect or control and thus the tension between control and protection interests will be explored throughout this thesis.
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Fortich, Silvana. "Essai sur le formalisme contemporain dans la protection du consentement contractuel". Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020007/document.
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En matière de formation des contrats, le consentement de la partie qui s’oblige est soumis au principe de liberté des formes. Par exception, la volonté doit adopter une certaine forme contractuelle pour s’extérioriser. Face à l’évolution du droit des contrats et à la nécessité de combattre les déséquilibres contractuels propres aux rapports contractuels actuels, le formalisme expérimente un processus de revitalisation et de renaissance en droit contemporain dont la finalité principale consiste à protéger le consentement contractuel des parties au contrat. Cela rend indispensable l’analyse des fondements du formalisme et de son rôle dans la protection du consentement contractuel en droit contemporain, à travers la révision transversale de ses nouvelles manifestations, principalement en matière du droit de la consommation et du commerce électronique ; pour constater finalement ses véritables effets et conséquences en matière du droit des contratsIn contract law, the agreement of the parties is ruled by the freedom of choice of forms of contract. In this way, contracts are signed by the mere consent of the parties, and there is a freedom regarding the ways for its externalization. Despite this, the evolution of contract law and the need to combat specific contractual imbalances of contractual relationships, formalism is experiencing a revitalization process and a rebirth in contemporary law, with the main purpose to protect the contractual consent. For these reasons it is necessary to analyze the role of formalism in the protection of contractual consent, reviewing its new manifestations, mainly in the field of consumer and commercial law ; finally finding its true effects and consequences in contract contemporary law
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Abeysekara, Thusitha Bernad. "A proposal for the protection of digital databases in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14172.
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Economic development in Sri Lanka has relied heavily on foreign and domestic investment. Digital databases are a new and attractive area for this investment. This thesis argues that investment needs protection and this is crucial to attract future investment. The thesis therefore proposes a digital database protection mechanism with a view to attracting investment in digital databases to Sri Lanka. The research examines various existing protection measures whilst mainly focusing on the sui generis right protection which confirms the protection of qualitative and/or quantitative substantial investment in the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents of digital databases. In digital databases, this process is carried out by computer programs which establish meaningful and useful data patterns through their data mining process, and subsequently use those patterns in Knowledge Discovery within database processes. Those processes enhance the value and/or usefulness of the data/information. Computer programs need to be protected, as this thesis proposes, by virtue of patent protection because the process carried out by computer programs is that of a technical process - an area for which patents are particularly suitable for the purpose of protecting. All intellectual property concepts under the existing mechanisms address the issue of investment in databases in different ways. These include Copyright, Contract, Unfair Competition law and Misappropriation and Sui generis right protection. Since the primary objective of the thesis is to introduce a protection system for encouraging qualitative and quantitative investment in digital databases in Sri Lanka, this thesis suggests a set of mechanisms and rights which comprises of existing intellectual protection mechanisms for databases. The ultimate goal of the proposed protection mechanisms and rights is to improve the laws pertaining to the protection of digital databases in Sri Lanka in order to attract investment, to protect the rights and duties of the digital database users and owners/authors and, eventually, to bring positive economic effects to the country. Since digital database protection is a new concept in the Sri Lankan legal context, this research will provide guidelines for policy-makers, judges and lawyers in Sri Lanka and throughout the South Asian region.
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Bougardier, Maripierre. "La protection durable de la personne vulnérable en droit civil". Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0117.
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La loi du 5 mars 2007 relative à la protection juridique des majeurs a fait de la question de la protection de la personne et de son autonomie une ligne directrice. La conciliation de cette double injonction paradoxale - protéger et rendre autonome - confère un cadre humaniste à la loi. Pour rendre la capacité au majeur sans pour autant nier la fonction protectrice des mesures, la protection juridique obéit à des « grands principes». Ces principes permettent d'adapter la protection à la vulnérabilité de la personne et, en outre, de lui laisser des libertés, des capacités. La protection se rénove ainsi sous le concept de durabilité. Ce concept consiste à améliorer les capacités individuelles des personnes vulnérables. L'existence du concept de durabilité se manifeste donc dans le champ de protection des personnes vulnérables et l'expression de ce concept, parce qu'il tend à favoriser l'autonomie de ces dernières, leur assure un soutien. Le concept de durabilité, appliqué dans le champ de protection des personnes vulnérables, a d'abord germé en droit des majeurs protégés. Pourtant, la vulnérabilité rayonne audelà de ce cercle étroit. Depuis la réforme du 10 février 2016, la vulnérabilité a été prise en compte en droit commun des contrats. La référence à la vulnérabilité permet de démontrer que ce n'est qu'à certaines conditions qu'on admet l'application des normes protectrices. Ces normes, telles qu'elles ont évolué avec les lois récentes, traduisent une appréhension nouvelle de la protection sous le prisme de la «durabilité». L'expression de la protection durable se manifeste particulièrement dans le droit des majeurs protégés qui en est le berceau. Des mécanismes tendent en effet à favoriser l'expression de la volonté de la personne et donc son autonomie afin de l'associer le plus possible aux décisions la concernant. La personne est ainsi intégrée dans le processus décisionnel. On découvre aujourd'hui les traces d'une protection durable en droit commun des contrats, le droit des contrats et le droit des majeurs protégés comportant des mécanismes destinés à permettre le rétablissement de l'autonomie de la personneThe article of law dated 5 March 2007 regarding legal protection of adults has raised a guideline the issue of protection and autonomy of the protected persons. Conciliation of this double paradoxical injunction - protecting and empowering - gives the law a humanist framework. In order to give capability back to the person of full age without denying protective fonction of measures, legal protection obeys "guiding principles". These principles enable adjustment of protection depending on the person 's vulnerability and, in addition, allow him to keep his freedom and abilities. Protection is renewed under the concept of durability, by improving individual capacities of vulnerable persons. The existence of the concept of durability manifests in the fields of protection of the vulnerable persons and in the expression of the concept, as it tends towards the development of the vulnerable person in the autonomy and providing them with support. The concept of sustainable, applied in the field of protection of vulnerable people, was first germinated in law of protected adults. However, vulnerability shines beyond this narrow circle. Since reform of 10 February 2016, vulnerability has been taken into account in the Common Contract Law. Reference to vulnerability makes it possible to demonstrate that it is only under certain conditions that the application of protective standards is accepted. These standards, which have evolved through recent legislation, reflect a new apprehension of protection under the prism of the " durability ". The expression of sustainable protection is manifested particularly in the law of protected adults which is its beginnings. Mechanisms tend in fact to favour expression of the will of the person and therefore his autonomy in order to make him take part as much as possible in decisions which concem him. The person is thus integrated into the decision-making process. We can now discover traces of a sustainable protection in the Common Contract Law, law of contracts and right of protected adults thus including mechanisms designed to restore of the person's autonomy
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Khalifa, Milad. "La protection du consommateur en droit libyen à la lumière du droit français". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G006.
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C’est à la faveur de l’émergence d’une économie de marché, puis récemment de la révolution technologique que le droit de la consommation a connu un développement considérable. Dès lors, la protection du consommateur s’est imposée comme le moyen de rééquilibrer les rapports inégalitaires entre le consommateur, considéré comme partie faible dans une relation contractuelle devenue complexe et le professionnel à qui le rapport de force est favorable. Dans un tel contexte, l’intérêt d’une étude de la protection du consommateur en droit libyen à la lumière du droit français se précise et peut se décliner sous deux axes : d’une part, il est stimulant scientifiquement de comprendre comment un Etat comme la Libye, dont l’ouverture au monde et le développement du secteur privé sont très récents, intègre la protection du consommateur dans son système juridique. D’autre part, le rapprochement avec le droit français présente une plus-value dans la mesure où il s’agit, à travers le droit de la consommation français plus développé, de mesurer le niveau de protection du consommateur en droit libyen. La pertinence de l’usage de l’approche comparative dans le cadre de cette recherche réside dans l’une des fonctions même du droit comparé, à savoir qu’il est un moyen de perfectionnement du droit positif national. Ici, l’hypothèse de départ était que le droit de la consommation en Libye est sous-développé par rapport au droit de la consommation en France. La méthode comparative a donc pour objectif d’aider à une amélioration de la protection du consommateur en droit libyen si éventuellement l’hypothèse de départ était confirmée. Dès lors, nous avons étudié, dans les deux ordres juridiques, la protection du consommateur de la période pré-contractuelle à la période d’après contrat en passant par le moment d’échange des volontés (conclusion proprement dite). Il ressort de cette recherche que le consommateur libyen est moins protégé que le consommateur français. Cela est dû, entre autres, à des facteurs sociopolitiques et économiques, en l’occurrence le faible développement du secteur privé et une faible culture de la justice qui ne permet pas de développer la jurisprudence à l’égard du droit de la consommation. Cette étude a aussi révélé que le législateur libyen est confronté à un nouveau défi, à savoir l’émergence des contrats à distance ; ce qui complexifie davantage la protection du consommateurThanks to the emergence of a market economy and more recently of the technological revolution, consumer law has been significantly developed. Therefore, consumer protection was required as the means to rebalance the unequal relations between the consumer, regarded as the weaker party to the complex contractual relation, and the professional for whom the power balance is in favour.In this context, the interest of a study about consumer protection in Libyan law in the light of French law is clearer and can be approached from two angles : on the one hand, it is scientifically challenging to understand how a State like Libya, whose opening up to the world and the private sector development are very recent, integrates consumer protection into its legal system. On the second hand, comparing it with French law provides an added value, because the level of consumer protection in Libyan law has to be measured through French consumer law which is more developed. The comparative approach is relevant in this research as one of the functions of comparative law is to improve the national substantive law.Here, according to the starting hypothesis, consumer law in Libya is underdeveloped compared to French consumer law. So, the comparative approach aims to help improving consumer law in Libya if the starting hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, we studied consumer protection from the precontractual period to the after contract period including the actual contract conclusion in both legal orders.This research shows that the Libyan consumer is less protected than the French consumer. This is due, amongst others, to socio-political and economic factors, in this case, the low development of the private sector and the low level of the culture of justice which does not enable to develop case-law regarding consumer law. This study has also proved that the Libyan legislator is facing a new challenge, that is, the emergence of distance contracts, which makes consumer protection even more complex
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Vlčková, Jitka Laura. "Nové přístupy k zajištění bezpečných pracovních postupů na stavbách a ochrany třetích osob při stavební výrobě". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392281.
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Safety and protection of health on construction sites and protection of third parties during construction is a complex problem. It is affected by contractor’s policy on ensuring thorough abidance to security requirements but, in the first place it is affected by submitters and their irresponsible appreach to protection of life and health of the construction workers. They believe that ensuring safe work enviroment would reset in increased cosi of the construction. This doctoral thesis answers the question how to guarantee safety on construction sites. The main purpose is to show that early detection of risks does not increase the construction costs but ensures safety of workers protection of third parties. Finally, the doctoral thesis provils methodology, which guides the contractor in how to proceed in order to meet the budget, schedule and safety requirements. In regard of the variety of different construction sites and works this docáral thesis focuses explicitly on line constructions.
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Bentin-Liaras, Maud. "Le consommateur et l'assurance : aspects juridiques". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30052.
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Le lien existant entre un sujet de droit (le consommateur) et un domaine du droit aussi technique que l’assurance n’est pas facile à appréhender. Son étude est pourtant nécessaire en égard à l’importance pratique de la question – les contrats d’assurance se comptent pas millions et les procès par milliers – et à son actualité fortement marquée par la « loi Hamon » du 17 mars 2014. Par-delà ces considérations, il est courant de souligner que, confronté à l’assurance, le consommateur est dans une situation de faiblesse et qu’il doit être protégé. Mais quelle branche du droit, du droit de la consommation ou du droit des assurances est la mieux à même de le faire ? Et des conflits de normes peuvent-ils survenir ? A cet égard, la protection offerte par le droit de la consommation est indéniable, notamment en matière d’information du consommateur ou de lutte contre les clauses abusives. Mais le droit des assurances n’a pas attendu l’avènement du courant consumériste pour protéger tout assuré et pas seulement les consommateurs. De ce point de vue, les deux droits n’ont pas la même conception ni du consommateur d’assurance, ni de ma manière dont l’assurance du consommateur doit être réglementée. Ce sont deux axes autour desquels la thèse s’articule. Celle-ci traite aussi bien des personnes à protéger que de l’étendue de la protection, en insistant pour chaque thème sur les conflits de normes réels ou potentielsAnalysing the link between a subject of law (the consumer) and a technical law area as technical as insurance law is not an easy task. Yet, such a study is necessary in view of the pratical importance of the issue – there are millions of insurance contracts underwritten and thousands of lawsuits – and given the highly topical « loi Hamon » adopted on March 17, 2014. Moreover it is a well-known fact that consumer is in a weak position xhen facing insurance and therefore requires protection. But wich area of law is best placed to protect him : consumer law or insurance law ? And may conflicts of laws arise ? Indeed consumer law offers an undoubted protection, in particular with regards to consumer information and fight against unfair contracts termes. However, insurance law dit not wait for the advent of consumerism to protect every policy holder and not only consumers. Both laws do not share the same view of insurance consumer nor of the way consumer insurance must be regulated. This thesis hangs on those two majors hinges. It defines not only who are the individuals to be protected but also what is the scope of that protection. In each case, actual and potential conflict of laws are specifically highlighted
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Olivari, Medina Cecilia. "L'acceptabilité de la rupture du secret médical pour la protection d'un tiers en danger de contracter une maladie sexuellement transmissible et pour la protection d'un adolescent consommateur de substances, vue par le public chilien". Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20090.
Texto completoResumen
Nous avons étudié les facteurs qui déterminent l’acceptabilité de la rupture de la confidentialité médicale dans deux types de situation: a) La rupture de la confidentialité pour la protection d'un tiers en danger de contracter une infection sexuellement transmissible. B) La rupture de la confidentialité pour la protection d'un patient adolescent consommateur de drogues. Trois cent cinquante sept personnes chiliennes ont jugé du degré d'acceptabilité de la rupture de la confidentialité. Dans le cas de la rupture de la confidentialité pour la protection d'un tiers en danger, deux cent participants ont répondu à quarante-huit situations fictives présentées involucrant cinq facteurs situationnels. Une comparaison entre le Chili et la France a également été réalisée pour cette première étude. Dans le cas de la rupture de la confidentialité pour la protection d'un adolescent en danger, cent cinquante participants ont répondu aux soixante-quatre scénarios proposés, lesquels prenaient en compte les six facteurs en étude. Dans les deux cas étudiés, les situations fictives présentaient un professionnel de la santé rompant la confidentialité sous certaines circonstances, et le participant devait indiquer à quel degré il considérait acceptable cette décision. Nous avons pu nous rendre compte que les facteurs étudiés dans chacune des situations ont eu de l'influence sur le jugement d'acceptabilité des participants. Les participants ont accordé un poids différent à chacune des variables étudiées. Bien que la comparaison interculturelle entre le Chili et la France ait montré qu'une forte différence entre les groupes des médecins, nous pouvons observer que la majeure partie des résultats coïncideThe variables determining the breach of confidentiality were studied in two types of situations: a) the breach of confidentiality in order to protect a third party in risk of acquiring a STD (sexually transmitted disease) b) the breach of confidentiality in order to protect a teenager patient consuming drugs. Three hundred and fifty seven chilean persons judged the level of acceptability on the breach of confidentiality. In the case of the breach of confidentiality in order to protect a third party in risk of acquiring a STD, 207 participants replied to 48 fictitious situations considering 5 situational factors. A comparison between Chile and France is also done in this first study. In the case of the breach of confidentiality in order to protect a teenager patient consuming drugs, 150 participants replied to 64 proposed scenarios, which considered 6 situational factors. In both cases the fictitious situations represented a health professional breaching the confidentiality under specific circumstances. The participant then had to indicate how acceptable this decision was for him/her. The main finding is that the studied factors in each one of the situations have an influence in the acceptability judgment of the participants. The participants gave different weight to the variables in study. The inter-cultural comparison Chile- France showed coincident results in the majority of the cases with the exception of physicians where strong difference was found
34
Chemlali, Laroussi. "Protection du consommateur et commerce électronique : droit français, européen et tunisien". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0049.
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Le commerce électronique B to C se popularise de plus en plus et le nombre de ses adeptes ne cesse de croître d'année en année. Ses avantages, pour les consommateurs, en termes de rapidité, de commodité et de proximité ne sont plus à prouver. Néanmoins, la particularité du medium utilisé pour effectuer des transactions en ligne et les spécificités de l'environnement électronique, notamment l'immatérialité, l'interactivité et l'internationalité influent considérablement sur la confiance des cyberconsommateurs en même temps qu'elles accroissent leur vulnérabilité, d'où la nécessité d'un cadre juridique adapté afin que l'essor du commerce électronique B to C ne néglige pas la protection des cyberconsommateurs. Conscients de cet impératif, les législateurs communautaire, français et tunisien, ont mis en place un certain nombre de mesures de nature à rassurer ces derniers et leur permettre de s'engager dans des transactions de commerce en ligne en toute confiance. Ces mesures sont de deux ordres : les unes sont destinées à assurer au cyberconsommateur une protection intrinsèque au processus de la transaction en ligne ; cette protection se manifeste en amont de la transaction, lors de la phase précontractuelle, mais également pendant la période contractuelle, c'est-à-dire au moment de la finalisation de la transaction en ligne et de son exécution. Les autres ont pour objectif de garantir au consommateur une protection extrinsèque au processus de la transaction du commerce électronique. Deux aspects sont, à cet égard, pris en compte : la protection des données à caractère personnel traitées dans le cadre d'une transaction en ligne et les aspects du droit international privé de la protection du cyberconsommateurB to C e-commerce is increasingly gaining popularity. The number of its followers has seen a drastic surge throughout the few recent years. Its advantages in terms of speed, convenience and proximity are not any more questionable by consumers. Nevertheless, the characteristic of this medium used to carry out online transactions as well as the specificities of the electronic environment - in particular the immateriality, the interactivity and internationality - influence considerably cyber-consumers confidence. Simultaneously, they increase their vulnerability. Thus, the need for an appropriate legal framework to regulate the rise of B to C e-commerce and protect cyber-consumers. Taking into account these requirement, community, French and Tunisian legislators set up a number of measures to reassure the latter and allow them to engage confidently in online commerce transactions. These measures have two targets: some of them were intended to grant cyber-consumers an intrinsic protection in the process of the online transaction. This protection is set to be an upstream transaction protection at the pre-contractual phase as well as during the contractual period; i.e. at the level of on line transaction finalization and execution. The others aim to guarantee the consumer an extrinsic protection throughout the process of e-commerce transaction. In this respect, two aspects are taken into account, namely: personal data processed during transactions and the aspects of private international law of cyber-consumer protection
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Aghili, Seyed Mohammad. "La protection des intérêts nationaux dans les contrats pétroliers en Iran : de l’échange au partenariat". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASH001.
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L’Iran a mis en oeuvre quatre générations de contrats pétroliers depuis la révolution de 1978. En raison des énormes destructions sur les infrastructures iraniennes causées par la guerre de 8 ans en Iran et du manque de ressources financières, d'exigences légales, le gouvernement iranien a décidé d'utiliser des méthodes d'échange comme contrats de compensation pour la reconstruction et le développement des infrastructures. Les Buybacks (rachats) sont considérés comme l'une des formes les plus connues de contrats d'échange. Ces contrats ont été utilisés dans la partie en amont de l'industrie pétrolière et gazière iranienne comme mécanisme contractuel pour attirer les investissements étrangers depuis le début des années 90. La principale raison pour laquelle ces contrats ont été utilisés pourrait être considérée comme des exigences statutaires et de se conformer aux principes tels que la possession, la souveraineté de l'État sur les ressources pétrolières et gazières, la garantie des intérêts de l'État et les exigences du développement économique.Malgré toutes les réformes des contrats Buyback, les nouvelles exigences concernant les investissements étrangers et également la période post-sanction en Iran en raison des négociations du JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) une nouvelle ère de programmes d'investissement a été nécessaire. Par conséquent, Iran Petroleum Contracts (IPC) a été lancé en 2016 en tant que quatrième génération de contrats pétroliers iraniens. Par rapport aux trois dernières générations, ce contrat est censé résoudre de nombreux défauts tels que le transfert limité de technologie, la période d'investissement par les investisseurs étrangers, le recouvrement et le remboursement des coûts ainsi que les règlements gouvernementaux de protection des investissements étrangersIran has implemented four generations of petroleum contracts since the revolution of 1978. Due to huge destructions on Iranian infrastructure caused by 8 years war in Iran and also lack of financial resources, legal requirements, Iranian government decided to employ exchange methods as offset contracts for infrastructural developments. Buybacks are considered as one of most famous forms of exchange contracts. These contracts have been used in the upstream section of Iran's oil and gas industry as a contractual mechanism in attracting investment from the early decade of 1990. The main reason for what these contracts were used could be considered statutory requirements and complying with the principles such as possession, state sovereignty over oil and gas resources, securing and providing state's interests and requirements of economic development.Despite of all reforms on the before said contracts, the new requirements regarding foreign investment and also post sanction period in Iran due to JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan Of Action) negotiations a new era of investment programs was required. Therefore, Iran Petroleum Contracts (IPC) was launched in 2016 as the fourth generation of Iranian petroleum contracts. compared to the last three generations, this contract is supposed to solve many defects such as limited transfer of technology, period of investment by the foreign investors, recovery and reimbursement of costs and also foreign investment protection regulations by government
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Loriente-Jung, Céline. "Protéger l'enfant : mise en perspective d’une reconfiguration du statut de l’enfance". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM1008.
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L’intervention publique dans l’intimité de la famille caractérise les relations de l’État et de la famille dans l’époque moderne, dont le propre est le dédoublement des espaces privé et public articulés autour de l’enfant dès lors que celui-ci est retiré de l’espace commun. Mais elle est souvent analysée du point de vue des rapports de force entre les acteurs plutôt que du point de vue de ce qui les réunit. En partant des relations contractuelles entre parents et services de l’Aide sociale à l’enfance (ASE), cette thèse analyse donc l’évolution des rapports familles-institutions au prisme du statut de l’enfance et de son évolution au cours du temps. Une étude socio-historique sur la base de dossiers de protection administrative de l’ASE depuis les années 1960 doublée, pour la période contemporaine, d’entretiens avec des parents, permet de retracer les évolutions d’un travail négocié avec la famille. La recherche fait apparaître que l’enfant prend de plus en plus une place d’acteur dans sa propre protection selon son évolution en âge et en discernement, évolution qui pourrait bien comporter un revers rendant l’enfant acteur du danger qu’il encourt au même titre que de la protection à laquelle il a droit. Cette thèse montre que si l’enfance moderne s’est construite sur l’idée d’un temps et d’un espace spécifiques consacrés à une éducation à l’écart des adultes, loin d’être unifiée, l’enfance contemporaine se voit accéder à un statut inédit qui questionne autant l’éducation familiale qu’institutionnelle. De nouveaux modes de socialisation se font jour dans un renouveau du mélange des âges sans qu’il soit sûr que l’expérience concrète et la spécificité de l’enfant y soient réellement prises en compte. L’articulation des sphères publique et privée se recompose autour de l’enfant : dans le face-à-face des parents et des institutions, la société civile pourrait prendre une place de tiers renforcéePublic intervention in the intimacy of the family is characteristic of the relationships between the institutions and the families in the modern era, marked by the separation of private and public spaces around children when they are taken away from collective space. But those relationships are often studied from the standpoint of power relations rather than from what the different actors have in common. Looking at contracted relationships between parents and child protection services, the present work analyses the changing in parent-institutions relationships in the light of the status of childhood and its changes in time. Through a socio-historical study based on child protection service files since the 1960s and, for the present time, on interviews with parents, we can trace the changes in a social work negotiated with the families. This research shows that children are more and more active in their own protection depending on their age and discernment. This changing could have a reverse effect leading children to be as active in the dangers they are exposed to as in the protection they are entitled to. The present thesis shows that if modern childhood was shaped by specific time and space with an education apart form adults, present childhood, far from being united, is given a totally new status questioning education in the family as well as in the institutions. New socializing ways are emerging adjusting a new mixing of ages without knowing if concrete experience and the specificity of children are really taken in consideration. Public and private interactions are being reshaped through the new status of children: the civil society could play a new role
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Phillips, Andelka M. "Protecting the rights of consumers : clickwrap contracts and direct-to-consumer genetic testing". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a16ae984-10ca-4107-8db8-f8a8d7c45322.
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This thesis examines the regulation of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry through analysis of the industry's use of wrap contracts (clickwrap and browsewrap), A significant portion of the thesis consists of a comparative document review of the publicly available wrap contracts of DTCGT companies provided tests for health purposes. It also considers other regulatory responses to date. Due to the lack of industry specific regulation it argues that the use of wrap contracts can be viewed as a means of industry self-regulation and a form of private legislation. This means that governance is skewed heavily in favour of companies and it creates an imbalance in the respective rights and obligations of the parties - company and consumer - which is likely to result in consumer detriment. It is argued that certain types of terms commonly include in DTCGT contracts, including: unilateral variation clauses; some exclusion clauses; choice of law clauses; indemnity; and consent clauses are likely to be deemed unfair and unenforceable under UK law. It recommends that in the short-term the Competition and Markets Authority should undertake a compliance review of DTCGT contracts in order to improving contracts for consumers. In the long term, companies should also be complying with data protection law, as well as legislation on medical devices and the provisions of the Human Tissue Act and there may be a need for industry specific legislation.
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Boukaram, Sahar. "La protection des "parties faibles" dans le règlement "Rome I"". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1082.
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Le « marché intérieur » est générateur de contrats internationaux intra et extra-européens. La multiplication de ces contrats nécessite un marché intérieur « espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice ». Le règlement « Rome I », instrument de droit international privé communautaire, assure la liberté contractuelle et la sécurité juridique par l’élaboration de règles générales de conflit de lois. La volonté d’assurer la justice contractuelle a donné lieu pour sa part à l’élaboration de règles spéciales de conflit de lois, qui visent à protéger les contractants en situation de faiblesse sociale ou économique face à leur cocontractant partie forte. Le règlement « Rome I » a ainsi consacré des règles spéciales de conflit de lois protectrices des intérêts des travailleurs, des consommateurs, des passagers voyageant au départ ou à destination de leur pays de résidence, des preneurs d’assurance de risques de masse communautaires, ainsi que des distributeurs et des franchisés. Toutefois, le succès du marché intérieur impose de parvenir à établir un équilibre entre la justice contractuelle, la liberté contractuelle et la sécurité juridique, même dans le cadre des règles spéciales protectrices de conflit de lois. Cet équilibre ne peut être atteint que par des correctifs de proximité. Le correctif de proximité inséré dans le cadre des règles spéciales protectrices de conflit de lois participe non seulement à la fonction principale de la règle de conflit de droit, à savoir la désignation de la compétence du système juridique le plus étroitement lié au contrat, mais également à la création et au fonctionnement de ce marché intérieur espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justiceThe “internal market" generates international contracts within and outside Europe. The proliferation of these contracts in fact requires an internal market established as an "area of freedom, security and justice". Regulation "Rome I", instrument of private international and European law, displays the purpose of ensuring the contractual freedom and legal security per elaborating general rules of conflict of laws. The will of the European legislator to ensure contractual justice within the internal market give rise thus, to special rules of conflict of laws that protect the contracting parties in a weak position face their co-contractor in dominant position. Regulation "Rome I" consecrates conflict of laws rules protecting the interests of certain contracting parties, that it considers that they are "weak parties"; they are the workers, the consumers, the passengers traveling to or from their country of residence, the policyholders of mass risks located on European territory, as well as distributors and franchisees. However, the success of the internal market requires achieving a balance between contractual justice, contractual freedom and legal security, even under protective special rules of conflict of laws. This balance can be achieved by correctives of proximity. The corrective of proximity inserted as part of the protective special rules of conflict of laws not only participates in the main function of the rule of law conflict, namely the designation of the competence of the legal system most closely related to the contract, but also to the establishment and operation of an internal market, area of freedom, security and justice
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Raschel, Evan. "La pénalisation des atteintes au consentement dans le champ contractuel". Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3006/document.
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La pénalisation est depuis longtemps la réponse privilégiée à la singulière augmentation des tromperies, abus de faiblesse, violences ou encore refus du consentement d'autrui à un contrat. Si son ampleur impressionne, cette pénalisation connaît certains travers. Les incriminations sont mal rédigées et leur construction se révèle rapidement incohérente. Mais par dessus-tout, le droit pénal paraît dans bien des cas dévoyé. Même lorsqu'elle n'est utilisée qu'à titre d'auxiliaire de disciplines ou réglementations externes, la sanction pénale répond à certaines finalités propres, au regard desquelles elle doit apparaître nécessaire et proportionnée. Ce dévoiement doit se résoudre par une certaine dépénalisation des atteintes au consentement contractuel. Pour que celle-ci n'entraîne pas une baisse de la protection des contractants, il convient de rechercher des substituts crédibles à la sanction pénale, par conséquent efficaces et adaptés au contentieux des atteintes au consentement contractuel. Il importe également que ces substituts offrent des mesures originales, sous peine de n'opérer qu'une dépénalisation purement symbolique. Cela doit conduire à écarter les sanctions administratives, au profit de la voie civile. Cette dernière doit toutefois être renforcée pour pallier les insuffisances que le droit civil présente actuellement dans la prévention et la sanction des atteintes au consentement contractuelPriority has long been given to criminalisation in response to the important increase in the commission of fraud, fraudulent abuse of vulnerable persons, duress, or other refusals of consent in the contractual field. Whilst the scope of this criminalisation is impressive, it also raises questions. The offences are poorly circumscribed, and their constructions turn out to be incoherent. Above all, criminal law appears in many cases diverted from its proper function. Even when criminal law is used as an auxiliary enforcement to other disciplines or external regulations, the resort to the criminal penalty follows its own ends according to which it should appear necessary and proportionate. This diversion must be resolved through a decriminalisation of refusals of consent in the contractual field. In order to avoid diminishing the protection of contractors, it is necessary to search for credible substitutes to criminal penalties, which are both effective and adapted to litigation involving the infringement of contractual consent. In order to amount to more than purely symbolic decriminalisation, these substitutes should also consist of innovative measures. Administrative sanctions must be discarded in favour of the civil law route. Civil sanctions must however be reinforced in order to overcome the existing limitations and drawbacks faced by civil law in the prevention and sanctioning of refusals of consent in the contractual field
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Waltz, Bélinda. "Le dol dans la formation des contrats : essai d'une nouvelle théorie". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30109.
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Aujourd’hui, il n’est pas rare qu’une personne se trouve en position de faiblesse lorsqu’elle contracte. Une entreprise en situation de dépendance économique, un consommateur face à un professionnel, l’utilisation de plus en plus fréquente de contrats d’adhésion, sont autant de facteurs pouvant conduire à la vulnérabilité d’un contractant. Le risque est alors que la partie dite « forte » abuse de sa position pour pousser l’autre à s’engager dans une convention fortement déséquilibrée, profitant essentiellement à l’auteur de l’abus. Ce type blâmable de comportement se manifestant lors de la formation des contrats, la partie lésée devrait pouvoir trouver une protection à travers la théorie des vices du consentement. Toutefois, cette théorie se révèle aujourd’hui inadaptée pour protéger efficacement les contractants victimes d’abus. Ce constat s’explique principalement par le fait qu’elle est restée inchangée depuis 1804. Basée sur une conception individualiste du contrat, les conditions d’admission propres à chaque vice, que sont l’erreur, la violence et le dol, sont trop restrictives. Or, les inégalités contractuelles étant à ce jour plus prononcées, elles entraînent nécessairement davantage d’abus, c’est pourquoi il convient de restaurer une telle théorie pour protéger comme il se doit les contractants. C’est à travers la notion de dol que nous proposons de le faire. Ce choix n’est pas le fruit du hasard. Il se justifie par le fait que le dol est un délit civil, avant même d’être un vice du consentement. Plus précisément, il est la manifestation de la déloyauté précontractuelle. Le consacrer comme un fait altérant la volonté engendre alors deux effets négatifs. Le premier tient au fait qu’il apparaît, en droit positif, comme une notion complexe, source de contradictions. Le second consiste à ne pouvoir réprimer la malhonnêteté perpétrée lors de la formation des contrats que de manière imparfaite et ce, en raison du champ d’application trop restreint du dol, celui-ci étant cantonné à une erreur provoquée. En lui redonnant sa véritable nature, celle de délit civil viciant le contrat, id est d’atteinte à la bonne foi précontractuelle, on remédierait à ces deux imperfectionsProfessional, or the increasing use of adhesion contracts (“take it or leave it agreements”), all are factors that can lead to the contractor’s vulnerability. The risk is, for the so-called “strong” party, to abuse its position in order to force the other party into a strongly unbalanced agreement, mainly in its own benefit. Since such a reprehensible behavior occurs during the contract formation, the weakened party should be able to find protection through the use of the defects of consent theory. However, this theory has proven inadequate to effectively protect abused contractors today. A major explanation is due to the fact that this theory remains unchanged since 1804. Based on an individualistic conception of the contract, conditions of admission of each defects of consent, such as error, abuse and fraud, are too restrictive. However, the more contractual inequalities exist, the more they will turn into abuse. Therefore, this is why such a theory should be restored in order to protect contractors. It is through the notion of “dol” (willful misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment) that we propose to do so. This choice is not a coincidence. It is justified by the fact that “dol” is a tort, even before being a defect of consent. Specifically, it is the manifestation of pre-contractual disloyalty. Its recognition as a fact altering willpower will generate two negative effects. The first is linked to the fact that “dol” appears to be a complex notion and a source of contradiction in substantive law. The second is not permitting to properly penalize the dishonesty perpetrated during the contract formation due to a too narrow scope of the “dol”, the latter being understood as an induced error. Giving it back its real nature of a civil tort defecting the contract and undermining the pre-contractual good faith, our work aims at finding a remedy to these two shortcomings
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De, Veer Carl. "The influence of Part G of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 on the general principles of contract". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53121.
Texto completoResumen
This dissertation considers and evaluates how the implementation of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 ( CPA ) and more specifically Part G thereof influences the common law in relation to contract law and the consumer s rights to fair just and reasonable contract terms, together with considering the pit falls of the CPA in its current form and the sections which require amendment.
It will be illustrated that the CPA has been drafted with the clear intention of protecting and benefiting the consumer by codifying the common law provisions in order to strengthen the consumer s position within consumer markets.
Many terms and principles introduced by the CPA are foreign to the South African legal system. It can be expected with any entirely new piece of legislation implemented within an existing legal system that there will be conflicts and uncertainties in the application thereof.
Ultimately this dissertation has found two sets of conclusions. Firstly the general effect that Part G of the CPA has on consumer markets, namely strengthening consumer rights thereby enabling consumers, more particularly historically disadvantaged consumers to actively partake in consumer markets as a whole. Secondly this dissertation unfortunately has also found that the CPA has failed to use essential mechanisms as used in the United Kingdom and European Union unfair terms legislation to curb unfair unjust and unreasonable contract terms.Hierdie verhandeling oorweeg en evalueer hoe die implementering van die Verbruikers Beskerming Wet No. 68 van 2008 (hierna " VBW ") en meer spesifiek Deel G daarvan wat die gemenereg met betrekking tot kontraktereg beïnvloed en die verbruiker se regte tot billike, regverdige en redelike kontrakterme, tesame met die
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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HUANG, YUXIN. "Impact of Labor Protection Laws on the Operating and Financial Risks of Firms: The Case of China". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2546.
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A debate exists regarding the effect of labor protection laws on labor costs. Whether labor protection laws increase or decrease labor costs has implications for risk exposure of affected firms. If the labor costs go up, all else the same, the firm’s breakeven point goes up. Facing increased business risk, the firm must resort to strategies that inhibit the risk exposure, especially if the higher labor costs cannot be transferred, without adverse consequences, to consumers. The strategies include reigning in, if at all possible, operating leverage and financial leverage. Conversely, if the labor costs decrease, a firm’s business risk declines, and the firm has options to increase its operating leverage and/or financial leverage, lower the product price, or do nothing. By examining the Chinese firms’ reactions to the 2007 labor protection laws, we draw conclusions about laws’ directional impact on labor costs. We find that Chinese firms attempt to reduce business risk by lessening labor intensity, and labor-intensive firms are able to reduce the labor intensity at a significantly higher rate than capital-intensive firms. Neither group is able to significantly reduce asset tangibility. We also find that all firms significantly reduce their financial leverages. Consequently, firms’ investments, as measured by sales growth, decline in the post-reform period. These results are consistent with the cost of labor increasing as a result of the stricter labor protection laws.
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Modiba, Moeketsi Thomas. "The influence of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 on the concept of plain language in standard-form contracts". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53160.
Texto completoResumen
The purpose of this dissertation and the research contained therein was to discuss and
investigate the influence of the CPA on concept of plain language in standard-form
consumer contracts. In order to do so, it was important to discuss the historic background of
the law of contract as well as the position where the CPA was not applicable. This refers to a
position where common law principles determined the law of contract (including standardform
contracts). One of the fundamental principles of common law is freedom of contract.
Freedom of contract is a notion that parties are free to decide whether or not to contract, with
whom to contract, the nature of the contract and the terms of the contract.
Despite the fact that freedom of contract is deeply engrained in our legal system, does not
erase the fact that when it comes to consumer contracts (in particular standard-form contract
or contrat d adhésion) it is to the detriment of consumers. Under the principle of freedom of
contract the assumption is that parties have equal bargaining powers which is, in fact, not
always true.
In light of the above, the South African legislature promulgate the Consumer Protection Act,
Act 68 of 2008 which aims at improving the quality of information conferred to consumers by
the sellers, to ensure consumers make informed decisions which are in line with their needs
prior to contracting. Though the CPA changes the common law, it still makes provision to
preserve common law. Section 2(10) of the CPA leaves no doubt that the common law is not
replaced in its entirety by the Act for those matters that apply to it.
The introduction of the CPA brought about changes to the South African consumer
protection law. One of the changes is Section 22 which deals with plain language. A
fundamental consumer right under the CPA, the consumer s right to disclosure and
information (Part D) of the Act includes section 22 within its ambit and provides that
consumers have the right to information in plain and understandable language. It is
perceptible from this that the legislature envisions the plainness of language in contracts
(including standard-form contracts) and other legal documents as means to redress
imbalances between suppliers and consumers.
While it is undeniable that the will now be additional burdens on being in business, everyone
will benefit from the CPA. We are all consumers, after all.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
44
Michineau, Marine. "La protection des porteurs de valeurs mobilières donnant accès au capital en droit français". Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010308.
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Bien que présentant des caractéristiques variées, les valeurs mobilières donnant accès au capital reposent sur un mécanisme commun : une promesse de contrat. Singulièrement, les valeurs mobilières complexes déployant leurs effets dans le temps (les promesses s'échelonnant ordinairement sur plusieurs années), l'investisseur est susceptible de supporter une dépréciation du patrimoine de la société, manifestée par une baisse de la valeur des actions escomptées. Dès lors, au risque de maltraiter les droits des porteurs, sur décision unilatérale de la société, leur protection s'impose. La recherche d'une protection cohérente (conciliant l'attractivité du régime à l'égard des investisseurs et une certaine souplesse pour les émetteurs) invite alors à identifier les faits générateurs de la protection. Or, il apparaît que l'énumération légale présente des lacunes. En outre, à cet écueil s'ajoutent les subtilités liées à la mise en œuvre des instruments de protection, notamment en cas de réduction du capital à zéro. Il est donc apparu que le régime de protection, issu de l'ordonnance du 24 juin 2004, est imparfait à divers égards, parfois dirimants en pratique. Face à ce constat, sont donc présentées tour à tour les opérations susceptibles de porter atteinte aux prérogatives d'accès au capital. Cet examen nous a conduit à la conviction de la nécessité de perfectionner le dispositif afin d'en améliorer la lisibilité, la sécurité et par voie de conséquence, l'attractivité. Les propositions formulées dans l'ouvrage visent ainsi à lever les obstacles identifiés, dans le respect de l'esprit de modernisation, d'unification et de simplification qui ont pu guider les précédentes réformesSeveral securities giving access to the capital are based on option contracts. The use of commitment contracts shows the versatility of this civil legal tool, but its analysis raises several pitfalls, inherent in the original features of the option's subject. Considering the status of future shareholders, a specific process needs to be set up for risk control. In theory, a complete protection for investors should be ensured by the ban of any transaction that might harm their interests. On the contrary, in the case of a legal gap, a company could break the agreement and empty it of its content. Thus, regulations of securities giving access to the capital should both accommodate attractiveness for investors and guarantee more flexibility for issuers. In order to find a more consistent solution, one must identify the operative events that ensure the active protection of rights under option. However, the variety of the events, which are likely to affect shareholders' equity, makes the identification process more complex. Addressing this issue is the first step of the process; the problem linked with the implementation of defensive measures would be the main topic to be analyzed. This analysis will be split in two parts. The first one will focus on how the body jeopardizes the unity targeted by the 2004 order. And the second part will be dedicated to concrete applications of the measures suggested in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial code. The period between the initial investment and the access to the shareholder status triggers the activation of a complex legal paraphernalia, which is worth analyzing
45
Jamal, Mona. "Le contrat d'adhésion : étude comparée des droits français et koweïtien". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA017/document.
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Le contrat d’adhésion a pendant longtemps fait l’objet d’un débat doctrinal. Ce contrat voit le jour dans des circonstances où bien souvent lors de sa conclusion, l’adhérent se trouve en position d’infériorité́ par rapport au stipulant. Ce déséquilibre aboutit à ce que le contrat est préalablement élaboré́ et rédigé́ par le stipulant. Quant à l'adhérent, il ne fait qu'adhérer à un contrat préétabli dont il n'a pas discuté́ les conditions. Dans ce contexte, la loi des parties cause parfois des inégalités, voire même certains abus. La nouvelle consécration du contrat d’adhésion dans le Code civil français, par l’ordonnance n° 2016- 131 du 10 Fév. 2016 marque une évolution. D’où toute l’importance d’une réflexion sur le concept de contrat d’adhésion en droits français et koweïtien. L’approche comparative nous a permis de saisir les points de convergence et de divergence qui existent entre ces droits aussi bien au niveau du régime juridique qu’au niveau de la protection. Au final, s’est posée la question de savoir si le droit koweïtien peut être amélioré en s’inspirant du droit françaisThe contract of adhesion has been the subject of doctrinal debate for long time and usually arises during the signing of contracts. In such conditions one party will be in a position of inferiority compared to the other contracting party. This imbalance will usually be in favor of the first party who prepared the contract. As for the second party who will not be in the position of negotiating, they will merely adhere to a pre-established contract without having the possibility to discuss the terms. In this context, the law of the parties’ sometimes causes inequalities and certain abuses. The new reform of French Civil code law dated 10 Feb. 2016, marks an evolution; Hence, the importance of a reflection on the concept of the contract of adhesion in French and Kuwaiti law. The comparative approach allows us to grasp the points of convergence and divergence that exist between these statutes in regard to both the legal system of the contract of adhesion and the level of protection. This brings us to question whether the Kuwaiti law can be improved by embracing the French law
46
Cherednychenko, Olha. "Fundamental rights, Contract Law and the Protection of the Weaker Party a comparative analysis of the constitutionalisation of contract law, with emphasis on risky financial transactions /". München : Sellier, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2972302&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Davant, Jérôme. "Les incidents liés à la protection juridique des investissements étrangers en Chine : effectivité des voies de recours". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10050.
Texto completoResumen
Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif d'apporter un éclairage et une compréhension sur l'évolution du droit des affaires en Chine et plus particulièrement sur les outils de protection des investissements pour les étrangers dans ce pays. Cet ouvrage analyse les incidents liés à la protection juridique des investissements étrangers ainsi que l'effectivité des voies de recours en cas de différentsThe objective of this thesis is to bring insights into the understanding of the evolution of business law in China and in particular on the tools of investment protection used by foreigners in this country. This paper analyses the events related to the protection of foreign investments as well as the efficiency of arbitrative solutions in the case of problems
48
Náglová, Tereza. "Elektronické obchodování v české, v rakouské a německé úpravě". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-86012.
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The thesis compares national legal regulations in area of E-Commerce in Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic. The comparison has been made from several points of view. The first section of the thesis focuses on the area of incorporation of three European directives (93/13/ES on unfair terms in consumer contracts, 97/7/ES on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts and 2000/31/EU on electronic commerce), which frame consumer protection on the European level in respect of e commerce contracts. In the next section basic principles of contract law are compared in each of the surveyed legal systems. Each of the contract related conditions are compared step by step to their partner conditions in the other two countries (general terms and conditions, information duty of entrepreneur, consumer's right of withdrawal). The very last section covers an international civil law, and its effects on consumer protection as analyzed in compared nations. The comparison has proved my primary assumption that all three legal systems in the area of E Commerce almost identical, aside from the major difference in the definition of the term consumer itself.
49
Dupouy, Sabrina. "La prise en compte des données environnementales par le contrat". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1068.
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La notion d’environnement embrasse le « cadre de vie naturel et artificiel de l’homme ». La qualité de cet environnement revêt aujourd’hui, dans l’ordre juridique, une importance croissante. Le droit de l’environnement, dont les finalités sont la protection de l’environnement et la protection de la personne humaine, investit à présent le droit privé. Le contrat, acte juridique indispensable aux activités économiques, en particulier, semble significativement concerné par l’exigence de qualité de l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, quel est le rôle du contrat face aux préoccupations contemporaines grandissantes relatives à la qualité de l’environnement ? Il apparaît que l’environnement est appréhendé par le contrat comme une donnée ambivalente. Elle représente, en effet, d’une part, un risque contre lequel il est nécessaire de protéger le contractant et, d’autre part, une valeur qui peut être directement protégée par le contrat. Les deux finalités du droit de l’environnement sont actuellement renforcées par le droit des contrats qui les prend de mieux en mieux en compte. Le contrat est dès lors assurément façonné, tant par les parties elles-mêmes que par le juge et le législateur, pour protéger le contractant contre le risque environnemental et contribuer à la protection de la valeur environnementaleThe notion of environment embraces the “natural and artificial living environment of man” which means “the living space” of the human being. Today the quality of this environment takes on an increasing importance in the legal order. Environmental law, which follows the purposes of environmental protection and protection of the human being, is now investing private law. In particular, contract law seems significantly affected by the level of requirement of environmental quality. In this context, what is the role of a contract in front of growing contemporary concerns regarding environmental quality ? It seems that the environment is comprehended by the contract as an ambivalent element. On the one hand it is indeed a risk against which it is necessary to protect the contracting party and, on the other hand, a value that can be directly protected by the contract. The contract is subsequently without doubt shaped by the parties themselves, as well as by the judge and the legislator to protect the contracting party against environmental risks and to contribute to environmental protection
50
Masocha, Vongai Wendy. "An analysis of employee protection in business transfers: is the purpose of section 197 subverted by judicial interpretation in outsourcing contracts?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4512.
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