Bibliografías temáticas / Pythium; Phytophthora; Plant roots

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Pythium; Phytophthora; Plant roots"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 15 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Pythium; Phytophthora; Plant roots"

Barr, D. J. S. y N. L. Désaulniers. "The flagellar apparatus in zoospores of Phytophthora, Pythium, and Halophytophthora". Canadian Journal of Botany 70, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1992): 2163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-267.

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The flagellar apparatuses of 14 species of Phytophthora, 2 of Halophytophthora, and 4 of Pythium are compared in the transmission electron microscope. Except for Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora mirabilis there were no significant differences in fine structure morphology. There are six flagellar roots: a ribbed triplet consisting of three main microtubules and secondary microtubules; an anterior doublet; a multistranded, band-shaped root of five to nine microtubules; a posterior root of two to four microtubules; and roots consisting of arrays of cytoplasmic microtubules and nuclear-associated microtubules. In P. infestans and P. mirabilis the multistranded root is missing, the posterior root contains five or six microtubules, and the anterior ribbed root contains four main microtubules. The transitional zones in all species are similar. The relationship of the Pythiaceae with other Oomycetes is discussed. Key words: taxonomy, phytogeny, cytology, Oomycetes, Pythiaceae.

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Weiland, Jerry E., Carolyn F. Scagel, Niklaus J. Grünwald, E. Anne Davis, Bryan R. Beck, Zachary S. L. Foster y Valerie J. Fieland. "Soilborne Phytophthora and Pythium Diversity From Rhododendron in Propagation, Container, and Field Production Systems of the Pacific Northwest". Plant Disease 104, n.º 6 (junio de 2020): 1841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-19-1672-re.

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Rhododendron root rot is a severe disease that causes significant mortality in rhododendrons. Information is needed about the incidence and identity of soilborne Phytophthora and Pythium species causing root rot in Pacific Northwest nurseries in order to better understand the disease etiology and to optimize disease control strategies. The last survey focusing solely on soilborne oomycete pathogens in rhododendron production was conducted in 1974. Since then, advances in pathogen identification have occurred, new species may have been introduced, pathogen communities may have shifted, and little is known about Pythium species affecting this crop. Therefore, a survey of root-infecting Phytophthora and Pythium species was conducted at seven nurseries from 2013 to 2017 to (i) document the incidence of root rot damage at each nursery and stage of production, (ii) identify soilborne oomycetes infecting rhododendron, and (iii) determine whether there are differences in pathogen diversity among nurseries and production systems. Rhododendrons from propagation, container, and field systems were sampled and Phytophthora and Pythium species were isolated from the roots and collar region. Root rot was rarely evident in propagation systems, which were dominated by Pythium species. However, severe root rot was much more common in container and field systems where the genus Phytophthora was also more prevalent, suggesting that Phytophthora species are the primary cause of severe root rot and that most contamination by these pathogens comes in after the propagation stage. In total, 20 Pythium species and 11 Phytophthora species were identified. Pythium cryptoirregulare, Pythium aff. macrosporum, Phytophthora plurivora, and Phytophthora cinnamomi were the most frequently isolated species and the results showed that Phytophthora plurivora has become much more common than in the past. Phytophthora diversity was also greater in field systems than in propagation or container systems. Risks for Phytophthora contamination were commonly observed during the survey and included placement of potting media in direct contact with field soil, the presence of dead plants that could serve as continuous sources of inoculum, and the presence of excess water as a result of poor drainage, overirrigation, or malfunctioning irrigation equipment. In the past, research on disease development and root rot disease control in rhododendron focused almost exclusively on Phytophthora cinnamomi. More research is needed on both of these topics for the other root-infecting species identified in this survey.

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Feng, Wenzhuo, Ayaka Hieno, Mikio Kusunoki, Haruhisa Suga y Koji Kageyama. "LAMP Detection of Four Plant-Pathogenic Oomycetes and Its Application in Lettuce Fields". Plant Disease 103, n.º 2 (febrero de 2019): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-18-0858-re.

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In Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, the pathogens Phytophthora pseudolactucae, Pythium irregulare, Pythium uncinulatum, and Pythium spinosum have caused huge losses in lettuce production. We used loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to analyze soil and plants in lettuce fields for the presence of these four pathogens. To develop an effective on-site detection method, we contrasted the Plant-LAMP and Plant Culture-LAMP procedures for plant samples, and five soil DNA extraction methods for soil samples. Plant-LAMP and a Soil DNA Isolation kit were selected to analyze three fields for the pathogen species present, infected sites, and level of soil contamination. We found that the same wilting symptoms could be caused by Phytophthora or Pythium, or a mixture of species from both genera. Ph. pseudolactucae infects the pith of the lettuce in aboveground parts, whereas Pythium spp. mainly infect roots. Ph. pseudolactucae and Py. uncinulatum caused disease more frequently than the other two pathogens. Furthermore, not all of the pathogens existed in the soil near infected lettuce plants. Therefore, the LAMP method can be used to diagnose pathogenic oomycetes in the field, and will be useful in the development of control strategies in lettuce production.

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Zahid, M. I., G. M. Gurr, A. Nikandrow, W. J. Fulkerson y H. I. Nicol. "Pathogenicity of root and stolon-colonising fungi to white clover". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, n.º 6 (2001): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00197.

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Fungi isolated from white clover plants growing in dairy pastures in northern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland were tested for their pathogenicity to seedlings, excised stolons and mature white clover plants. Thirty out of 65 isolates tested, including species of Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phoma, Codinaea, Gliocladium, Microsphaeropsis, Trichoderma, Nectria and Macrophomina, were pathogenic to white clover roots in vitro. Ten of the fungi, including the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Drechslera, Fusarium, Phoma, Macrophomina, Phomopsis and Rhizoctonia, caused stolon rot symptoms. Of the 23 fungi tested on seedlings and mature white clover plants Phytophthora megasperma, Phoma nebulosa and Pythium irregulare were the most pathogenic to both seedlings and mature plants. Root rot and plant growth suppression was more severe in pot tests using field soil compared with pasteurised potting mix. Novel methods are described for testing pathogenicity to excised stolons.

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Koike, S. T. y Frank N. Martin. "First Report of Phytophthora Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora cryptogea on Spinach in California". Plant Disease 94, n.º 1 (enero de 2010): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0131b.

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In 2006 and 2007, commercially grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in California's coastal Salinas Valley (Monterey County) was affected by an unreported root rot disease. Disease was limited to patches along the edges of fields. Affected plants were stunted with chlorotic older leaves. As disease progressed, most of the older foliage first wilted and then turned tan and dry; youngest leaves remained green but were stunted and leathery in texture. Plants most severely affected died. Symptoms on roots were mostly restricted to the distal portion of the root system, where feeder roots and the main taproot turned black. Isolations from root lesions consistently resulted in the recovery of a Phytophthora sp. The isolates were heterothallic, and on the basis of morphological and cytochrome oxidase 2 gene sequence data (GenBank Accession No. GQ984233), the pathogen was identified as Phytophthora cryptogea. To evaluate pathogenicity, individual inocula of four isolates were prepared by incubating colonized 6-mm-diameter V8 agar plugs in filtered soil extract for 2 days at 20°C to induce sporangia production. These cultures were then chilled at 4°C for 20 min and returned to room temperature for 1 h to induce zoospore release (4). Four-week-old spinach plants (cv. Bolero) were uprooted, soaked in suspensions of 1.0 × 105 zoospores/ml for 10 min, and repotted. After treatment, pots were placed in shallow trays of water for 24 h to saturate the root zone, then were removed from trays and incubated in a greenhouse. After 9 days, inoculated plants showed foliar wilting and chlorosis similar to that observed in the field; after 13 days, roots were examined and found to show the black necrosis as seen in the field. P. cryptogea was isolated from all inoculated plants. Control spinach plants, treated with soil extract only, did not develop disease. This experiment was completed two times and the results were similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora root rot of spinach caused by P. cryptogea in California. This finding is significant because spinach in California is subject to root rots caused by three other pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani) (1); symptoms from these root rots are very similar to those caused by P. cryptogea, thereby complicating diagnosis. This pathogen has been documented on spinach in Germany and Sweden (2,3). References: (1) S. T. Koike et al. Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook. Manson Publishing LtD. London, 2007. (2) H. Krober and E.-O. Beckmann. Phytopathol. Z. 78:160, 1973. (3) M. Larsson and J. Olofsson. Plant Pathol. 43:251, 1994. (4) S. A. Tjosvold et al. Plant Dis. 93:371, 2009.

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Raftoyannis, Yannis y Michael W. Dick. "Zoospore encystment and pathogenicity of Phytophthora and Pythium species on plant roots". Microbiological Research 161, n.º 1 (enero de 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2005.04.003.

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Olson, J. D., J. P. Damicone y B. A. Kahn. "Identification and Characterization of Isolates of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. from Snap Beans with Cottony Leak". Plant Disease 100, n.º 7 (julio de 2016): 1446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-15-0662-re.

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Cottony leak is an important disease of snap bean in Oklahoma and nearby states. Oomycete pathogens isolated from diseased pods collected from commercial fields and research plots consisted of both Pythium spp. (n = 131) and Phytophthora spp. (n = 46). Isolates were identified to species by morphological characteristics and by sequencing a portion of the internal transcribed spacer region of representative isolates. The most common Pythium spp. were Pythium ultimum var. ultimum; Pythium ‘group HS’, a self-sterile form of P. ultimum that produces hyphal swellings in lieu of sporangia (n = 74); and P. aphanidermatum (n = 50). Phytophthora spp. included Phytophthora drechsleri (n = 41) and P. nicotianae (n = 5). Nearly all of the isolates (95%) and all species were pathogenic on detached pods but Pythium ultimum var. ultimum and Pythium ‘group HS’ were most aggressive. Phytophthora drechsleri was most aggressive on seedlings, causing preemergence damping off and seed rot. Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, Pythium ‘group HS’, and P. aphanidermatum were intermediate in virulence to seedlings, causing root rot, stunting, and limited postemergence damping off. Phytophthora nicotianae and Pythium diclinum (n = 4) were not pathogenic on seedlings. Most (87%) isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl-M (concentration that caused a 50% reduction in mycelial growth [EC50] < 1 μg/ml) and the rest were intermediate in sensitivity (EC50 > 1 to < 100 μg/ml). Phytophthora drechsleri was the most sensitive species (EC50 = 0.06 μg/ml) compared with Pythium aphanidermatum, which was least sensitive (EC50 = 1.3 μg/ml). Cottony leak is a disease complex caused by several oomycete species that should include Phytophthora drechsleri, a newly reported pathogen of snap bean in the United States.

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Alejandro Rojas, J., Janette L. Jacobs, Stephanie Napieralski, Behirda Karaj, Carl A. Bradley, Thomas Chase, Paul D. Esker et al. "Oomycete Species Associated with Soybean Seedlings in North America—Part I: Identification and Pathogenicity Characterization". Phytopathology® 107, n.º 3 (marzo de 2017): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-16-0177-r.

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Oomycete pathogens are commonly associated with soybean root rot and have been estimated to reduce soybean yields in the United States by 1.5 million tons on an annual basis. Limited information exists regarding the frequency and diversity of oomycete species across the major soybean-producing regions in North America. A survey was conducted across 11 major soybean-producing states in the United States and the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2011, 2,378 oomycete cultures were isolated from soybean seedling roots on a semiselective medium (CMA-PARPB) and were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Sequence results distinguished a total of 51 Pythium spp., three Phytophthora spp., three Phytopythium spp., and one Aphanomyces sp. in 2011, with Pythium sylvaticum (16%) and P. oopapillum (13%) being the most prevalent. In 2012, the survey was repeated, but, due to drought conditions across the sampling area, fewer total isolates (n = 1,038) were collected. Additionally, in 2012, a second semiselective medium (V8-RPBH) was included, which increased the Phytophthora spp. isolated from 0.7 to 7% of the total isolates. In 2012, 54 Pythium spp., seven Phytophthora spp., six Phytopythium spp., and one Pythiogeton sp. were recovered, with P. sylvaticum (14%) and P. heterothallicum (12%) being recovered most frequently. Pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated with representative isolates of each of the 84 species on soybean cv. Sloan. A seed-rot assay identified 13 and 11 pathogenic species, respectively, at 13 and 20°C. A seedling-root assay conducted at 20°C identified 43 species as pathogenic, having a significantly detrimental effect on the seedling roots as compared with the noninoculated control. A total of 15 species were pathogenic in both the seed and seedling assays. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of oomycete species present in soybean seedling roots in the major production areas in the United States and Ontario, Canada and provides a basis for disease management and breeding programs.

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Sánchez-Hernández, M. E., A. Ruiz-Dávila y A. Trapero-Casas. "First Report of Phytophthora megasperma and Pythium irregulare As Olive Tree Root Pathogens". Plant Disease 81, n.º 10 (octubre de 1997): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.10.1216b.

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Several species of the genus Phytophthora are associated with root rot and trunk cankers in olive trees (Olea europaea L.). Among them, Phytophthora megasperma has been cited as being associated with olive root rots in Greece (1). Unidentified species of Pythium and Phytophthora have also been associated with olive tree root rots in the United States. However, the status of P. megasperma and Pythium spp. as olive tree root pathogens has remained unclear. Following a 5-year period of severe drought in southern Spain, autumn-winter rainfall rates in 1996 to 1997 steadily increased in both quantity and frequency. Under these unusually wet conditions, olive trees remained waterlogged for several months. During this period, we observed foliar wilting, dieback, and death of young trees, and later found extensive root necrosis. In 46 of 49 affected plantations surveyed, P. megasperma was consistently isolated from the rotted rootlets, particularly in young (<1- to 10-year-old trees) plantations. This fungus was not detected on plant material affected by damping-off from several Spanish olive tree nurseries. The opposite situation occurred with P. irregulare. This species was not associated with rotted rootlets in the field. In contrast, it was consistently isolated from necrotic rootlets from young olive plants affected by damping-off. These plants were grown in a sand-lime-peat soil mixture under greenhouse conditions and showed foliar wilting and extensive necrosis of the root systems. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with several isolates of P. megasperma and P. irregulare on 6-month-old rooted cuttings of olive, under both weekly watering and waterlogged conditions. Under waterlogged conditions, both fungal species produced extensive root necrosis 2 weeks after inoculation that resulted in wilting of the aerial parts and rapid plant death. Waterlogged control plants remained without foliar symptoms but a low degree of root necrosis was recorded. In addition, under weekly watering conditions, plants inoculated with either species showed some degree of root rot but foliar symptoms were not evident. No differences in pathogenicity were observed within the Phytophthora or Pythium isolates. Reference: (1) H. Kouyeas and A. Chitzanidis. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki 8:175, 1968.

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Puertolas, Alexandra, Peter J. M. Bonants, Eric Boa y Steve Woodward. "Application of Real-Time PCR for the Detection and Quantification of Oomycetes in Ornamental Nursery Stock". Journal of Fungi 7, n.º 2 (27 de enero de 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020087.

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Numerous Phytophthora and Pythium disease outbreaks have occurred in Europe following inadvertent introduction of contaminated ornamental plants. Detection and identification of pathogens are crucial to reduce risks and improve plant biosecurity in Europe and globally. Oomycete diversity present in roots and compost was determined in 99 hardy woody plants bought from nurseries, retailers and internet sellers, using both isolations and molecular analyses. Oomycete DNA was quantified using real-time PCR of environmental DNA from the plants using three loci: ITS, trnM-trnP-trnM and atp9-nad9. At least one oomycete species was isolated from 89.9% of plants using classical techniques. In total, 10 Phytophthora spp., 17 Pythium spp. and 5 Phytopythium spp. were isolated. Oomycetes were isolated from 86% of asymptomatic plants, but real-time PCR demonstrated that oomycetes were associated with all plants tested. More oomycete DNA occurred in composts in comparison with roots and filters from baiting water (a mean of 7.91 ng g−1, 6.55 × 10−1 ng g−1 and 5.62 × 10−1 ng g−1 of oomycete DNA detected in compost with ITS, trnM and atp9 probes, respectively); the ITS probe detected the highest quantities of oomycete DNA. No significant differences were found in quantities of oomycete DNA detected using real-time PCR in plants purchased online or from traditional retailers.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Pythium; Phytophthora; Plant roots"

Osborne, Meave Catherine. "The spatial ecology of phytopathogenic zoospores in the rhizosphere". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369560.

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This thesis is concerned with an analysis of swimming of oomycete zoospores, particularly in relation to the hypothesis that electrotaxis mediated host root colonisation. A correlation was found between the electrotactic behaviour of zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora and Pythium aphanidermatum and their localisation relative to anodic or cathodic regions of the majority of non-host roots. Cathodotropic P. aphanidermatum zoospores were found to be attracted to the cathode generated at the wound site on monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant roots studied. Zoospores of P. aphanidermatum were also found to become gradually less attracted to these wound sites as they dissipated over time. Anodotropic P. palmivora zoospores were found to be repelled by the cathodic wound sites on roots of all plants investigated, with the exception of Petunia hybrida. In addition to this zoospores of P. aphanidermatum were found not exhibit chemotaxis or encystment in gradients of the wound-specific metabolite acetosyringone. This suggests that electrotaxis and chemotaxis both operate in directing zoospore accumulation around roots. This reduction of the conductivity of the bathing medium by the addition of different concentrations of sodium chloride salts did not appear to affect the accumulation of both zoospore species around roots of rye grass. The results of this study supports the hypothesis that zoospores use electrotaxis as one means to locate new plant hosts in the rhizosphere. However, chemotaxis may still augment the regulation of zoospore colonisation and encystment.

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Raftoyannis, Yannis. "Comparative study of the patterns of encystment and pathogenicity of zoospores of Phytophthora and Pythium spp. on a range of axenically-grown angiosperm roots". Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287382.

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Scott, Kelsey L. "Studies in the Management of Pythium Seed and Root Rot of Soybean: Efficacy of Fungicide Seed Treatments, Screening Germplasm for Resistance, and Comparison of Quantitative Disease Resistance Loci to Three Species of Pythium and Phytophthora sojae". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524147394255409.

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Nauth, Brittany J. "Soybean QTL Mapping and Candidate Gene Identification for Pythium irregulare and Phytophthora sojae Partial Resistance; and Root-Knot Nematode Induced Suppression of Gene Silencing". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406151869.

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Vargas, Amilcar. "Management of seedling diseases caused by Oomycetes, Phytophthora spp., Phytopythium spp. and Pythium spp. using seed treatment in Ohio". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524060260234098.

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Huh, Jung-Hyun. "Biochemical, Molecular and Functional Analysis of Volatile Terpene Formation in Arabidopsis Roots". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77151.

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Plants produce secondary (or specialized) metabolites to respond to a variety of environmental changes and threats. Especially, volatile compounds released by plants facilitate short and long distance interaction with both beneficial and harmful organisms. Comparatively little is known about the organization and role of specialized metabolism in root tissues. In this study, we have investigated the root-specific formation and function of volatile terpenes in the model plant Arabidopsis. As one objective, we have characterized the two root-specific terpene synthases, TPS22 and TPS25. Both enzymes catalyze the formation of several volatile sesquiterpenes with (E)-β-farnesene as the major product. TPS22 and TPS25 are expressed in the root in distinct different cell type-specific patterns and both genes are induced by jasmonic acid. Unexpectedly, both TPS proteins are localized to mitochondria, demonstrating a subcellular localization of terpene specialized metabolism in compartments other than the cytosol and plastids. (E)-β-Farnesene is produced at low concentrations suggesting posttranslational modifications of the TPS proteins and/or limited substrate availability in mitochondria. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial localization of TPS22 and TPS25 reflects evolutionary plasticity in subcellular compartmentation of TPS proteins with emerging or declining activity. Since (E)-β-farnesene inhibits Arabidopsis root growth in vitro, mitochondrial targeting of both proteins may fine tune (E)-β-farnesene concentrations to prevent possible autotoxic or inhibitory effects of this terpene in vivo. We further investigated the role of volatile terpenes in Arabidopsis roots in interaction with the soil-borne oomycete, Pythium irregulare. Infection of roots with P. irregulare causes emission of the C11-homoterpene (or better called C4-norterpene) 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT), which is a common volatile induced by biotic stress in aerial parts of plants but was not previously known to be produced in plant roots. We demonstrate that DMNT is synthesized by a novel, root-specific pathway via oxidative degradation of the C30-triterpene, arabidiol. DMNT exhibits inhibitory effects on P. irregulare mycelium growth and oospore germination in vitro. Moreover, arabidiol and DMNT biosynthetic mutants were found to be more susceptible to P. irregulare infection and showed higher rates of Pythium colonization in comparison to wild type plants. Together, our studies demonstrate differences and plasticity in the metabolic organization and function of terpenes in roots in comparison to aboveground plant tissues.
Ph. D.

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Paidi, Maya Devi. "Proteome in papaya roots in response to Phytophthora palmivora". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20741.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Pythium; Phytophthora; Plant roots"

Stouvenakers, Gilles, Peter Dapprich, Sebastien Massart y M. Haïssam Jijakli. "Plant Pathogens and Control Strategies in Aquaponics". En Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 353–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_14.

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AbstractAmong the diversity of plant diseases occurring in aquaponics, soil-borne pathogens, such as Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp., are the most problematic due to their preference for humid/aquatic environment conditions. Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp. which belong to the Oomycetes pseudo-fungi require special attention because of their mobile form of dispersion, the so-called zoospores that can move freely and actively in liquid water. In coupled aquaponics, curative methods are still limited because of the possible toxicity of pesticides and chemical agents for fish and beneficial bacteria (e.g. nitrifying bacteria of the biofilter). Furthermore, the development of biocontrol agents for aquaponic use is still at its beginning. Consequently, ways to control the initial infection and the progression of a disease are mainly based on preventive actions and water physical treatments. However, suppressive action (suppression) could happen in aquaponic environment considering recent papers and the suppressive activity already highlighted in hydroponics. In addition, aquaponic water contains organic matter that could promote establishment and growth of heterotrophic bacteria in the system or even improve plant growth and viability directly. With regards to organic hydroponics (i.e. use of organic fertilisation and organic plant media), these bacteria could act as antagonist agents or as plant defence elicitors to protect plants from diseases. In the future, research on the disease suppressive ability of the aquaponic biotope must be increased, as well as isolation, characterisation and formulation of microbial plant pathogen antagonists. Finally, a good knowledge in the rapid identification of pathogens, combined with control methods and diseases monitoring, as recommended in integrated plant pest management, is the key to an efficient control of plant diseases in aquaponics.

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Werres, Sabine. "Application of Different Techniques to Detect Phytophthora spp. in Roots of Nursery Plants". En Developments in Plant Pathology, 123–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0043-1_26.

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Hahn, Renate y Sabine Werres. "Development of a Dot-Immunobinding Assay for the Detection of Phytophthora spp. in Roots". En Developments in Plant Pathology, 99–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0043-1_20.

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Madsen, Anne Mette. "Use of a Metalaxyl Tolerant Pythium Oligandrum Isolate for Selectively Following Its Population in Soil and Its Colonization of Roots of Diseased and Non-Diseased Plants". En Developments in Plant Pathology, 39–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1698-2_6.

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Ebel, Jürgen, Hans Grisebach, Anne Bonhoff, Dorit Grab, Christina Hoffmann, Georg Kochs, Hannelore Mieth, Walter Schmidt y Margit Stäb. "Phytoalexin Synthesis in Soybean Following Infection of Roots with Phytophthora Megasperma or Treatment of Cell Cultures with Fungal Elicitor". En Recognition in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic Interactions, 345–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71652-2_33.

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"PROTOCOL 01-08.1: Recovering Pythium and Phytophthora spp. from infected plant tissue". En Laboratory Protocols for Phytophthora Species, editado por Jason Brock y Glenn Beard, 1–2. The American Phytopathological Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/9780890544969.01.08.1.

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Soytong, Kasem, Somdej Kahonokmedhakul, Jiaojiao Song y Rujira Tongon. "Chaetomium Application in Agriculture". En Technology in Agriculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99402.

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Chaetomium species for plant disease control are reported to be antagonize many plant pathogens. It is a new broad spectrum biological fungicide from Chaetomium species which firstly discovered and patented No. 6266, International Code: AO 1 N 25/12, and registered as Ketomium® mycofungicide for plant disease control in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. Chaetoimum biofungicide and biostimulants are applied to implement integrated plant disease control. It showed protective and curative effects in controlling plant disease and promoting plant growth. It has been successfully applied to the infested soils with integrated cultural control for the long-term protection against rice blast (Magnaporte oryzae), durian and black Pepper rot (Piper nigram L.) (Phytophthora palmivora), citrus rot (Phytophthora parasitica) and strawberry rot (Fragaria spp.) caused by Phytophthora cactorum, wilt of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), basal rot of corn (Sclerotium rolfsii) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) etc. Further research is reported on the other bioactive compounds from active strains of Chaetomium spp. We have discovered various new compounds from Ch. globosum, Ch. cupreum, Ch. elatum, Ch. cochliodes, Ch. brasiliense, Ch. lucknowense, Ch. longirostre and Ch. siamense. These new compounds are not only inhibiting human pathogens (anti-malaria, anti-tuberculosis, anti-cancer cell lines and anti-C. albicans etc) but also plant pathogens as well. These active natural products from different strains of Chaetomium spp. are further developed to be biodegradable nanoparticles from active metabolites as a new discovery of scientific investigation which used to induce plant immunity, namely microbial degradable nano-elicitors for inducing immunity through phytoalexin production in plants e.g. inducing tomato to produce alpha-tomaline against Fusarium wilt of tomato, capsidiol against chili anthracnose, sakuranitin and oryzalexin B against rice blast, scopletin and anthrocyaidin against Phytophthora or Pythium rot Durian and scoparone against Phytophthora or Pythium rot of citrus. Chaetomium biofungicide can be applied instead of toxic chemical fungicides to control plant diseases.

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Nsiah Frimpong, Benedicta, Samuel Oteng Ampadu, Allen Oppong, Isaac Nunoo y Lydia Brobbey. "Phytophthora Diseases Prevalence, Its Effects and Controls in Ghana". En Agro-Economic Risks of Phytophthora and an Effective Biocontrol Approach [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99130.

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The success of the UN Sustainable Development Goals in reducing hunger and poverty is limited by crop losses. Globally, plant pests and diseases account for 40% yield losses which threatens food and nutrition security, livelihoods of citizenry and erode the resources of local and national economies. Phytophthora diseases are among the most important diseases in sub-Saharan Africa which result in severe socio-economic consequences. Roots and tubers and cash commodity crops are important staples and foreign exchange earner crops in Ghana which are significantly challenged by the incidence and severity of Phytophthora diseases. To ensure food availability, safeguard the local financial ecosystem and protect the environment, innovative and sound management practices are needed and this chapter reviews the different Phytophthora diseases on crops; more specifically with (cocoa and taro as case studies), the consequences and available management options that can be applied to manage the disease situation in Ghana.

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