Tesis sobre el tema "Radio pharmaceuticals"

MBA Professional Report
The purpose of this MBA project is to assess industry business practices in implementing RFID technology in the tracking and tracing of pharmaceuticals. Our project will focus on what was found during our research (to include interviews and site visits) which was quite different from what was portrayed by the media. Our analysis of a few organizations will identify what market leaders do when considering the implementation of a new technology into its business practices. Based on our analysis, we determined what patterns were common throughout the industry and what DoD should be aware of as it implements RFID technology in the tracking and tracing of pharmaceuticals.

Die Produktion von Radiopharmaka im Zentralinstitut für Kernforschung Rossendorf (ZfK) von 1958-1991 ist ein Beispiel für eine enge Kooperation von interdisziplinärer Forschung und Produktion mit hervorragenden Möglichkeiten für den Austausch von Personal und Erfahrungen. Für das kurzlebige 99Tc, das zu ungefähr 90% in der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik eingesetzt wird, erfolgte der gesamte Prozess von der Bestrahlung von angereichertem U, chemischer Abtrennung des langlebigen Mutternuklids 99Mo bis zur Herstellung von Tc-Gerneratoren im Institut. Das ZfK gehörte weltweit zu den wichtigsten Produzenten von Radiopharmaka. Im Jahr 1972 wurde von der Regierung die Überführung der Produktion aus dem Institut in einen pharmazeutischen Betrieb zur Diskussion gestellt, aber aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen nicht durchgeführt.
The production of radio pharmaceuticals in the Nuclear Research Center Rossendorf (NRCR) from 1958 to 1991 is an example for a close cooperation of interdisciplinary research and fabrication with outstanding possibilities for the exchange of personal and experiences. For the short lived 99mTc, which is used in about 90% of the diagnosis in nuclear medicine, the whole process from irradiation of enriched U, chemical isolation of the longer lived mother nuclide 99Mo and the production of the Tc-generators were done in the institute. The NRCR was one of the most important producers of radio pharmaceuticals worldwide until 1991. In 1972 the government considered transforming of the fabrication from the institute to a pharmaceutical enterprise, but it has been not realized for economic reasons.

Die Produktion von Radiopharmaka im Zentralinstitut für Kernforschung Rossendorf (ZfK) von 1958-1991 ist ein Beispiel für eine enge Kooperation von interdisziplinärer Forschung und Produktion mit hervorragenden Möglichkeiten für den Austausch von Personal und Erfahrungen. Für das kurzlebige 99Tc, das zu ungefähr 90% in der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik eingesetzt wird, erfolgte der gesamte Prozess von der Bestrahlung von angereichertem U, chemischer Abtrennung des langlebigen Mutternuklids 99Mo bis zur Herstellung von Tc-Gerneratoren im Institut. Das ZfK gehörte weltweit zu den wichtigsten Produzenten von Radiopharmaka. Im Jahr 1972 wurde von der Regierung die Überführung der Produktion aus dem Institut in einen pharmazeutischen Betrieb zur Diskussion gestellt, aber aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen nicht durchgeführt
The production of radio pharmaceuticals in the Nuclear Research Center Rossendorf (NRCR) from 1958 to 1991 is an example for a close cooperation of interdisciplinary research and fabrication with outstanding possibilities for the exchange of personal and experiences. For the short lived 99mTc, which is used in about 90% of the diagnosis in nuclear medicine, the whole process from irradiation of enriched U, chemical isolation of the longer lived mother nuclide 99Mo and the production of the Tc-generators were done in the institute. The NRCR was one of the most important producers of radio pharmaceuticals worldwide until 1991. In 1972 the government considered transforming of the fabrication from the institute to a pharmaceutical enterprise, but it has been not realized for economic reasons

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This work project focuses in operating profitability of branded pharmaceuticals, measured by return on assets (ROA). It gives insights about key ROA drivers, by breaking down this ratio into gross sales margin, assets turnover and operating risk. Data from consolidated financial statements of 26 US- and European-based firms for the period 2007-2011 is used in univariate and bivariate analyses. Results suggested that firm size and country-membership do not significantly correlate with ROA. However, differences between branded pharmaceuticals’ regions are explored and significant correlations are found between operating profitability and strategic choices variables, namely product portfolio diversification, growth choices and investment.

The thesis applies performance evaluation of pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh. It means evaluate how well the company performs. The main aim is achieved through ratio analysis of two pharmaceutical (Beximco and Square pharmaceutical) companies in Bangladesh. The main data collection from the annual financial reports on Beximco and square pharmaceutical companies in 2007 to 2008.Different financial ratio are evaluated such liquidity ratios, asset management ratios, profitability ratios, market value ratios, debt management ratios and finally measure the best performance between two companies. The mathematical calculation was establish for ratio analysis between two companies from 2007-2008.It is most important factors for performance evaluation. The graphical analysis and comparisons are applies between two companies for measurement of all types of financial ratio analysis. Liquidity ratio is conveying the ability to repay short-term creditors and it total cash. It determines perform of short term creditor of both pharmaceutical companies under the three categories such as current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio. Asset management ratio is measurement how to effectively a company to use and controls its assets. Its also quantify into seven categories for both pharmaceutical companies such as account receivable turnover, average collection period, inventory turnover, account payable turnover ,account payable turnover in days ,fixed asset turnover ,total asset turnover. Profitability ratio is evaluate how well a company is performing by analyzing and how profit was earned relative to sales, total assets and net worth for both pharmaceutical companies. Debt coverage ratio is performing that the property insufficient to collect their mortgage for both companies and market value is perform the stockholder to analysis their future market value of the stock market. Overall analyses are measurement the best one between Beximco and Square pharmaceutical companies.

Crystal engineering is a rapidly developing area of research with goals aimed at designing molecular solids with desired physical and chemical properties. By utilizing reliable intermolecular interactions, the principles of supramolecular chemistry are exploited in the solid state in order to achieve favorable arrangements of molecules in a crystal lattice. We have applied crystal engineering strategies to further develop the strategy of template-directed reactivity in the solid state. An evaluation of catechol, a regioisomer of the commonly used resorcinol template, was performed. Co-crystallization of the template candidate with a bis-pyridyl olefin produced a discrete self-assembled architecture wherein hydrogen-bonded dimers of catechol pre-organize the olefins for a [2+2] photodimerization in the solid state. The dimerization was determined to proceed quantitatively and X-ray studies of a partial single-crystal-to-single-crystal reaction supported the hypothesis of the reaction proceeding exclusively within the discrete assemblies, despite the infinite stacking of the olefins. A study of substituent effects on the conformational bias of additional catechol- based template candidates was carried out. Candidates with bulky substituents a the 3- and 4-positions were observed to adopt a favorable syn-anti or syn-gauche conformer in most cases. Though conformational bias was induced and discrete assembly achieved, only one of the synthesized cocrystals met the geometric requirements for a photodimerization, however, extended UV exposure produced no evidence of product formation. We discuss the fortuitous discovery of a catechol-based cocrystal system that produces an infinite linear assembly. The fluorine atom of 3-fluorocatechol was observed to be too small to induce conformational bias in the template candidate. However, the system was observed to progress through a three-step solvent-mediated phase transformation. The second and third crystal phases were isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray data revealed that the zig-zag assembly of the first phase spontaneously transforms to a double helix topology in the second phase, before transforming to the final phase, which exhibits a quadruple helix topology. In our studies of pharmaceutical cocrystals, we sought to perform a systematic study of the solid-state behavior of the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil. Inspired by previously published cocrystal structures, we performed co-crystallization experiments with a small series of structurally similar coformers. Comparison of the three structures revealed an inconsistent degree of synthon disruption between the coformers. Curiously, one of the cocrystals obtained displayed a packing arrangement consistent with the requirements of a [2+2] cycloaddition. Irradiation of the sample with UV light resulted in the quantitative formation of a cross-photocycloaddition product. The product was characterized as a pyrimidine-fused cyclobutane, the first reported synthetic derivative of 5-fluorouracil obtained from a solid-state reaction. Lastly, we utilize crystal engineering strategies to study the behavior of 2- iodohippuric acid, a common radio-imaging target. The pharmacokinetic properties of 2- iodohippuric acid make it an ideal target for renal imaging. We sought to approach a solid formulation of the target in a similar manner to that of a drug or other metabolized pharmaceutical. In doing so, we hoped to study the compound’s behavior in the solid state so that we may eventually use co-crystallization as a means of altering the properties of the target for the purpose of generalizing its use in imaging the body.

Despite the deteriorated state of health care in South Africa, the government remains committed to realising the right of every citizen to access health care, including good, quality and essential drugs. In recognising the availability of pharmaceutical facilities as a major component of access to health care, and the previous imbalances in the distribution of pharmaceutical structures and services, laws pertaining to the licensing and ownership of pharmacies were amended and promulgated in 2003 to address the distribution problem. In addition, regulations relating to a transparent priCing system on medicines and related sUbstances were introduced in 2004. These, coupled with factors influencing the choice of a pharmacy location, and the deficiencies in human resourges exercising an impact on both pharmacy and other health care personnel, have influenced the distribution and availability of pharmaceutical structures in South Africa from the year 2003 to 2008. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to investigate the availability and distribution of pharmaceutical structures registered with the South African Pharmacy Council, in South Africa, as of 2003 until 2008. METHOD: Data on the total number and geographical distribution of registered pharmaceutical structures in South Africa were obtained from the South African Pharmacy Council's register of pharmacies of August 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The registered pharmaceutical structures were categorised according to their nature of services to the patient into "direct service" and "indirect service" (support) pharmacies. Availability was taken to refer to the actual presence of the pharmaceutical structures in relation to the demand for the services and measured quantitatively using population: provider ratios. The 'population' for indirect service pharmacies was taken as the direct service pharmacies and, the 'population' for direct seNice pharmacies was taken as the estimated population of the different geographical regions. RESULTS: The results revealed a 12% increase in the total number of registered pharmaceutical structures between the study years, to a total of 4227 pharmaceu'tical structures in 2008. Gauteng was identified as the province with the highest number of registered pharmaceutical structures, while the Northern Cape province contained the lowest number of registered pharmaceutical structures throughout the entire study period. The percentage of municipalities without any registered pharmaceutical structures decreased from 23% in 2003 to 19% in 2008. The indirect seNice pharmacies constituted 14% of the total number of registered pharmaceutical structures in South Africa. Most of these structures were situated in the province of Gauteng throughout the study period. National availability of these structures only improved for the manufacturing pharmacies. The registered direct seNice pharmacies increased by 13.2% to total 3642 pharmacies in 2008. Approximately 20% of the municipalities in the country (respectively 5.5% of the population) did not contain any registered direct seNice pharmacy in 2008. Most of these municipalities were situated in the KwaZulu-Natal province. The province of Gauteng contained the highest proportion (32%) of the direct seNice pharmaceutical structures. The decrease in the pharmacy per population ratio of the structures from 1: 14 547 people in 2003 to 1: 13 615 people in 2008 indicated an improvement in the availability of the structures. However, the improved availability did not take effect within each province as the Northern Cape, Mpumalanga and Gauteng provinces experienced an increase in the pharmacy per population ratio. CONCLUSION: The availability of registered pharmaceutical structures in South Africa improved between 2003 and 2008. However, the distribution of these structures remains geographically uneven and inequitable to the population of the country.
Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

There can be little doubt that competition in the pharmaceutical industry has increased considerably over the past few years. Growth in the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa has been affected adversely in recent years by the increased competition from generic drug manufacturers. As soon as a drug comes off patent, competitors are ready with generic copies, resulting in price drops. Pharmaceutical companies are therefore forced to continually evaluate their existing strategies, to ensure that their financial performance remains at the desired level. This study aims to determine the importance that entities in the pharmaceutical industry attach to competition during the strategy-formulation process. The study will also attempt to provide an understanding of how entities have adapted their product-market strategies, as identified by Ansoff, over the past five years. As an ancillary objective, this research aims to determine whether the level of competition in the industry has adversely affected the financial performance of the entities competing within the industry. Entities within the pharmaceutical industry consider the level of competition in the industry to be very high, and, accordingly, it is one of the major factors that they consider when determining which product market strategy to adopt. Because of this, the product-market strategies adopted by entities in the pharmaceutical industry have changed substantially over the past five years. No strategy is, however, dominant. Over the past five years, most of the entities in the pharmaceutical industry have displayed improved profitability, risk and cash flow-ratios, as well as growth in revenue, net profit and net asset value. This improvement in financial performance is despite an increased level of competition. It can therefore be concluded that the level of competition in the pharmaceutical industry is not reflected directly in the overall financial performance of companies in the industry.
Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accounting))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
A distribuição de medicamentos e produtos farmacêuticos sensíveis à temperatura num panorama de mercado globalizado, constitui um grande desafio para a gestão da cadeia de frio. A preocupação com a qualidade e segurança dos produtos farmacêuticos vai além dos indicadores logísticos de eficiência. O problema reside na manutenção de produtos termoláveis dentro de intervalos de temperatura seguros ao longo do processo de transporte e armazenamento. Daí a necessidade de controlo e monitorização da variação da temperatura dos produtos em todas as etapas da distribuição. Esta dissertação considera a hipótese de que a estabilidade térmica na cadeia de frio depende diretamente da eficiência da gestão logística e dos seus intervenientes. A qualidade na distribuição farmacêutica pode ser melhorada com técnicas inovadoras estimulando um serviço diferenciado e atrativo. A utilização da tecnologia RDIF é uma solução não invasiva que representa uma experiência de sucesso em sistemas de monitorização de transporte, sendo uma solução competitiva, flexível e viável para resolver uma necessidade real na distribuição farmacêutica. Através do sistema Tag RFID é possível recolher todas as informações necessárias para a rastreabilidade, com o auxílio de leitores RFID equipados com GPRS, sendo os valores de temperatura enviados em tempo real para uma base de dados central. Todo o processo decorre sem qualquer contacto físico com o produto, não violando de nenhuma forma os contentores de medicamentos entregues no cliente. O futuro da RFID na cadeia de frio é promissor, é grande a expectativa de que novos e melhores equipamentos surjam brevemente para ajudar e aumentar os padrões de qualidade e segurança na distribuição farmacêutica. The distribution of medicinal and pharmaceutical products sensitive to temperature, in an overview of the global market, is a major challenge for the management of the cold chain. The concern about quality and safety of pharmaceutical products goes beyond the logistical efficiency indicators. The problem is to maintain heat sensitive products within secure temperature intervals throughout the transportation and storage process. Therefore, the control and monitoring of products temperature variation throughout all the distribution steps is required. This dissertation considers the assumption that the thermal stability of the cold chain depends directly on the efficiency of logistics management and its interveners. The quality in pharmaceutical distribution can be improved with innovative techniques, stimulating a differentiated and attractive service. The use of RDIF technology is a non-invasive solution that represents a successful experience in monitoring systems of transport, being a competitive, flexible and viable solution to solve a real need in the pharmaceutical distribution. The RFID tag system makes it possible to collect all the required information for traceability, with the help of RFID readers equipped with GPRS, being all the temperature values sent in real time into a central database. The entire process takes place with no physical contact interaction with the product and it does not impair in any way the medical products containers delivered to the customer. The future of RFID in the cold chain is promising, there is a great expectation that new and better equipment may arise briefly to help raise the standards of quality and safety in pharmaceutical distribution.

This work was aimed at developing novel tools that utilize HINT, an empirical forcefield capable of quantitating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic (hydropathic) interactions, for implementation in theoretical biology and drug discovery/design. The role of hydrophobicity in determination of macromolecular structure and formation of complexes in biological molecules is undeniable and has been the subject of research across several decades. Hydrophobicity is introduced, with a review of its history and contemporary theories. This is followed by a description of various methods that quantify this all-pervading phenomenon and their use in protein folding and contemporary drug design projects – including a detailed overview of the HINT forcefield. The specific aim of this dissertation is to introduce our attempts at developing new methods for use in the study of antibacterial drug resistance and antiviral drug discovery. Multidrug efflux is commonly regarded as a fast growing problem in the field of medicine. Several species of microbes are known to have developed resistance against almost all classes of antibiotics by various modes-of-action, which include multidrug transporters (a.k.a. efflux pumps). These proteins are present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and extrude molecules of various classes. They protect the efflux pump-expressing bacterium from harmful effects of exogenous agents by simply evacuating the latter. Perhaps the best characterized mechanism amongst these is that of the AcrA-AcrB-TolC efflux pump. Data is available in literature and perhaps also in proprietary databases available with pharmaceutical companies, characterizing this pump in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentration ratios (MIC ratios) for various antibiotics. We procured a curated dataset of 32 β-lactam and 12 antibiotics of other classes from this literature. Initial attempts at studying the MIC ratios of β-lactam antibiotics as a function of their three dimensional topology via 3D-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) technology yielded seemingly good models. However, this methodology is essentially designed to address single receptor-ligand interactions. Molecules being transported by the efflux pump must undoubtedly be involved in multiple interactions with the same. Notably, such methods require a pharmacophoric overlap of ligands prior to the generation of models, thereby limiting their applicability to a set of structurally-related compounds. Thus, we designed a novel method that takes various interactions between antibiotic agents and the AcrA-AcrB-TolC pump into account in conjunction with certain properties of the drugs. This method yielded mathematical models that are capable of predicting high/low efflux with significant efficiency (>93% correct). The development of this method, along with the results from its validation, is presented herein. A parallel aim being pursued by us is to discover inhibitors for hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) by in silico screening. The basis for targeting HN is explored, along with commentary on the methodology adopted during this effort. This project yielded a moderate success rate of 34%, perhaps due to problems in the computational methodology utilized. We highlight one particular problem – that of emulating target flexibility – and explore new avenues for overcoming this obstacle in the long run. As a starting point towards enhancing the tools available to us for virtual screening in general (and for discovering antiviral compounds in specific), we explored the compatibility between sidechain rotamer libraries and the HINT scoring function. A new algorithm was designed to optimize amino acid residue sidechains, if provided with the backbone coordinates, by generating sidechain positions using the Dunbrack and Cohen backbone-dependent rotamer library and scoring them with the HINT scoring function. This rotamer library was previously used by its developers previously to design a very successful sidechain optimization algorithm called SCWRL. Output structures from our algorithm were compared with those from SCWRL and showed extraordinary similarities as well as significant differences, which are discussed herein. This successful implementation of HINT in our sidechain optimization algorithm establishes the compatibility between this forcefield and sidechain rotamer libraries. Future aims in this project include enhancement of our current algorithm and the design of a new algorithm to explore partial induced-fit in targets aimed at improving current docking methodology. This work shows significant progress towards the implementation of our hydropathic force field in theoretical modeling of biological systems in order to enhance our ability to understand atomistic details of inter- and intramolecular interactions which must form the basis for a wide variety of biological phenomena. Such efforts are key to not only to understanding the said phenomena, but also towards a solid basis for efficient drug design in the future.

Until now, most metabolomics protocols have been optimized towards high sample throughput and high metabolite coverage, parameters considered to be highly important for identifying influenced biological pathways and to generate as many potential biomarkers as possible. From an analytical point of view this can be troubling, as neither sample throughput nor the number of signals relates to actual quality of the detected signals/metabolites. However, a method’s selectivity for a specific signal/metabolite is often closely associated to the quality of that signal, yet this is a parameter often neglected in metabolomics. This thesis demonstrates the importance of considering selectivity when developing NMR and LC-MS metabolomics methods, and introduces a novel approach for measuring chromatographic and signal selectivity in LC-MS metabolomics. Selectivity for various sample preparations and HILIC stationary phases was compared. The choice of sample preparation affected the selectivity in both NMR and LC-MS. For the stationary phases, selectivity differences related primarily to retention differences of unwanted matrix components, e.g. inorganic salts or glycerophospholipids. Metabolites co-eluting with these matrix components often showed an incorrect quantitative signal, due to an influenced ionization efficiency and/or adduct formation. A novel approach for measuring selectivity in LC-MS metabolomics has been introduced. By dividing the intensity of each feature (a unique mass at a specific retention time) with the total intensity of the co-eluting features, a ratio representing the combined chromatographic (amount of co-elution) and signal (e.g. in-source fragmentation) selectivity is acquired. The calculated co-feature ratios have successfully been used to compare the selectivity of sample preparations and HILIC stationary phases. In conclusion, standard approaches in metabolomics research might be unwise, as each metabolomics investigation is often unique.  The methods used should be adapted for the research question at hand, primarily based on any key metabolites, as well as the type of sample to be analyzed. Increased selectivity, through proper choice of analytical methods, may reduce the risks of matrix-associated effects and thereby reduce the false positive and false negative discovery rate of any metabolomics investigation.

INTRODUCTION: Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage to seniors through a benefit plan with a major deductible inserted in the middle. It is important to study the extent to which this structure affects seniors’ adherence to prescription medications. Therefore, this study had the following objectives: (1) To identify characteristics of beneficiaries reaching and not reaching the coverage gap, (2) To study the entry and exit times from the coverage gap, (3) To study the impact of a complete gap in coverage on beneficiaries’ adherence to prescription medications, (4) To study the impact of a partial gap in coverage on beneficiaries’ adherence to prescription medications METHODS: This was a retrospective quasi-experimental analysis with matched control groups using a nationally representative sample of Part D enrollees from 2008 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) datasets. Adherence to each oral medication taken for one or more of the seven pre-defined therapeutic classes before and after reaching the coverage gap was measured using the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). Appropriate statistical tests for significance were performed for each analysis RESULTS: A quarter of our sample (24.42%) reached the coverage gap in 2008. Most of the beneficiaries reaching the coverage gap did so by end of September. Those reaching the coverage gap and losing all coverage experienced significantly greater reductions in adherence (3% more for beta-blockers to 9% more for oral anti-diabetic agents), compared to those not reaching the coverage gap. A considerable proportion of beneficiaries stopped taking medications in both the groups and the proportion of beneficiaries considered adherent also dropped in both the groups during the coverage gap period. CONCLUSIONS: Medicare Part D beneficiaries face significant barriers to adherence and this is especially highlighted among those reaching the coverage gap. Interventions to improve adherence in this group should target all beneficiaries, especially those with several chronic conditions.

碩士
中臺科技大學
放射科學研究所
96
This study intended to use chitosan as base for making thermosensitive and in situ formed hydrogel for the delivery of therapeutic radio and chemo pharmaceuticals. The thermosensitive aqueous solution from chitosan and β-glycerophosphate (C/GP) mixture is flowable liquid at room temperature, whereas, it is transformed to semi-solid gel near body temperature. Thus, we combined C/GP solution with therapeutic 188Re-Tin colloid radiopharmaceutical and chemotherapy drug doxorubucin in an attempt to develop a novel treatment mode in nuclear medicine. The preparation procedure of chitosan-based in situ formed hydrogel system and 188Re-Tin colloid pharmaceuticals was well established, also the relative characterization was known herein. Through the in vitro kinetic study, the C/GP hydrogel not only retarded the release of chemodrug but also immobilized the Radio-labeled drug locally. As well, the scintigraphic image also indicated localization of C/GP/188Re-Tin colloid in the muscle site up to 48 h postinjection. In cell culture study, the Dox drug show well inhibition ability in MCF-7 growth and have good time-dependent response herein. Our study demonstrated that it is feasible to use chitosan-based hydrogel for local delivery of chemotherapeutics and radiation. Results from this study suggest further in vivo study

M.Sc. (Chemistry)
Secondary cancer tumour formation, often called metastasis, remains one of the great scientific challenges in public health. Patients with skeletal metastases have a low survival rate, with great discomforts experienced by the sufferers. Pain, decreased mobility, pathologic bone fractures are some of the effects that these patients have to live with. Significant inroads have been made in using radio pharmaceuticals as a pain palliation treatment for bone metastases. They comprise of a bone seeking phosphonate ligand and a radionuclide. The structural variation of the phosphonate affects to a great extend the effectiveness of the radiopharmaceutical with the greatest shortfall being myelosuppression at high doses. In this study an attempt is made at synthesizing novel bisphosphonates, APDDAM and APDDPE. After several synthetic steps from the protected β-alanine tert butyl ester, the free acid precursor was achieved (as shown in the NMR and elemental analysis) in good yields. Unfortunately the final reaction step to form the bisphosphonate ligand was unsuccessful, with the free acid precursor dissociating in the acidic conditions to form salts. A polymer ligand poly-HEDP was synthesized from its free acid form in relatively low yields. The ligand was used in potentiometric studies with the metal ions Ca(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Sn(II) and Sn(IV) to evaluate its potential as radiopharmaceutical candidate. The ESTA model formation constants obtained were used in the ECCLES blood plasma model to evaluate the competitive stability of the complexes against biological metal ions and ligands. The Sn(IV)-poly-HEDP complex was shown to be unstable, with a 100 % dissociation. On the other hand the Sn(II)-poly-HEDP showed much improved stability with 100 % of the metal ion remaining bound to the ligand.

碩士
輔仁大學
資訊管理學系
97
U.S. FDA drug pedigree law implements the civic rights of the electronic pedigree of item-level in 2009, since proclaimed Prescription Drug Marketing Act Enforcement in June 2006. Japan promulgated the Drug Management Law, which requires pharmaceutical factories to track drugs in hospitals and drugstore, and speed up tracking drug by RFID in pharmaceutical manufacturers and medical institutions.This research intends to explore automatic storage and distribution system with the technology of mark, storage, and logistics of pharmaceuticals by RFID device in C pharmaceutical factory. This study has developed applications of three types of RFID warehouse model which are planning and installation of the access of storage, block route, and full search. Moreover, use the relevant RFID technology to develop the automatic processes, to build the architecture and prototype of system on automatic storage and distribution system in pharmaceutical factory. The result of this study hopefully can assist to tracking drugs by RFID in pharmaceutical factories.

An in vivo study with 19 rabbits was completed. Half of the exposed rabbits had a magnetic field placed externally over their right lung. Magnetic resonance images of the lungs were acquired to determine the iron concentrations in the right and left lung of each animal. The right/left ratio increased in the middle and basal regions of the lung. With further optimization, this technique could be an effective method for targeted drug delivery. Additionally, the feasibility of increasing the length of high aspect ratio particles for improved targeted drug delivery was explored. An ultrasonic nozzle was pulsed into a large evaporation chamber. Individual particles were found to be double the original length. However, due to locally increased humidity the droplets were not dried, except with the use of an orifice to rapidly accelerate and break apart the larger droplets. The complications associated with this method make it an undesirable and unfeasible method of creating longer particles.