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Tarun, Gupta, and Bansal Supriya. "Impact of 5G Technology on Real-Time Interactive Marketing Strategies." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 9, no. 9 (2022): 36–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10889663.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> With the emergence of 5G networks, mobile technology is positioned to revolutionize real-time interactive marketing. This literature review analyzes evidence on 5G's potential impacts. Quantitative metrics show 5G delivering exponential improvements in speed, responsiveness, scale, reliability, and intelligence compared to 4G/LTE. These capabilities can enable innovations like immersive extended reality, hyperlocal engagement, omnichannel campaigns, and real-time analytics. Findings suggest that 5G may allow marketers to interact with audiences instantly, dynamically, and seamlessly across devices. However, human-centric design and ethical implementation remain crucial. While promising to transform experiences into tailored conversations, simply adopting 5G's technical features will not guarantee effective marketing. This review synthesizes key opportunities and challenges from interdisciplinary literature. As 5G commercialization accelerates, empirical research measuring its marketing effectiveness will be invaluable.
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Son, Daehyeon, Youngshin Park, Bonam Kim, and Ilsun You. "A Study on the Implementation of a Network Function for Real-time False Base Station Detection for the Next Generation Mobile Communication Environment." Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications 15, no. 1 (2024): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.58346/jowua.2024.i1.013.
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The threat posed by false base stations remains pertinent across the 4G, 5G, and forthcoming 6G generations of mobile communication. In response, this paper introduces a real-time detection method for false base stations employing two approaches: machine learning and specification-based. Utilizing the UERANSIM open 5G RAN (Radio-Access Network) test platform, we assess the feasibility and practicality of applying these techniques within a 5G network environment. Emulating real-world 5G conditions, we implement a functional split in the 5G base station and deploy the False Base Station Detection Function (FDF) as a 5G NF (Network Function) within the CU (Central Unit). This setup enables real-time detection seamlessly integrated into the network. Experimental results indicate that specification-based detection outperforms machine learning, achieving a detection accuracy of 99.6% compared to 96.75% for the highest-performing machine learning model XGBoost. Furthermore, specification-based detection demonstrates superior efficiency, with CPU usage of 1.2% and memory usage of 16.12MB, compared to 1.6% CPU usage and 182.4MB memory usage for machine learning on average. Consequently, the implementation of specification-based detection using the proposed method emerges as the most effective technique in the 5G environment.
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Alashqar, Anas, Jawdat Alkasassbeh, Raed Mesleh, and Aws Al-Qaisi. "SDR implementation and real-time performance evaluation of 5G channel coding techniques." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 170 (October 2023): 154852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2023.154852.
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Bocu, Razvan, and Maksim Iavich. "Real-Time Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for 5G and beyond Software-Defined Networks." Symmetry 15, no. 1 (2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15010110.
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The philosophy of the IoT world is becoming important for a projected, always-connected world. The 5G networks will significantly improve the value of 4G networks in the day-to-day world, making them fundamental to the next-generation IoT device networks. This article presents the current advances in the improvement of the standards, which simulate 5G networks. This article evaluates the experience that the authors gained when implementing Vodafone Romania 5G network services, illustrates the experience gained in context by analyzing relevant peer-to-peer work and used technologies, and outlines the relevant research areas and challenges that are likely to affect the design and implementation of large 5G data networks. This paper presents a machine learning-based real-time intrusion detection system with the corresponding intrusion prevention system. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to train the model. The system was evaluated in the context of the 5G data network. The smart intrusion detection system (IDS) takes the creation of software-defined networks into account. It uses models based on artificial intelligence. The system is capable to reveal not previously detected intrusions using software components based on machine learning, using the convolutional neural network. The intrusion prevention system (IPS) blocks the malicious traffic. This system was evaluated, and the results confirmed that it provides higher efficiencies compared to less overhead-like approaches, allowing for real-time deployment in 5G networks. The offered system can be used for symmetric and asymmetric communication scenarios.
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Font-Bach, Oriol, Nikolaos Bartzoudis, Marco Miozzo, et al. "Design, implementation and experimental validation of a 5G energy-aware recongurable hotspot." Computer Communications 128 (September 1, 2018): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2018.06.008.
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Flexibility and energy efficiency are considered two principal requirements of future fifth generation (5G) systems. From an architectural point of view, centralized processing and a dense deployment of small cells will play a vital role in enabling the efficient and dynamic operation of 5G networks. In this context, reconfigurable hotspots will provide on-demand services and adapt their operation in accordance to traffic requirements, constituting a vital element of the heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure. In this paper we present a reconfigurable hotspot which is able to flexibly distribute its underlying communication functions across the network, as well as to adapt various parameters affecting the generation of the transmitted signal. The reconfiguration of the hotspot focuses on minimizing its energy footprint, while accounting for the current operative requirements. A real-time hotspot prototype has been developed to facilitate the realistic evaluation of the energy saving gains of the proposed scheme. The development flexibly combines software (SW) and hardware (HW) accelerated (HWA) functions in order to enable the agile reconfiguration of the hotspot. Actual power consumption measurements are presented for various relevant 5G networking scenarios and hotspot configurations. This thorough characterization of the energy footprint of the different subsystems of the prototype allows to map reconfiguration strategies to different use cases. Finally, the energy-aware design and implementation of the hotspot prototype is widely detailed in an effort to underline its importance to the provision of the flexibility and energy efficiency to future 5G systems.
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Yoo, Sang Guun. "5G-VRSec: Secure Video Reporting Service in 5G Enabled Vehicular Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7256307.
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Despite an imminent arrival of the 5G communication technology, there are only a few research works done using such technology in the field of vehicular networks. One of the pioneers in proposing a service for 5G enabled vehicular networks is the Eiza-Ni-Shi Scheme. In such scheme, the authors present an innovative system model for 5G vehicular networks that enables a secure real-time video reporting service with privacy awareness. Even though the proposed service is very important since it aims to improve the road safety, it cannot be considered secure enough. This work found that the scheme has serious security flaws and functionality limitations. First, it is vulnerable to Department of Motor Vehicles and Law Enforcement Agency impersonation attacks, it allows forged video upload, there is no separation of responsibilities between Law Enforcement Agency and trusted authority, and it is susceptible to privileged insider attack. In addition, it does not contemplate the management of multiple geographic/administrative regions (multiple trusted authorities) which is important in real implementations. In this situation, the present work proposes an extended scheme that eliminates the identified security flaws and implements new features that make the implementation across several geographic/administrative regions possible.
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Paolo, Pagano, Tardo Alexandr, Lattuca Domenico, et al. "RTPORT: The 5G-Based Model-Driven Real Time Module for General Cargo Management." Journal of Business and Economics 11, no. 6 (2020): 631–46. https://doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/06.11.2020/001.
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Major maritime carriers are globally demanding improvements in the efficiency of port operations. Cargo carried by ships must be loaded and unloaded quickly with minimal stopover time in the port. This is driving the implementation of more efficient processes and the reorganization of technologies at the terminals: connected platforms, cloud-based services, service-oriented architectures (SOA), sensors and other IoT technologies (M2M), augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR), autonomous transportation, next generation mobile networks (5G) and blockchain-based technology. RTPORT, the 5G-based Model-Driven Real Time Module, will allow a better management of general cargo resulting in faster throughput compared to traditional human-driven communications. A full reorganized mobile network (5G), connecting smart sensors with cloud resources will be used in order decrease environmental impacts by optimizing trucks movements in the port area as well as improving workers’ safety and enhance their skills with digital tools. The effectiveness of RTPORT will be evaluated in the Port of Livorno for EU Horizon 2020-funded Capacity with a Positive Environmental and Societal Footprint-Ports in the Future (COREALIS) project and it represents the starting point for the deployment of the Physical Internet.
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Idris, Olayinka Oduola. "Introduction to Real-Time Signal Processing Algorithms for 5G and Beyond: Beamforming and Channel Estimation Strategies." International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology 3, no. 2 (2025): 439–56. https://doi.org/10.58578/ijemt.v3i2.5425.
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The emergence of 5G and the exploration of beyond-5G (B5G) and 6G networks have introduced new paradigms in wireless communication, characterized by ultra-high data rates, massive connectivity, and ultra-low latency. Real-time signal processing has become a critical enabler of these technologies, particularly in the areas of beamforming and channel estimation. Beamforming enables the focused transmission of signals, improving signal strength and reducing interference, while channel estimation provides essential knowledge of the transmission environment, allowing for dynamic adaptation of communication strategies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of beamforming and channel estimation strategies in 5G, with a focus on their real-time implementation. It explores various types of beamforming—analog, digital, and hybrid—as well as channel estimation methods including pilot-based, blind, and semi-blind techniques. The integration of these methods is also examined, along with real-time algorithmic approaches such as LMS, RLS, Kalman filtering, and machine learning models. Applications across massive MIMO, millimeter-wave communication, and vehicular networks are discussed. Finally, the paper outlines future research directions, emphasizing the growing role of AI, machine learning, and emerging quantum computing technologies in optimizing real-time signal processing for 6G and beyond.
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Efunogbon, Abimbola, Enjie Liu, Renxie Qiu, and Taiwo Efunogbon. "Optimal 5G Network Sub-Slicing Orchestration in a Fully Virtualised Smart Company Using Machine Learning." Future Internet 17, no. 2 (2025): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17020069.
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This paper introduces Optimal 5G Network Sub-Slicing Orchestration (ONSSO), a novel machine learning framework for dynamic and autonomous 5G network slice orchestration. The framework leverages the LazyPredict module to automatically select optimal supervised learning algorithms based on real-time network conditions and historical data. We propose Enhanced Sub-Slice (eSS), a machine learning pipeline that enables granular resource allocation through network sub-slicing, reducing service denial risks and enhancing user experience. This leads to the introduction of Company Network as a Service (CNaaS), a new enterprise service model for mobile network operators (MNOs). The framework was evaluated using Google Colab for machine learning implementation and MATLAB/Simulink for dynamic testing. The results demonstrate that ONSSO improves MNO collaboration through real-time resource information sharing, reducing orchestration delays and advancing adaptive 5G network management solutions.
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Koumaras, Harilaos, George Makropoulos, Michael Batistatos, et al. "5G-Enabled UAVs with Command and Control Software Component at the Edge for Supporting Energy Efficient Opportunistic Networks." Energies 14, no. 5 (2021): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051480.
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Recently Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have evolved considerably towards real world applications, going beyond entertaining activities and use. With the advent of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks and the number of UAVs to be increased significantly, it is created the opportunity for UAVs to participate in the realisation of 5G opportunistic networks by carrying 5G Base-Stations to under-served areas, allowing the provision of bandwidth demanding services, such as Ultra High Definition (UHD) video streaming, as well as other multimedia services. Among the various improvements that will drive this evolution of UAVs, energy efficiency is considered of primary importance since will prolong the flight time and will extend the mission territory. Although this problem has been studied in the literature as an offline resource optimisation problem, the diverse conditions of a real UAV flight does not allow any of the existing offline optimisation models to be applied in real flight conditions. To this end, this paper discusses the amalgamation of UAVs and 5G cellular networks as an auspicious solution for realising energy efficiency of UAVs by offloading at the edge of the network the Flight Control System (FCS), which will allow the optimisation of the UAV energy resources by processing in real time the flight data that have been collected by onboard sensors. By exploiting the Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) architectural feature of 5G as a technology enabler for realising this offloading, the paper presents a proof-of-concept implementation of such a 5G-enabled UAV with softwarized FCS component at the edge of the 5G network (i.e., the MEC), allowing by this way the autonomous flight of the UAV over the 5G network by following control commands mandated by the FCS that has been deployed at the MEC. This proof-of-concept 5G-enabled UAV can support the execution of real-time resource optimisation techniques, a step-forward from the currently offline-ones, enabling in the future the execution of energy-efficient and advanced missions.
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Li, Meisong, and Xuanxuan Tian. "Preliminary Exploration on the Application of 5G+VR/AR Scenario in Teaching - Taking the Lesson “Crossing the Currency Town” of Financial Literacy Education as an Example." Science Insights Education Frontiers 15, S1 (2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.s1.ab011.
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The application of 5G technology in education is a major challenge in creating a new teaching ecosystem. The use of 5G+VR/AR scenarios in teaching is still in the theoretical exploration stage, lacking practical cases for education. This paper discusses the practical thinking of 5G+VR/AR scene intelligent teaching, providing cases of 5G+VR/AR classroom application to promote intelligent teaching in the direction of visualization, intelligence and scenario-based learning. Yizhou Primary School developed a curriculum resource “Crossing the Currency Town” that combines financial literacy teaching with 5G+VR/AR scenarios. The school built a 5G+VR smart cloud classroom based on the 5G network and VR/AR intelligent devices, educational terminals, and network devices to create an immersive and real-time teaching scene.
 The implementation of intelligent teaching requires the construction of an intelligent environment through the use of intelligent technology to improve the learners’ classroom experience and realize the interaction and cooperation between teachers, students, and machines. Intelligent equipment can also conduct multiple evaluations and monitor students’ learning effects in real-time, generating accurate analysis reports of the learning situation. The data collected can provide resources for personalized recommendation of intelligent teaching and generate intelligent and personalized learning programs.
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Sai Krishna Gurram. "Synergizing 5G networks with cloud platforms for enhanced real-time financial solutions." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 211–22. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2025.15.2.0474.
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The financial services industry is experiencing a fundamental transformation through the convergence of 5G networks and cloud computing platforms. This integration addresses critical operational challenges, including latency, scalability, security, and customer experience limitations that have hindered traditional banking infrastructure. By combining 5G's ultra-low latency, increased bandwidth, and enhanced connectivity with cloud computing's elastic resources and distributed architecture, financial institutions can deliver real-time transaction processing, dynamic scaling during peak demands, enhanced security frameworks, and seamless omnichannel experiences. The synergy creates new possibilities across mobile payments, wealth management, and regulatory compliance while requiring strategic approaches to overcome implementation challenges. Forward-thinking financial institutions embracing this technological paradigm gain substantial competitive advantages in customer acquisition, operational efficiency, and service innovation while establishing new standards for financial services in an increasingly digital ecosystem.
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Chew, Michael Yit Lin, Evelyn Ai Lin Teo, Kwok Wei Shah, Vishal Kumar, and Ghassan Fahem Hussein. "Evaluating the Roadmap of 5G Technology Implementation for Smart Building and Facilities Management in Singapore." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410259.
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The concepts of smart building (SB) and smart facilities management (SFM) are crucial as they aim to uplift occupants’ living standards through information and communication technology. However, the current network possesses several challenges to SFM, due to low bandwidth, high latency, and inability to connect a high amount of IoT (Internet of things) devices. 5G technology promises high-class network services with low latency, high bandwidth, and network slicing to achieve real-time efficiency. Moreover, 5G promises a more sustainable future as it will play a crucial role in reducing energy consumption and shaping future applications to achieve higher sustainability goals. This paper discusses the current challenges and benefits of implementing 5G in various use cases in SFM applications. Furthermore, this paper highlights the Singapore government rollout plan for 5G implementation and discusses the roadmap of SFM use case development initiatives undertaken by 5G Advanced BIM Lab (Department of Building, National University of Singapore) in alignment with the 5G implementation plan of Singapore. Under these 5G SFM projects, the lab seeks to develop state-of-the-art 5G use cases in collaboration with various industry partners and developed a framework for teaching and training to enhance students’ learning motivation and help mid-career professionals to upskill and upgrade themselves to reap multiple benefits using the 5G network. This article will serve as a benchmark for researchers and industries for future progress and development of SFM systems by leveraging 5G networks for higher sustainability targets and implementing teaching and learning programs to achieve greater organizational excellence.
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Riddhi Patel. "5G-Optimized Android System Architecture for Low-Latency Applications: A Technical Analysis." Journal of Computer Science and Technology Studies 7, no. 6 (2025): 385–90. https://doi.org/10.32996/jcsts.2025.7.6.45.
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This article presents a novel approach to optimizing Android's system architecture for 5G networks, focusing on low-latency applications such as cloud gaming, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). We propose a dynamic network traffic management system that intelligently allocates bandwidth and prioritizes real-time data processing. The article introduces architectural modifications to the Android network stack, including zero-copy networking paths, enhanced packet processing pipelines, and intelligent traffic classification mechanisms. Our implementation leverages advanced edge computing capabilities and protocol optimizations specifically designed for 5G networks, incorporating machine learning-based traffic pattern recognition and adaptive resource allocation. The results demonstrate significant improvements in network utilization, latency reduction, and overall system performance across various real-world applications, particularly in scenarios demanding real-time responsiveness.
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Kiril, Antevski, Girletti Luigi, J. Bernardos Carlos, De La Oliva Antonio, Baranda Jorge, and Mangues-Bafalluy Josep. "A 5G-Based eHealth Monitoring and Emergency Response System: Experience and Lessons Learned." IEEE Access 9 (January 1, 2021): 131.420–131.429. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3114593.
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5G is being deployed in major cities across the globe. Although the benefits brought by the new 5G air interface will be numerous, 5G is more than just an evolution of radio technology. New concepts, such as the application of network softwarization and programmability paradigms to the overall network design, the reduced latency promised by edge computing, or the concept of network slicing - just to cite some of them - will open the door to new vertical-specific services, even capable of saving more lives. This article discusses the implementation and validation of an eHealth service specially tailored for the Emergency Services of the Madrid Municipality. This new vertical application makes use of the novel characteristics of 5G, enabling dynamic instantiation of services at the edge, a federation of domains and execution of real on-the-field augmented reality. The article provides an explanation of the design of the use case and its real-life implementation and demonstration in collaboration with the Madrid emergency response team. The major outcome of this work is a real-life proof-of-concept of this system, which can reduce the time required to respond to an emergency in minutes and perform more efficient triage, increasing the chances of saving lives. © 2013 IEEE.
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Lytvynenko, Mykhailo, and Nataliia Harmash. "ANALYSIS OF PROMOTION OF 5G TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD AND EXPECTATIONS FOR UKRAINE." Information technology and computer engineering 58, no. 3 (2023): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/1999-9941-2023-58-3-94-103.
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The article analyzes the promotion, advantages and assessment of the achievements of 5G technology in the world, the available results of the implementation of 5G in various sectors of the economy despite the problems with its rapid development. The growing needs for speed and bandwidth of data transmission, increasing the number of connected devices without loss of communication quality, reducing delays and increasing reliability in conducting remote operations in real time, the development of innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT), augmented reality ( AR) and virtual reality (VR), autonomous vehicles and the industrial sector, in particular on industrial automation and "smart" factories, the use of high-performance sensors and real-time robotics. The advantages of 5G technology, characterized by high data transfer speed, low support (latency), large network capacity, and improved mobility, are given. Episodes of the use of 5G in the military field in real time are described, to instantly store and reproduce large volumes of video and graphics, smart cities that use 5G to support a large number of sensors and sensors in the city, to implement a variety of services, energy management, public transport monitoring. Considered, the relevance of using the 5G mobile network in Ukraine remains high. The necessary steps in Ukraine from the development of standards, the allocation of frequencies, the creation of infrastructure and the acquisition of the necessary number of devices that support 5G are considered. A forecast of expected results such as infrastructure expansion is provided; access to a wide range of frequencies, including low and high bands; the ability to resist cyber attacks from a wide range of sources; energy efficient; compatible with existing infrastructure and other communication protocols. It was concluded that the introduction of the 5G network as soon as possible will provide an impetus for Ukraine from a technical and economic point of view.
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Dileep Kumar Siripurapu. "Real-Time Data Analytics Integration: A Technical Deep Dive." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 1 (2025): 2484–92. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit251112253.
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Real-time data analytics integration represents a transformative approach to processing and utilizing data in modern organizations. This comprehensive article of real-time analytics systems explores the architectural foundations, implementation considerations, and industry applications that define successful deployments. The content delves into event-driven architectures, core components, and best practices that enable organizations to harness immediate insights from their data streams. The discussion encompasses performance optimization strategies, data quality frameworks, and fault tolerance mechanisms essential for robust real-time analytics systems. Industry-specific applications across financial services, healthcare, manufacturing, and retail sectors demonstrate the practical impact of real-time analytics in driving operational improvements and customer value. The exploration extends to emerging trends, including edge computing integration, AI/ML model deployment at the edge, quantum computing applications, and 5G network utilization, highlighting the evolving landscape of real-time analytics capabilities and their potential to reshape data processing paradigms across industries.
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Oksiyuk, O. G., R. S. Odarchenko, S. Yu Dakov, Yu А. Burmak, and Т. V. Fediura. "5G NETWORK STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGIES AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 67 (2020): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2020/67-11.
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The paper investigates the architecture of the 5G network and proposed a variant of the SCOM based parameter monitoring system. You can use this system to collect and analyze network performance information, detect deviations, and notify them for timely removal. Technologies were introduced for the use of the fifth generation GPP mobile network of the fifth generation. Analyzed and proposed for implementation. The current capabilities of the 5th generation network and the technologies for their implementation were also explored. This paper analyzes and provides recommendations for the implementation of the following servers. 5G networks make it possible to significantly increase data rates through various radio access technologies (RATs), and through the use of new 5G NR (New Radio) radio spectrum. Smart Home and Smart Building are available in a variety of different Internet of Things (IoT) services: video surveillance, home automation and control, security management, and more. Virtual Reality (VR) service creates the illusion of moving a person to another world, affecting the sense organs, especially the sight (VR-glasses). Augmented Reality (Augmented Reality) Augmented Reality service combines a real environment with virtual objects. These services are intended not only for entertainment but also for science. The 5G network, along with IoT Internet of Things technology, with the help of Industrial IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) sensors, as well as AI (Artificial Intelligence), can significantly increase the degree of automation of production. This gives the opportunity in real time to analyze large amounts of diverse data (Big Data), both on the basis of insights, and using machine and deep learning (Machine learning, Deep learning). These may include, for example, e-Health, Mission Critical Communication, Tactile Internet, and others. Unmanned transport may be used as part of the Smart City service, but may exist separately. Also on the 5G platform it is possible to implement ADAS (Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems) driver assistance systems.
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Pascual Campo, Pablo, Vesa Lampu, Alexandre Meirhaeghe, Jani Boutellier, Lauri Anttila, and Mikko Valkama. "Digital Predistortion for 5G Small Cell: GPU Implementation and RF Measurements." Journal of Signal Processing Systems 92, no. 5 (2019): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-019-01502-4.
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AbstractIn this paper, we present a high data rate implementation of a digital predistortion (DPD) algorithm on a modern mobile multicore CPU containing an on-chip GPU. The proposed implementation is capable of running in real-time, thanks to the execution of the predistortion stage inside the GPU, and the execution of the learning stage on a separate CPU core. This configuration, combined with the low complexity DPD design, allows for more than 400 Msamples/s sample rates. This is sufficient for satisfying 5G new radio (NR) base station radio transmission specifications in the sub-6 GHz bands, where signal bandwidths up to 100 MHz are specified. The linearization performance is validated with RF measurements on two base station power amplifiers at 3.7 GHz, showing that the 5G NR downlink emission requirements are satisfied.
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Varunkumar Mishra. "Comprehensive and Effective Techniques Used to Improve Low Latency in 5G Communication." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 32, no. 5s (2024): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.2913.
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Introduction: The advent of 5G technology is poised to revolutionize a wide range of industries by enabling ultra-low-latency communications. However, reducing latency remains a significant challenge due to the complexities of traditional network infrastructures and the propagation delays associated with long-distance signal transmission. Latency is a critical factor in the performance of applications such as autonomous vehicles, industrial IoT, and real-time communications, where even minimal delays can result in performance degradation. This paper explores innovative techniques to address the challenges associated with reducing latency in 5G networks. Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to identify and analyze two key approaches for minimizing latency in 5G networks: (1) reducing propagation delay and (2) optimizing network architecture. These objectives are central to achieving the low-latency performance required for next-generation 5G applications. Methods: For network architecture optimization, edge computing is integrated to process data closer to the source, minimizing the time spent in backhaul transmission. Additionally, we advise using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for dynamic traffic management, which enables real-time adjustments to improve latency, and putting in place effective routing algorithms that minimise packet processing delays. Results: The integration of small cell base stations and mmWave frequency bands is expected to substantially reduce signal propagation delays, as these technologies shorten the transmission distance between the source and destination. The implementation of edge computing contributes to a significant reduction in backhaul latency, while efficient routing algorithms and SDN-based traffic management ensure optimized data flow and minimal processing delays. Preliminary simulations and analysis suggest that these combined techniques can effectively meet the stringent latency requirements of 5G applications, particularly in scenarios demanding high throughput and real-time communication. Conclusions: Achieving low-latency performance in 5G networks is essential for the successful deployment of future technologies that rely on real-time communication. This paper demonstrates that reducing propagation delay and optimizing network architecture through strategies like small cell deployment, mmWave utilization, edge computing, and dynamic traffic management can significantly enhance latency performance. These findings contribute to the ongoing effort to design 5G networks that can support the diverse and demanding applications of the next-generation digital landscape.
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Kaba, Vanita, Rajendra Patil, and Shyamala Chandrashekar. "Real time implementation of downlink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based non-orthogonal multiple access transceiver using NI USRP platform." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 4 (2024): 4138. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4138-4146.
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The growing fame and utilization of wireless multimedia approaches have led to the advancement of the wireless system. The fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication was developed to serve users with enhanced proficiency, low latency, reliable communication, and lesser battery exhausts. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme is a proficient multiple access scheme to fulfil the requirement of a 5G mobile system. NOMA enables a remarkable enhancement in the systems throughput and ability to connect devices. NOMA distinguishes each user by allocating a distinct power level, superimposing all the user’s signals utilizing superposition coding while transmitting and at the reception, each user’s signals are decoded by employing successive interference cancellation (SIC). This study builds a real time downlink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based NOMA (OFDM-NOMA) transceiver system using the NI USRP 2944R and 2901 platforms. The performance evaluation of the proposed OFDM-NOMA system is carried out in terms of signal to noise ratio by adjusting transmitting gain and the distance of users from the base station system. Experimental results show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each user relies on the power allocation factor and proximity of users from the base station, and SIC output is compared with constellation variations.
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Wang, Haochen. "ZP-BAPS: Z-Score Regularized Real-Time Pruning for Energy-Efficient Power Amplifier Linearization." Applied and Computational Engineering 162, no. 1 (2025): None. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2025.gl24391.
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The rapid deployment of 5G/B5G networks necessitates power-efficient solutions for linearizing compact power amplifiers (PAs) in micro-cell base stations. Conventional Basis-Propagating Selection (BAPS) models face challenges including candidate explosion, collinearity, and diminishing contributions of basis functions. This paper proposes the Z-score Pruned BAPS (ZP-BAPS) model, a dual-strategy enhancement framework that integrates statistical significance validation with dynamic basis pruning to optimize digital pre-distortion (DPD). By embedding Z-score hypothesis testing into the greedy basis selection process, the framework systematically evaluates and eliminates statistically insignificant basis functions while preserving structural integrity through leaf-node prioritization. Experimental validation on a 6W GaN Class AB PA demonstrates that ZP-BAPS achieves significant performance improvements under computational complexity constraints (243 FLOPS): compared to conventional BAPS, it reduces normalized mean square error (NMSE) by 0.44 dB and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) by 0.71 dB for 64QAM-OFDM signals. Furthermore, it outperforms the DOMP model by 1.03 dB in NMSE and 1.14 dB in ACPR. Hardware implementation on FPGA confirms real-time feasibility with deterministic latency below 1.2 s. The proposed method establishes a statistically regularized paradigm for energy-constrained DPD, addressing the efficiency-accuracy tradeoff in low-power 5G deployments.
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Taveras Cruz, Armando J., Miguel Aybar-Mejía, Yobany Díaz Roque, et al. "Implications of 5G Technology in the Management of Power Microgrids: A Review of the Literature." Energies 16, no. 4 (2023): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16042020.
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Microgrids have a lot to offer, including helping smart grids operate on distribution grids or bringing electricity to some cities. The management system receives and transmits different states. This is because the elements adapt to the conditions of the network in the shortest possible time. The 5G communication technology has high transmission speed, owing to which it can improve equipment connectivity and reduce latency, allowing the real-time analysis and monitoring of electrical microgrids considerably better than earlier generations. In addition, it is estimated that, in the near future, many cities will be connected using communication systems that allow the interconnection of different systems safeguarding the connectivity, speed, and response time of these elements in an electrical system, smart grid, or microgrids with the growing development of the Internet of Things. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the integration of 5G technology to improve the management of microgrids. This literature review analyzes and presents the advantages of using 5G technologies in reducing communication latency and improving connectivity to enhance microgrids’ control and management. The active implementation of 5G in the management and control of microgrids increases the transmission and reception of data and states, reduces latency, and allows for a greater density of information, collaborating positively with resilience to the various changes that microgrids can suffer in continuous working conditions. The implementation of 5G allows electrical microgrids to be more resilient in their management and control, directly and indirectly impacting the sustainable development goals.
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Taveras, Armando, Miguel Aybar, Roque Yobany Díaz, et al. "Implications of 5G Technology in the Management of Power Microgrids: A Review of the Literature." Energies 16, no. 4 (2023): 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16042020.
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Microgrids have a lot to offer, including helping smart grids operate on distribution grids or bringing electricity to some cities. The management system receives and transmits different states. This is because the elements adapt to the conditions of the network in the shortest possible time. The 5G communication technology has high transmission speed, owing to which it can improve equipment connectivity and reduce latency, allowing the real-time analysis and monitoring of electrical microgrids considerably better than earlier generations. In addition, it is estimated that, in the near future, many cities will be connected using communication systems that allow the interconnection of different systems safeguarding the connectivity, speed, and response time of these elements in an electrical system, smart grid, or microgrids with the growing development of the Internet of Things. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the integration of 5G technology to improve the management of microgrids. This literature review analyzes and presents the advantages of using 5G technologies in reducing communication latency and improving connectivity to enhance microgrids’ control and management. The active implementation of 5G in the management and control of microgrids increases the transmission and reception of data and states, reduces latency, and allows for a greater density of information, collaborating positively with resilience to the various changes that microgrids can suffer in continuous working conditions. The implementation of 5G allows electrical microgrids to be more resilient in their management and control, directly and indirectly impacting the sustainable development goals.
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Kaba, Vanita, Rajendra Patil, and Shyamala Chandrashekar. "Real time implementation of downlink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based non-orthogonal multiple access transceiver using NI USRP platform." Real time implementation of downlink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based non-orthogonal multiple access transceiver using NI USRP platform 14, no. 4 (2024): 4138–46. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4138-4146.
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The growing fame and utilization of wireless multimedia approaches have led to the advancement of the wireless system. The fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication was developed to serve users with enhanced proficiency, low latency, reliable communication, and lesser battery exhausts. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme is a proficient multiple access scheme to fulfil the requirement of a 5G mobile system. NOMA enables a remarkable enhancement in the systems throughput and ability to connect devices. NOMA distinguishes each user by allocating a distinct power level, superimposing all the user’s signals utilizing superposition coding while transmitting and at the reception, each user’s signals are decoded by employing successive interference cancellation (SIC). This study builds a real time downlink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based NOMA (OFDM-NOMA) transceiver system using the NI USRP 2944R and 2901 platforms. The performance evaluation of the proposed OFDM-NOMA system is carried out in terms of signal to noise ratio by adjusting transmitting gain and the distance of users from the base station system. Experimental results show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each user relies on the power allocation factor and proximity of users from the base station, and SIC output is compared with constellation variations.
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Puneet, Sharma. "5G and IoT in Hospitals: The Future of Smarter Care." Journal of Advances in Developmental Research 15, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14598783.
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The convergence of 5G technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) is set to redefine healthcare, propelling hospitals toward smarter, more connected ecosystems. These technologies promise to improve patient outcomes, operational efficiency, and real-time data accessibility. 5G’s high bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and massive connectivity complement IoT’s ability to collect and transmit data across a network of connected devices. Together, they create opportunities for telemedicine, precision monitoring, and intelligent automation in hospital environments.This paper explores the transformative impact of 5G and IoT in hospitals, detailing their applications in patient care, operational efficiency, and medical innovation. It also addresses challenges like security, scalability, and regulatory compliance, highlighting strategies for seamless implementation. As healthcare embraces this technological leap, the integration of 5G and IoT emerges as a catalyst for the future of smarter care.
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Duraisamy, Kumutha, Tamilvizhi Thanarajan, and Meshal Alharbi. "Implementation of Omar Pigeon Space-Time (OPST) Algorithm to Mitigate the Interference and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Using RPR Mobile and HST-HM in the 5G." Traitement du Signal 39, no. 5 (2022): 1631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390520.
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Nowadays, the 5G parameters play an eminent role in the massive Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system for enriching high signal to noise ratio (SNR). 5G application has emerged in the role of artificial intelligence for involving the reduction of Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). In MIMO – OFDM system, the high PAPR is a tremendous drawback during the transmission of bit symbol with the number of sub-carriers in the signal. To avoid Intercarrier Interference (ICI) during transmission of the number of sub-carriers, the Omar Pigeon Space-Time (OPST) algorithm is implemented. Then, to overcome high PAPR in the uplink, the Hybrid Space-Time - Hadamard matrix (HST-HM) techniques are proposed and the Bit Error Rate (BER) is decreased abruptly. 5G parameters and specifications are incorporated in this OPST algorithm for avoiding interference during the data bit transmission in the MIMO – OFDM system. Realtors Property Resource (RPR) mobile app is developed for an experimental display of the information that occurs in the real-time uplink MIMO – OFDM system. Thus, the descriptive analysis and simulated results of PAPR, SNR, and BER are executed using the proposed system of HST with HM in the 5G Communication. The RPR mobile executes the outcomes through the OPST algorithm with a better system performance of the MIMO-OFDM system based on the 5G.
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Luo, Hongyan. "Design and Implementation of Intelligent Environment Monitoring System for 5G Communication Machine Rooms." Advances in Engineering Research Possibilities and Challenges 1, no. 3 (2025): 25. https://doi.org/10.63313/aerpc.2014.
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With the advent of the 5G era, communication machine rooms are confronted with new requirements like high - density device connections and low - latency transmission. Under such circumstances, the accuracy of the environmental monitoring in communication machine rooms and intelligent control have be-come the linchpin for ensuring the stable operation of the network. This solu-tion, based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology, constructs a two - tier net-work architecture that encompasses a local data acquisition layer and a cloud - based data monitoring layer. The local layer utilizes the Modbus protocol and ZigBee protocol to achieve real - time collection of multi - sensor data. The cloud layer, on the other hand, parses, stores, and conducts intelligent processing of the data. By incorporating the MQTT communication technology and data en-cryption mechanism, the secure transmission of data is guaranteed. The system integrates functions such as real - time data monitoring, visual display, thresh-old warning, and equipment linkage control. It can automatically trigger devices like air conditioners, lighting systems, and fire - fighting equipment to respond to abnormal environmental parameters, thus achieving intelligent closed - loop management of the machine room environment. This solution provides tech-nical support for the efficient operation of 5G communication machine room equipment and the reliability of the network. It holds great significance for promoting the intelligent upgrade of communication infrastructure.
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Journal, of Global Research in Multidisciplinary Studies(JGRMS). "5G Cloud RAN: Edge Computing, Network Slicing, and AI-Based Optimization." Journal of Global Research in Multidisciplinary Studies(JGRMS) 01, no. 04 (2025): 01–07. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15245289.
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The fifth-generation (5G) mobile network revolutionizes connectivity through ultra-high data rates, massive device interconnectivity, and low latency. However, its implementation introduces challenges, especially increased energy consumption due to denser base station deployments and higher processing requirements. To address these concerns, this review explores the integration of advanced technologies, including network slicing, Cloud radio access networks (C-RAN), edge computing, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based optimization in 5G systems. C-RAN enhances network scalability and resource efficiency by centralizing baseband processing, while Edge computing lowers latency and improved real-time responsiveness for applications like as immersive media as well as remote medical care by bringing computation closer to end users. Network slicing supports several applications for 5G, such as improved mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (MMTC), by enabling customized virtual networks over common physical infrastructure. Furthermore, AI techniques empower intelligent resource management and predictive analytics for efficient network operation. This review highlights current architectures, key components, implementation challenges, and practical applications, offering a thorough comprehension of how These technological converge to optimize 5G Cloud RAN deployments.
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Praise, Igochi Onu, and Akande Ahmed Wasiu. "A Comparative Study of Cross-Link Interference Mitigation Schemes for Dynamic-Time Division Duplex (D-TDD) Network." Journal of Advancement in Communication System 7, no. 2 (2024): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10910457.
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<em>In 5G network, Dynamic-Time Division Duplex (D-TDD) enables flexible resource allocation for uplink and downlink in real time according to traffic demands. Nevertheless, it may result in severe cross-link interference (CLI) that impairs performance due to disorganized transmissions in nearby cells. In order to mitigate CLI in 5G D-TDD networks, this paper compares several promising techniques, including beamforming, dynamic uplink/downlink configuration, enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC), power control, and cell clustering. For every scheme, the trade-offs between overhead, D-TDD flexibility, interference mitigation, and implementation complexity are examined. The study emphasizes that in order to fully utilize the advantages of D-TDD in future networks, cross-layer optimization frameworks combining multiple techniques are required.</em>
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Gonela Kavya Pavani, Bobba Veeramallu. "Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for Anomaly Detection in 5G Networks." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 32s (2025): 733–39. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i32s.5406.
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The rapid adoption of 5G networks has transformed the communication landscape, offering unprecedented speed, capacity, and connectivity for diverse applications such as IoT, autonomous vehicles, and critical infrastructure. However, this evolution also introduces vulnerabilities that can compromise network performance, security, and reliability. Anomaly detection, the process of identifying irregular patterns or deviations in network traffic, has emerged as a critical mechanism to ensure the resilience of 5G networks. It enables proactive identification of issues such as latency spikes, packet losses, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, and other disruptions that could significantly degrade network quality. This research focuses on collecting and analysing 5G network traffic to detect and classify various anomalies. By leveraging advanced data collection techniques, we ensure comprehensive traffic coverage from diverse scenarios, including simulated and real-world environments. A systematic approach is used to reprocess the data, extract pertinent characteristics, then use cutting-edge machine learning techniques to identify anomalies.These models are tailored to address the particular difficulties presented by 5G networks, such as fast data flows, massive device connectivity, and dynamic network conditions. Key findings reveal the prevalence of specific anomalies such as throughput degradation, signalling storms, and malicious traffic patterns. The proposed framework achieves high accuracy in detecting these anomalies, demonstrating its potential for enhancing network reliability and security. Moreover, the findings underline the importance of integrating anomaly detection systems into 5G network management for real-time monitoring and automated mitigation.This work highlights the significance of anomaly detection in sustaining the performance and security of 5G networks. Future research could focus on real-time implementation and the integration of self-healing mechanisms to further enhance network robustness. Highlights Revolutionizing Connectivity: Explores the significance of anomaly detection in ensuring the reliability of high-speed 5G networks. Comprehensive Anomalies Dataset: Collection and analysis of diverse 5G network anomalies, including latency spikes, packet loss, and signalling storms. Dynamic Network Monitoring: Addresses challenges posed by the dynamic and high-speed nature of 5G data flows. Feature Extraction: Highlights the role of advanced preprocessing techniques to identify patterns and detect anomalies effectively. Security Enhancement: Detects cyber threats like Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and malicious traffic patterns in 5G networks. Scalability: Designed to accommodate the massive device connectivity and data volumes characteristics of 5G systems. Network Reliability: Proposes a proactive approach to mitigating network performance degradation caused by anomalies. Precision Detection: Achieves high detection accuracy using metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 scores. Signalling Storm Analysis: Identifies and mitigates issues caused by excessive signalling requests, a unique challenge in 5G. Automated Mitigation: Suggests integration of detection systems with automated mitigation mechanisms for faster response times. Impactful Insights: Discusses key findings on the impact of anomalies on network performance and security. Future-Proof Design: Advocates for integrating self-healing mechanisms and real-time anomaly detection into 5G network management systems. Pioneering Framework: Establishes a foundational approach for researchers and practitioners in anomaly detection for next generation networks.
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Chirivella-Perez, Enrique, Juan Gutiérrez-Aguado, Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero, and Qi Wang. "NFVMon: Enabling Multioperator Flow Monitoring in 5G Mobile Edge Computing." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (August 14, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2860452.
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With the advances of new-generation wireless and mobile communication systems such as the fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, demanding applications such as Ultra-High-Definition video applications is becoming ever popular. These applications require real-time monitoring and processing to meet the mission-critical quality of service requirements and are expected to be supported by the emerging fog or edge computing paradigms. This paper presents NFVMon, a novel monitoring architecture to enable flow monitoring capabilities of network traffic in a 5G multioperator mobile edge computing environment. The proposed NFVMon is integrated with the management plane of the Cloud Computing. NFVMon has been prototyped and a reference implementation is presented. It provides novel capabilities to provide disaggregated metrics related to the different 5G mobile operators sharing infrastructures and also about the different 5G subscribers of each of such mobile operators. Extensive experiments for evaluating the performance of the system have been conducted on a mid-sized infrastructure testbed.
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Melnyk, Viktor A., and Vladyslav V. Hamolia. "Investigation of reconfigurable hardware platforms for 5G protocol stack functions acceleration." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 6, no. 1 (2023): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.06.2023.7.
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Open RAN and 5G are two key technologies designed to qualitatively improve network infrastructure and provide greater flexibility and efficiency to mobile operators and users. 5G creates new capabilities for high-speed Internet, Internet of Things, telemedicine and many other applications, while Open RAN enables open and standardized network architectures, which reduces cost and risk for operators and promotes innovations. Given the growing number of users and data volumes, the purely software implementation of certain functions of the 5G protocol, and especially computationally complex ones, requires significant computer resources and energy. These, for example, are low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding, FFT and iFFT algorithms on physical (PHY) layer, and NEA and NIA security algorithms on Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. Therefore, one of the activity areas in the development of means for 5G systems is the hardware acceleration of such functions execution, which provides the possibility of processing large volumes of data in real time and with high efficiency. The high-performance hardware basis for implementing these functions today is field-programmable gate array (FPGA) integrated circuits. Along with this, the efficiency of the 5G protocol stack functions hardware acceleration depends significantly on the size of the data packets transmitted to the hardware accelerator. As experience shows, for certain types of architecture of computer systems with accelerators, the acceleration value can take even a negative value. This necessitates the search for alternative architectural solutions for the implementation of such systems. In this article the approaches for hardware acceleration using reconfigurable FPGA-based computing components are explored, their comparative analysis is performed, and architectural alternatives are evaluated for the implementation of a computing platform to perform the functions of the 5G protocol stack with hardware acceleration of PHY and medium access control (MAC) layers functions.
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Elendu, Chukwuka, Tochi C. Elendu, and Ijeoma D. Elendu. "5G-enabled smart hospitals: Innovations in patient care and facility management." Medicine 103, no. 20 (2024): e38239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000038239.
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Smart hospitals represent the pinnacle of healthcare innovation, leveraging cutting-edge technologies to transform patient care and facility management. This article addresses the pressing need for effective implementation of 5G technology in smart hospitals, aiming to enhance connectivity, improve patient outcomes, and drive operational efficiency. The methodology employed involves a comprehensive review of existing literature, case studies, and expert insights to analyze the impact of 5G on various aspects of smart hospital operations. The article highlights the significance of 5G technology in enabling real-time data analytics, remote monitoring, and telemedicine, thus revolutionizing healthcare delivery. By providing high-speed, low-latency connectivity, 5G facilitates seamless communication and collaboration among healthcare providers, leading to more efficient diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Additionally, the adoption of 5G enables smart hospitals to leverage artificial intelligence (AI)-based solutions for predictive analytics, personalized medicine and enhanced patient engagement. Furthermore, the article explores the potential of 5G-enabled smart hospitals in enhancing disaster preparedness and emergency response efforts. Case studies and examples demonstrate how 5G technology can improve situational awareness, coordinate resources, and deliver timely care during natural disasters and pandemics. Overall, this article underscores the transformative impact of 5G technology on smart hospitals and emphasizes the importance of embracing innovation to meet the evolving needs of patients and communities. By adopting 5G technology, smart hospitals can usher in a new era of healthcare delivery characterized by enhanced connectivity, improved patient outcomes, and unparalleled efficiency.
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Zhang, Shiyu, Fangye Li, Yining Zhao, et al. "Mobile internet-based mixed-reality interactive telecollaboration system for neurosurgical procedures: technical feasibility and clinical implementation." Neurosurgical Focus 52, no. 6 (2022): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2022.3.focus2249.
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OBJECTIVE To increase access to health interventions and healthcare services for patients in resource-constrained settings, strategies such as telemedicine must be implemented for the allocation of medical resources across geographic boundaries. Telecollaboration is the dominant form of surgical telemedicine. In this study, the authors report and evaluate a novel mobile internet-based mixed-reality interactive telecollaboration (MIMIT) system as a new paradigm for telemedicine and validate its clinical feasibility. METHODS The application of this system was demonstrated for long-distance, real-time collaboration of neuroendoscopic procedures. The system consists of a local video processing workstation, a head-mounted mixed-reality display device, and a mobile remote device, connected over mobile internet (4G or 5G), allowing global point-to-point communication. Using this system, 20 cases of neuroendoscopic surgery were performed and evaluated. The system setup, composite video latency, technical feasibility, clinical implementation, and future potential business model were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS The MIMIT system allows two surgeons to perform complex visual and verbal communication during the operation. The average video delay time is 184.25 msec (range 160–230 msec) with 4G mobile internet, and 23.25 msec (range 20–26 msec) with 5G mobile internet. Excellent image resolution enabled remote neurosurgeons to visualize all critical anatomical structures intraoperatively. Remote instructors could easily make marks on the surgical view; then the composite image, as well as the audio conversation, was transferred to the local surgeon. In this way, a real-time, long-distance collaboration can occur. This system was used for 20 neuroendoscopic surgeries in various cities in China and even across countries (Boston, Massachusetts, to Jingzhou, China). Its simplicity and practicality have been recognized by both parties, and there were no technically related complications recorded. CONCLUSIONS The MIMIT system allows for real-time, long-distance telecollaborative neuroendoscopic procedures and surgical training through a commercially available and inexpensive system. It enables remote experts to implement real-time, long-distance intraoperative interaction to guide inexperienced local surgeons, thus integrating the best medical resources and possibly promoting both diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, it can popularize and improve neurosurgical endoscopy technology in more hospitals to benefit more patients, as well as more neurosurgeons.
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Ige, Adebimpe Bolatito, Peter Adeyemo Adepoju, Afees Olanrewaju Akinade, and Adeoye Idowu Afolabi. "Reviewing the Impact of 5G Technology on Healthcare in African Nations." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science IX, no. I (2025): 1472–84. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.9010122.
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This review delves into the unprecedented impact of 5G technology on healthcare systems across African nations. The advent of 5G heralds a new era of connectivity, promising to revolutionize healthcare delivery, accessibility, and patient outcomes. Analyzing the intersection of cutting-edge telecommunications infrastructure and healthcare in the African context, this review highlights key findings that underscore the transformative potential of 5G. The review begins by providing an overview of the current state of healthcare in African nations, emphasizing the unique challenges faced by these regions. It then delves into the capabilities of 5G technology, including enhanced data transfer speeds, low latency, and robust network connectivity. Through a comprehensive analysis, the review explores the ways in which 5G facilitates advancements in telemedicine, remote patient monitoring, and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Telemedicine emerges as a central theme, as 5G’s high-speed, low-latency capabilities break down geographical barriers, enabling real-time consultations, diagnostic imaging, and collaboration among healthcare professionals. The implementation of remote patient monitoring systems empowered by 5G enhances the delivery of healthcare services to underserved and remote areas, fostering preventive care and early intervention. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) takes center stage in this review, showcasing how 5G technology propels the integration of smart devices, wearables, and healthcare sensors. This interconnected ecosystem facilitates seamless data exchange, supporting healthcare providers in making informed decisions and improving patient outcomes. The review also sheds light on the potential challenges and considerations associated with the implementation of 5G in African healthcare, including infrastructure requirements, regulatory frameworks, and data privacy concerns. As African nations navigate the adoption of 5G, there is a call for collaborative efforts among governments, technology providers, and healthcare stakeholders to address these challenges and unlock the full potential of this transformative technology. In conclusion, this review underscores the paradigm shift brought about by 5G technology in African healthcare. The fusion of high-speed connectivity and healthcare services holds the promise of overcoming existing barriers, fostering a more inclusive, efficient, and technologically advanced healthcare landscape across the continent.
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O’Hara, John F., Sabit Ekin, Wooyeol Choi, and Ickhyun Song. "A Perspective on Terahertz Next-Generation Wireless Communications." Technologies 7, no. 2 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7020043.
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In the past year, fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology has seen dramatic growth, spurred on by the continuing demand for faster data communications with lower latency. At the same time, many researchers argue that 5G will be inadequate in a short time, given the explosive growth of machine connectivity, such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT). This has prompted many to question what comes after 5G. The obvious answer is sixth-generation (6G), however, the substance of 6G is still very much undefined, leaving much to the imagination in terms of real-world implementation. What is clear, however, is that the next generation will likely involve the use of terahertz frequency (0.1–10 THz) electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent research in terahertz wireless communications and technology, focusing on three broad topic classes: the terahertz channel, terahertz devices, and space-based terahertz system considerations. In all of these, we describe the nature of the research, the specific challenges involved, and current research findings. We conclude by providing a brief perspective on the path forward.
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Thorat, Pranali, and Apoorva Vikrant Kulkarni Kulkarni. "5G-Driven Innovations in the Hospitality Industry: A Study on Contactless Services and Digital Transformation." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 1, no. 4/1 (2024): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2024_t24_06.
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Purpose of the study: This research paper explores how 5G-enabled contactless services are revolutionizing guest experiences in the hospitality industry, focusing on intelligent check-in and check-out processes and personalized guest services. Methodology: The study employs a purely qualitative approach from industry reports, and qualitative insights from hotels implementing 5G-enabled contactless services. The study focuses on the technological infrastructure needed, implementation challenges, and the benefits both guests and hotel operators enjoy. Main Findings: The main findings are that 5G technology improves the Efficiency and the ease of check-in and check-out processes. It can be done through mobile applications and facial recognition that hotel guests can use to remove waiting time on queue systems that cannot accommodate physical presence. Five, 5G enables real-time data processing so that services in alignment with guest needs can be delivered more effectively, adjusted control of room setup, suggestions, and further virtual concierge demand, bringing stronger satisfaction and loyalty to guests. Practical Applications: Contactless 5G technologies require easy investment in infrastructural development and staff training. Hotels should install correct cyber security to protect the guest's information. However, despite the above-discussed challenges, 5G networks in hotels have long-term benefits related to competency in operations, guest experience, and competency in the marketplace. Novelty/Originality of the study: This paper elaborates on the transformation that exists through the 5G technology in the hospitality industry. It addresses concerns that the guests in the hotel face through various applications. It also delves deep into providing hands-on insights for hotels, which can enable them to use 5G technologies and, therefore, contribute to the more excellent discourse on digital transformation within hospitality services.
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Mabina, Alton. "Enhancing Security Protocols for MANETs in 5G-Enabled Smart Healthcare Systems." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Science 2, no. 1 (2025): 18–39. https://doi.org/10.63158/ijais.v2.i1.15.
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and 5G technologies offer transformative capabilities for healthcare systems, especially in developing countries like Botswana. MANETs provide decentralized, flexible connectivity, while 5G ensures high-speed, low-latency communication—together enabling critical services such as telemedicine, real-time patient monitoring, and emergency response. However, their integration introduces significant security risks, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and system vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a Comprehensive Multi-Layer Security Framework to address these challenges, combining encryption, secure MANET routing protocols, 5G network slicing, blockchain authentication, and AI-driven intrusion detection. The framework aims to secure patient data at every network layer, enhancing system integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Implementation strategies include phased infrastructure development, workforce training, and the creation of data protection regulations. The study also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and technology adaptation for resource-constrained environments. By adopting this model, Botswana can establish a secure, scalable healthcare infrastructure that supports innovation and improves access to quality care.
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El Boudani, Brahim, Tasos Dagiuklas, Loizos Kanaris, Muddesar Iqbal, and Christos Chrysoulas. "Information Fusion for 5G IoT: An Improved 3D Localisation Approach Using K-DNN and Multi-Layered Hybrid Radiomap." Electronics 12, no. 19 (2023): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194150.
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Indoor positioning is a core enabler for various 5G identity and context-aware applications requiring precise and real-time simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM). In this work, we propose a K-nearest neighbours and deep neural network (K-DNN) algorithm to improve 3D indoor positioning. Our implementation uses a novel data-augmentation concept for the received signal strength (RSS)-based fingerprint technique to produce a 3D fused hybrid. In the offline phase, a machine learning (ML) approach is used to train a model on a radiomap dataset that is collected during the offline phase. The proposed algorithm is implemented on the constructed hybrid multi-layered radiomap to improve the 3D localisation accuracy. In our implementation, the proposed approach is based on the fusion of the prominent 5G IoT signals of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and the ubiquitous WLAN. As a result, we achieved a 91% classification accuracy in 1D and a submeter accuracy in 2D.
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Alnaim, Abdulrahman K. "Adaptive Zero Trust Policy Management Framework in 5G Networks." Mathematics 13, no. 9 (2025): 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091501.
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The rapid evolution and deployment of 5G networks have introduced complex security challenges due to their reliance on dynamic network slicing, ultra-low latency communication, decentralized architectures, and highly diverse use cases. Traditional perimeter-based security models are no longer sufficient in these highly fluid and distributed environments. In response to these limitations, this study introduces SecureChain-ZT, a novel Adaptive Zero Trust Policy Framework (AZTPF) that addresses emerging threats by integrating intelligent access control, real-time monitoring, and decentralized authentication mechanisms. SecureChain-ZT advances conventional Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) by leveraging machine learning, reinforcement learning, and blockchain technologies to achieve autonomous policy enforcement and threat mitigation. Unlike static ZT models that depend on predefined rule sets, AZTPF continuously evaluates user and device behavior in real time, detects anomalies through AI-powered traffic analysis, and dynamically updates access policies based on contextual risk assessments. Comprehensive simulations and experiments demonstrate the robustness of the framework. SecureChain-ZT achieves an authentication accuracy of 97.8% and reduces unauthorized access attempts from 17.5% to just 2.2%. Its advanced detection capabilities achieve a threat detection accuracy of 99.3% and block 95.6% of attempted cyber intrusions. The implementation of blockchain-based identity verification reduces spoofing incidents by 97%, while microsegmentation limits lateral movement attacks by 75%. The proposed SecureChain-ZT model achieved an authentication accuracy of 98.6%, reduced false acceptance and rejection rates to 1.2% and 0.2% respectively, and improved policy update time to 180 ms. Compared to traditional models, the overall latency was reduced by 62.6%, and threat detection accuracy increased to 99.3%. These results highlight the model’s effectiveness in both cybersecurity enhancement and real-time service responsiveness. This research contributes to the advancement of Zero Trust security models by presenting a scalable, resilient, and adaptive policy enforcement framework that aligns with the demands of next-generation 5G infrastructures. The proposed SecureChain-ZT model not only enhances cybersecurity but also ensures service reliability and responsiveness in complex and mission-critical environments.
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Sabarna, Choudhuri, and Gupta Abhishek. "Integrating AI with Cloud Engineering for Real-Time Data Processing and Analytics in IoT Applications." Sarcouncil Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences 3, no. 7 (2024): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14423571.
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The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has resulted in unprecedented volumes of real-time data, necessitating advanced solutions for efficient processing and analytics. This research explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Cloud Engineering to address these challenges, leveraging the predictive capabilities of AI and the scalability of cloud platforms. The study evaluates system performance, AI model accuracy, data pipeline efficiency, and energy consumption across various cloud platforms and real-world use cases. Results demonstrate that hybrid architectures combining edge and cloud processing significantly reduce latency, improve accuracy, and optimize operational efficiency. Use cases such as healthcare monitoring, smart city management, and industrial automation validate the practical applicability of the proposed framework. This integration not only enhances IoT ecosystem performance but also aligns with sustainability goals through energy-efficient operations. The findings provide a roadmap for deploying scalable, intelligent, and cost-effective IoT systems, while identifying future directions in 5G, quantum computing, and regulatory compliance for improved implementation
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Porcu, Daniele, Sonia Castro, Borja Otura, et al. "Demonstration of 5G Solutions for Smart Energy Grids of the Future: A Perspective of the Smart5Grid Project." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030839.
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As the complexity of electric systems increases, so does the required effort for the monitoring and management of grid operations. To solve grid performance issues, smart grids require the exchange of higher volumes of data, high availability of the telecommunication infrastructure, and very low latency. The fifth generation (5G) mobile network seems to be the most promising technology to support such requirements, allowing utilities to have dedicated virtual slices of network resources to maximize the service availability in case of network congestions. Regarding this evolving scenario, this work presents the Smart5Grid project vision on how 5G can support the energy vertical industry for the fast deployment of innovative digital services. Specifically, this work introduces the concept of network applications (NetApps), a new paradigm of virtualization that are envisioned to facilitate the creation of a new market for information technology (IT), small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and startups. This concept, and the open architecture that facilitates its implementation, is showcased by four real-life 5G-enabled demonstrators: (1) automatic fault detection in a medium voltage (MV) grid in Italy, (2) real-time safety monitoring for operators in high voltage (HV) substations in Spain, (3) remote distributed energy resources (DER) monitoring in Bulgaria, and (4) wide area monitoring in a cross-border scenario between Greece and Bulgaria.
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Vemuluri, Madhuri. "ASIC Implementation of Low Power Cordiac Processor for Modulation and Demodulation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 6 (2025): 690–96. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.72207.
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The ongoing evolution of high-speed communication systems, particularly with the advent of 5G technology, necessitates the development of efficient hardware solutions capable of handling complex modulation and demodulation tasks while adhering to stringent power constraints. This thesis presents a comprehensive approach to designing a low-power Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) processor specifically tailored for 5G applications. By harnessing the multiplier-free architecture of the CORDIC algorithm, the proposed processor significantly reduces hardware complexity and power consumption, making it ideal for energy-constrained environments such as mobile devices and small-cell base stations. The implementation utilizes advanced techniques such as pipelining, fixed- point arithmetic, and dynamic voltage scaling to optimize performance metrics including area, power, and timing. Utilizing the Cadence Genus synthesis tool, the results demonstrate that the CORDIC processor occupies an area of approximately 2177.856 units, with a total of 780 standard cells, while effectively managing power consumption at an optimal level relevant for 5G applications. Detailed synthesis and validation processes further ensure compliance with industry standards for error vector magnitude (EVM), establishing the processor's reliability for high-order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) schemes. Timing analyses indicate that the design meets stringent latency requirements essential for real-time signal processing. Through rigorous testing and analysis, this research not only demonstrates the processor's capabilities but also highlights its versatility across a broad spectrum of digital signal processing applications. The findings underscore the CORDIC processor's potential as a foundational component in the next generation of energy-efficient communication systems, paving the way for innovations that enhance throughput, reduce latency, and improve overall system reliability. As the demand for smart communication technologies escalates, the insights derived from this study will contribute significantly to the ongoing development of energy-efficient accelerators that meet the computational challenges posed by future wireless standards.
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Liujie, Ji, Song Yan, and Qu Hao. "Research on Vaccine Cold Chain Monitoring System based on RFID Flexible Temperature Tag and 5G." Journal of Big Data and Computing 2, no. 3 (2024): 29–32. https://doi.org/10.62517/jbdc.202401306.
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To meet the demands of vaccine cold chain logistics, a vaccine cold chain monitoring system based on RFID flexible temperature tag and 5G is designed by integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This system enables real-time monitoring of vaccine temperature and geographic location information, allowing for instantaneous tracking and querying of vaccine cold chain data. The implementation of this system enhances the intelligence and efficiency of vaccine cold chain monitoring, effectively safeguarding the safety of vaccines and ensuring public health security.
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Monira, Shaikhum, Upama Kabir, Mosarrat Jahan, and Uchswas Paul. "An Efficient Handover Mechanism for SDN-Based 5G HetNets." Dhaka University Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 6, no. 2 (2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujase.v6i2.59218.
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Handover is crucial for data portability, real-time data generation, and data processing in mobile technology. Up to 4G, handover efficiency reached optimal stability. However, with the entrance of 5G, the cellular network has turned into a complete heterogeneous network (HetNet) with enormous diversity due to the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with mobile networks. Resource-constrained IoT devices differ notably in operational features from traditional mobile devices. Those devices usually need a smaller geographical cell with better connectivity coverage than conventional large cells of the same size. Hence, to support IoT, 5G splits large geographical cell areas into small cells and allows bandwidth sharing during Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. In a nutshell, 5G infrastructures and architectures have been changed a lot from the previous generations, and handover needs to be re-thought for efficient mobility management. This paper has incorporated the concept of Software-defined Network (SDN) in a 5G cellular network to simplify HetNet and provide efficient handover management within it. We illustrate our proposed handover management concept within this simplified HetNet that utilizes idle time scanning and preauthentication to reduce handover delay. The experimental implementation shows a significant 42% delay optimization during inter-domain reactive handover with 50% less communication overhead than the existing scheme. DUJASE Vol. 6 (2) 49-58, 2021 (July)
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Tanweer, Alam. "Cloud-MANET and its Role in Software-Defined Networking." Transactions on Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3871205.
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The telecommunication networking technologies are changing day by day with the advancement of the existing technologies. In the proposed 5G networks, the role of Software-defined networking (SDN) is to provide programmable networking and decoupling the control and data plane. SDN comes from the requirement for providing the dynamic, high speed with low latency connectivity in real-time. This requirement introduces a new framework for creating programmable networking, decoupling forwarding and controlling planes, flexible real-time network, virtualizations in networking for managing the complexities in 5G heterogeneous networking. The emergence of virtualization has become the most useful technology for creating virtual machines remotely and apply security rules using programmable hardware to control centrally. In this article, the author discussed the cloud-based mobile ad hoc network (Cloud-MANET or sometimes called C-MANET) in the architecture of SDN for 5G heterogeneous networks. The main idea of creating the CMANET mobility model in the SDN framework is to enable programmable networking and accessibility for the moving devices in the range of MANET and cloud connectivity. In the framework of SDN, the C-MANET mobility model implementation is not an easy task, but it can be a very useful contribution to add this model in the framework of SDN so that it provides the connection service in that location where internet or cellular networks are impossible or at the situation of a disaster.
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Martín-Sacristán, David, Carlos Ravelo, Pablo Trelis, Miriam Ortiz, and Manuel Fuentes. "Development of a 5G-Connected Ultra-Wideband Radar Platform for Traffic Monitoring in a Campus Environment." Sensors 25, no. 10 (2025): 3203. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103203.
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This paper presents the design, implementation, and testing of a traffic monitoring platform based on 5G-connected Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radars deployed on a university campus. The development of both connected radars and an IoT platform is detailed. The connected radars integrate commercial components, including a Raspberry Pi (RPi), a UWB radar, a standard enclosure, and a custom communication board featuring a 5G module. The IoT platform, which receives data from the radars via MQTT, is scalable, easily deployable, and supports radar management, data visualization, and external data access via an API. The solution was deployed and tested on campus, demonstrating real-time operation over a commercial 5G network with an estimated median latency between the radar and server of 75 ms. A preliminary evaluation conducted on a single radar during peak-hour traffic on a double-lane road, representing a challenging scenario, indicated a high detection rate of 94.81%, a low false detection rate of 1.02%, a high classification accuracy of 97.29%, and a high direction accuracy of 99.66%. These results validate the system’s capability to deliver accurate traffic monitoring.
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Abdelkareem, A. E., Saad Mohammed Saleh, and Ammar D. Jasim. "Design and Implementation of an Embedded System for Software Defined Radio." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3484-3491.
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<p>In this paper, developing high performance software for demanding real-time embedded systems is proposed. This software-based design will enable the software engineers and system architects in emerging technology areas like 5G Wireless and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build their algorithms. An ADSP-21364 floating point SHARC Digital Signal Processor (DSP) running at 333 MHz is adopted as a platform for an embedded system. To evaluate the proposed embedded system, an implementation of frame, symbol and carrier phase synchronization is presented as an application. Its performance is investigated with an on line Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) receiver. Obtained results show that the designed software is implemented successfully based on the SHARC DSP which can utilized efficiently for such algorithms. In addition, it is proven that the proposed embedded system is pragmatic and capable of dealing with the memory constraints and critical time issue due to a long length interleaved coded data utilized for channel coding.</p>
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A., E. Abdelkareem, Mohammed Saleh Saad, and D. Jasim Ammar. "Design and Implementation of an Embedded System for Software Defined Radio." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3484–91. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3484-3491.
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In this paper, developing high performance software for demanding real-time embed- ded systems is proposed. This software-based design will enable the software engineers and system architects in emerging technology areas like 5G Wireless and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build their algorithms. An ADSP-21364 floating point SHARC Digital Signal Processor (DSP) running at 333 MHz is adopted as a platform for an embedded system. To evaluate the proposed embedded system, an implementation of frame, symbol and carrier phase synchronization is presented as an application. Its performance is investigated with an on line Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) receiver. Obtained results show that the designed software is implemented successfully based on the SHARC DSP which can utilized efficiently for such algorithms. In addition, it is proven that the proposed embedded system is pragmatic and capable of dealing with the memory constraints and critical time issue due to a long length interleaved coded data utilized for channel coding.