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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Reformatories"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de agosto de 2024

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1

Tsui, Brian. "Reforming Bodies and Minds." positions: asia critique 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 789–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-8606497.

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This article revisits reformatories set up under Nationalist China from 1928–37 to transform former Communists into loyal nationalist subjects. By examining confessions attributed to inmates and scandalous tales of Communists published by reformatories, it argues that these institutions were more than devices to suppress political dissent. Instead, reformatories played productive functions for the Guomindang state. First, reformatories’ in-house magazines conjured up an anticommunist figure of the Communist that combined the excesses of urban capitalism and the residues of China’s “superstitio

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2

Porembska, Marta, and Aleksandra Dziełak. "The process of becoming independent juveniles from correctional facilities." Special School LXXXIV, no. 4 (October 31, 2023): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2507.

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This article is devoted to the process of becoming independent wards of reformatories. Theintroduction describes the concept of independence and presents the process of becoming independentwards of reformatories in the light of the law. The study using the diagnostic surveymethod included forty-five men staying in six reformatories in Poland. The research results revealedthat most wards believe that their stay in the facility has prepared them for independentlife, and they perceive self-dependence in terms of financial and material independence, takingup paid work, meeting their own life needs

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3

Jablonka, Ivan. "Un discours philanthropique dans la France du XIXe siècle : la rééducation des jeunes délinquants dans les colonies agricoles pénitentiaires." Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 47, no. 1 (2000): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhmc.2000.2004.

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The system of French agricultural reformatories, set up in the second part of the nineteenth century, aims both at bringing up children in a rustic setting far away from prisons and corrupting cities, and at training them by exposing them to a strict discipline and panoptic procedures. In practice, the reformatories' managers intentionally abandoned the former aim, a goal inspired by a paternalistic philanthropy, to implement the repressive and more lucrative latter strategy, which eventually failed. Therefore, French agricultural reformatories belong, in an ambiguous way, to the disciplinary

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4

Nuq, Amélie. "Staying in Control? Youth Reformatories, Social Fears and Social Change Under Francoism." European History Quarterly 54, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914231216298.

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This article explores continuity and change in Spain's reformatories. Looking at legal and normative documentation, we could argue, on the one hand, that the Franco dictatorship (1939–1975) found little need to change how the reformatories worked. The juvenile court system, on which they depended, displayed strong similarities to those operating elsewhere in the West, and my empirical study of 2,300 personal and administrative records indicates that the reformatories were always characterized by archaic practices and were chronically underfunded throughout Francoism. On the other hand, after a

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5

Jablonka, Ivan. "Un discours philanthropique dans la France du XIXe siècle: la rééducation des jeunes délinquants dans les colonies agricoles pénitentiaires." Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine 47-1, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.g2000.47n1.0131.

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Résumé Le système des colonies agricoles pénitentiaires, mis en place dans la deuxième moitié du XKe siècle, entend tout à la fois éduquer les enfants dans un cadre champêtre, loin des prisons et des villes corruptrices, et les dresser en les soumettant aux effets de pouvoir d'une discipline rigoureuse. Dans les faits, le premier objectif, inspiré d'une philanthropie paternaliste, a été intentionnellement délaissé par les responsables des colonies, au profit de l'autre, répressif et plus lucratif, qui n'a pourtant pu être atteint. Les colonies agricoles appartiennent donc de manière anbiguë au

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6

Belova, Nadezhda A. "Vologda reformatories for juvenile delinquents (1918 – the 1920s)." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 5, no. 4 (2021): 1143–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-4-3.

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Based on the analysis of archival documents and scientific literature, the article discusses issues related to the formation and functioning of various types of reformatories for juvenile delinquents (school and shelter, probation and supervision station for morally defective children, reception center, children’s home, juvenile colony for difficult children, et al.) that operated in the territory of Vologda Governorate during the initial period of the Soviet era. The data on the location of these institutions, specific features of their management, and the number, composition and confinement

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7

Ericsson, Kjersti. "The Punitive Repertoire of Children's Homes and Reformatories." Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 13, no. 2 (December 2012): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2012.729354.

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8

Kumar, Sanjay. "Performing on the Platform: Creating Theatre with India's Platform Children." TDR/The Drama Review 57, no. 4 (December 2013): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00305.

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Young, trained, middle-class facilitators from pandies' theatre of Delhi enable impoverished boys—rescued from India's railway platforms and incarcerated in NGO-run shelters or state reformatories—to create theatre based on their lives. The resulting performances—which re-perform sagas of violence, rape, drug abuse, prostitution, and death—question the very premises of social amelioration.

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9

Zdzisław Lorek. "Stosunek wychowanków zakładów poprawczych do religii." Archives of Criminology, no. XVIII (August 19, 1992): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1992e.

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Religious services were introduced to reformatories and hostels for detained juveniles by force of an ordinance of Minister of Justice of September 10, 1981 on religious practices and services in reformatories and hostels for detained juveniles (Official Gazette of the Ministry of Justice No 5, item 24). ln 1990, a study of 200 wards of 6 reformatories was carried out which concerned their attitude towards religion. A specially constructed questionnaire was used; besides, the study involved observation and interviews with the wards and staff. The findings show first of all the attitudes toward

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10

Tremblay, Pierre, and Guy Therriault. "La punition commune du crime : la prison et l’amende à Montréal de 1845 à 1913." Criminologie 18, no. 1 (August 17, 2005): 43–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017207ar.

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Common jails “produce” more punishment than either penitentiaries or reformatories for juvenile delinquents. Students of incarceration, however, have hitherto overlooked the significance of what could be called “petty” or minor punishment. Montreal's penal archives (1845-1913) have been systematically analyzed so as to permit a preliminary theory of such petty punishment institutions, their junction in the general penal economy and their evolution over time.

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11

Mayernick, Jason. "Segregated Young Men's Reformatories in Maryland during the Great Depression." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 15, no. 1 (2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2022.0001.

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12

Vehkalahti, Kaisa, and Susanna Hoikkala. "Gender and Discipline in the Finnish Reformatories of the 1920s." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 6, no. 3 (2013): 457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2013.0044.

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13

Moody, Zoe. "Des droits de protection aux droits humains des enfants Mirjam Janett, Vormundschaft und Fremdplatzierung in der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert. Ein Einblick in die neuere Forschung." Didactica Historica 10, no. 1 (2024): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2024.010.01.57.

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In the 20th century, tens of thousands of children grew up in care homes, reformatories or foster families in Switzerland. The article provides an insight into the most important findings of recent research on the out-of-home placement of children and adolescents. It shows how family became an element of social control in the 20th century. The out-of-home placement of minors from precarious families was part of a repressive welfare policy aimed at enforcing bourgeois ideas of order and making children « socially acceptable ». However, inclusion often led to exclusion

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14

Kim, Hyeok. "Treatment of Juvenile Reformatories and Protection of Human Rights in Japan." Korean Juvenile Protection Review 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35930/kjpr.35.1.1.

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15

Park, Jeong-Mi. "When Women Encountered Protection: Exploring Female Reformatories Through Documents and Testimony." Journal of Asian Women 60, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 41–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14431/jaw.2021.04.60.1.41.

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16

Sangster, Joan. "Reforming Women's Reformatories: Elizabeth Fry, Penal Reform, and the State, 1950-1970." Canadian Historical Review 85, no. 2 (June 2004): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.85.2.227.

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17

Hunt, G., J. Mellor, and J. Turner. "Wretched, Hatless and Miserably Clad: Women and the Inebriate Reformatories from 1900-1913." British Journal of Sociology 40, no. 2 (June 1989): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590271.

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18

Orazi, Veronica. "L’insospettata prossimità della memoria storica: Descarriadas (2018) di Laila Ripoll." Caietele Echinox 44 (June 1, 2023): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2023.44.25.

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Descarriadas is a monologue about an atrocious legacy of Francoism: the internment in the centres of the Patronato de Protección a la Mujer (1941-1984) of girls considered descarriadas, that is, stragglers. To end up in these reformatories, it was enough to deviate even slightly from the morals imposed by the regime and to be reported by supervisors in charge of this type of control. Among the shocking aspects of the story, the continuation of this practice and the existence of the centres until the mid-1980s stands out. Over a period of forty years, this phenomenon involved thousands of girls

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19

Sokalska, O. "The transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania: from William Penn's Great Law to the Penitentiary House at Walnut Street Prison." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 74 (January 31, 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.7.

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The article analyzes the transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania (1682–1790) in the context of changes in criminal laws: from the formal consolidation in the Code of Laws of 1682 of reformatories with hard labor to the organization in Philadelphia in 1790 of the first penitentiary house with a regime of solitary confinement. It is defined that before the states gained independence, correctional houses, if they functioned in some cities, then as institutions of forced labor and the purpose of correction was not before them. The Revolutionary War for Independence had a decisiv

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20

Van Ruyskensvelde, Sarah, and Laura Nys. "Folded Files, Unfolding Narratives: Psycho-Pedagogical Observation in the Belgian Juvenile Reformatories, 1912–1945." History of Education 49, no. 3 (May 3, 2020): 398–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0046760x.2020.1739757.

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21

Wan, Sim Hinman. "Disciplining Otherness in the Tropics." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2022.81.4.420.

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Abstract During the seventeenth century, philanthropy offered the Dutch a self-disciplinary opportunity to expend their globally attained fortunes. As Janus-faced emblems of the wealth and poverty generated by a merchant society, monumentally scaled almshouses, hospices, orphanages, and reformatories in both the Dutch Republic and its colonies commemorated leadership that privileged moderation over extravagance. In Disciplining Otherness in the Tropics: Dutch Philanthropic Sites and the Urbanization of Indonesian Ports, 1640–1730, Sim Hinman Wan considers buildings for organized philanthropy a

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22

Gavin, Amanda. "Casualties of Industrialisation in Glasgow." Groundings Undergraduate 10 (November 1, 2017): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/groundingsug.10.185.

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The Victorian era saw the colossal growth of Glasgow as an industrial city; some prospered but many more suffered the ravages of industrial capitalism. This paper will focus on a figure that came to symbolise the social dislocation of this era - the ‘prostitute’. The definition of the ‘prostitute’ far exceeded a meaning of ‘sex worker’ and encompassed a meaning of a working class woman who subverted middle class norms without necessarily being sexually active. We will explore who the ‘prostitute’ was in practise and argue that ‘juvenile delinquents’ were politically ‘prostitutes’. We will draw

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23

Kealey, Linda. "Shaped By Silence: Stories from Inmates of the Good Shepherd Laundries and Reformatories. Rie Croll." Canadian Historical Review 102, no. 2 (June 2021): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-2-br15.

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24

Dekker, Jeroen J. H. "THE ROLE OF TEMPORARY MARGINALIZATION. REFORMATORIES AND INSANE ASYLUMS: THE NETHERLANDS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Paedagogica Historica 26, no. 2 (January 1990): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0030923900260207.

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25

Curtin, Geraldine. "‘The Child Condemned’: The Imprisonment of Children in Ireland, 1850–19081." Irish Economic and Social History 47, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0332489320934588.

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In the 1850s, tens of thousands of children were imprisoned in Ireland. At that time there was a growing concern internationally that incarceration of children with adult criminals was inappropriate. This concern resulted in the passage of legislation in 1858 which facilitated the opening of reformatory schools in Ireland. By 1870, ten reformatories had opened, yet, as this article argues, three quarters of children given custodial sentences in that year were sent to prison and not to the new institutions. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there were attempts to improve conditions

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26

Ludbrook, Robert. "Juvenile Justice - New Zealand’s Family Oriented Approach." Children Australia 17, no. 4 (1992): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012657.

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Our perceptions of children tend to vacillate between a romanticised view of them as young innocents whose unacceptable behaviour should be excused because of their youth, immaturity and impressionability and the contrasting view that they are uncivilised barbarians who, for their own good, must be treated firmly, even severely, so they may leam to distinguish right from wrong and to behave properly.The ‘child correction’ approach was favoured by the early British settlers in Aotearoa New Zealand. Soon after colonisation there were moves to establish child reformatories on the English model an

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27

Barbara Stańdo-Kawecka. "Neutralization of the Rule „DO NOT STEAL” in the Origin of Juvenile Delinquency." Archives of Criminology, no. XX (August 1, 1994): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1994b.

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The paper discusses the findings of a study aimed at an empirical verification of a well-known criminological concept: the Sykes and Matza concept of neutralization techniques from the classical trend of positivist criminology. What Sykes and Matza see as the factor of juvenile delinquency are mechanisms of justification of one’s own delinquent behavior. Reverting to functionalim, the authors assume a social consensus on the basic values and norms of behavior. Juvenile delinquents generally recognize the same values and norms as non-delinquent youth but, unlike that youth, they grow proficient

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28

Strange, Carolyn. "The Undercurrents of Penal Culture: Punishment of the Body in Mid-Twentieth-Century Canada." Law and History Review 19, no. 2 (2001): 343–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744133.

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In the wake of Foucault's provocative philosophical contributions to the study of discipline and punishment, social and legal historians no longer narrate penal history as a straightforward tale of moral and political progress. In its place is a schematic picture of a large-scale retreat from the body to the prison as the prime site of punishment. Historiographical proclivities perpetuate that image: early modernists tend to concentrate on the Bloody Code and similar régimes of terror, whereas historians of the twentieth century specialize in studies of regulatory modes of punishment and “norm

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29

Smith, Aminda M. "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 937–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813001654.

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This essay explores records from Beijing's efforts to intern and reform the city's “lumpenproletariat” after 1949. Connecting these reports to central government directives about national thought reform policy, I show that reeducators and their superiors discoursed in detail about the existence of resisters, who opposed and defied the government, but whom reformatory staff explicitly labeled as non-enemies. The case of Beijing reformatories suggests that anti-state, but non-counterrevolutionary resistance was an important symbolic and rhetorical category, central to the Chinese Communist Party

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30

Carpenter, Peter K. "Rev Harold Nelson Burden and Katherine Mary Burden: Pioneers of Inebriate Reformatories and Mental Deficiency Institutions." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 4 (April 1996): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900409.

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31

Myers, Martha A., and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." American Journal of Legal History 42, no. 4 (October 1998): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/846058.

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32

Glenn, Myra C., and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." American Historical Review 103, no. 5 (December 1998): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650127.

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33

Donnelly, Michael, and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." Social Forces 77, no. 4 (June 1999): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3005902.

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34

Keve, Paul W., and Mark Colvin. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of American History 85, no. 2 (September 1998): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567830.

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35

Davie, Neil. "Corps et délinquance juvénile en Angleterre dans les années 1830-1865 : le milieu remis en question ?" Revue d’histoire de l’enfance « irrégulière » N° 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhei.008.0049.

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Cet article montre comment le débat sur le « problème de la délinquance juvénile » en Grande-Bretagne dans la période 1830-1865 puisait dans les stéréotypes très enracinés et durables de l’existence d’un « corps criminel ». L’historiographie traditionnelle, tout comme la critique foucaldienne, a eu tendance à limiter son analyse aux écrits d’un petit nombre de réformateurs humanistes. Ces derniers mettaient en exergue une explication de la criminalité juvénile fondée sur le milieu et préconisaient la mise en place d’un système de maisons de redressement (« reformatories ») qui devait permettre

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36

Baka, Lukasz, Romuald Derbis, and Molly Maxfield. "The Anxiety-Buffering Properties of Cultural and Subcultural Worldviews: Terror Management Processes among Juvenile Delinquents." Polish Psychological Bulletin 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-012-0001-x.

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The Anxiety-Buffering Properties of Cultural and Subcultural Worldviews: Terror Management Processes among Juvenile Delinquents Terror management research indicates that people reminded of mortality strongly affirm values and standards consistent with their cultural worldview and distance themselves from values and standards inconsistent with it. However, limited research has addressed how individuals holding beliefs inconsistent with the dominant worldview cope with death-related anxiety. The present article aims to determine which worldview subcultural groups rely on when reminded of mortali

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37

Wan, Sim Hinman. "A Spectral Spectacle." Early Modern Low Countries 5, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 332–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51750/emlc11337.

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After Amsterdam’s late medieval Catholic monasteries were surrendered to the Protestant government in 1578, four of these properties were converted into an orphanage, mental asylum, and gender-specific reformatories respectively before the turn of the century. Portals with Dutch Mannerist expressions were installed at the principal entrances as a publicly visible feature of modernisation for the repurposed complexes. This essay is a study of these architectural objects and their socio-political value for the city’s philanthropic campaign that affirmed middle-class power. It argues that the por

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38

Sheley, Joseph F. "Drug Activity and Firearms Possession and Use by Juveniles." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400301.

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Despite considerable public attention to the issue, little has occurred in the way of a systematic assessment of the gun-possession and gun-use profiles of young persons involved in the use and distribution of drugs. This article reports the results of an analysis of survey data collected from juveniles incarcerated in maximum security reformatories. The data pertain to firearms possession, carrying, and use, use of heroin, cocaine, and crack, the sale of drugs, and involvement in armed robbery. The findings offer no evidence of a progressive, linear relationship between level of drug use and

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39

MACRAILD, DONALD M., and FRANK NEAL. "Child-stripping in the Victorian city." Urban History 39, no. 3 (June 13, 2012): 431–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000211.

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ABSTRACT:During the nineteenth century, police, magistrates, reformers and the press noticed a rising tide of juvenile crime. Child-stripping, the crime of stealing young children's clothes by force or deception, was an activity of this type which caused alarm among contemporaries. As the century progressed, improved policing, urbanization and Irish migration, allied to growing social concern, caused more cases of child-stripping to be noticed. Accounts by Dickens, Mayhew and others characterized child-stripping as an activity indulged in by old women who were able to make money by victimizing

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40

Le, Ha Thi Thu, Truong Vuong Vu, Long Thanh Phan, and Hang Thi Thuy Vu. "Investigating the elements influencing the psychological issues of reform school students." Journal of Education and e-Learning Research 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v10i2.4485.

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Reformatory students are those whose deviant behaviors and habits prevent them from receiving education under normal educational conditions. These students frequently lead a careless, undisciplined lifestyle, being unwilling to work and learn eager to play and demanding. Therefore, when they are admitted to reformatories with severe study and lifestyle requirements, they have great psychological difficulty adjusting to their new environment. Students’ psychological issues in adapting to reformatory learning and living regimes are difficult and psychological deficits make it challenging for stu

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41

Urbonavičius, A. "Žmogaus „antrojo sukūrimo“ programa Oksfordo reformatorių filosofijoje." Problemos 48 (September 29, 2014): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.1995.48.7021.

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Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Anglijos renesansinės filosofinės minties raida aptariant Oksfordo universiteto humanistų (J. Coleto, Erazmo Roterdamiečio, T. More‘o) kūrybą. Oksfordo reformatoriai, norėdami pagrįsti klasikiniame Renesanse sukurtą antropocentrinį mitą, vieni pirmųjų atgaivino patristinę filosofiją. Aiškinant pasaulio sandarą, grįžtama į teocentrizmą. Žmogui skiriama vieta paskutinėje hierarchiškai griežtai sutvarkytos būties pakopoje, bet jis apdovanojamas dieviškosiomis galiomis – laisva valia ir protu. J. Coletas, pagrįsdamas savo mokymą apie pasaulio sąrangą, suformulavo žmogaus „a

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42

Orzechowski, Marcin, Maximilian Schochow, and Floria Steger. "Combatting Venereal Diseases as an Instrument of Politicised Medicine: Analysis on the Example of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Polish Peoples’ Republic." Acta medico-historica Rigensia 13 (2020): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/amhr.2020.xiii.04.

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The programme for combatting venereal diseases in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany (SOZ), the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Polish Peoples’ Republic (PPR) after the Second World War was adopted from the Soviet healthcare model. In order to maintain the spread of infections, both countries introduced specific legislation. The analysis of the regulations shows several similarities, such as establishment of easy access to anti-venereal health services, interruption of the chain of infection, and special treatment of individuals who constituted a danger of spreading the infection t

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43

Santos, José Luis de las Heras. "Women's Reformatories and Prisons in the Early Modern Age: Morality, Welfare and Repression of Women in the 17th and 18th Century." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 161 (December 2014): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.109.

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Chacón-Jara, Lauro Aquilino, Cecilia Ivonne Narváez-Zurita, Juan Carlos Erazo-Álvarez, and Diego Fernando Trelles-Vicuña. "Derecho a la igualdad de los extranjeros residentes en el Ecuador." IUSTITIA SOCIALIS 5, no. 2 (June 13, 2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.35381/racji.v5i2.747.

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Ecuador es un Estado constitucional; en su carta magna consagra la equidad, igualdad y no discriminación, en los últimos años a consecuencia del flujo migratorio de los países andinos se ha evidenciado la transgresión de estos derechos en el país de manera particular con las personas extranjeras, siendo el objetivo de investigación proponer una reformatoria a la Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana a fin de garantizar el derecho constitucional de igualdad a los extranjeros residentes en el país. El estudio tuvo un enfoque mixto. En solución al problema estudiado, se elaboró un proyecto de ley refo

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Donnelly, M. "Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America. Mark Colvin. St. Martin's Press, 1997. 294pp. Cloth, $45.00." Social Forces 77, no. 4 (June 1, 1999): 1648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/77.4.1648.

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Jaynes, Jeff, and Thomas Kaufmann. "Reformatoren." Sixteenth Century Journal 31, no. 2 (2000): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671727.

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YAMAZAKI(ITO), Yukari. "Children with Disabilities in Reformatories : From Establishment of the National Reformatory (1919) to Enactment of the Law on Facilities for the Training and Education of Juvenile Delinquents (1933)." Japanese Journal of Special Education 37, no. 2 (1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.6033/tokkyou.37.1_2.

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Singh, S. "The historical development of prisons in South Africa: A penological perspective." New Contree 50 (November 30, 2005): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v50i0.438.

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President Nelson Mandela commented during his time of incarceration1 “Prison not only robs you of your freedom, it attempts to take away your identity. It is by definition a purely authoritarian state that tolerates no independence and individuality. As a freedom fighter and as a man, one must fight against the prison’s attempt to rob one of these qualities.” Historically, the characteristic feature of the development of South African prisons was its resemblance to the mine compound. Such compounds housed mine workers, of whom many were convicts supplied by the prison system. Even by 2006 thes

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Courtless, Thomas F. "Book ReviewPenitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth‐Century America.By Mark Colvin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. x+294. $45.00." American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 2 (September 1998): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/210080.

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Kaufmann, Thomas. "Reformatoren als Konvertiten." Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 114, no. 2 (2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/004435417x14901018509969.

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