Libros sobre el tema "Relevantní informace"

If the adage ‘You live and learn’ reflects any truth, then the vast majority of living and learning must take place informally. This can range from unintentional and nonconscious processes such as enculturation, to intentional and conscious self-teaching. While the study of informal learning in music has tended to focus on popular and other vernacular musicians, this chapter adopts a wider approach, considering the perspectives of a range of musicians across several musical contexts, styles and genres. The authors review key sources of knowledge, skills and abilities relevant to these musicians and to their performance, and consider examples of how informal learning practices are valued in underpinning their work. They also examine the characteristics and prevalence of informal learning, how it interfaces with other practices, and how research in the field of informal music learning may serve to promote and champion a richer perspective on the learning of music for the benefit of all learners, intentional or not.

This chapter examines the interplay between the formal and informal rules relating to the adoption of legislative acts, and the effects that this interplay has on participation and transparency in EU law-making. It discusses the relationship between the claimed objectivity of the choices relating to legal basis and their institutional implications through the Court jurisprudence, with a focus on inter-institutional power relations. The current emphasis on efficiency, guaranteed through the flexibility built into the informal rules of law-making, brings to the fore many fundamental questions relating to participation, transparency, and power in the adoption of EU legal acts. In short, efficiency comes at a cost to many other objectives that the Treaty of Lisbon was believed to strengthen. The relevant political question is whether the balance created by today’s informal law-making framework is the right one.

El objetivo fundamental de esta publicación es entregar información que aporte transparencia, sobre la importante variable de mercado que representan los precios. En el informe se entregan series de precios de los productos forestales chilenos más relevantes, tanto los que se transan en el mercado doméstico como en el internacional. Para los productos del mercado interno se presentan los precios a contar de 1984 y para los de exportación desde 1986; en ambos casos hasta diciembre de 1999.

El objetivo fundamental de esta publicación es entregar información que aporte transparencia sobre la importante variable de mercado que representan los precios. En el informe se entregan series de precios de los productos forestales chilenos más relevantes, tanto los que se transan en el mercado interno o doméstico como en el internacional. Para los productos del mercado interno se presentan los precios a contar de 1984 y para los de exportación desde 1986; en ambos casos hasta Diciembre de 2000.

A história da ciência é referida por diversos autores como fundamental para o entendimento da forma como a ciência se desenvolve útil nos processos de aprendizagem e muito relevante para a promoção da humanização da ciência através das biografias. Partindo destas premissas, temas como biografias de cientistas, objectos históricos, espólios de museus, obras e teorias históricas, programas escolares e de divulgação, dialogam, nesta obra, com o ensino formal e informal, assim como o ensino não formal, através de objectos históricos, espólios de museus, obras históricas e novas abordagens educacionais.

En el webinario que IDEA Internacional organizó en colaboración con el Observatorio para la Nueva Constitución, Centro Democracia y Comunidad, Chile 21, Horizontal, Instituto Libertad y Rumbo Colectivo, y que se celebró el día 30 de marzo de 2021, los panelistas discutieron experiencias de distintos órganos constituyentes desde una perspectiva comparada, centrándose sobre todo en los desafíos que se tuvieron que encarar y las innovaciones en términos de diseño del proceso constitucional que se elaboraron como resultado. En este informe se recogen recomendaciones y lecciones aprendidas relevantes al proceso constituyente en Chile.

Chapter 3 addresses the institutional legacy (that is, the set of formal and informal rules that regulate the exercise of power in a political regime) of the transition to democracy, particularly those institutional dimensions that are more relevant for social movements—what social movement studies have defined as political opportunities. After setting the theoretical framework by specifying the main qualities of democracy the research has addressed, the chapter covers the legal and constitutional provisions on civil (especially protest) rights, political rights (right to resistance, majoritarian versus consensual assets), and social rights as well as practices—particularly with regard to protest, citizens’ participation, protest policing, and concertation.

In this chapter, the authors focus on adult female caregivers performing informal caregiving tasks to adult females diagnosed with cancer. The authors limit discussion to a binary definition of gender, whereas Chapter 11 addresses gender minorities, including transwomen caregivers and transgender care recipients. The authors present national data on adult caregivers and describe the characteristics of female-to-female caregivers. They present a theoretical model for evaluating the impact of female-to-female cancer caregiving and review interventions that are relevant to this group of caregivers. While female caregiver to female patient is the most prevalent caregiver–patient combination, there is mostly an absence of same-gender effects on cancer caregiving and interventions.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

Los diferentes volúmenes de las Guías Introductorias para la Elaboración Constitucional pretenden contribuir a los procesos nacionales de elaboración o reforma constitucional ayudando a los ciudadanos, partidos políticos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, funcionarios públicos y miembros de asambleas constituyentes a tomar decisiones constitucionales informadas. Además proporcionan orientación al personal de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y a otros agentes externos en su intento de apoyar de manera informada y relevante al contexto a los decisores políticos locales. Las Guías se han concebido como introducción para lectores no especializados y como recordatorio útil para lectores con conocimientos previos o experiencia en elaboración constitucional. Las Guías, organizadas temáticamente en torno a las decisiones prácticas que deben tomar los contribuyentes a la elaboración constitucional, tienen como objetivo explicar cuestiones constitucionales complejas de manera rápida y sencilla.

This chapter discusses the main sources of product innovations, thus encompassing R&D, design activity, creativity, imports, foreign direct investment, and the emulation of others. Although there is no neat statistical breakdown of the relative importance of the various sources, R&D is not the sole source of new products. It will be especially important in some industries; but in others—such as the creative industries—design and creativity may be more relevant. For any individual economy, many product innovations may originate from or be supplied from outside the national economy. Emulation is also a major source of innovative new products, and the chapter discusses how emulation may be limited by formal and informal means of protecting intellectual property.

This chapter explores the case for a more formalized United Nations parliamentary assembly, including the potential oversight, accountability, and (ultimately) co-decision roles that such a body could play alongside the UN General Assembly. Given difficulties in expecting national parliamentarians to perform such functions continuously, a UN assembly is found to hold greater potential for promoting key UN system aims in the areas of security, justice, and democratic accountability, even as the existing Inter-Parliamentary Union continued to play some important complementary roles. Learning from relevant global and regional parliamentary bodies, the chapter outlines concrete steps toward developing a parliamentary assembly over time, including the creation of a more informal UN network of UN-focused national parliamentarians in the near term.

Two crucial epistemological issues that preoccupied Newman were the conditions under which Christian belief can be considered rational and the intellectual contours of forming a connected view. His approach homes in on the informal and cumulative nature of reasoning, the role of personal judgement in assessing evidence, and the broadening of one’s intellectual horizons. This chapter also draws attention to an important epistemological question about how the illative sense, as a kind of personal judgement, provides the relevant means to adjudicate one’s own judgement in the midst of other illations. It concludes with three areas that deserve further epistemological attention and development: the role of commitment in forming rational beliefs, the social dimension of the illative sense, and the place of Newman in the modern story of epistemology.

This book is an essential resource for teachers who work in challenging circumstances, which might include formal education systems in the developing or developed world and informal or non-formal teaching in areas with growing numbers of refugees or displaced people. It draws on academic and professional research to provide practical advice that will help teachers address concerns including teaching large classes, working with limited resources and supporting learners who have experienced interrupted education and who may be suffering from trauma. It offers suggestions for creating a positive learning environment and implementing effective teaching practice, and discusses the importance of resilience and wellbeing. Each chapter contains key takeaways, relevant case studies and classroom-ready teaching tips and the book also includes opportunities for teachers to reflect on their own knowledge and experience and develop their resilience and ability.

This chapter presents the book’s conceptual foundations. It identifies key concepts developed from the research and explains how they relate to each other. The peculiar challenges of leading professionals arise from two interrelated organizational characteristics, which coexist in constant dynamic tension within professional organizations: extensive autonomy and contingent authority. To manage this tension, leaders need to develop a deep level of insight into the implicit power dynamics and covert political processes that permeate professional organizations, and strike an appropriate balance between challenging and propitiating powerful prima donna professionals. Plural leadership is a relatively new and rapidly developing leadership theory which is particularly relevant to professional organizations. This approach examines leadership as a collective phenomenon that is distributed among multiple individuals. Building on research in this area, this chapter introduces the concept of the ‘leadership constellation’, developed to represent the informal power dynamics among leaders of professional organizations.

A consistent overrepresentation of men in recorded violent crimes and thus a certain disposition of male aggressiveness has been evident from the late Middle Ages to today. However, we can also detect several major shifts in the history of interpersonal male violence from the eighteenth century onward. From a cultural historical perspective, violent actions by men or women cannot be interpreted as contingent, individual acts, but rather must be seen as practices embedded in sociocultural contexts and accompanied by informal norms. Because one grand theory cannot account convincingly for the history of violence and masculinity, an array of approaches is more likely to shed light on the issue. Interestingly, shifts in the history of violence have often corresponded with changes to prevailing notions of masculinity. This essay delineates the relevant historical shifts from the early modern “culture of dispute” to the different paths of interpersonal violence over the twentieth century.

This chapter explores how the characteristically secular and literal genre of romance helped to make biblical allegorical narratives, like John’s Revelation, relevant to the human experiences of lay readers. It compares representations of motherhood in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century English illustrated Apocalypse manuscripts and the fourteenth-century romance Octavian, showing how both texts depict motherhood in secular and allegorical terms that relate to the experiences of lay female readers. The first third of Octavian echoes the story of the Woman of Revelation 12, the Woman clothed with the sun who flees to the wilderness after delivering a son, but it refigures her narrative in the decidedly secular terms of the Empress’s labour, exile, and loss of her sons. In contrast to the male-orientated, frequently misogynistic, exegetical tradition, Octavian shows how romance provided a flexible and informal space to interpret biblical allegory through different lenses of human experience.

This chapter focuses on the OHADA Common Court of Justice and Arbitration. The Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) is the supranational, apex court of the Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law (OHADA), an organization that currently covers seventeen countries in West and Central Africa. The CCJA’s authority is meaningful only if it actually affects the lives of a broad spectrum of private economic actors within OHADA’s territory, not just the OHADA Treaty’s member states. There is considerable evidence that, in the formal economy, private litigants, state actors and national judges desire and expect CCJA to be enforced. By contrast, in the informal economy that represents a significant portion of the population and national economy, the CCJA is unlikely to have authority because the relevant actors do not look to formal law or formal legal institutions for guidance in commercial transactions or for dispute resolution.

This chapter ties together the loose threads of the preceding discussions. It suggests that the role of the in-house lawyer has become further involved with risk management rather than simply the provision of legal advice. It presents some legal and conduct risk management objectives as a starting point for legal departments planning to take a ‘risk-based’ approach to its function. The role of regulators will be also crucial in managing risk, not merely as ‘supervisor’ and ‘enforcer’ in the traditional sense, but also as an effective cross-pollinator of ideas. Moreover, it is important that the Financial Markets Law Committee (along with other similar bodies) continues to perform the valuable roles of: (1) identifying concerns; (2) providing expert analysis of the relevant law in relation to specific concerns; (3) acting as an informal ‘bridge’ to the judiciary; and (4) being an authoritative voice for City lawyers when representations need to be made.

Core Logic has unusual philosophical, proof-theoretic, metalogical, computational, and revision-theoretic virtues. It is an elegant kernel lying deep within Classical Logic, a canon for constructive and relevant deduction furnishing faithful formalizations of informal constructive mathematical proofs. Its classicized extension provides likewise for non-constructive mathematical reasoning. Confining one’s search to core proofs affords automated reasoners great gains in efficiency. All logico-semantical paradoxes involve only core reasoning. Core proofs are in normal form, and relevant in a highly exigent ‘vocabulary-sharing’ sense never attained before. Essential advances on the traditional Gentzenian treatment are that core natural deductions are isomorphic to their corresponding sequent proofs, and make do without the structural rules of Cut and Thinning. This ensures relevance of premises to conclusions of proofs, without loss of logical completeness. Every core proof converts any verifications of its premises into a verification of its conclusion. Core Logic makes one reassess the dogma of ‘unrestricted’ transitivity of deduction, because any core ‘restriction’ of transitivity ensures a more than compensatory payoff of epistemic gain: A core proof of A from X and one of B from {A}∪Y effectively determine a proof of B or of absurdity from some subset of X∪Y. The primitive introduction and elimination rules governing the logical operators in Core Logic are subtly different from Gentzen’s. They are obtained by smoothly extrapolating protean rules for determining truth values of sentences under interpretations. Core rules are inviolable: One needs all of them in order to revise beliefs rationally in light of new evidence.

Sexual assault is a worldwide public health concern, as it occurs to people of all genders at alarming rates and results in serious physical and mental health sequelae. The reactions survivors receive from formal and informal supports can significantly influence their recovery. Given the prevalence of sexual assault, all providers need to be prepared to handle disclosures of sexual assault from clients. The aim of this book is to provide guidance on how to interact with survivors of sexual assault, which the authors define as sexual contact or penetration without the explicit consent of the victim. While the book is primarily geared toward mental health professionals, the content is also relevant for professionals who work in medical settings, educational settings, law enforcement, and victim services. The authors also highlight that there are particular populations (e.g., racial and sexual minorities) and settings (e.g., military, higher education) that require particular considerations when discussing sexual violence. Overall, professionals have an instrumental role in facilitating survivor recovery, and this book provides best practices for providing services in an affirming manner. The book begins with a review of literature focused on sexual assault and survivor disclosure. Then, recommendations are provided for conducting assessments and psychotherapy with survivors of sexual assault. Case examples are presented to help illustrate specific recommendations for working with survivors of sexual assault. Finally, particular recommendations for various specific populations are provided.

The book gives broad coverage of monetary policy issues in Low Financial Development Countries (LFDCs). These low- and lower-middle-income countries are characterized by a predominance of bank finance, shallow financial markets, low financial inclusion, weak integration with world capital markets, and a high degree of informality in economic activity. Monetary policy acquires special twists, making it different in many aspects from the policies followed in advanced and emerging market economies. The book covers the main facets of monetary policy-making, using an approach that combines discussion of theoretical arguments, of results from empirical studies, and of policy experiences relevant for LFDCs. The book presents the monetary policy instruments used in these countries, and assesses the specificities of their monetary transmission mechanism. It evaluates the advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the different nominal anchors they may choose from: exchange rate targeting, monetary targeting, and inflation targeting. This discussion is set against the background of the three main goals pursued by central banks: price, output, and financial stability. Particular attention is devoted to the issue of the credibility of central banks and to the trade-offs they face when external shocks, to which these countries are very vulnerable, lead to conflicts among the three goals they pursue. The book also covers more specific topics, such as challenges raised by fiscal dominance and by dollarization, implications of informal labour markets and of microfinance institutions for monetary policy-making, and the role of models for forecasting and policy evaluation.

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. Equity & Trusts: Text, Cases, and Materials provides a guide to the subject by providing analyses of the law of equity and trusts with extracts from cases and materials. This book provides analysis of significant recent key cases including the Supreme Court’s decision in Patel v Mirza where a new approach to determining the impact of the taint of illegality on private law claims was identified, which is of particular significance to claims for breach of trust and the recognition of the resulting trust. Other relevant decisions include: Angove’s Pty Ltd v Bailey, on the recognition of the constructive trust; Akers v Samba Financial Corp, on the nature of proprietary interests and rights under trusts; Ivey v Genting Casinos UK Ltd (t/a Crockfords Club), on the definition of dishonesty; and Burnden Holdings (UK) Ltd v Fielding, on limitation periods. Similarly, the Privy Council has heard important appeals in the area of Equity and trusts: notably Investec Trust (Guernsey) Ltd v Glenala Properties, on trustees and breach of trust and Marr v Collie, on the recognition of the common intention constructive trust. The impact of these developments has meant that there has been particularly significant rewriting of chapter 7 (constructive trusts) and chapter 9 (informal arrangements relating to land), plus significant rewriting of sections in other chapters, especially as to the nature of the rights and interests under a trust and the effect of illegality. The book is made up of nine parts that consider express private trusts, purpose trusts, non-express trusts, beneficiaries, trusties, variation, breach, and orders.

Prekladaný vysokoškolský učebný text „Bioenergetika“ by mal slúžiť ako úvod do problematiky štúdia v oblasti bioenergetiky. Táto vedná oblast je v súčasnosti vysoko aktuálna, pretože výsledky získané bioenergetickým výskumom v uplynulých rokoch zreteľne ukazujú, že bioenergetické procesy prebiehajúce v živých systémoch neslúžia “len” na transformáciu energie, ale ovplyvňujú aj priebeh procesov ako sú apoptóza, starnutie, vznik a rozvoj mnohých ochorení (predovšetkým neurodegeneratívnych). Tieto skutočnosti jednoznačne naznačujú potrebu existencie kvalitných učebných textov, ktoré by prijateľným spôsobom umožnili študentom získať potrebné informácie a vedomosti v tejto vednej discipline. Z vyššie uvedených dôvodov sme sa rozhodli vytvoriť tieto učebné texty, ktoré sú vo forme desiatich samostatných kapitol, ktoré však na seba prirodzene a logicky nadväzujú. Jedna kapitola predstavuje v podstate jednu prednášku v rámci kurzu Bioenergetiky, ktorý je realizovaný na Prírodovedeckej fakulte Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach na magisterskom a doktorandskom stupni študijného programu „Biofyzika“. Zároveň tieto texty môžu poslúžiť aj pri výučbe v študijnom predmete Biochémia, ktorý je prednášaný v bakalárskych a magisterských stupňoch študijných programov “Biochémia” resp. “Biofyzika”. Dovoľujeme si vyjadriť presvedčenie, že tieto učebné texty by mohli byť istým spôsobom nápomocné aj vedeckým pracovníkom pracujúcim v oblasti výskumu týkajúcho sa problematiky transformáci energie v biologických organizmoch a fenoménoch spojených s touto transformáciou. V týchto učebných textoch sú postupne uvádzané poznatky týkajúce sa základných konceptov bioenergetiky, mechanizmov procesov ako sú glykolýza a Krebsov cyklus (okrem podrobného a uceleného popis týchto procesov je tu uvedený aj všeobecný náhľad o prepojenosti týchto procesov ako aj ich začlenenie do kompaktného pohľadu na celkový proces transformácie energie v biologických organizmoch), zloženia štruktúry a funkčnosti biologických membrán (táto oblast je nevyhnutná pre lepšie pochopenie poznatkov, ktoré sú uvedené v nasledujúcich kapitolách). V nasledujúcich kapitolách sa učebný text zaoberá popisom štruktúry a funkcie mitochondrií, pričom veľký dôraz je dávaný na popis vlastností a mechanizmov fungovania štyroch komplexov dýchacieho reťazca a ATP-syntázy. Tieto komplexy vytvárajú podmienky pre existenciu “najdôležitejšieho” bioenergetického procesu, oxidatívnej fosforylácie. V záverečných dvoch kapitolách sú uvedené mechanizmy procesov vytvárajúcich fotosyntézu, jej svetlej aj tmavej fázy. Sú tu relevantné informácie o tomto “druhom” najdôležitejšom bioenergetickom procese prebiehajúcom v mnohých biologických organizmoch a poskytujúcom možnosť transformácie enrgie elektromagnetického žiarenia na energiu “ukrytú” v chemických väzbách určitých chemických molekúl. Chceme vyjadriť naše presvedčenie, že predložené učebné texty “Bioenergetika” budú dobrým “pomocníkom a inšpirátorom” pre mnohých študentov, ktorí sa budú chcieť dozvedieť čo najviac o fascinujúcich štruktúrach a mechanizmoch umožňujúcich transformáciu energie v živých systémoch, bez ktorej by nebola možná existencia života ako ho poznáme. Želáme príjemné a podnetné čítanie a štúdium. URL: www.unibook.upjs.sk The textbook "Bioenergetics" should serve as an introduction to the study of bioenergetics. This field of science is currently highly actual, as the results of the bioenergetics research in recent years clearly show that bioenergetics processes in living systems can "serve" not only to transformation of energy, but also affect the course of processes such as apoptosis, aging, origin and development of many diseases (especially neurodegenerative). These facts clearly indicate the need for the existence of quality teaching texts that would allow students to acquire the necessary information and knowledge in this scientific discipline in an acceptable way. For the above mentioned reasons, we decided to create these textbooks, which are in the form of ten chapters, which naturally and logically follow each other. One chapter basically presents one lecture within the course of Bioenergetics, which is realized at the Faculty of Science of the Pavel Jozef Šafárik University in Košice at the master's and doctoral degree of the study program "Biophysics". At the same time, these texts can also be used for teaching in the study subject Biochemistry, which is taught in the bachelor's and master's degree programs of the study programs "Biochemistry" resp. “Biophysics”. We would like to express our conviction that these textbooks could in some way also help researchers working in the field of the energy transformation in biological organisms and the phenomena associated with this transformation. These textbooks present knowledge about the basic concepts of bioenergetics, the mechanisms of processes such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (in addition to a detailed and comprehensive description of these processes, there is also a general view of the interconnectedness of these processes and their incorporation into a compact view of the overall energy transformation in biological organisms), the structure and functionality of biological membranes (this area is necessary for a better understanding of the knowledge presented in the following chapters). In the following chapters, the textbook deals with the description of the structure and function of mitochondria, with great emphasis on the properties and mechanisms of functioning of the four complexes of the respiratory chain and ATP-synthase. These complexes create the basis for the existence of the "most important" process in bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation. In the final two chapters, the mechanisms of the processes that produce photosynthesis, its light and dark phases, are presented. There is relevant information about this "second" most important bioenergetics process taking place in many biological organisms and providing the possibility of transforming the energy of electromagnetic radiation into energy "hidden" in the chemical bonds of certain chemical molecules. We want to express our conviction that the textbooks "Bioenergetics" will be a good "helper and inspirer" for many students who want to learn as much as possible about the fascinating structures and mechanisms for energy transformation in living systems, without which it would not be possible existence of life as we know it.

De 7 a 12 de setembro de 2018, realizou-se no Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território da Universidade de Lisboa/IGOT-ULisboa o I Congresso Nós Propomos: Geografia, Educação e Cidadania. Como o título do Congresso rapidamente evidencia, o Congresso decorreu e refletiu a investigação desenvolvida no Projeto Nós Propomos! Cidadania e Inovação na Educação Geográfica, surgido no IGOT-ULisboa, em 2011, e entretanto difundido por outros países. Na realidade, o Projeto Nós Propomos!, para além da sua difusão em Portugal, está hoje presente no Brasil (desde 2014, adquirindo hoje uma assinalável expansão), Espanha (2016), Moçambique (2017), Colômbia (2018), Perú (2018) e México (2018). O Congresso impôs-se, de alguma forma, pela necessidade de partilhar experiências, muito ricas e diversas, desenvolvidas nestes países, e de consolidar a rede daqueles que constroem o Projeto nas suas universidades, escolas e cidades. Nesse sentido, o Congresso surgiu para acolher e potenciar a produção científica em torno do Projeto e uma rede de trabalho construída ao ritmo de sucessivas e localizadas adesões ao Projeto. O Projeto Nós Propomos! é o projeto educativo com origem em Portugal e que mais rapidamente se internacionalizou. No Rio de Janeiro, no Colégio Pedro II, em 2020, teremos o II Congresso. Contudo, o Congresso, ele abriu-se à produção em Geografia e em Educação, ultrapassando o âmbito do Projeto Nós Propomos! Mas há um denominador comum que o leitor encontra neste livro, inspirada no Projeto: a preocupação pela cidadania e, em particular, pela cidadania territorial, entendida como o compromisso de cada um de nós na construção de territórios mais justos e sustentáveis, desse logo à escala local. A produção em Geografia, seja de Geografia Física ou de Geografia Humana, para assumirmos os dois grandes ramos tradicionais, ou a produção em Educação, têm sempre como preocupação comum a promoção de atitudes de cidadania, entre os alunos ou a população, mais em geral. O Projeto Nós Propomos!, ponto de partida do Congresso, desafia os alunos a identificarem problemas da comunidade que sejam relevantes para alunos ou formandos, a realizarem pesquisa documental e trabalho de campo sobre o problema identificado (seja a construção de abrigo para uma paragem de autocarro, a reabilitação de um prédio em ruinas no centro da cidade e que pode ter utilizações sociais variadas, a construção de um museu virtual das produções locais ou uma aplicação para o telemóvel, que informe dos eventos locais), a apresentarem propostas de solução e, finalmente, a partilharem as suas propostas com a comunidade, na perspetiva da sua implementação e discussão. Como refere, no Prefácio, o Sr. Secretário de Estado da Educação, os conteúdos da Geografia são mobilizados para uma intervenção cívica consciente. No Projeto, adota-se uma metodologia simples, passível de ser implementada na generalidade das escolas, e flexível, no respeito pelas circunstâncias concretas de cada escola, de cada comunidade, de cada país. Numa disciplina herdeira tanto de um paradigma universalista, através dos racionalistas do final do século XVIII, como de um paradigma nacionalista, no século XIX, a escala local surge desvalorizada na educação geográfica. A grande rutura do Projeto Nós Propomos! reside, precisamente, em colocar a escala local no centro da disciplina de Geografia e de se assumir, de forma inequívoca, o compromisso da escola na construção de uma comunidade mais harmónica e sustentável. Não é mais aceitável que se aborde (e ainda bem) o mundo, o país e se desvalorize a comunidade que habitamos e que constitui o nosso primeiro espaço de cidadania, ainda que em necessário diálogo com as restantes escalas. Como refere o Sr. Secretário de Estado da Educação no seu Prefácio a este livro, “Nós somos cidadãos do mundo, mas somos os nossos territórios, somos os nossos lugares, somos as relações que se estabelecem localmente”. O carater construtivista do Projeto (através da valorização dos interesses dos alunos), o caráter local do território de estudo e de intervenção, a realização do trabalho de campo, com apelo à auscultação das populações sobre as soluções para os problemas identificados, e a partilha das propostas são as traves-mestras da identidade do Projeto, a que se acrescenta a incorporação da própria designação do Projeto (Nós Propomos!), frequentemente adaptada às línguas dos vários países participantes. O Projeto Nós Propomos! coloca os alunos no centro do processo educativo e este I Congresso Iberoamericano refletiu esta mesma realidade: contou com a participação de cerca de 70 alunos, de Portugal, Espanha (em maior número) e Brasil, num esforço frequentemente hercúleo dos seus docentes, que em muitas comunicações deram testemunho direto das suas experiências. Esta presença e participação de alunos, enquadrados pelos seus pais, constituiu, sem dúvida, uma marca distintiva deste Congresso. Em várias comunicações eles são co-autores, destes que são os seus primeiros textos publicados – e a eles dirigimos uma saudação especial. O livro integra três domínios. O primeiro sobre, o Projeto Nós Propomos!, compreende dois eixos, o primeiro sobre “Experiências Escolares”, com 17 textos; o segundo Eixo, sobre “Perspetivas e Reflexões Teóricas e Metodológicas”, possui 33 capítulos. O domínio seguinte, sobre “Experiências educativas alternativas”, compreende textos não diretamente relacionados com o Projeto Nós Propomos!, mas que vão igualmente ao encontro da procura de propostas inovadoras do ponto de vista pedagógico-didático, compreendendo 17 textos. O Domínio C, sore “Educação e Multidisciplinaridade”, igualmente com 17 capítulos, compreende experiências relacionadas ou não com o Projeto Nós Propomos!, em que a contribuição de várias áreas disciplinares é marcante. A publicação em ebook responde a dois objetivos: a escassez de recursos financeiros para uma publicação em papel de 1000 páginas páginas e, naturalmente, ao esforço de ter a maior divulgação possível na comunidade científica. Para a produção deste livro, muito contribuíram a Comissão Científica do Congresso, presidida pelo Professor Souto González, presidente do Conselho Diretivo do GEOFORUM e professor da Universidade de Valência, e a Comissão Editorial, presidida pelo professor da Universidade de Passo Fundo, Claudionei Lucimar Gengnagel, que desenvolveu um trabalho aturado. Um agradecimento também ao ZOE/Centro de Estudos Geográficos e ao IGOT-ULisboa, editores desta publicação. O penúltimo agradecimento vai para todos os autores que contribuíram para esta obra. O derradeiro agradecimento vai para o leitor, que dá significado à mesma. Estão aqui identificadas e analisadas muitas e diversas práticas de cidadania – ao leitor fica agora a disponibilidade de uma leitura atenta, sempre crítica e, seguramente, proveitosa.

The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.