Literatura académica sobre el tema "Represented orality"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Represented orality":
1
Rutten, Gijsbert y Marijke J. van der Wal. "Local dialects, supralocal writing systems". Written Language and Literacy 14, n.º 2 (8 de septiembre de 2011): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.14.2.04rut.
Resumen
In historical sociolinguistics, it is often assumed that ego-documents such as private letters represent the spoken language of the past as closely as possible. In this paper, we will try to determine the degree of orality of seventeenth-century Dutch private letters: the degree to which the spoken local dialect is represented in these texts, and at the same time, the extent to which scribes possibly converged towards supralocal writing systems. We study the orthographical representation of four phonemes in a corpus of letters from the provinces of Holland and Zeeland. Clear cases of local writing practices are revealed, contributing to our knowledge of the spoken language in the past, as well as to the different ways in which it was represented in written language. However, the degree to which local features appear in the corpus is remarkably low. Only a minority of the letters contains localizable features, and if a letter contains these, it is usually only in a minority of the positions which, historically, were phonologically possible. We conclude that, in general, scribes did not aim to write their local dialect, but employed an intended supraregional variety instead. Keywords: Historical sociolinguistics; Dutch, seventeenth century; ego-documents; letters; writing systems; historical phonology; language from below; orality
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Bowles, Hugo. "Stenography and Orality in Dickens: Rethinking the Phonographic Myth". Dickens Studies Annual 48, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/dickstudannu.48.1.0021.
Resumen
Abstract Drawing on Steven Marcus's claim that by learning and practicing stenography in the law courts Dickens had essentially become a “written recording device for the human voice,” Ivan Kreilkamp has argued that Dickens brought the “phonographic innovations in voice writing” to the writing of the novel. The difficulty with this argument is that Dickens learned shorthand from a hybrid system—Thomas Gurney's Brachygraphy—that was radically different from the classic phonography of Isaac Pitman's Stenographic Shorthand. Unlike the Pitman system, which linked shorthand symbols directly to sound, the Gurney system mediated the link through letters—the learner had to memorize symbols which stood for letters rather than for sounds. This essay will argue that Brachygraphy's extra level of alphabetical mediation meant that Gurney shorthand was essentially, and unusually, a creative stenographic system. The nature of the creative language processing implicit in the learning of Gurney shorthand will be described and its implications for Dickens's writing processes will be discussed, drawing on examples which suggest that Gurney stenographic processes were themselves represented in Dickens's fiction and involved in episodes from his life. The overall influence of Gurney shorthand on Dickens's language processing suggests that theories regarding his legacy in relation to “orality,” particularly his position and role in “phonographic” interpretations of nineteenth-century culture, may have to be reconsidered. At the same time, we should recognize the importance of the Gurney method in influencing Dickens's creative use of language.
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Bowles, Hugo. "Stenography and Orality in Dickens: Rethinking the Phonographic Myth". Dickens Studies Annual 48, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/dickstudannu.48.2017.0021.
Resumen
Abstract Drawing on Steven Marcus's claim that by learning and practicing stenography in the law courts Dickens had essentially become a “written recording device for the human voice,” Ivan Kreilkamp has argued that Dickens brought the “phonographic innovations in voice writing” to the writing of the novel. The difficulty with this argument is that Dickens learned shorthand from a hybrid system—Thomas Gurney's Brachygraphy—that was radically different from the classic phonography of Isaac Pitman's Stenographic Shorthand. Unlike the Pitman system, which linked shorthand symbols directly to sound, the Gurney system mediated the link through letters—the learner had to memorize symbols which stood for letters rather than for sounds. This essay will argue that Brachygraphy's extra level of alphabetical mediation meant that Gurney shorthand was essentially, and unusually, a creative stenographic system. The nature of the creative language processing implicit in the learning of Gurney shorthand will be described and its implications for Dickens's writing processes will be discussed, drawing on examples which suggest that Gurney stenographic processes were themselves represented in Dickens's fiction and involved in episodes from his life. The overall influence of Gurney shorthand on Dickens's language processing suggests that theories regarding his legacy in relation to “orality,” particularly his position and role in “phonographic” interpretations of nineteenth-century culture, may have to be reconsidered. At the same time, we should recognize the importance of the Gurney method in influencing Dickens's creative use of language.
4
Davis Westwood, Sarah. "Tragedy and triumph: Depictions of ceɗɗo and tirailleurs sénégalais in the memoryscape of contemporary Senegal". Quaderns de l'Institut Català d'Antropologia 37, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2022): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56247/qua.363.
Resumen
This article centres on the visual memoryscape of military figures in Senegal, which has been shaped by historical remnants, including street art, statues, and films in popular circulation. As originally envisioned, a memoryscape is based on orality and performance, but I consider the physical landscape of Dakar as a site of memory. I observe the artificial division between heroic anti-colonial warriors, represented by ceɗɗo soldiers, and victimised tirailleurs sénégalais, who are more closely associated with French colonial control. Specifically, I outline the portrayals of these figures in two films by Ousmane Sembène and statues and murals depicting the precolonial hero Lat Joor Joob and tirailleurs sénégalais. These interpretations of ceɗɗo and tirailleurs sénégalais exemplify the struggle in post-independence Senegal over national identity.
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McDowell, Paula. "Defoe and the Contagion of the Oral: Modeling Media Shift in A Journal of the Plague Year". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121, n.º 1 (enero de 2006): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081206x96122.
Resumen
This essay contributes to a history of evolutionary models of media shift through a reading of Daniel Defoe. Published in 1722 but depicting events of 1664–65, A Journal of the Plague Year represents temporal distance in terms of shifts in modes of communication. Modes that in reality are coexistent and interdependent are here represented as parts of a linear, progressive development. Defoe helped shape an emergent hierarchy of media forms with print at its apex. A key structuring binary of this text opposes a backward past associated with orality to a new, print-oriented modernity linked to the collection and reproduction of accurate statistics and true report. The essay first examines Defoe's handling of the “Women-Searchers”–agents employed to search bodies to determine cause of death, whose oral reports formed the basis for the printed bills of mortality–then considers the depiction of rumors and an oral street culture that is associated with old women, error, and contagious superstition. (PMcD)
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Høgenhaven, Jesper. "Fjenden fra Nord". Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift 79, n.º 4 (10 de diciembre de 2016): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dtt.v79i4.105799.
Resumen
The years 1900-1950 were a fruitful and productive period in Old Testament research in the Nordic countries. Represented by internationally renowned figures like Johannes Pedersen, Sigmund Mowinckel, and Ivan Engnell, Scandinavian Old Testament scholarship gained an independent profile over against the German and Anglo-Saxon realms. This article explores themes of central importance to Nordic scholars in this period, and attempts to spell out some of the more significant nuances and differences among them. Finally, I raise the question to which extent we can meaningfully speak of tendencies and features common to Scandinavian Old Testament scholars1900-1950, and whether such tendencies reflect more general culturaltrends of their time. I tentatively point to some common denominators:A comparative approach that takes seriously the ancient Near Easterncontext of the Old Testament texts, a marked emphasis on cultic perspectives, and an interest in the role played by orality in the formationof Old Testament literary genres and texts. Despite some very differentaccents put by various scholars, these points may be described as characteristic of Scandinavian scholarship in the period.
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Afsaruddin, Asma. "The Qur'an's Self-Image". American Journal of Islam and Society 19, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2002): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i2.1950.
Resumen
This is a well-researched and carefully thought out book on the highly complex issue of the Qur' an 's self-referential terms to its own status as Scripture. Particularly illuminating are the author, Daniel Madigan's, clear and profound engagements with the semantic content of key Qur'anic words like kitab, mushaf, qur'an, dhikr, tanzil. and wahy, and his discussion of the inter-relatedness of these tenns. Madigan successfully problematizes particularly the key terms kitab and Qur'an since, as he shows, their meanings can be fairly fluid and their essence cannot be easily and crudely reduced to a rigid demarcation between orality and "writtenness" alone.
A central focus of his book is indeed the tension between the orality and the written nature of Islam's sacred scripture, already suggested in the name given to it, al-Qur'an, which itself may be translated as ''the Recitation," and "the Reading." Madigan stresses the primacy of the oral nature of the Qur'an; in his (rather brief) discussion of the terms kalam Allah (the speech of God) and kitabAl/ah (the book of God), he states, ... the focus on the ontological status of the Qur'an [as represented in the usage of the term kalam Allah] may be not merely the result of speculation but rather an attempt to recover something that was lost when the concepts of kitab Allah and Qur'an were collapsed into the content of the mushaf.
Chapters 2 - 4 provide a fine and nuanced exposition of the Qur'anic conception of kitab, which, as Madigan persuasively suggests, has to do with divine, timeless authority becoming manifest in the human, timebound world. The difference between Qur'an and kitab is therefore, not merely a question of display or storage, through the medium of the human voice in the fonner and through written composition in the latter, but has to do rather with the Qur'an's origin, that is, "its author and the source of its composition." ...
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Deniz, Eliane Da Silva, Antônia Lúcia de Queiroz Tenório, Josenil Araújo dos Santos y Lucy Ferreira Azevedo. "Nas Ondas das Rádios Escolares". Revista de Ensino, Educação e Ciências Humanas 20, n.º 1 (17 de abril de 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8733.2019v20n1p58-63.
Resumen
As múltiplas aprendizagens e possibilidades desenvolvidas na escola básica, com habilidades e metodologias eficientes, se efetivam tanto no contexto da sala de aula quanto fora dela. Levar o professor a uma reflexão sobre o seu trabalho para além do livro didático e das antigas propostas do ensino gramatical da língua, transpondo os limites da escrita para a oralidade e para a escuta, é fundamental. Por isso se pensou em pormenorizar um projeto de rádio já executado e que foi transmitido nos recreios escolares. O rádio se constituiu, assim, em um objeto linguístico, em uma abordagem que representou ao mesmo tempo uma proposta e um produto. Este trabalho tem o objetivo, então, de descrever a criação de uma rádio escolar, projeto orientado pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação (Seduc/MT), na Escola Estadual Antonio Hortollani e os efeitos que se traduziram na comunidade por meio das atividades. A metodologia, pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa, terá as seguintes reflexões: o PCN de Língua Portuguesa e Educomunicação da Seduc/MT; reflexões sobre linguagem e ensino de Língua Portuguesa sob a ótica do interacionismo. Um dos resultados que se observou foi a sensibilização dos envolvidos para a integração de toda a escola, além da desenvoltura dos alunos em todas as disciplinas na sala de aula. A oralidade desenvolta estimulou a escrita, momento em que se precederam algumas ações que envolveram atualização sobre problemas da comunidade e desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Palavras-chave: Rádio. Escola. Oralidade. Interação. Aprendizagem. AbstractThe multiple learning and possibilities developed in the basic school, with efficient skills and methodologies, take place both in the context of the classroom and outside it. Taking the teacher to a reflection on his or her work beyond the didactic book and the old proposals of the grammatical teaching of the language, transposing the limits of writing to orality and listening, is fundamental. That's why it was thought about detailing a radio project that was already being carried out and was broadcast in school playgrounds. Radio was therefore a linguistic object, in an approach that represented both a proposal and a product. The purpose of this work is to describe the creation of a school radio, a project directed by the State Department of Education of Mato Grosso (Seduc/MT), at the State School Antonio Hortollani and the effects that have been translated into the community through the activities. The descriptive methodology and qualitative research will have the following reflections: The PCN of Portuguese Language and Educommunication of the Seduc/MT; reflections on language and Portuguese language teaching from the point of view of interactionism. One of the results that was observed was the awareness of those involved in the integration of the whole school, in addition to the students' resourcefulness in all disciplines in the classroom. The oral oracles stimulated the writing, moment that preceded some actions that involved updating on community problems and research development. Keywords: Radio. School. Orality. Interaction. Learning.
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Wood, Andy. "Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (diciembre de 1999): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679403.
Resumen
Social historians of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England have tended to see literacy as a modernising force which eroded oral tradition and overrode local identities. Whereas the increasing literacy of the period has long appeared an important constituent element of Tudor and Stuart England's early modernity, custom has been represented as its mirror image. Attached to cumbersome local identities, borne from the continuing authority of speech, bred within a plebeian culture which was simultaneously pugnacious and conservative, customary law has been taken to define a traditional, backward-looking mind-set which stood at odds to the sharp forces of change cutting into the fabric of early modern English society. 1 Hence, social historians have sometimes perceived the growing elite hostility to custom as a part of a larger attack upon oral culture. In certain accounts, this elite antipathy is presented as a by-product of die standardising impulses of early capitalism. 2 Social historians have presented the increasing role of written documents in the defence of custom as the tainting of an authentic oral tradition, and as further evidence of the growing dom-nation of writing over speech. Crudely stated, orality, and hence custom, is seen as ‘of the people’; while writing was ‘of the elite’. In this respect as in others, social historians have therefore accepted all too readily John Aubrey's nostalgic recollections of late seventeenth century that Before printing, Old Wives tales were ingeniose and since Printing came in fashion, till a little before the Civil warres, the ordinary Sort of people were not taught to reade & now-a-dayes Books are common and most of the poor people understand letters: and the many good Bookes and the variety of Turnes of Affaires, have putt the old Fables out of dores: and the divine art of Printing and Gunpowder have frighted away Robin-good-fellowe and the Fayries.
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Hardaker, Glenn y Aishah Sabki. "The nature of memorisation for embodiment". Journal for Multicultural Education 10, n.º 1 (11 de abril de 2016): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-01-2016-0019.
Resumen
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insights on the interconnectedness of the Muslim community, madrasah and memorisation in realising the process of embodiment. Design/methodology/approach Our anthropological study was conducted in 2011 at a prominent madrasah for higher education in England. The madrasah has approximately 400 adult learners that are studying Islamic studies programme. For our anthropological study, the notion of Islamic teaching and embodiment was integral to each other and was illustrative of a long educational tradition of the pedagogy of Islam. For this research, we follow a sensory narrative style in expressing our descriptions. Findings The findings provide an insight into the nature of memorisation for embodiment. The research suggests that the madrasah was teaching memorisation with a purpose to support the process of personal embodiment. Moreover, what we also see when considering madrasah life is that the notion of the “walking Qur’an” endures, and it transcends in the form of locally flavoured articulations of embodiment. To reiterate, the Islamic approach to memorisation for embodiment was found to be a practice relevant to all of us, as individuals, communities and institutions, reflexively engaging in the world around us. For the British madrasah, this was seen to be pivotal to the Islamic pedagogy shaped by the interplay between orality, facilitating memorisation and the didactic approach towards the sacred. From our observations, embodiment has a physical and spiritual dimension where prophecy is retained and is inherent to existence and daily madrasah practice. Originality/value Our narrative experiences bring a spiritual order to the pedagogical matters of memorisation represented by the inseparable nature of knowledge and the sacred. The interweaving of experiential narrative with a theoretical perspective brings forth our understanding towards the nature of memorisation for embodiment.
Tesis sobre el tema "Represented orality":
1
Vermander, Pierre. "Les reliefs de la voix. Oralité et écriture en moyen français". Thesis, Paris 3, 2020. https://bsnum.sorbonne-nouvelle.fr/files/original/1338/6773/These_en_cours_de_traitement.pdf.
Resumen
Ce travail se propose d’étudier la représentation de l’oralité dans les textes médiévaux. Il s’agit de remettre en question le terme même de « représentation » en contestant le présupposé implicite d’une équivalence entre systèmes (oral/écrit). La problématique des rapports entre écriture et oralité (I) est introduite par l’examen rapide du phonocentrisme (I, 1). On tentera alors de construire une catégorie des marqueurs d’oralité, fonctionnant en tant que représentations non ressemblantes, afin d’envisager la question sur un plan non pas grammatical mais représentationnel (I, 2). On s’interrogera ensuite sur les particularités médiévales (variation, imprécision, improvisation) ressortissant à l’interaction entre écrit et oral dans notre corpus composite (I, 3). Enfin, on sollicitera nos sources afin d’envisager leurs propres représentations de la parole et de l’écriture, telles que les modalités de la voix et les inscriptions de l’écrit (I, 4). La construction d’une classe linguistique ad hoc nous permettra de prendre en compte les marqueurs d’oralité non pas comme des représentants de l’oralité per se mais comme des occasions d’analyse (II). On utilisera tout d’abord la variance médiévale dans une perspective pragmatique afin de développer un modèle d’analyse permettant la construction d’une pragmaphilologie, i.e. d’un discours sur les fonctions des marqueurs imprégné par leurs possibilités combinatoires (II, 5). À l’aide des apports de l’analyse de conversation, on cherchera ensuite à mesurer leur importance dans l’organisation des tours de parole en les traitant comme des outils graphiques destinés, entre autres, à indiquer le passage ou bien l’interruption d’un tour (II, 6). En se focalisant sur quatre cas particuliers (Oh, Et, Et bien, Hen), nous avons cherché à reprendre à nouveaux frais certaines hypothèses sous-jacentes à la catégorie des marqueurs d’oralité (II, 7). Enfin, à rebours du postulat de délabrement et de la vacuité du jurement apparemment implicités par sa présence massive, on cherchera à montrer que cet acte doit encore être considéré comme efficace (II, 8)This dissertation focuses on medieval orality’s representation. It questions the very notion of « representation » by challenging the fundamental assumption of the equivalency between the oral and written communication systems .The issue of the relationship between writing and orality (I) is introduced through a brief examination of the notion of phonocentrism (I, 1). A category of orality markers involving non-resemblance representational models has been created to address this as a representational rather than a grammatical issue (I, 2). Then we analyze both medieval and oral salient characteristics (variation, imprecision, and improvisation) illustrated by our literary and inquisitorial corpus (I, 3). Finally, we will examine the way our texts depict their own representation of writing and orality (I, 4) The ad hoc development of a new linguistic category allows us to consider the markers of orality as new areas of analysis rather than mere representations of orality (II). The notion of medieval variance will be used to develop an analytical model as the basis for a « pragmaphilology », i.e. a discourse involving the combinatory possibilities of the orality markers (II, 5). Based on concepts of conversation analysis, we will focus on the role of markers as turn-taking organizing devices, including their function as transition or interruption graphic indicators (II, 6). We have considered four specific case studies (Oh, Et, Et bien, Hen) aiming at re-evaluating existing hypotheses about the function of orality markers (II, 7). Finally, our goal is to demonstrate that contrary to the presupposition of the vacuity implicit to their massive presence in medieval texts, swear words should be considered effective means of truth-telling (II, 8)
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Santana, Katiuscia Cristina. "As personagens-tipo na oralidade representada: um estudo da peça O juiz de Paz da roça, de Martins Pena". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-28112013-103707/.
Resumen
Com foco na comédia O Juiz de Paz da roça, de Martins Pena, escrita durante o período romântico da Literatura, objetivamos mostrar a relação entre a representação da linguagem falada e a caracterização das personagens-tipo da peça. Personagens-tipo são aquelas que representam uma sociedade ou um grupo social normalmente presentes na literatura de ficção em geral. A fundamentação teórica constitui-se da Análise da Conversação, da Pragmática e da Sociolinguística Interacional. Partimos da hipótese de que, assim como a ação de modo geral das personagens na peça teatral, a linguagem falada exerce fundamental importância para a caracterização dessas personagens, tão comuns nas comédias de costumes e que teve em Martins Pena o seu precursor no Brasil. A construção de tipos sociais de personagens é possível graças à atenção que o autor atribui à representação da modalidade falada da época somada ao ambiente, em que vários tipos sociais interagem. Assim como as escolhas lexicais, as formas de tratamento entre outros elementos linguísticos caracterizam personagens-tipo, levando em consideração a significação das palavras e as várias relações entre locutores e interlocutores, tais como gênero, idade, grau de formalidade, respeito e intimidade no contexto da obra. Dessa forma, nesta dissertação, está presente uma análise dos papéis das personagens da peça por meio de um estudo de elementos não verbais e verbais, como o léxico, as formas de tratamento e aspectos fonológicos para revelar uma tipificação e hierarquização das personagens na peça escolhida para esse trabalho.By focusing on the comedy O Juiz de Paz da roça, by Martins Pena, from the Romantic period of the Literature, we aim to present the relation between representation of the spoken language and the characterization of stock characters. Stock characters represent a society or a social group, which are presented in literary fiction in general. Based on the theoretical framework of Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics and Interactional Sociolinguistics, we start from the hypothesis that, just like actions in a play, spoken language plays a crucial role for the characterization of these characters, which are very common in the comedy of manners, which had Martins Pena as its precursor in Brazil. The construction of social types is possible because of the authors work of representing the spoken language at that specific time along with an environment where several stock characters interact. As well as lexical choices, forms of address and other linguistics elements feature the stock characters, taking into consideration the significance of the words and various relationships between the locutors and interlocutors, such as gender, age, degree of formality, politeness and intimacy in the context of the authors work. Thus, this dissertation presents an analysis of each characters role in the play, by analyzing non-verbal and verbal elements such as lexical forms, forms of address and phonological aspects in order to reveal how the typification and the hierarchy of the characters is constructed in the given play.
Libros sobre el tema "Represented orality":
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Rosillo-López, Cristina. Political Conversations in Late Republican Rome. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856265.001.0001.
Resumen
We are familiar with the notion that the Roman political world of the Late Republic included lofty speeches and sessions of the Senate, but also need to remember that another important aspect of Late Republican politics revolved around senators talking among themselves, chatting in the corner. The present book intends to analyse senatorial political conversations and illuminate the oral aspects of Roman politics. It argues that Roman senators and their entourages met in person to have conversations in which they discussed politics, circulated political information, and negotiated strategies; this extra-institutional sphere had a relevant impact both on politics and institutions, as well as determining how the Roman Republic functioned. The main point of this book is to offer a new perspective on Roman politics through the proxy of conversations and meetings. Orality has represented an important component in analysis of Roman institutions: oratory before the people in assemblies and contiones, addresses and discussions in the Senate, speeches in the law courts. Orality was also crucial in rumours and public opinion. The present research posits that, in Rome, oral was the default mode of communication in politics, especially outside institutions. Only when they could not reach each other in person did Roman senators and their peers resort to letters. The book suggests that the study of politics should not be restricted to the senatorial group, but that other persons should be considered as important actors with their own agency (albeit in different degrees), such as freedmen and elite women.
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Kelle, Brad E. y Brent A. Strawn, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190261160.001.0001.
Resumen
The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible offers thirty-six essays on the so-called “Historical Books”: Joshua, Judges, 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings, Ezra-Nehemiah, and 1–2 Chronicles. The essays are organized around four nodes: contexts, content, approaches, and reception. Each essay takes up two questions: (1) what does the topic/area/issue have to do with the Historical Books? and (2) how does this topic/area/issue help readers better interpret the Historical Books? The essays engage traditional theories and newer updates to the same, and also engage the textual traditions themselves which are what give rise to compositional analyses. Many essays model approaches that move in entirely different ways altogether, however, whether those are by attending to synchronic, literary, theoretical, or reception aspects of the texts at hand. The contributions range from text-critical issues to ancient historiography, state formation and development, ancient Near Eastern contexts, society and economy, political theory, violence studies, orality, feminism, postcolonialism, and trauma theory—among others. Taken together, these essays well represent the variety of options available when it comes to gathering, assessing, and interpreting these particular biblical books.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Represented orality":
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McMahon, Brian. "Speech-Wrangling". En Openness in Medieval Europe, 65–84. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-23_04.
Resumen
This chapter considers the role of prolegomena and authorial interventions in constraining and contextualizing orally derived saga narratives in high medieval Iceland. It examines the question of whether prolegomena were intended to be included in oral renditions of the sagas and, if so, in whose ‘voice’ they were understood to be spoken. The ‘openness’ of a saga text — the extent of editorial freedom enjoyed by those concerned with extracting it from the oral milieu — has been much discussed; however, less attention has historically been paid to the freedom which the written texts then afforded any would-be reciter for emending or adapting their content when reading them aloud to a live audience. Prolegomena provide our most instructive source of contemporary commentary on how the written sagas should be understood and transmitted, and they therefore represent distinct and important critical texts in their own right, which inform our understanding of how ‘open’ or ‘fixed’ medieval Icelanders understood these extant written sagas to be.
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Pressman, Corey. "Post-Book Paratext". En Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 334–49. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6002-1.ch016.
Resumen
The earliest artifacts of expression, represented by cave art and carved statuettes, had a paratext of their own that surrounded and supported their significance. However, there is a fundamental difference between the way these artifacts operated in society and the way writing and print operate. Writing and print are associated with a “print culture” centered on fixity, social isolation, and authority. This opposes a preceding emphasis on orality, fluidity, and social communication. However, the hegemony of print culture has been challenged by the binary revolution. The widespread success of e-readers, apps, the Web, and electronic reading in general indicates a nascent post-book era. The essential difference between a paper book and its electronic analog is the stripping of the former's paratextual elements. This chapter suggests that we should be deliberate about designing the paratext of our digital post-book experiences. We have the opportunity to reintroduce elements of pre-print orality, continuing what scholars have noted as the development of a “secondary orality” instigated by radio and television. An entire profession already exists whose mission is to design and implement platform-specific elements that attend to the delivery of content: interaction designers. These professionals can help us design the future of reading.
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"A Constellation of Folk Narratives". En Writing Appalachia, editado por Katherine Ledford y Theresa Lloyd, 197–211. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178790.003.0030.
Resumen
Appalachia boasts a rich assortment of myths, folktales, legends, and vernacular sacred narratives, all of which are represented in this anthology. Myths are a culture’s sacred texts; every culture has them, be they oral or written. The sacred texts of Appalachia’s Euro-American settlers have long been inscribed in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles. Lacking writing until contact with whites, Native Americans conveyed their sacred teachings orally. When the Cherokee devised a written language, they began to inscribe their sacred texts in writing. The first section of this anthology opens with Cherokee texts collected orally from members of the Eastern Band....
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"Appalachian Folklore". En Writing Appalachia, editado por Katherine Ledford y Theresa Lloyd, 195–96. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178790.003.0705.
Resumen
The terms “folklore,” “folklife,” and “folkways” refer to cultural practices transmitted orally among members of a group. The literature represented in this anthology is an example of verbal folklore, more specifically folk narrative and folk song. These readings demonstrate both the bounty of folklore in Appalachia and the way that the region’s folklore has been deployed to support cultural-political agendas.
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Parker, John. "Wills and Dying Wishes". En In My Time of Dying, 259–76. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193151.003.0017.
Resumen
This chapter seeks to extend the discussion of writing and reading about death in the Gold Coast's late-nineteenth-century print media. It presents a crucial difference in these two uses of literacy: whereas newspapers were the principal medium of an emergent public sphere, wills — like Christianity — can be seen to represent a shift towards a greater individualization of death, removing matters of inheritance from custom and community to the private, 'bourgeois' realm. Although written wills may have been an innovation that spread from the European outposts on the Gold Coast, the chapter argues that African societies already possessed a testamentary tradition in the form of a nuncupative (i.e., oral) will which could legally override custom: the deathbed deposition known as samansie, usually translated as 'that left aside by a ghost'. Orality, that is to say, remained entangled with the written word, as did older concerns with the sanctity of the deathbed and with the lingering power of ancestral asamanfo, 'ghosts.'
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Michelucci, Stefania. "Translation". En The Edinburgh Companion to D. H. Lawrence and the Arts, 76–89. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456623.003.0007.
Resumen
This chapter discusses D. H. Lawrence and his art of translation. After an introductory paragraph on Lawrence’s use of foreign languages to represent the otherness of the reality observed in his works, the chapter examines how he thought creatively in more than one language. Selective examples include German translations of poems originally composed in Arabic and rewritings of Russian literary texts translated into English by S. S. Koteliansky. A detailed discussion of Lawrence’s translation of Giovanni Verga’s Mastro Don Gesualdo and Little Novels of Sicily follows, with particular attention paid to his insight into Verga’s extraordinary but difficult Sicilian language. Lawrence did not use a particular English dialect. Rather he created a new idiom to convey the orality and the physicality of Verga’s language free from any local specificity in English. Lawrence’s translations reflect the creativity of an artist who was constantly open to literary experiments which were rooted in a deep knowledge of other cultures, the transmission and sharing of which he always perceived as a never-ending enrichment of his own.
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Elhariry, Yasser. "Sky-Birds & Dead Trees On Two Images in Edmond Jabès". En Pacifist Invasions. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940407.003.0004.
Resumen
Chapter 2 concerns two recurrent images from Edmond Jabès’s late works, Un étranger avec, sous le bras, un livre de petit format (1989) and Le livre de l’hospitalité (1991). While Jabès is well known within French literary circles, analyses of his early Cairene work— and to an even lesser extent the formative roles of orality and aurality from his pre- Parisian period—are few and thin. I first contextualize the figure of the Egyptian poet in relation to the history of Jabès scholarship, and then build on Tengour’s translational poetics of the classical Arabic literary archive in order to unravel a different, sublimated translational mode that links many of Jabès’s later books. In his late and final works, which he composed while living in Paris, Jabès’s poetic imaginary reprises word for word the tropes of early Arabic verse. When read together and in relation to the same archival corpus, Tengour and Jabès represent contrasting translational and intertextual modes for comparative poetic and translingual compositions in French. Through his aphasic refuge in French monolingualism following his exile from Cairo, and his late re/discovery of classical Arabic poetry in Paris, Jabès’s sublimated recourse to early Arabic verse retraces and performs the history of the old literary forms beneath a French language surface.
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Hernández, Marisela, Anabel Ortiz Caltempa, Jacquelynne Cervantes, Nelly Villalobos, Cynthia Guzmán, Gladis Fragoso, Edda Sciutto y María Luisa Villareal. "Development of an Oral Vaccine for the Control of Cysticercosis". En Current State of the Art in Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97227.
Resumen
Parasitic diseases fecally transmitted, such taeniasis/cysticercosis Taenia solium binomial, represent a health problem whose incidence continues due to the prevalence of inadequate sanitary conditions, particularly in developing countries. When the larval stage of the parasite is established in the central nervous system causes neurocysticercosis a disease than can severely affect human health. It can also affect pigs causing cysticercosis causing economic losses. Since pigs are obligatory intermediate hosts, they have been considered as the targets for vaccination to interrupt the transmission of the parasitosis and eventually reduce the disease. Progress has been made in the development of vaccines for the prevention of porcine cysticercosis. In our research group, three peptides have been identified that, expressed synthetically (S3Pvac) or recombinantly (S3Pvac-phage), reduced the amount of cysticerci by 98.7% and 87%, respectively, in pigs exposed to natural conditions of infection. Considering that cysticercosis is orally acquired, it seems feasible to develop an edible vaccine, which could be administered by the pig farmers, simplifying the logistical difficulties of its application, reducing costs, and facilitating the implementation of vaccination programs. This chapter describes the most important advances towards the development of an oral vaccine against porcine cysticercosis.
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Galewicz, Cezary. "Ritual, Ascetic, and Meditative Practice in the Veda and Upaniṣads". En The Oxford History of Hinduism, 35–61. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733508.003.0002.
Resumen
This chapter examines ascetic and meditation practices as borne witness to in the ancient scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas and Upaniṣads. Close to the appearance of Buddhism towards the sixth or fifth century BCE, the already rich textual heritage of the Veda emerged as a canonical collection rearranged for ritual use. Most of its texts had been composed centuries earlier, beginning in the north-west areas of the Greater Punjab, and continued to grow while transmitted orally over a period of several centuries. All that accompanied a slow movement towards east and south of the Vedic tribes and clans. They fought and formed alliances among themselves and with others in the process of growing cultural synthesis. The complex Vedic canon represents a religion which modern scholarship chose to name either Vedism or Vedic Hinduism as preceding that of Brahmanism and later traditions of Hinduism. It also bears witness to a marked emphasis on ritual practice of a decidedly elite character. The late phase of its oral canonization has been recently considered as redefinition in the face either of the universal call of Buddhism or the challenge of the written media of the neighbouring Persian Empire. This chapter examines these developments.
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Lopuh, Mateja. "Use of Oral Ketamine in Palliative Care". En Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104875.
Resumen
Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist, has been used for more than 50 years. From its initial potential as an anesthetic drug, its use has increased in the fields of pain medicine, psychiatry, and palliative care. It is available in different formulations, of which oral use is promising due to its active metabolite, norketamine which reaches 2–3 times higher levels when administered orally in comparison with parenteral use. Oral use is also more feasible and easier to use in settings, where medical staff is not that present, such as home care or hospices. Oral solution of ketamine has not yet been officially licensed for use although there have been several reports which recommend its use in neuropathic pain, severe depression, airway obstruction, and anxiety. Palliative care is defined as total care for patients whose diseases do not respond to curative treatment. It encompasses good control of physical symptoms, and psychological, social and spiritual problems. Patients often experience pain, despite high doses of opioids, depression and anxiety, and dyspnea. Oral ketamine does not have the side effects of opioids therefore it represents a good alternative. It may also reduce the need for high opioid doses and be more suitable for patients who wish to avoid the necessary sedation.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Represented orality":
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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice". En GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.
Resumen
The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.
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Kwon, E., J. D. Ryan, A. Bazylak y L. H. Shu. "Does Visual Fixation Affect Idea Fixation?" En ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98276.
Resumen
Abstract Divergent thinking, an aspect of creativity, is often studied by measuring performance on the Alternative Uses Test (AUT). There is however a gap in creativity research concerning how visual stimuli on the AUT are most effectively perceived. Research in memory and attention have used eye-tracking studies to reveal insights into how people think and perceive visual stimuli. Thus, the current work uses eye tracking to study how eye movements are related to creativity. Participants orally listed alternative uses for twelve objects, each visually represented for two minutes in four different views. Using eye tracking, we specifically explored where and for how long people fixate their eyes at objects during the AUT. Eye movements before and while naming alternative uses are studied. Results revealed that naming new instances and categories of alternative uses correlates more strongly with visual fixation towards multiple views than towards a single view of the object. Alternative uses in new, previously unnamed categories are also more likely named following increased visual fixation towards blank space. These and other findings reveal the cognitive-thinking styles and eye-movement behaviors associated with finding new ideas. Such findings may be applied to reduce fixation to existing ideas during design.
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Song, Meishu, Emilia Parada-Cabaleiro, Zijiang Yang, Xin Jing, Kazumasa Togami, Kun Qian*, Björn W. Schuller y Yoshiharu Yamamoto. "Parallelising 2D-CNNs and Transformers: A Cognitive-based approach for Automatic Recognition of Learners’ English Proficiency". En Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001000.
Resumen
Learning English as a foreign language requires an extensive use of cognitive capacity, memory, and motor skills in order to orally express one’s thoughts in a clear manner. Current speech recognition intelligence focuses on recognising learners’ oral proficiency from fluency, prosody, pronunciation, and grammar’s perspectives. However, the capacity of clearly and naturally expressing an idea is a high-level cognitive behaviour which can hardly be represented by these detailed and segmental dimensions, which indeed do not fulfil English learners and teachers’ requirements. This work aims to utilise the state-of-the-art deep learning techniques to recognise English speaking proficiency at a cognitive level, i. e., a learner’s ability to clearly organise their own thoughts when expressing an idea in English as a foreign language. For this, we collected the “Oral English for Japanese Learners” Dataset (OEJL-DB), a corpus of recordings by 82 students of a Japanese high school expressing their ideas in English towards 5 different topics. Annotations concerning the clarity of learners’ thoughts are given by 5 English teachers according to 2 classes: clear and unclear. In total, the dataset includes 7.6 hours of audio data with an average length for each oral English presentation of66 seconds. As initial cognitive-based method to identify learners’ speaking proficiency, we propose an architecture based on the parallelization of CNNs and Transformers. With the strengthening of the CNNs in spatial feature representation and the Transformer in sequence encoding, we achieve a 89.4% accuracy and 87.6%. Unweighted Average Recall (UAR), results which outperform those from the ResNet architectures (89.2 % accuracy and 86.3 % UAR). Our promising outcomes reveal that speech intelligence can be efficiently applied to “grasp” high level cognitive behaviours, a new area of research which seems to have a great potential for further investigation.
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De-Miguel-Molina, Blanca, Maria De-Miguel-Molina, Daniel Catalá-Pérez y Beatriz García-Ortega. "Digitalisation as Support in Competences Acquisition: Experiences at the Faculty of Business Administration and Management". En INNODOCT 2021. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2021.2021.13357.
Resumen
This work presents the design of tasks in two courses at the Faculty of Business Administration and Management over the course of 2020-2021. As on-campus learning was limited, tasks in two subjects were designed to enable the use of digital tools by students. Learning outcomes in the two subjects are defined to acquire both STEAM and soft competences. The STEAM competences in these subjects are focused on curiosity (S: science), use of technology (T), solving problems (E: engineering) and visual communication (A: arts). In the first subject, the task was designed for two lessons in which the students had to review a service. Digital tools were used by the students to represent the customer journey, including pains indicated by users, offer ideas to solve them, and consider main issues in their implementation. From previous years, the use of digital tools adds the T competence to those already acquired (S, E, A). In the second subject, students work on their bachelor degree theses, as they will need to present them in writing and orally to three professors of the Faculty. The task designed in this subject involved a screencast video elaborated by each student, following the format of a real presentation of his or her thesis. In this subject, the inclusion of the T and A competences implies adding them to the competences acquired in previous courses (S and E). Results obtained in the two subjects are presented. These include the evaluation of learning outcomes in relation to previous years, the pros and cons of the tools selected in each subject, and improvements to be incorporated in the next year.