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1
Orms, Maria Elizabeth. "States with restrictions to municipal broadband deployments and the effects of the restriction". Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1552080.
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Municipal broadband implementations are restricted in some way by 19 states, with other states proposing restrictions. In analyzing the different state laws, there are three categories of restrictions: bans on providing services, administrative restrictions, and economic restrictions. The most common restriction is to require municipalities to create separate funds for communication services, there are 21 different economic restrictions implemented. Most states implement more than one type of restriction and do not fall into just one category. The effect of the restrictions varies depending on the market conditions and the status of the LEC (Local Exchange Carrier), and the number of municipal electric companies present within the state. The restrictions in most states passed after the first large scale municipal network was proposed. This made it difficult to measure the effect of the restrictions on either broadband adoption or fiber to the home (FTTH) rates.
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Shoop, Diane E. Cigler Beverly A. "Problem definition and agenda setting among Pennsylvania's municipal governments sex offender residency restriction ordinances /". [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4568/index.html.
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Lund, Lasse. "Public Health and Public Security versus Free Movement of Persons : Restriction on Cross-border Traffic at the Internal Borders of the EU". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-87726.
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Ruan, Yehai. "Le cadre juridique de l'investissement direct étranger en Chine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1021.
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Depuis la réforme économique et l’ouverture de la Chine en 1978, l’économie chinoise s’est développée rapidement. Les investissements étrangers ont joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement économique chinois. La Chine est devenue la deuxième puissance économique du monde. Ce résultat positif est basé sur les avantages fiscaux aux investissements étrangers et la faiblesse du coût du travail. Aujourd’hui, ces avantages sont de moins en moins importants. Un investisseur étranger attache plus d’importance à l’environnement juridique qu’au coût du travail et aux avantages fiscaux. Suite à la perte progressive des avantages politiques et ceux du marché en Chine, la concurrence sur l’environnement de l’investissement, notamment sur l’environnement juridique de l’Etat d’accueil, va devenir une mesure importante pour attirer les investissements étrangers. Aussi l’ajustement du système du droit chinois de l’investissement est nécessaire et urgente. Le droit de l’investissement étranger contient deux aspects: la protection et la restriction de l’investissement direct étranger. Un système parfait du droit de l’investissement implique un juste équilibre entre ces deux aspects. Dans cette thèse, nous voulons nous pencher sur le droit français et le droit international afin d’analyser la relation entre la restriction et la protection de l’investissement direct étranger en droit chinois. Nous ne nous proposons pas, dans cette thèse, de recouvrir tous les domaines du droit de l’investissement en Chine. Nous entendons plutôt préciser l’influence de certains facteurs les plus importants en la matièreSince the economic reform and opening of China in 1978, Chinese economy continued to grow at a rapid pace. Foreign investment has played an important role in China’s economic development. China has become the second largest economy in the world. This positive result is based on the tax benefits of foreign investment and low cost of labor. Today, these benefits are less important. A foreign investor attaches more importance to the legal environment than labor costs and tax benefits. Following the gradual loss of political advantage and market in China, the competition in the investment environment, including the legal environment of the host country, will become an important measure to attract foreign investment. Also adjusting the system of the Chinese investment law is necessary and urgent. The law of foreign investment has two aspects: the protection and restriction of FIE. A perfect system of investment law implies a balance between these two aspects. In this thesis, we want to study the French law and international law in order to analyze the relationship between the restriction and protection of FIE in Chinese law. We do not propose, in this thesis, covering all areas of the investment law in China. Instead, we wish to clarify the influence of some of the most important factors in the matter
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Korach, Grzegorz. "The Limited Deductibility of Costs Incurred by Non-residents in the Restriction Test Applied by the Court of Justice of the European Union". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351794.
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Blume, Moore Iván. "The Crystallization of Collective Bargaining with Wage Content in the Public Sector: the Transit from Prohibition to Reasonable Restriction in the Light of Budget Rules". Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119038.
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The right to collectively negotiate salaries afforded to Public Employees has been a longstanding controversy in our country. Especially, in the light of the prohibitions established by Budget Laws. However, this conflict has been recently resolved by the Constitutional Court. This decision marks a fundamental landmark for Labor Law because it crystallizes the right of public employee to collectively bargain salaries with the State. In this article, the author recount the path travelled by the Constitutional Court in this field, that is, from the absolute prohibitions to a reasonable restriction in the pursue to achieve balance between this right and the public interest at stake.El derecho de los trabajadores públicos de negociar colectivamente sus salarios ha sido una controversia de larga data en nuestro país. En especial, a la luz de las prohibiciones establecidas por las normas presupuestales. Sin embargo, este conflicto ha sido resuelto recientemente por el Tribunal Constitucional. Esta sentencia marca un hito fundamental en el derecho laboral colectivo, pues ha cristalizado el derecho de los trabajadores de la Administración Pública a negociar colectivamente sus salarios con el Estado. En el presente artículo, el autor realiza un recuento del camino transitado por el Tribunal Constitucional en este campo, esto es, desde la absoluta prohibición hasta la restricción razonable de este derecho en su afán por conciliarlo con el interés público en juego.
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Spångberg, Christian. "En studie om regleringen av nanomaterial : - i The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) och Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327381.
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Yang, Yifan. "Physiological constraints and evolutionary trade-offs underlying bacterial aging, caloric restriction and longevity". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB158/document.
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Les théories évolutives du vieillissement et la théorie du «disposable soma» en particulier ont été la base théorique d'une avance récente de recherche sur le vieillissement animal. Pourtant, leur hypothèse centrale sur la physiologie de l'entretien et de la réparation cellulaires n'a pas été testée empiriquement. Dans cette thèse, j'ai analysé la physiologie du vieillissement de Escherichia coli sous restriction de carbone, en tant que système modèle pour valider empiriquement les théories évolutives du vieillissement. Les outils microfluidiques sont utilisés pour isoler de larges populations de cellules isolées de E. coli et pour obtenir une restriction carbonée homogène. Malgré le partage de la même génétique et des conditions environnementales, les cellules individuelles de la population présentent des variations significatives de la durée de vie et de cause de décès. Les distributions de durée de vie présentent des caractéristiques typiques du processus de vieillissement, souvent observées en études démographiques animales et humaines. Le taux de vieillissement peut être modifié par des mutations de la réponse générale au stress. Comme la longévité induite par la restriction calorique, la réponse générale au stress prolonge la durée de vie d'E.coli en atténuant l'effet du vieillissement au détriment des besoins immédiats des cellules. Un modèle quantitatif de ce compromis physiologique est construit et correctement prédit des observations expérimentales. En conclusion, je confirme la théorie du «disposable soma» du vieillissement avec les détails physiologiques du vieillissement de E.coli en famineThe evolutionary theories of aging and the disposable soma theory in particular, have been the theoretical basis for a recent surge of animal aging research. Yet their central assumption about the physiology of cellular maintenance and repair has not been empirically tested. In this thesis, I analysed the physiology of E.coli aging under carbon starvation, as a model system to empirically validate evolutionary theories of aging. Microfluidic tools are used to isolate large populations of isogenic single E.coli cells, and to achieve homogenous carbon starvation. Despite sharing the same genetical background and environmental conditions, individual cells in the population exhibit significant variations in lifespans and causes of death. Distributions of lifespans exhibit typical features of the aging process, often seen in animal and human demographic studies. The rate of aging can be altered by mutations of the general stress response pathway. Resembling caloric restriction induced longevity, the general stress response pathway extends starvation lifespans of E.coli by attenuating the effect of aging at the expense of immediate needs of the cells. A quantitative model of this physiological trade-off is constructed and correctly predicted experimental observations. As a conclusion, I substantiate the disposable soma theory of aging with the physiological details of E.coli aging in starvation
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Lalanda, Rocio. "Understanding Agricultural-Land Conservation from the Perspective of Landowners in Franklin County, Massachusetts". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7321.
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What motivates agricultural-land owners to use conservation easements? As these legal tools have become a popular strategy for private land conservation in the U.S., a growing body of literature is examining how and why landowners conserve their properties through conservation easements. This research project expands upon environmental, geographical and rural land development literature through a qualitative fieldwork study of 34 private, conservation landowners associated with the Franklin Land Trust, a nonprofit conservation organization in western Massachusetts. The study identifies a broad range of environmental, social, spiritual and financial motivations for agricultural-land owners to conserve their properties, and indicates that for the vast majority of study participants certain motivations were more important than others depending on landowners’ level of reliance on their land to sustain their livelihoods. Using this classification criterion, landowner profiles identified in this study include full-time farmers, supplemental-income farmers, and farmland retreat owners. For most of the landowners within the biggest group—the full-time farmers—the most important motivation to conserve was financial; particularly, to obtain a cash payment to improve the economic viability of their farming operation. Nonetheless, the financial motivation was not the only important one for the 34 landowners, nor was it always the most important.
This study makes two additional contributions to land conservation research. First, it examines agricultural-land conservation through phenomenological approaches to the study of place. In this regard, findings suggest landowners and land trust staff members have different relationships with the conserved land and its surroundings and, therefore, different senses of place. Second, the study frames agricultural-land conservation through conservation easements as a potential aspect of rural sustainability with respect to the economic, social, and environmental benefits of conservation, from the point of view of both agricultural-land owners and a land trust. The findings also indicate that the landowners of this study were generally very satisfied with the outcomes of using conservation easements despite drawbacks. Overall, this study contributes to land conservation studies through an analysis of individual motivations and experiences that shape the decisions of agricultural-land owners to grant conservation easements.
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Magnusson, Victor. "Cut off cross-border data flow and international investment law. : A legal analysis of a restriction with an effect equivalent of a ban on cross-border data flow and the fair and equitable treatment standard found in bilateral investment treaties". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443840.
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In the world we live in today, the international trade and economy is becoming more and more dependent on data. Data that can be transferred across borders and during the last couple of years there is an observable trend that the cross-border data flows is increasing. The increase of the cross-border data flows is a result of the vast boom in the global digitalization. Businesses and enterprises can use the data accessible in multiple kinds of ways, follow and keep control of production chains, follow the demand of consumers, and make alterations to the products following the requests of the consumers. This is improving the efficiency and productivity of the businesses. The free flow of data across borders does not only have positive effect for the businesses, but also from a larger perspective, it also contributes to the welfare of countries, and provide new possibilities and opportunities. Despite the fact that the free flow of data has its great effects on both businesses and the welfare of states, states are imposing restrictions on cross-border data flows. The restrictions in place are of deferent kinds, some makes it mandatory to store or process data, while other restrictions are harsher and could provide a ban or cut off on cross-border data flow. In the legal system of international investment law, the fair and equitable treatment standard is a standard found in treaties, bilateral and multilateral. The standard is protecting the forging investors. If a state is enforcing a restriction with an effect equivalent to a ban on cross-border data flow, what is the relation of that restriction to the fair and equitable treatment standard?
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Puksas, Andrius. "Reikšmingos įtakos konkurencijai ir prekybai sąlyga. Mažareikšmių susitarimų problematika". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140925_111308-60243.
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Ši disertacija – pirmas tyrimas Lietuvoje, kuriame kompleksiškai nagrinėjamos reikšmingos įtakos konkurencijai ir reikšmingos įtakos prekybai sąlygos bei de minimis išimties taikymo praktika. Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamos ES bei atskirų valstybių narių teisės aktų nuostatos, už rinkos priežiūrą ir sąžiningos konkurencijos apsaugą atsakingų institucijų praktika, pateikiami pasiūlymai dėl esamo teisinio reglamentavimo tobulinimo. Disertacinio darbo rėmuose buvo atlikta ES valstybių narių teisės aktų ir jų suponuotos praktikos (kartais ir atvirkščiai) lyginamoji analizė. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas su EK, Teisingumo Teismo praktika nesutapmančiai besiformuojančiai nacionalinei praktikai (pvz., de minimis išimties, kurios turinys toliau atskleidžiamas disertaciniame darbe, taikymas susitarimams, turintiems sunkių apribojimų).This dissertation is the first study in Lithuania, which includes complex analysis of conditions of appreciable effect on competition and trade; as well as the practice of applying de minimis exemption. The doctoral dissertation analyzes legal regulations of the EU and Member States, the practice of institutions responsible for monitoring the market and fair protecting fair competition; it includes suggestions for the improvement of existing legal framework. Within the framework of doctoral dissertation, a comparative analysis of the EU Member States’ legislation and practice which is based on it (and vice versa) has been conducted. A particular attention has been paid to national practice which is incompatible with the practice of the EC, or the Court of Justice (e.g. application of de minimis exemption, which is explained in depth further in the doctoral dissertation, for agreements containing hardcore restraints).
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Figueiredo, Alex Nunes de. "O Estado e a aplicação de atos legistativos contrários ao princípio da reserva da lei penal /". Franca : [s.n.], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89858.
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Orientador: Fernando Andrade FernandesResumo: A Constituição do Brasil proíbe expressamente ao Chefe do Poder Executivo editar medidas provisórias que versem sobre direito penal. Trata-se de uma vitória em prol dos direitos fundamentais, alcançada com a promulgação da Emenda Constitucional n.º 32, de 11 de setembro de 2001, uma vez que, até então nada existia constitucionalmente expresso sobre a possibilidade de se tratar de direito penal por meio daquela espécie normativa. Tanto a doutrina quanto a jurisprudência adotavam o entendimento pacífico de que, em razão do princípio da legalidade, e da reserva de lei, direito fundamental do indivíduo, o Estado não poderia ingerir na sua esfera de liberdade já que aqueles princípios exigiam, para a legislação penal, a edição de lei formalmente perfeita, feita de acordo com o modelo de processo legislativo previsto na Constituição. No entanto, por diversas vezes, no decorrer da história, vimos tipos incriminadores sendo criados por medidas provisórias, o que originou este estudo sobre a responsabilidade do estado pela aplicação de medidas provisórias com conteúdo penal. Ora, se antes da Emenda Constitucional n.º 32 nada havia expressamente em sede constitucional que proibia a criação de tipos constitucionais por medidas provisórias, e efetivamente foi criado lei penal incriminadora convertida de medida provisória, então como ficariam as relações oriundas da efetiva aplicação dessa lei? O Estado seria obrigado a responsabilizar quem tivesse sua liberdade cerceada em razão da sua efetiva aplicação? Haveria a necessidade de uma declaração prévia de inconstitucionalidade para que o Estado fosse civilmente responsável. Essas indagações serão respondidas ao longo da dissertação, onde serão analisados a evolução histórica dos institutos tratados, bem como a visão doutrinária sobre o tema para, ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The Brazilian Constitution expressly forbids the Head of the Government's Executive Branch to issue provisional measures relative to penal rights. This represents a victory of the basic rights, achieved by means of Constitutional Amendment decree No. 32 dated September 11, 2001, considering that, until such a date, nothing was mentioned in the Constitution about the possibility of handling penal rights through that kind of decree. Both the doctrine and the jurisprudence adopted the pacific understanding that, in view of the legality principle and, as a norm, the principle of the basic rights of the individual, the State could not penetrate its sphere of freedom, since those principles required, as far as it concerned the penal legislation, the elaboration of formally perfect laws, made in accordance with the legislative process model foreseen in the Constitution. However, for several times along the history, we have seen incriminating kinds of such being created by provisional measures, which resulted in this study of the State's responsibility over the enforcement of penal-oriented provisional measures. Thus, if before Constitutional Amendment No. 32, nothing was mentioned in the Constitution which prohibited the creation of constitutional types by means of provisional measures and in fact the incriminating penal law was created through a conversion of a provisional measure, then how would all relations resulting from the effective application of this law stand? Would the State be required to blame whomever had his freedom restrained as a result of its effective enforcement? There would be the need of a previous statement of unconstitutionality so that the State could be civilly made responsible. These questions shall be answered in the course of the essay, where the historical evolution of the referred to institutions will be ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Connor, Timothy C. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union. Jurisprudential Adjudications by the Court of Justice". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.
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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the
applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive
research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and
understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court
of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods,
persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications
maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the
EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to
the ¿selling arrangement¿ that are used as the modus operandi in the
acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the
published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in
the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to
ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a
goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want
of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is
the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the
published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the
knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons,
services and capital in European Union law.
14
Agossou-Penel, Miflinso Lisette Nina. "La contrainte dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10045.
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Dans la procédure pénale, se développe une contradiction pour le fait que l'on assigne à cette matière à la fois la répression du crime et la protection des droits et libertés des personnes impliquées dans la commission du crime. Cette particularité de la procédure pénale, qui lui coûte sa stabilité, est davantage perçue dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal. C'est à ce niveau que tout se joue. Le procès pénal proprement dit ne vient mettre en évidence que les éléments recueillis lors des investigations. Les pouvoirs coercitifs des autorités chargées des enquêtes sont diversifiés. Mais, au nom du principe de la présomption d'innocence, l'usage de la contrainte dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal doit satisfaire aux exigences de nécessité et de proportionnalité. La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme porte un regard attentif sur l'exécution des mesures de contrainte, qui constituent la négation des droits et libertés individuels garantis par la Convention européenne. Ces mesures restent exceptionnelles au regard des principes constitutionnels. Les droits que le législateur accorde aux personnes qui en font l'objet en sont la contrepartie. Mais ces droits ne sont pas absolus. Les personnes soumises à contrainte avant tout jugement bénéficient d'une relative protection qui varie selon leur âge, la gravité de la contrainte en laquelle elles sont tenues et la nature de l'infraction considéréeIn the criminal procedure, develops a contradiction for the fact that we assign to this material at once the repression of the crime and the protection of the rights and the liberties of the persons involved in the commission of the crime. This peculiarity of the criminal procedure, which costs him his stability, is more perceived in the preparatory phase of the penal trial. It is at this level that everything takes place. The penal trial itself comes to bring to light only elements collected during the investigations. The coercive powers of the authorities loaded with inquiries are diversified. But, in the name of the principle of the presumption of innocence, the use of the coercion in the preparatory phase of the penal trial has to satisfy the requirements of necessity and proportionality. The European Court of Human Rights concerns an attentive glance the execution of measures of constraint, which constitute the negation of the guaranteed individual rights and the liberties by the European Convention of Human rights. These measures remain exceptional towards the constitutional principles. The rights which the legislator grants to the persons who are the object of it are the counterpart. But these rights are not absolute. The persons subjected to constraint above all judgment benefit from a relative protection which varies according to their age, the gravity of the constraint in which they are held and the nature of the considered breach
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Connor, Timothy Charles. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union : jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.
Texto completoResumen
The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the 'selling arrangement' that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.
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Aparcero-Suero, Maria. "Law Enforcement Officers’ Perceptions in Regard to Sex Offenders, SORN, and Residency Restrictions Laws". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3197.
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The purpose of this study was to extend current knowledge regarding law enforcement’s perceptions of sex offenders. Law enforcement’s views of sex offenders and the fairness and efficacy of sex offender laws were examined through the utilization of a 60 closed-ended question survey. The survey included questions about sex offender myths, sex offender laws, police officers’ experience in working with sex offenders, specialized training, and demographics. The sample consisted of 74 sworn police officers from a Southeastern state. The results showed that, despite having a mostly empirical based view of sex offenders, sworn police officers were likely to support sex offender laws shown by some scholars to be ineffective in reducing crime and at times counterproductive.
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Figueiredo, Alex Nunes de [UNESP]. "O Estado e a aplicação de atos legistativos contrários ao princípio da reserva da lei penal". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89858.
Texto completoResumen
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figueiredo_an_me_fran.pdf: 430947 bytes, checksum: bd6e41102eaeac1522678d766866a18b (MD5)A Constituição do Brasil proíbe expressamente ao Chefe do Poder Executivo editar medidas provisórias que versem sobre direito penal. Trata-se de uma vitória em prol dos direitos fundamentais, alcançada com a promulgação da Emenda Constitucional n.º 32, de 11 de setembro de 2001, uma vez que, até então nada existia constitucionalmente expresso sobre a possibilidade de se tratar de direito penal por meio daquela espécie normativa. Tanto a doutrina quanto a jurisprudência adotavam o entendimento pacífico de que, em razão do princípio da legalidade, e da reserva de lei, direito fundamental do indivíduo, o Estado não poderia ingerir na sua esfera de liberdade já que aqueles princípios exigiam, para a legislação penal, a edição de lei formalmente perfeita, feita de acordo com o modelo de processo legislativo previsto na Constituição. No entanto, por diversas vezes, no decorrer da história, vimos tipos incriminadores sendo criados por medidas provisórias, o que originou este estudo sobre a responsabilidade do estado pela aplicação de medidas provisórias com conteúdo penal. Ora, se antes da Emenda Constitucional n.º 32 nada havia expressamente em sede constitucional que proibia a criação de tipos constitucionais por medidas provisórias, e efetivamente foi criado lei penal incriminadora convertida de medida provisória, então como ficariam as relações oriundas da efetiva aplicação dessa lei? O Estado seria obrigado a responsabilizar quem tivesse sua liberdade cerceada em razão da sua efetiva aplicação? Haveria a necessidade de uma declaração prévia de inconstitucionalidade para que o Estado fosse civilmente responsável. Essas indagações serão respondidas ao longo da dissertação, onde serão analisados a evolução histórica dos institutos tratados, bem como a visão doutrinária sobre o tema para,...
The Brazilian Constitution expressly forbids the Head of the Government’s Executive Branch to issue provisional measures relative to penal rights. This represents a victory of the basic rights, achieved by means of Constitutional Amendment decree No. 32 dated September 11, 2001, considering that, until such a date, nothing was mentioned in the Constitution about the possibility of handling penal rights through that kind of decree. Both the doctrine and the jurisprudence adopted the pacific understanding that, in view of the legality principle and, as a norm, the principle of the basic rights of the individual, the State could not penetrate its sphere of freedom, since those principles required, as far as it concerned the penal legislation, the elaboration of formally perfect laws, made in accordance with the legislative process model foreseen in the Constitution. However, for several times along the history, we have seen incriminating kinds of such being created by provisional measures, which resulted in this study of the State’s responsibility over the enforcement of penal-oriented provisional measures. Thus, if before Constitutional Amendment No. 32, nothing was mentioned in the Constitution which prohibited the creation of constitutional types by means of provisional measures and in fact the incriminating penal law was created through a conversion of a provisional measure, then how would all relations resulting from the effective application of this law stand? Would the State be required to blame whomever had his freedom restrained as a result of its effective enforcement? There would be the need of a previous statement of unconstitutionality so that the State could be civilly made responsible. These questions shall be answered in the course of the essay, where the historical evolution of the referred to institutions will be ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Mikutytė, Lyra. "Kiekybinių apribojimų ir jiems lygiaverčio poveikio priemonių draudimas, užtikrinantis laisvą prekių judėjimą EB". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070104_144837-36676.
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The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the legal problems arising from applying the articles of the EC Treaty on the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. The author, referring to evolution of the case law of European Court of Justice, reveals problem aspects of the prohibition of quantitative restrictions on import and measures having equivalent effect, ensuring the free movement of goods in EC. The author analyzes the link between the list of mandatory requirements, introduced in Cassis, and the article 30 of the Treaty, looking for bonds between them and providing possible solutions of the problem. The author also presents the probable reasons of the large-scale criticism towards European Court of Justice due to its ambivalent decision in Keck, examines the arguments rehabilitating Keck and estimates the influence of Keck towards free movement of goods in EC. The author aims to reveal the tendencies of European Court of Justice in the context of market access and discrimination, comparing both tests and considering whether it is possible to apply one of them alternatively or use a synergy of both tests. The basics of this work are focused on legal doctrine given in monographs, articles and publications of various foreign legal authors.
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Tenčurinaitė, Ina. "Asmens teisės naujosiose Vidurio ir Rytų Europos šalių Konstitucijose". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060315_104550-34841.
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At the end of XX century, after the collapse of totalitarian regimes, Central and Eastern European states started a new development process related to essential constitutional reforms. It became necessary to ensure human rights and freedoms, their fulfilment and protection. Human rights and freedoms confirmed in the constitutions of Central and Eastern European countries make one of the most fundamental institutions of constitutional law. This master thesis analysis human rights and freedoms confirmed in the constitutions of Central and Eastern European countries as well as discloses in detail personal, political and social, economic and cultural rights according to the content of rights.
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Beyani, Chaloka. "Restrictions on internal freedom of movement and residence in international law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334097.
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Vitkauskaitė, Sandra. "Ar nacistinių ir komunistinių simbolių demonstravimo draudimas neprieštarauja Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 25 straipsniui?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090731_122422-72712.
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Lietuvoje 2008-aisiais metais įsigaliojo Lietuvos Respublikos susirinkimų įstatymo 8 straipsnio 5 punktas bei Lietuvos Respublikos administracinių teisės pažeidimų kodekso 18818 straipsnis. Šios įstatyminės normos draudžia naudoti nacistinius ir komunistinius simbolius susirinkimuose, masiniuose renginiuose bei kitaip demonstruoti. Tokiu būdu siekiama apsaugoti demokratinės visuomenės narius nuo nacistinių ir komunistinių okupacinių režimų propagandos, užkirsti kelią kurtis antidemokratines idėjas propaguojančioms organizacijoms. Tačiau kai kurie draudžiami simboliai gali būti suprantami ne vien tik kaip nacistiniai ar komunistiniai, todėl ne visais atvejais jų demonstravimas ar naudojimas pažeis svarbias kitų asmenų teises ir laisves. Šio darbo tikslas yra įvertinti, ar šie draudimai neprieštarauja Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 25 straipsnyje įtvirtintai saviraiškos laisvei.
Saviraiškos laisvė – viena iš pagrindinių žmogaus teisių, įtvirtinta daugumos demokratinių valstybių konstitucijose bei įvairiose konvencijose, tačiau ji nėra absoliuti. Siekiant įvertinti, ar draudimas demonstruoti nacistinius bei komunistinius simbolius neprieštarauja saviraiškos laisvei, analizuojami principai, kuriais remiantis galima riboti saviraiškos laisvę, taip pat vertybės, kurias siekiama apsaugoti nustatant saviraiškos laisvės apribojimus. Analizuojant principus bei saugomas vertybes, daugiausia remiamasi Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos bei Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In 2008 Lithuanian Parliament enacted new laws prohibiting use of Nazi and Communist symbols during meetings and other mass events or other kinds of demonstration (Article 8(5) of Law on Meetings of Republic of Lithuania and Article 18818 of Administrative Violations Code of Republic of Lithuania). The purpose of this prohibition is to protect members of democratic society from propaganda of Nazi and Communist occupation regimes and to prevent the establishment of organizations that propagates antidemocratic ideas. However, some of the prohibited symbols may be understood not only as of Nazis or Communists, therefore they would not breach fundamental rights and freedoms of other members of the society. Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental human rights. It is mentioned in most constitutions of most democratic states and international conventions. However, freedom of expression is not absolute. In order to be restricted it has to meet some requirements. The requirements are being analyzed in this master project according to provisions of the Constitution of Lithuanian Republic and the European Convention on Human Rights and case-law regarding freedom of expression of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Court of Human Rights. Laws prohibiting demonstration of Nazi and Communist symbols are being compared to some other European states’ laws of the same function. The purpose of this master project is to evaluate whether the... [to full text]
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Juška, Mindaugas. "Ar vaiko tėvas, su vaiko mama gyvenantis skyriumi ir neauginanatis vaiko, privalo atsakyti už nepilnamečio vaiko padarytą žalą?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110623_154612-79315.
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Autorius pastebi, kad viena mažiausiai reglamentuotų deliktinės atsakomybės problemų, skyrium gyvenančio tėvo atsakomybės už nepilnamečio vaiko padarytą žalą problema. Būtent šis atvejis teisės aktuose reglamentuojamas mažai, jo taikymas problemiškas, kadangi bet koks sprendimas neišvengiamai gali būti pamatinių teisinės atsakomybės normų pažeidimu. Darbo tyrimui autorius iškelia šį tikslą ir uždavinius:
Darbo objektas – skyrium gyvenančio ir neauginančio vaiko tėvo teisinės atsakomybės ribos.
Hipotezė: Skyrium gyvenantis ir neauginantis vaiko tėvas neprivalo atsakyti už vaiko padarytą žalą..
Darbo tikslas- išanalizuoti skyrium gyvenančio ir vaiko neauginančio tėvo atsakomybės ribas.
Uždaviniai:
a)Išanalizuoti teisines doktrinas, reglamentuojančias tėvų atsakomybės ypatumus bendrosios teisės ir civilinės teisės sistemų valstybėse.
b)Aptarti tėvo pareigą atlyginti vaiko padarytą žalą esant tėvo ir vaiko atskyrimo, tėvų valdžios apribojimo ir separacijos atvejams .
c) Išanalizuoti teisės aktų nuostatas ,įtakojančias skyrium gyvenančio tėvo atsakomybę už nepilnamečio veiksmus.
Aptardamas šią problemą, autorius analizuoja situaciją kitose šalyse .Bandoma nustatyti bendruosius dėsningumus bendrosios bei kontinentinės teisės sistemų valstybėse. Pastebima, kad bendrosios teisės sistemos valstybėse vienareikšmiškai galioja asmeninės atsakomybės principas. Tai yra tėvas kaltas tiek kiek jie tiesiogiai nusižengė ar prisidėjo prie to, kad žala būtų padaryta. Kontinentinės teisės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Parental liability is one of the most problematical aspects of tort liability cases. In most lows in the world is written that both parents are liable for the damages made by their child. There is no information about individual liability of child’s father or mother. Especially this problem becomes important then parents live separately. Then we have a question is child’s father who does not live together with his child liable for the torts and minors made by his child. This problem becomes complicated when father did all he could to help his child to act legally. But on the other hand, if we presume that according these circumstances father is not liable, we can breach victims’ rights. Main rule of civil liability is damages compensation for the victim. This dilemma is important in our days because there is big number of juvenile crimes. Civil liability for juvenile crimes is taken by parents or institution which supervises the juvenile at the time when tort is made. Under these circumstances we need stronger regulation of subjects liability limits. The object of the work is liability limits of father who lives separately and does not take care about this child for the torts made by his child. Hypothesis: Father who lives separately and does not take care about this child is liable for the torts made by his child. Purpose of the work is to analyze the limits of liability of the father who lives separately and does not take care about his child. The following tasks are... [to full text]
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Gaubytė, Milda. "Ar teritorinis ribojimas tapti kredito unijos nariu nepažeidžia asociacijos laisvės principo?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140614_150847-41634.
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Asociacijos laisvės principas pripažįstamas ne tik daugumos valstybių nacionalinės teisės, bet ir priskiriamas prie pagrindinių žmogaus teisių ir laisvių, kurios garantuojamos valstybių įsipareigojimais. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 35 straipsnyje, laiduojama teisė piliečiams laisvai vienytis į bendrijas. 2009 metais įsigaliojusi Kredito unijų įstatymo redakcija įtvirtino teisinio reguliavimo principą, pagal kurį kredito unijų veikla galima tik toje savivaldybėje, kurioje kredito unija turi registruotą buveinę, bei su ja besiribojančių savivaldybių teritorijoje. Analizuojant Kredito unijos įstatymą ir Konstitucijoje nustatytas normas susiduriama su dilema – ar įstatyme įtvirtintas ribojimas gali būti taikomas. Ar valstybė užtikrina laisvą asmenų jungimasi į asociacijas. Atsižvelgiant į sparčią kreditų unijų plėtrą ir siekiant teigiamos veiklos teikiami įstatymų projektai, kurie neigiamai vertina įsigaliojusį ribojimą.
Taip pat darbe aptariama kokiais principais remiamasi sprendžiant nacionalinės bei tarptautinės teisės normų taikymo susikirtimą. Kaip sprendžiamas klausimas dėl asociacijos laisvės principo užtiktinimo nacionalinėje teisėje.
Magistrinio darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai yra išanalizuoti teritorinio ribojimo svarbą valstybėje ir kokį poveikį pasikeitęs reglamentavimas atlieka kredito unijoms. Apibendrinus asociacijos laisvės principo turinį įvertinti principo taikymą sąveikaujant nacionalinės bei tarptautinės teisės normoms. Ar asociacijų laisvės principo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The principle of freedom of association is recognized not only just for the majority of national legal systems, but it is also attributed to the fundamental human rights and freedoms as guaranteed by states. In the article 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, states the right of citizens freely to unite to ensure communities. In 2009, the credit unions Act entered into force which laid the legal version of the regulatory principle that credit unions can be only in the municipality in which the Credit Union has its registered office, and with the municipalities which territory is bordering. When we are analysing Credit Unions Act and Constitution established norms together there we face with a dilemma – whether entrenched norm for restriction may be applied. In this case do state ensures freedom of association mergers? The main problem of the credit unions are establishment of new more complicated procedures to found a credit union. For example establishing more restrictive common bond criteria. In general credit unions may unite members upon the following criteria: professional, geographical, work in one company or membership in one organization. Before 2009 credit unions had an ability to chose 2 of these 4 criteria. Now there are not such a possibility. There we have a clash between established restrictive common bonds for credit unions and fundamental principle - the principle of freedom of association In international law the right of everyone to join a... [to full text]
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MacDonald, Steven D. "Existing and prospective international legal restrictions on the military use of outer space". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6002.
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The thesis seeks to ascertain the extent of international legal (primarily treaty) constraints on the military use of outer space. These are to be found for the most part in the multilateral 1963 Partial Test Ban and 1967 Outer Space Treaties and in the bilateral U.S.-Soviet 1972 ABM Treaty. The thesis assesses the compatibility of all feasible near- and mid-term military uses of outer space with these treaties. Alternative interpretations of various provisions are assessed. The thesis contains an especially long and detailed analysis of one particular interpretation dispute under the ABM Treaty--that which concerns the treaty's effect on the development and testing of mobile ABM systems and components based on exotic technologies such as laser and particle beams. Prior to, and in the course of, assessing the evidence bearing upon this issue, the thesis examines the international law that governs the interpretation of treaties generally and the ABM Treaty in particular. The applicability of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and of the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice to the interpretation of the ABM Treaty is considered. The thesis concludes by assessing the desirability and feasibility of several proposed improvements to the international legal regime governing the military use of outer space.
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Survis, Felicia D. "Beyond Water Restrictions| Informing Effective Lawn Watering Behavior". Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10300326.
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Evaluating trends of historical rainfall on a weekly and seasonal basis is needed for optimizing the design and implementation of lawn water conservation strategies like outdoor water restrictions. While “day of the week” water restrictions are a typical strategy to limit the frequency and duration of urban lawn water use, they may not necessarily result in more conservative behaviors from end-users. Because weekly rainfall and local climate variables are seldom taken into account in water restriction strategies, they are not connected to actual lawn water demand. However, since lawn water demand is directly related to weekly rainfall totals, not to a particular number of watering days per week, water restriction schedules have the potential to unintentionally promote overwatering. This study investigated the weekly patterns of average seasonal rainfall and evapotranspiration in South Florida to determine the typical variability of weekly net irrigation needs and found that typical wet season weekly rainfall often provides a significant amount of water to meet the demand of residential lawns and landscapes. This finding underscores opportunity to reduce supplemental overwatering in residential landscapes if watering guidelines were modified to recognize seasonal average weekly rainfall in this region.
This study also tested a rainfall-based water conservation strategy to determine if providing residents with information about how local rainfall could promote more effective lawn watering behavior than just water restrictions alone. Experimental households reduced lawn water use by up to 61% compared to the control group by the end of the study. These results demonstrate that the neighborhood “rain-watered lawn” signs helped experimental study group households become more aware of rainfall as the primary input of water to their lawns. This study also investigated the role that lawn irrigation from self-supplied sources plays in the urban lawn water demand and investigates how the lawn water use and lawn watering behaviors of households that source from self-supply differ from those who source from the public supply.
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Peng, Junlei y 彭俊磊. "Law and policy: PRC export restrictions underthe WTO compared with US export controls". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4852167X.
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Following China’s accession to the WTO, a series of trade frictions and issues on non-automatic export licensing have been triggered between the PRC and the US. Moreover, the US has launched a global campaign against the PRC by means of US re-export controls towards the PRC and WTO cases concerning PRC export restrictions on various minerals as raw materials. In practice, it has become increasingly important to resolve such disputes and issues in a WTO forum. However, relevant studies still seem to be quite limited.
This thesis undertakes comparative analyses as its cardinal methodology. The political economy of trade policy is applied as the basic analytical approach for policy analysis, while linguistic analysis and case study are used in the legal analysis. In addition, historical review, document study, participant observation and individual interviews are employed in both legal and policy study.
As the central argument of this thesis, under WTO law the inadequacies of PRC export restrictions need improving in order to facilitate trade; while the excessive national discretion of US export controls needs constraining in order to liberalise trade – both in the direction of consistency with WTO law. This central argument indicates the final conclusions of the comparisons among PRC export restrictions, US export controls and the related WTO law. As concluded, PRC export restrictions are weaker than US export controls in transparency, rationality and neutrality in legal principle, the “both and separately” legislative mode, regulatory authorities, openness of regulatory procedures and regulatory criteria, complicated regulatory instruments, and the objectivity, impartiality and promptness of the administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation procedures. The PRC needs to improve these aspects of its weaknesses in trade facilitation in order to comply with the relevant WTO disciplines. Compared with the PRC, the US has much policy discretion in its coherence with WTO law because US export control policy seems to be less influenced by GATT/WTO; the domestic effect of the WTO law has been dramatically weakened by opposing domestic political voices in the US; and the regulatory reasons for US export controls seem only to be partly and conditionally justifiable under WTO security exceptions. In these aspects, the US is advised to constrain its excessive national discretion in order to be consistent with WTO law and to liberalise trade.
As the central argument continues to claim, the aforesaid improvements in PRC export restrictions and US export controls may identify and correct the inconsistencies of both with WTO law, and provide solutions for Sino-US trade frictions and issues on non-automatic export licensing and for other issues and frictions in a US global campaign against the PRC in the WTO forum. This may contribute to the stabilisation of Sino-US trade relations and the world trading system. The relevant research gaps can also be filled, and a significant theoretical contribution to this research field can be made.published_or_final_version
Law
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Remetei-Filep, Ádám. "Strategic airline alliances and restrictions of competition by object under EU competition law". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/strategic-airline-alliances-and-restrictions-of-competition-by-object-under-eu-competition-law(6c486e81-7012-415e-86e5-74b0a78b81d7).html.
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In this thesis, the question is asked whether, in the light of the ’more economic approach’ adopted in recent years, it is correct to classify metal-neutral revenue-sharing airline alliances as restrictive of competition by object and interpret this concept in a wider sense under Article 101(1) TFEU. By relying on the example and analysis of airline alliances and in particular metal-neutral revenue-sharing alliances, the thesis argues that the ’orthodox’ or wider interpretation of restriction by object is correct and, as such, does not contradict the idea behind the more economic approach of EU competition law. However, the analysis of restriction by object has to take into account the effects of Article 101 TFEU as a whole, including Article 101(3) TFEU. Therefore this wider interpretation of object restrictions must be complemented by a realistic application of Article 101(3) TFEU, in order to achieve the desired outcome of an administrable and efficient enforcement regime that minimises error costs. This is a legal thesis. It will review the EU competition law approach to airline alliances and use the example of airline alliances to explore the issue of restriction by object and its interaction with Article 101(3) TFEU. The thesis examines both from an economic and legal point of view all those aspects of strategic alliances, air transport and strategic airline alliances that are essential for a thorough understanding of their characteristics when analysed under Article 101(1) and 101(3) TFEU. The research question concentrates on the dichotomy of Article 101 TFEU, and it is concluded that the experience of the aviation industry supports the thesis.
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Grundemark, Matilda y Natalie Lidén. "National Security, State of Emergency and Restrictions on Freedom of Expression : The example of Turkey". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76520.
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Derous, Davina. "Multi-tissue transcriptomic responses to graded calorie restriction". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233943.
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Ageing is accompanied by numerous metabolic changes and age-related diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) is a well-established non-invasive method that reduces the rate of ageing and increases lifespan in a wide range of taxa. Previous studies have highlighted a relationship between the extent of restriction and the extent to which lifespan is increased. However, the mechanisms by which CR mediates its beneficial effects on ageing are yet to be fully understood. I therefore tested three hypotheses which examined the role of metabolic changes in the hypothalamus, the epididymal white adipose tissue and liver on the beneficial effects of CR. A three month graded CR study was performed on 5 month old male C57BL/6 mice. Six different treatments were used: 24 hours ad libitum (AL) feeding, 12 hours AL feeding, 10% CR, 20% CR, 30% CR and 40% CR. Behavioural, physiological and molecular information from each tissue of individual mice were collected. Using this comprehensive data set, I analysed the changes in the transcriptome when exposed to graded CR at both the individual gene level and also using network inferential approaches in the three tissues. My results suggest that CR leads to an overall reduction in the state of inflammation in adipose tissue which may be signalled via secreted cytokines leading to a corresponding reduction in signalling to other tissues. Signal molecules, including those from the adipose tissue, activated the hunger signalling pathway via receptors in the hypothalamus during CR. Responses to CR in the liver were consistent with several current theories reported in the literature and are likely to reflect the combined role of multiple ageing related processes. By constructing multitissue, multi-gene networks I was able to identify potential mechanisms underpinning CR. In conclusion, CR affected multiple biological processes across several different organs in a way consistent with increased healthspan.
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Zhao, Xin. "Knowledge representation for restriction digestion and reconstructing DNA in a genetic lab". Mémoire, Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4616.
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Fazel, Robin. "Enforcing Competition in the Pharmaceutical Sector : - A Multi-Perspective Analysis of Restrictions on Parallel Trade with Pharmaceutical Products". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379628.
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Green, Cara. "Multi-tissue metabolomic analysis of responses to graded calorie restriction". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=235895.
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With ageing comes a deterioration of metabolic and physiological changes that often manifest themselves as age-related comorbidities. Calorie restriction (CR) is a robust intervention that can prevent and reverse such changes, resulting in reduced ageassociated disease and increased lifespan across a wide range of species. Moreover, a link between the extent of restriction and increased lifespan has also been established. Though widely studied, the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of CR have yet to be fully understood. Consequently, I investigated metabolomic changes in the liver, plasma, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and cerebellum in five month old male C57BL/6 mice undergoing three months of either 10, 20, 30 or 40% CR, in addition to 12 hour and 24 hour ad libitum fed groups. Behavioural, physiological and molecular data was collected on each individual mouse and I used this information, in addition to my own metabolomic data to determine associations between phenotypic changes with graded CR. My results indicate that increasing CR resulted in greater numbers of significantly differentiated metabolites across all four tissues, and these were related to changes across sphingolipids, carnitines, bile acids, vitamins and amino acids. Metabolic remodelling in the liver indicated a shift from lipogenesis to lipolysis and changes in the plasma indicated an increase in absorption of vitamins from the stomach and colon. Changes in neurotransmitters and their precursors suggested activity and temperature driven BAT activation, in addition to an increase in antioxidant power, this was also seen in the cerebellum where metabolites associated with signalling in the hypothalamus were increased in a graded fashion with CR. In all tissues changes were linked with behaviours that accompany hunger signalling such as increased food anticipatory activity and reduced body temperature. Together, these changes reflect multi-tissue beneficial effects of CR, which may function to alleviate age-related comorbidities.
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Humele, Peter Francis. "The withering of foreign ownership restrictions and the rise of competition in the North American Airline Industry". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23972.
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Powerful forces are transforming the air transport industry's structure. Airline deregulation, privatization, competition and globalization are forcing carriers and regulatory authorities to re-examine historically accepted beliefs. These developments are occurring within the broader context of States pursuing political and economic interdependence and free trade. As such, many nations have abandoned policies that protected specific industries from competition. Instead, countries the world over seek to enhance competition and increase consumer welfare through greater reliance on the marketplace. As governments relinquish their economic control over many industries, business's seek opportunities worldwide.Civil aviation regulation is based upon the rule that each and every airline must be owned and controlled by a single State, or its nationals. True multinational airline companies are illegal. Thus, to gain the benefits associated with large scale operations and to better serve their customers, airlines are circumventing this restrictive rule through cross-border alliances.
Alliances are taking international co-operation to heights previously unknown. Carriers are rapidly integrating their operations and functioning as single economic units offering seamless air services. From such assimilations emerge de facto multinational airlines.
The global political and economic environments within which civil aviation functions have been radically altered in recent years. Air transport economics have also changed significantly since aviation's current regulatory framework was created in 1944. This increasingly dynamic industry is rapidly evolving beyond the existing legal regime based as it is upon strictly national carriers.
This thesis argues that regulatory authorities must act now and eradicate the anachronistic nationality rule. Permitting multinational airline ownership would eliminate the anti-competitive and highly restrictive bilateral exchange of air traffic rights, bring about free trade in air services and increase consumer benefits.
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Wolbeck, Erin Patricia. "Implications of sex offender residency restrictions". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3219.
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This study examines the potential effects of sex offender residency restriction laws on both the offenders and potential victimsin Riverside County, CA. Through the use of census data and mapping software the residentially zoned areas in which sex offenders can or can not live are examined.
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Blunkosky, Sarah K. "Unlawful Assembly and the Fredericksburg Mayor's Court Order Books, 1821-1834". VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1730.
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Unlawful assembly accounts extracted from the Fredericksburg Mayor’s Court Order Books from 1821-1834, reveal rare glimpses of unsupervised, alleged illegal interactions between free and enslaved individuals, many of whom do not appear in other records. Authorities enforced laws banning free blacks and persons of mixed race from interacting with enslaved persons and whites at unlawful assemblies to keep peace in the town, to prevent sexual relationships between white women and free and enslaved black men, and to prevent alliance building between individuals. The complex connections necessary to arrange unlawful assemblies threatened the town’s safety with insurrection if these individuals developed radical ideas opposing the existing social order, the foundation of which was slavery. Akin to residents of areas where natural disasters like volcanoes always pose a risk of dangerous eruptions, those living in Fredericksburg lived their lives within the town slave society and its potential threats. In an area, state, and region where insurrections occurred, unlawful assembly, whether frequent or infrequent, mattered.
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Cheng, Xiaofeng. "Analysis of States Gun Control Restrictions". Scholar Commons, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000037.
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Bross, Rachelle. "Fluoxetine and energy expenditure in obese humans subjected to energy restriction". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69699.
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I investigated the effects of continuous administration of fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on energy expenditure, body temperature, and thyroid and catecholamine metabolism during weight reduction using a very low calorie diet (VLCD, Optifast, 1757 kJ/day) followed by a balanced deficit diet (BDD, 5016 kJ/day). Fluoxetine (60 mg/day by mouth, n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) were administered during 3 weeks of inpatient VLCD followed by 8 weeks of outpatient BDD in a double-blind, randomized design. A similar amount of weight was lost in both groups during the VLCD, but by the end of the BDD total weight loss in the fluoxetine group was significantly greater (11.0 $ pm$ 1.1 kg vs. 7.0 $ pm$ 1.0 kg, mean $ pm$ SEM, p $<$ 0.015). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) increased by 4.4 $ pm$ 1.8% (p $<$ 0.01) in the fluoxetine group but did not change in the placebo group during the first week of the VLCD, but subsequently decreased significantly in both groups as dieting continued. However, RMR remained consistently higher in the fluoxetine group for the duration of the VLCD period. No further change in RMR occurred in either group during the BDD period. The thermic effect of food did not change after VLC dieting plus fluoxetine or placebo treatment. Body temperature increased within 2 days of fluoxetine treatment by a mean of 0.3$ sp circ$C, p $<$ 0.025 and remained elevated throughout the VLCD but was unchanged in the placebo group. VLCD therapy reduced serum levels of T$ sb3$, free T$ sb3$ Index and 24-hour urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine, metanephrine and normetanephrine equivalently in both groups. A thermogenic effect of fluoxetine is demonstrated in humans for the first time. The anorectic effect of fluoxetine may be related to its temperature elevating effect.
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De, Blasio Miles Jonathon. "Placental restriction and endocrine control of postnatal growth". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd2869.pdf.
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Orre, Christoffer. "Misappropriation Sanctions : Discovering the Threshold for Freezing Assets of Ousted Kleptocrats with EU Restrictive Measures". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393171.
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The misappropriation sanctions refer to the European Union sanctions adopted against foreign kleptocrats to address the suspected theft of public funds. After the regimes had been successfully overthrown in the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt in 2011 as well as the Maidan Revolution in Ukraine in 2014, the misappropriation sanctions were imposed, in all three cases, as the ousted leaders and their close associates were suspected of stealing vast amounts of public funds from their respective countries and hiding the misappropriated funds overseas. The misappropriation sanctions take the form of asset freezes against individuals considered being responsible for “misappropriation of state funds”. The sanctions in question have been extensively reviewed by the Court of Justice of the European Union as numerous of the targeted individuals have applied for annulment of the sanctions in the parts that concern them. The purpose of this thesis is to examine, on the basis of the case law of the CJEU, the threshold for legitimate listing of a targeted individuals in the misappropriation sanctions. It is concluded that threshold vis-à-vis the criteria or the listing grounds must be regarded as reasonable, while the threshold concerning the respect of fundamental rights is creating a heavy burden to bear.
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Hoey, Jason. "Mad fanatics or freedom fighters : Lay theories of terrorist groups and the restriction of civil liberties". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505645.
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Karimipour, Lisa L. "The first amendment and internet access restrictions in public university libraries". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/228.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Louey, Samantha 1977. "The effects of intrauterine growth restriction on postnatal growth, arterial pressure and the vasculature". Monash University, Dept. of Physiology, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7939.
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Pijuan, Domènech Maria Antònia. "Disfunción diastólica del ventrículo derecho en las cardiopatías congénitas: reevaluación del patrón restrictivo". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664039.
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La presencia de flujo retrógrado telediastólico (FTDA) coincidente con la contracción auricular en la arteria pulmonar (AP), definido como patrón restrictivo (PR), se ha considerado un marcador no invasivo de disfunción diastólica del ventrículo derecho (VD) en pacientes con cardiopatía congénita (CC) con cirugía previa del tracto de salida del VD (TSVD), en su mayoría con insuficiencia pulmonar (IP) significativa. La definición de PR clásicamente se ha considerado como un fenómeno de todo-o nada: cualquier presencia de FTDA a lo largo del ciclo respiratorio mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica (ETT), o resonancia magnética (RM). Los datos acerca su verdadero significado como marcador de disfunción diastólica derecha y su relación con el grado de dilatación VD son contradictorios; observándose tanto en VD severamente (PR secundario) como escasamente (PR primario) dilatados. La presencia de FTDA en controles sanos (CS) adultos no ha sido estudiada en anterioridad. Los datos de la relación entre el tamaño y la función de la aurícula derecha (AD) y la presencia y el grado de disfunción diastólica del VD son escasos.
Objetivo: Analizar el FTDA estudiado mediante ETT y RM en CS y en pacientes sometidos a cirugía reparadora del TSVD (población a estudio). Analizar relación entre dichos parámetros y la presencia y grado de dilatación y función AD cuantificada mediante strain global AD (SGAD).
Métodos: Estudio prospectivo en 81 pacientes consecutivos (edad media: 35 años, 53% hombres) con cirugía del TSVD durante la infancia. Se evaluaron con ETT 43 CS emparejados por edad y sexo. Se usaron como referencia 10 estudios normales de RM. Se analizaron los registros de Doppler pulsado en la AP; la velocidad máxima y las integrales de velocidad / tiempo (IVT) coincidentes con la contracción auricular. El área AD (AAD) se midió en el plano cuatro cámaras. La adquisición de la RM utilizó la secuencia cine-fase de contraste en un plano perpendicular a la AP en apnea y en respiración libre. Se calculó el volumen de FTDA mediante RM, FTDA-vol en ambas secuencias. También se calculó el AAD mediante RM (RMAAD). Para explorar posibles predictores de dilatación AD y de SGAD, se realizó un análisis bivariado. El modelo multivariable se realizó posteriormente.
Resultados: los CS mostraron una velocidad de onda A anterógrada media durante la inspiración (FTDA-i) de 26 cm / s (DE +/- 6), y 25 cm / s (DE +/- 6) durante la espiración (FTDA-e), con la IVT diastólica anterógrada media de la onda A (FTDA-IVT) de 2,3 cm (DE +/- 0,6). La razón FTDA-i / FTDA-e fue 1 (+/- 0,13) entre los CS. El porcentaje de flujo anterógrado pulmonar (FAP%) que depende de la contracción auricular fue del 9% (DE+/- 2,3). El AAD indexado media (AADi) fue de 8,1 cm2 / m2 (+/-1,5); el SGAD medio de 33 (+/- 9). El FTDA-vol en respiración libre fue de 0.7 ml (+/- 0,6) y de 0.6 ml (+/- 0,6) en apnea. A partir del valor medio de los CS más dos DE se obtuvieron puntos de corte y se usaron para definir el PR en los pacientes en contraposición con la definición clásica. Los pacientes presentaron valores significativamente mayores de FTDA-i, FTDA-e, FTDA-IVT, FTDA-vol, de razón FTDA-i/FTDA-e ratio y FAP% (P <0,0001). Los pacientes mostraron significativamente mayor AADi y RMAADi, asi como menor SGAD que los CS (p <0,001). Los volúmenes de VD no se asociaron significativamente con el AADi ni RMAADi en el análisis multivariable. En un modelo multivariable, el 70% de la dilatación AD se explicó por FTDA-IVT, FTDA-vol, la insuficiencia tricuspídea (IT) grado 3 y la presencia de parche transanular (PTA). Los mismos factores se asociaron inversamente en el análisis multivariable con el SGAD.
Conclusión:
La simple presencia de FTDA no es equivalente a disfunción diastólica VD, sino que corresponde a una apertura precoz de la válvula pulmonar que, a pequeña escala, constituye un fenómeno fisiológico, presente en CS. La evaluación cuantitativa del FTDA, la presencia de PTA y el grado de IT predicen el grado de dilatación AD y el SGAD independientemente de otros factores de riesgo. La cuantificación de FTDA requiere más atención ya que está relacionada proporcionalmente con el grado de dilatación y deformación AD. Creemos que la cuantificación del FTDA se puede utilizar como parámetro no invasivo del llenado VD. Se requieren más estudios que se centren en la función y dilatación AD, y su valor pronóstico.Presence of end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) on pulmonary artery (PA) has been considered a noninvasive marker of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction, in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients with previous surgery of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), with pulmonary regurgitation (PR).Restrictive physiology (RP), has been classically define as an “all or nothing-phenomenon” by the presence of any degree of EDFF on PA throughout the respiratory cycle using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) or magnetic resonance (MR). in this sense, conflictive data exists regarding the cut-off values for diagnosing RP. In addition, the presence of RP on either severely dilated (secondary RP) or mildly dilated (primary) right ventricle (RV) has been described. There are also conflictive data concerning the prognostic implication of RP. No quantitative assessment neither cut-off values obtained from healthy controls (HC) have been validated. Relation between right atrial (RA) size and function and presence and degree RV diastolic dysfunction has not been investigated thus far. Objective: To stablish cut-off values for diagnosing RP using MR and TTE obtained from comparison between HC and patients with previous RVOT surgery, and to study the relationship between these parameters and the presence and degree of RA dilatation and function quantified by RA global strain (RAGS). Methods: Prospective study in 81 consecutive patients (mean age: 35 years; 53% men) with RVOT surgery during childhood. Forty-three age-and-sex matched controls were evaluated with TTE. Ten normal MR studies were used as a reference. Pulsed Doppler recordings were analyzed; peak velocity and velocity/time integrals (IVT) were measured at the PA. RA area (RAA) was measured in four-chamber view. MR acquisition: a through-plane velocity imaging perpendicular to the main PA was performed using a breath-holding, standard sequence and repeated during free respiration. EDFF volume (EDFF-vol) in both sequences. RAA using MR, (MRRAA) was also calculated. To explore potential predictors of RA dilatation and RAGS, a bivariate analysis was performed first. Multivariable model was then performed using variables that resulted statistically significant in bivariate analysis. Results: HC controls had a mean antegrade A wave velocity during inspiration (EDFF-i) of 26 cm/s (SD+/-6), and 25 cm/s (SD+/-6) during expiration (EDFF-e), with mean diastolic antegrade VTI of A wave (VTI-EDFF) being 2.3 cm (SD+/-0.6). EDFF-i/EDFF-e ratio was 1(+/-0.13). Percentage of cardiac output (PerCO) depending on atrial contraction was 9%(+/-2.3) in HC. Mean indexed RAA (iRAA) was 8,1 cm2/m2 (+/-1.5), mena RAGS was 33 (+/-9). EDFF-vol in free respiration was 0.7 ml (+/-0.6) and 0.6 ml(+/-0.6) in apnoea. Cut-off values above 2SD were obtained from HC and used to define RP in patients. Patients had significantly higher EDFF-i, EDFF-e, VTI-EDFF and EDFF-vol, EDFF-i/EDFF-e ratio and PerCo (P<0.0001).Classification of patients in RP positive and negative differed depending on cut-off value used. Patients exhibited significant greater iRAA, iMRRAA, and lower RAGS than HC (p<0.001).RV volumes were not significantly associated to iRAA or MRRAA in multivariable analysis. In a multivariable model, 70% of RA enlargement was explained by EDFF-VTI, TR=3 and presence of transanular patch (TAP). Regarding the multivariable analysis of RAGS, both EDFF-VTI, EDFF-Vol, presence of TAP and TR=3 were inversely associated with RAGS. Conclusion: a small degree of EDFF was observed in HC compared to a higher value with wider respiratory variation in patients. RP is better defined using several cut-off values obtained from HC than using classical definition.. Quantitative assessment of EDFF, presence of TAP degree of TR predicts right atrial enlargement and dysfunction measured with RAGS irrespective of other risk factors. Quantification of EDFF requires more attention as it is proportionally related to the degree of RA dilatation and deformation. We hypothesize that it may be used as non-invasive parameter of abnormal RV filling. Further studies focusing on the dismissed cardiac chamber, its function and prognostic implications are required.
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Arteta, Pinto Tabata. "La interpretación restrictiva de las causales del recurso de anulación de laudo arbitral". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2010. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/110075.
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En el presente artículo, la autora se centra en un punto clave del arbitraje: las causales del recurso de anulación del laudo arbitral. De esta forma, demuestra cómo una interpretación restrictiva de estas será clave para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de este importante mecanismo de solución de conflictos.
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Morton, Jodi Mirissa. "Effects of intrauterine growth restriction on Wharton’s jelly cells and preweaning traits in pigs". Diss., Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38757.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Duane L. Davis
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects all mammals. In the swine industry IUGR pigs result from intrauterine crowding. Prenatal programming in IUGR pigs has substantial effects on myogenesis and adipogenesis. Prenatal programming due to IUGR is also a problem in humans and long-term effects on adipogenesis are well established for small for gestational age (SGA) babies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the precursors for adipocytes. The umbilical cord contains a population of MSCs in Wharton’s jelly (WJ) and they can be harvested postnatally without ethical issues. Therefore, WJMSCs are proposed as models for studying prenatal programming of adipogenesis. We selected genes from studies of adipogenesis in humans and other species and examined their expression in pig WJ. We assigned pigs within litter as High, Medium, or Low birth weight and evaluated these categories for expression of Cox1, Cox2, EGR1, PPARɣ1, PPARɣ2, and Pref1. Differences due to size classification within litter were limited but there were correlations between weaning weight and delta cycle threshold (ΔCt) for EGR1 (r = 0.28; P < 0.009), PPARɣ1 (r = 0.29; P < 0.007), and PPARɣ2 (r = 0.30; P < 0.005). This may be consistent with the reports for SGA babies where EGR1 is upregulated by prenatal growth restriction. To gain insight into when during pregnancy IUGR affects WJ cells we collected umbilical cords at d 60 and d 95. In d 60 umbilical cords, small fetuses had increased (P = 0.06) Cox1 gene expression. We tested the ability of d 60 WJ cells to undergo adipogenic differentiation using standard protocols and a cycling protocol that exposed the cells to adipogenic differentiation conditions interposed with a rest phase with high insulin. It has been reported that the cycling protocol revealed increased glucose uptake in WJ cells from human SGA babies. We found that d 60 WJ cells did not show adipogenic differentiation in any of the protocols tested however glucose uptake correlated negatively with birth weight at Cycle 0 (P < 0.02; r = 0.61). In summary, pig WJ cells reveal some effects of IUGR but they appear to differ from the relationship demonstrated reported for human SGA babies. A new finding was that at midgestation pig WJ cells do not appear to be competent to complete adipogenesis. We also studied nursing managements to improve outcomes for IUGR pigs. Colostrum intake may be a problem, particularly for light weight pigs and those born later during farrowing. Split suckling is the removal of some pigs to allow others unrestricted nursing access. We temporarily removed the six heaviest pigs and this treatment increased gain and weight by d 7 of age. Colostrum intake was highest for the high birth weight pigs. When we temporarily removed the first half of the litter, colostrum intake was increased for the second half of litter born and the difference in immunocrit was reduced between the two litter halves.
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Ozan, Lin Allen. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Irrigation Restrictions within Key Communities in Tampa, Florida". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3274.
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The City of Tampa, Florida has instituted water restrictions over the past decade that have been primarily aimed at mitigating non-essential usage of water resources by limiting domestic lawn irrigation. The mandatory restrictions are enforced by the issuance of citations to violators, which is intended to promote compliance and deter from subsequent violations. This thesis provides a thorough investigation of historical water restriction with relation to compliance in order to determine which factors might be related to high rates of water usage within key Tampa communities. The objectives are to: (1) develop a GIS data set that can be used to quantitatively map and analyze domestic water usage at the parcel level; (2) examine the relationships between domestic water usage and key environmental and recreational factors, such as rainfall, seasonality, and usage of swimming pools; and (3) map the enforcement of residential lawn irrigation policy non-compliance to determine spatial relationships within the communities and test the effectiveness of current enforcement practices. The key factor that provided the most significant relationship to water usage within the communities was the amount of average monthly rainfall, with each community's water consumption having a significant negative correlation with precipitation. Water usage increased in each examined community after transitioning to more stringent water usage restrictions, with cited restriction violators increasing usage to a greater magnitude than their uncited counterparts. This may primarily be attributed to contradictions between local policy and community binding directives.
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Payne, Julie Lynn. "The Effects of Differential Lag Reinforcement on Across Session Variability Of Leisure Activities". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1311792125.
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SCHWARTZ, MICHAEL BRYAN. "FIGHTING OVER THE PROFITS OF PROFESSIONAL SPORTS: USING THE LAW OF ANTITRUST AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TO EXAMINE MEDIA RESTRICTIONS BY THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192236.
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Hamadeh, Mazen Jamal. "Methods for detecting abnormal adaptation to protein restriction in humans with special reference to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36948.
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Postprandial urea production in subjects with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on conventional insulin therapy is normal when the previous diet is high in protein, but there is an incomplete adaptive reduction in urea production following protein restriction. To evaluate the nutritional implications of restricted protein intake in human diabetes mellitus, it is first necessary to establish a reliable method to measure changes in urea production and amino acid catabolism in response to changes in dietary protein intake. We therefore tested (1) the accuracy of the urea production rate (Ra) to depict changes in urea production, (2) whether sulfate production can be accurately depicted using tracer or nontracer approaches, after establishing the use of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to measure sulfate concentrations and 34SO4 enrichments following administration of the stable isotope tracer sodium [34S]sulfate, (3) the reproducibility of urea and sulfate measurements following a test meal low in protein (0.25 g/kg) in subjects previously adapted to high (1.5 g/kg.d) and low (0.3 g/kg.d) protein intakes, and compared the metabolic fate of [ 15N]alanine added to the test meal with that of [15N] Spirulina platensis, a 15N-labeled intact protein, and (4) whether we could identify the differences in postprandial urea and sulfate productions between normal subjects and persons with IDDM receiving conventional insulin therapy previously adapted to high protein intake, when the test meal was limiting in protein. Under basal conditions, steady state urea Ra is an accurate measure of urea production. Following changes in urea production, both the tracer and nontracer methods seriously underestimated total urea Ra. The tracer method overestimated sulfate production by 20%, but the nontracer method provided an accurate measure of sulfate production and, hence, sulfur amino acid catabolism. Postprandial changes in urea and sulfate productions following normal ada
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Santos, Allívia Rouse Ferreira dos. "Desenvolvimento inicial de Moringa oleifera Lam. sob condições de estresse". Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6616.
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Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) belongs to the Moringaceae family and has several uses for family farms, mainly in water purification. However, there is little knowledge about the behavior of their seeds under stress conditions, which occurs under soils in northeastern region. The objective of this study was determine the Imbibition curve, and evaluate the water restriction, salinity, and pre-soaking of seeds in order to evaluate the initial development of Moringa oleifera. For the Imbibition curve, the weight of seeds was determined at every 4 hours. For water restriction induction were used different osmotic potentials (0, -0.1, -0.3, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa) obtained through the use of solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG - 6000). For salinity tests there were used the solutions of sodium chloride at 5 concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 250 mol.m-3). For pre-soaking was employed two seed batches, using a non storage seeds and other batch with three-months storage at cold chamber. The pre-soaking seeds with distilled water were evaluated to assess the overcoming stress. For each treatment, was used a
completely randomized design with four replications. For germination the seeds were placed in germination chamber, type BOD at 25ºC and continuous light and evaluated every 48 hours. For all tests (except for imbibitions curve) was evaluated the percentage, the speed germination index, time and average of speed germination, length and dry matter of root, hypocotyls and the whole seedling. The moringa seed needs 0.2 grams of water in a period of 128 hours to germinate. The germination of M. oleifera is possible under water restriction until -0.3 MPa, above this level is critical for
germination and seedling development. The water pre-soaking with moringa seeds for 24 hours is effective for promoting lower pperiod to begin the germination. Vigor and germination of moringa seeds are inversely proportional to salt concentration, being affected when they are submitted to levels equal to or higher than 100 mol.m-3. Seeds water pre-soaking for 24 hours is effective to promote the reduction of the time necessary to initiate of the seeds germination, for seeds withA moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), pertence à família Moringaceae e apresenta diversos usos para agricultura familiar nordestina, principalmente na purificação de água. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o comportamento de suas sementes em condições de estresse, que ocorrem em alguns solos da região nordeste. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar curva de embebição e avaliar o efeito do estresse hídrico e salino, e da pré-embebição de sementes na geminação de moringa. Para determinar a curva de embebição, foi monitorado o peso da semente em intervalos regulares de quatro horas. Para a simulação do estresse hídrico foram utilizadas diferentes soluções de polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000) a 0, -0,1; -0,3; -0,4 e - 0,6 MPa. Para o estresse salino, foram empregadas soluções de cloreto de sódio nas concentrações de 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 e 250 Mol.m-3. Para os processos de préembebição foram usadas dois lotes diferentes, sendo o primeiro de sementes recém colhidas e o segundo com sementes armazenadas por três meses. Além disso, testou-se a pré-embebição em sementes para superação do estresse salino. Para cada teste, foram empregadas quatro repetições de 25 sementes, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As sementes foram postas em câmera de germinação tipo BOD à 25ºC e luz contínua, sendo as avaliações realizadas a cada 48 horas. Para todos os testes (salvo a curva de embebição) avaliou-se a porcentagem, índice de velocidade, tempo médio e velocidade de germinação, tamanho e massa seca radicular, do hipocótilo e das plântulas inteiras. A semente de moringa necessita de 0,2 g de água em um período de 128 horas para germinar. Sob condições de restrição hídrica a germinação de sementes de moringa é possível em situações de -0,3 MPa, sendo níveis superiores a este, críticos para a germinação e formação de plântulas. O vigor e a germinação das sementes, bem como os eventos pós-germinativos da moringa é inversamente proporcional a concentração salina, sendo estas afetadas a níveis iguais ou superiores a 100 Mol.m-3. A pré-embebição de sementes de moringa em água por 24 horas é eficiente para promover a redução no tempo de início da germinação em sementes sob condições ou não de estresse salino.