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Castella, Jean-Christophe y Sonnasack Phaipasith. "Rural Roads Are Paving the Way for Land-Use Intensification in the Uplands of Laos". Land 10, n.º 3 (23 de marzo de 2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030330.
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Road expansion has played a prominent role in the agrarian transition that marked the integration of swidden-based farming systems into the market economy in Southeast Asia. Rural roads deeply altered the landscape and livelihood structures by allowing the penetration of boom crops such as hybrid maize in remote territories. In this article, we investigate the impact of rural road developments on livelihoods in northern Laos through a longitudinal study conducted over a period of 15 years in a forest frontier. We studied adaptive management strategies of local stakeholders through the combination of individual surveys, focus group discussions, participatory mapping and remote-sensing approaches. The study revealed the short-term benefits of the maize feeder roads on poverty alleviation and rural development, but also the negative long-term effects on agroecosystem health and agricultural productivity related to unsustainable land use. Lessons learnt about the mechanisms of agricultural intensification helped understanding the constraints faced by external interventions promoting sustainable land management practices. When negotiated by local communities for their own interest, roads may provide livelihood-enhancing opportunities through access to external resources, rather than undermining them.
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Greiner, Clemens, David Greven y Britta Klagge. "Roads to Change: Livelihoods, Land Disputes, and Anticipation of Future Developments in Rural Kenya". European Journal of Development Research 33, n.º 4 (9 de abril de 2021): 1044–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00396-y.
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AbstractThis article examines how rural roads relate to differences in livelihood patterns, attitudes toward social change, and land disputes in Baringo, Kenya. Although their direct use is limited for many residents, roads have a highly differentiating impact. While some households orientate themselves toward roads, those relying more on (agro-)pastoralist livelihoods avoid their proximity. Our findings suggest that better-off households are not the only ones that tend to live closer to roads, but that poorer households do as well. Rather than by socio-economic status, households living closer to roads can be characterized by higher degrees of formal education and also appear to be more open to economic and social change. Our data also highlight dynamics of land disputes in the face of ongoing large-scale infrastructural investments in Kenya’s previously marginal northern drylands.
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Spooner, Peter G. y Ian D. Lunt. "The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape". Australian Journal of Botany 52, n.º 4 (2004): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04008.
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We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
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Ho, Samuel P. S. y George C. S. Lin. "Non-Agricultural Land Use in Post-Reform China". China Quarterly 179 (septiembre de 2004): 758–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000578.
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Since the early 1980s the conversion of land to non-agricultural use has been arguably the most widespread and intense in China's history. The recent increase in non-agricultural land use has been caused largely by the rapid expansion of urban settlements and the construction of roads and stand-alone industrial sites. Among the factors contributing to these changes, rural–urban migration, urbanization and accelerating development are among the most important. Analysis of land use data from three coastal provinces suggests that variations in the share of land occupied for non-agricultural use among county-level administrative units can be explained largely by differences in population density, urbanization and level of development. While the conversion of land to non-agricultural use is bound to continue in the coming decade, recent institutional changes make it likely that future changes, particularly the encroachment on cultivated land, will be more restricted and better controlled.
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Tabasco, Julio Plaza y Héctor S. Martínez Sánchez-Mateos. "Integration Versus Fragmentation, the Role of Minor Rural Networks in Rural Cultural Landscapes. A Study-Case in Spain". Sustainability 13, n.º 9 (23 de abril de 2021): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094765.
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This work deals with the dichotomy between integration and fragmentation caused by artificial elements in the cultural landscapes, especially minor rural roads. In Europe, the rural matrix dominates the configuration of landscapes, and the agents of fragmentation can be analysed from different perspectives. For this purpose, the Land Parcel Information System, designed for the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) is used as a data source to feed the indicators, allowing a high detail analysis, down to the parcel unit. It is applied to a case-study in Spain: the province of Ciudad Real. Here we find different landscape units with different rural and agrarian profiles to test the hypothesis. We use three indicators that allow us to explore the configuration of different cultural landscapes under the fragmentation perspective, using minor rural roads and other elements of the rural matrix that can only be observed at large scale. Then we calculate a composite indicator summarizing the fragmentation results of each unit. Results reveal a significative variability of fragmentation results regarding the land use and spatial patterns of the different cultural landscapes dominated by agrarian and rural factors, with a strong correspondence with the minor rural network underneath. Therefore, fragmentation can be interpreted as a dual process in cultural landscapes where the different land uses have different relations with the infrastructure network.
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Vollpracht, Hans-Joachim. "The safe road transport system approach". Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 5, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2016): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0042.
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Abstract More than 1,24 million people die each year on the worlds roads and between 20 to 50 million suffer from nonfatal injuries. The UN Road Safety Collaboration Meetings under the leadership of WHO developed the Programme for the Decade of Actions for road safety taking nations into the responsibility of improving their accident figures by the five pillars of a national Road Safety Policy, safer Roads, safer Vehicles, safer Road Users and Post Crash Care. It is this Safe System Approach that takes into consideration the land use, infrastructure and transport planning, road user’s abilities and limitations and the close cooperation of all governmental and none governmental stakeholders involved. Following the European Transport Safety Council's (ETSC) 8th Road Safety Performance Index Report on Ranking EU Progress on Road Safety; June 2014 Romania has made progress during the last 10 year but had still the highest fatality rate of 93 fatalities per 1 million inhabitants in Europe. [1] The contribution will present the main activities of the fife pillars with a focus on PIARC's Road Infrastructure Management tools to improve safety and function of the road infrastructure based on the experiences with the land use problems in Asian, African and European countries. A GPS based accident data system will help researchers and practitioners to improve their countries road safety. The report will show the important steps for safer roads which had been developed in Romania and how actions of short and long term measures on all five pillars have reduced the number of traffic victims remarkable in Eastern Germany after reunification and in addition how the hierarchy of motorways, 2+1 express roads, the rural roads and traffic calming in built up areas, have improved the economic development of cities and villages in a safe way.
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Lawlor, Kathleen, Sudhanshu Handa, Benjamin Davis y David Seidenfeld. "Poverty-environment relationships under market heterogeneity: cash transfers and rural livelihoods in Zambia". Environment and Development Economics 25, n.º 3 (11 de octubre de 2019): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x19000305.
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AbstractWe examine the environmental impacts of a cash transfer program in rural Zambia and investigate whether variation in market access is associated with heterogeneous impacts on natural resource use. We consider households’ use of firewood, charcoal, bushmeat and land for farming, as well as their ownership of non-farm businesses. We find that cash transfers increase the likelihood of charcoal consumption as well as the amount consumed for those living close to paved roads. The transfers also enable households to increase the size of their farms and establish non-farm businesses. These impacts are most pronounced for those living far from paved roads. While remoteness is associated with farm expansion in response to the cash transfer, more education causes those receiving the transfer to decrease the size of their farms. This impact heterogeneity has important implications for sustainable development.
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Racciatti, Albert y Paul Berge. "Evaluating Indirect Land Use and Environmental Effects of a Toll Discount Proposal". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1859, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1859-04.
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Physical improvements to a transportation network or policy actions such as toll decrease can have an impact on the environment by reducing the time and monetary costs of travel, which can work to enhance the attractiveness of surrounding land to developers, residents, and businesses. A proposed toll discount on the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting the Hampton Roads metro area with the rural Eastern Shore of Virginia was analyzed for its potential to influence land use and affect the environment. How practitioners can couple well-established technical assessment methods in various disciplines with public involvement and strategic planning to promote a comprehensive vision of the future for a rural area on the fringe of a growing metropolitan region was illustrated. Current conditions, assets, needs, goals and potential impacts were assessed in several key areas of interest to Eastern Shore residents: transportation, tourism, economic development, agriculture and aquaculture, natural resources, and quality of life (livable communities). The impact assessment examined the potential for effects attributable to toll reduction scenarios in each of these six topic areas. The assessment techniques included interviews, comparative case research, analysis of present and potential future regional development and commuting patterns through the application of a gravity model, and extensive public involvement in the form of public meetings and topic workshops. As a complement to the impact assessment, the study team formulated strategies and actions to manage future growth and development that could be anticipated with or without a reduction in the toll.
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López, Griselda, Rosa Arroyo y Alfredo García. "Structural Equation Approach to Analyze Cyclists Risk Perception and Their Behavior Riding on Two-Lane Rural Roads in Spain". Sustainability 13, n.º 15 (28 de julio de 2021): 8424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158424.
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The use of bicycles on two-lane rural roads in Spain has been increasing in recent years. However, these roads have no bicycle infrastructure, being cyclists forced to share the road and interact with motorized vehicles. In rural environments, the interaction between road users from the cyclist’s point of view is still not well understood. To analyze it, the relationships between risk perceptions and behavioral factors of rural cyclists according to their demographic characteristics, profile, and self-reported knowledge on traffic rules were obtained. An online survey was used, which collected the opinion of 523 cyclists. Data were analyzed by using structural equation models. The Thurstonian Item Response Theory approach was adopted to include raking responses. Different perceptions among demographic groups were found. Younger cyclists present the lowest risk perception while having a higher risk behavior. The knowledge about traffic rules was correlated with safety behavior, showing the importance of this factor. These results are in line with urban cycling. However important differences under risk elements for rural cyclists, mainly associated with potential hazards on the shoulder, have been drawn. These findings may help policy makers to integrate cycling with vehicular traffic on two-lane rural roads in a safe way.
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Lemonakis, Panagiotis, George Botzoris, Athanasios Galanis y Nikolaos Eliou. "Speed Models for Motorcycle Riders for Two-lane Rural Roads". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (31 de mayo de 2021): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.57.
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The development of operating speed models has been the subject of numerous research studies in the past. Most of them present models that aim to predict free-flow speed in conjunction with the road geometry at the curved road sections considering various geometric parameters e.g., radius, length, preceding tangent, deflection angle. The developed models seldomly take into account the operating speed profiles of motorcycle riders and hence no significant efforts have been put so far to associate the geometric characteristics of a road segment with the speed behavior of motorcycle riders. The dominance of 4-wheel vehicles on the road network led the researchers to focus explicitly on the development of speed prediction models for passenger cars, vans, pickups, and trucks. However, although the motorcycle fleet represents only a small proportion of the total traffic volume motorcycle riders are over-represented in traffic accidents especially those that occur on horizontal curves. Since operating speed has been thoroughly documented as the most significant precipitating factor of vehicular accidents, the study of motorcycle rider's speed behavior approaching horizontal curves is of paramount importance. The subject of the present paper is the development of speed prediction models for motorcycle riders traveling on two-lane rural roads. The model was the result of the execution of field measurements under naturalistic conditions with the use of an instrumented motorcycle conducted by experienced motorcycle riders under different lighting conditions. The implemented methodology to determine the most efficient model evaluates a series of road geometry parameters through a comprehensive literature review excluding those with an insignificant impact to the magnitude of the operating speeds in order to establish simple and handy models.
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Hermaputi, Roosmayri Lovina y Chen Hua. "Low Impact Development Intensive Rural Construction Planning in Xu Fu Village Ningbo, China: Planning Review through Rural Resilience Perspective". Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 5, n.º 2 (29 de agosto de 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.5.2.95-112.
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Xu Fu Village Ningbo LID Intensive Rural Construction Planning is a cooperation project between Zhejiang University and Ningbo Institute of Technology which named "12th Five-Year National Science and Technology support program-the comprehensive demonstration of the key technology of the beautiful rural construction in the rapid urbanization area of the Yangtze River Delta". This plan focuses on intensive rural construction as part of rural development and construction project that applies the principles of low impact development. Xu Fu Village located in the Yangtze River Delta Region. Currently, the rural growth brings the high impact of development, as a result of rapid urbanization growth arising several issues, such as low land use efficiency, dispersed rural residence, homestead occupies more, rural roads covering over, etc. Meanwhile, Xu Fu village wishes to develop its tourism potential. Thus, the intensive rural construction should be done to avoid the severe effect. The project result hopefully can improve the quality and level of rural residential planning, design, and construction; improve their living environment; save construction land and water use; and improve energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to review the Low Impact Development (LID) Intensive Rural Construction in Xu Fu Village, Ningbo City through the rural resilience perspective. This paper will describe the project plan first, then review it through rural resilience perspective. This paper will elaborate the rural resilience theory and then review the rural resiliency through two parts; the first part is identifying rural resilience in rural infrastructure development based on the criteria created by Ayyob S. and Yoshiki Y. (2014), about urban resiliency criteria, and then the second part is reviewing Xu Fu Village resilience through Arup Resilience Qualities (2012), considering three rural resilience domain (economy, ecology, and cultural).
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Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Gupta y Gurmeet Singh. "Soil Stabilization using Pro-base Technology". International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 10, n.º 5 (14 de octubre de 2020): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.5.7.
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Roads are the lifeline of the nation and hence a road must be of better quality which could make effective land access possible. According to a research conducted in Sri Lanka, if you want to rescue a village from poverty, 10-20 years of educational subsidy might not work, but if the same amount of money is funneled on road infrastructure development, you can see results within 2 years. An effective road network ensures efficient delivery of goods and transportation of people, directly contributing to the economic growth of the region. Due to economic reasons in developing nations like India, it is not possible to make paved roads especially in rural areas. These areas are mostly connected by the use of unpaved roads called as earth road or soil roads. But there are many problems associated in building these roads particularly like deterioration of the surface usually by rutting and formation of potholes, dusty in dry state and muddy during wet state. The basis of this report is to make aware about the non-traditional soil stabilization technique using Probase SH-85 Soil Hardener for hardening soil of any type and TX-85 Soil Stabilizer & Strengthener for stabilizing unstable soil and at last sealing it by spraying with Probase PB-65 Soil Sealant on soil surface. The Probase Road System ensures making soil road no longer dusty and muddy. These products are free from toxins and are environmental friendly unlike bitumen, soil-cement, lime and asphalt roads. Probase soil stabilizer will hence not only help in stabilizing the soil but will also reduce maintenance and construction cost, along with ensuring that the roads remain open and well operational in rainy season and dust-free in dry season that is to make it an all-weather road.
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Wang, Yuan, Yilong Han, Lijie Pu, Bo Jiang, Shaofeng Yuan y Yan Xu. "A Novel Model for Detecting Urban Fringe and Its Expanding Patterns: An Application in Harbin City, China". Land 10, n.º 8 (20 de agosto de 2021): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080876.
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Urban fringe is an active expanding belt, indicating urban-rural interaction processes. Previous studies have attempted to define urban fringe as the transitional area between urban and rural areas, but there is a lack of quantitative analysis of the periphery boundaries. We developed a novel, the Spatial Segmentation Model (SSM), to detect the extent of urban fringe via calculating the share of the built-up land. Within the urban fringe, we statistically compared the number of built-up patches in each direction and described four urban expanding patterns (stable, sprawling, leaping, and mixing patterns) indicated by the empirical analysis. The results show that this model can reliably detect the urban fringe and could reveal urban growth characteristics. We find the spatial territory changes are highly relative with transport infrastructures in Harbin. Meanwhile, the roads density in the urban core are higher than in the urban fringe. Especially for city roads, roads density in the urban core is more than 4 times higher than in the urban fringe. The growth of the urban fringe is closely related to the development of social economies as well as the space policies and development plans designed by governments. Similar to the post-industry cities worldwide, Harbin should take action to address population decline. Effective land-use and suitable urban growth strategies play an important role in alleviating urban shrinkage. Thus, understanding the dynamics, urban expanding patterns, and driving factors in the urban fringe can help us form a basis for future urban development.
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FIGUEROA, FERNANDA, VÍCTOR SÁNCHEZ-CORDERO, JORGE A. MEAVE y IRMA TREJO. "Socioeconomic context of land use and land cover change in Mexican biosphere reserves". Environmental Conservation 36, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2009): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990221.
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SUMMARYLand use/land cover change (LULC) is a major threat to natural protected areas worldwide. This paper explores the relationships between four estimated LULC parameters for 17 Mexican biosphere reserves (BRs) for 1993–2002 on a GIS platform, and ten socioeconomic factors obtained from census data. These relationships were tested through linear correlations and multivariate analysis. BRs showed lower human demographic pressure, but higher population dispersion, social marginality, percentage of rain-fed agriculture area, and dependence upon agriculture and cattle compared to nationwide values. BRs also varied in their indigenous population, and showed cattle overpopulation, and low immigration and road density. Socioeconomic factors explained 87% of LULC variation. High population and road density, cattle overpopulation and low percentage indigenous population were related to percentage of transformed area (2002). Conversely, small population and road density, large proportion of indigenous population and high dependency on agriculture and cattle, were related to the rate of change in transformed area (1993–2002). High human population growth and urban concentration occurred when BRs suffered higher LULC than their corresponding ecoregions. Including socioeconomic conditions prevailing in BRs and their influence on LULC in reserve management and rural development planning will improve strategies for the confluence of conservation and development goals.
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Kramer, Jeffrey H. y Kristine M. Williams. "Accomplishing Access Management on the Florida Intrastate Highway System: US-19 Highway Corridor Experience". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1858, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1858-20.
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The Florida intrastate highway system (FIHS) is the network of state roads intended to carry the bulk of the state’s high-speed and high-volume traffic movements. Comprising only 3% of the state’s roads, the FIHS carries 32% of all traffic and 70% of truck traffic on the state highway system. However, the safe and efficient operation of the FIHS is in jeopardy. The system faces ever increasing levels of congestion and delay and a projected 20-year shortfall of $ 29 billion for needed capacity improvements. Given the lack of funding for needed capacity improvements, the Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) is turning to alternative strategies to preserve the operational integrity and safety of the system. Among these strategies is access management. The application of access management techniques on the FIHS is complicated, and sometimes undermined, by the separation of land use decision-making authority (controlled by local governments) and roadway decision-making authority (controlled by Florida DOT). To improve access management decision making on the FIHS, Florida DOT has begun to explain the overall benefits of access management to local governments and to coordinate the land development and road-way decision-making processes. Summarized is an effort to improve access management decision-making practices on a 10-mi corridor of US-19 in rural Levy County, an important north–south component of the FIHS.
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Singh, Achyut Man. "An Environmentally Friendly Integrated Development Approach for Nepal (Experiences from Irrigation Sector Projects)". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 20 (27 de enero de 2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v20i0.16486.
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Nepal has distinctly three ecological regions: (i) high mountain, (ii) mid-hills, and (iii) terai with their varying climatic and physiographic features. The experiences gathered from Irrigation Sector Projects implemented under various donor agencies such as the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and UN/ILO have shown that successful irrigation projects must be defined and planned according to specific ecological regions and pertinent to the local environment. An integrated development approach considers the land use, roads, market, and other economic activities as they relate to prospects for poverty alleviation. Land evaluation and subsequent land use planning according to the soil, climate, land profile, and suitability of agriculture practices should be considered in the development works to ensure true benefit to the rural populations. The integrated approach as such will provide long term sustainability through environmentally sound practices. This approach has been widely applied in the European countries, Korea, Japan, and Sri Lanka.This paper primarily focuses on the irrigation and development approaches most suitable to Nepal’s three ecological regions. High mountain regions should be developed with pasture land, horticulture, organic vegetable farming, and tourism. Irrigation technology in these areas should be simple pipe conveyance, and tank irrigation. In the mid-hills horticulture on the sloping terrain and cereal crops in the river valleys with other diversified cropping systems should be applied. The Terai region is the ‘Bread Basket’ of Nepal, and has high potential for diversified agriculture and industrial development.For development in these regions to succeed, road networks and transportation facilities are essential to economic growth. Road transportation maximizes opportunity for tourism and other economic activities. Development work must be planned in an integrated approach, which should be based on appropriate land use patterns for environmentally sustainable practices. An ideal solution would be to envision the watershed as the unit for eco-friendly sustainable development planning involving all the stakeholders under the watershed purview. As an example, the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management Planning (IWRMP), and Integrated Watershed Management Plan (IWMP) have been successfully applied in the USA and Australia (Box 1). It has illustrated that vegetative covered catchment stores large amount of rain water, increases groundwater table, reduces erosion of soil, and lastly decreases the intensity of flood hazard. Whereas, the naked catchment areas are highly erodible, does not store rain water, susceptible to high erosion and landslides, and increases the flood intensity by three fold than a vegetative covered one. The vegetative cover increases the water resources availability for over all development for agriculture. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 31-40
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Sibinovic, Mikica. "Structural changes in the rural planting areas of Belgrade region". Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 92, n.º 2 (2012): 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1202111s.
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Socio-economic development of the Belgrade region significantly affects the direction of the change of planting areas use. The increase in urban areas has adversely affected the direction of agricultural land use. Dynamics of change is significantly due to high production costs (high land prices and expensive labor force) gives rise to the high price of the product on the market, there is a constant "pressure" of urban areas to arable land, increasing the risk of "loss" of agricultural holdings; increased environmental pollution due to the concentration of industrial plants or road construction. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of structural changes in sowing area in the period from 1991 to 2011.
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Dahal, Kedar y Krishna Prasad Timalsina. "Dimensions of land use change and implications in spatial planning of emerging town Bedkot municipality, Kanchanpur district, Nepal". Geographical Journal of Nepal 13 (19 de marzo de 2020): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v13i0.28158.
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Rapid transformation of rural settlements into municipalities in Nepal has brought significant changes in land use and urban expansion patterns mostly through the conversion of agriculture land into the built up area. The issue is studied taking a case of rapidly growing Tarai town of Bedkot Municipality of Kanchanpur District. This study is based on field interaction, observation, and available data review. After the declaration of Bedkot as a municipality, several new roads have been opened and upgraded; and the municipality is well connected to the national transportation network. After promulgated the Constitution of Nepal, 2015 and activated the elected local body, the municipality budget has been increased significantly as a result of increasing municipal investment on socio-economic and physical infrastructure development and environmental protection which have attracted people, goods and services creating it as the zone of influence of the surroundings. Rapid spatial changes have been observed with inflow of population in the municipality. One of the changes found is the increasing built-up area by 3.6 percent and expansion of urban area through decreasing the agriculture land by 3.5 percent. Urban growth has been observed taking place along the highway corridor clustering at nodal junctions and some other potential locations. Implications of such spatial dimensions have been core issue of urban development planning in most of the newly declared municipalities in Nepal.
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Schneider, Annemarie, Karen C. Seto y Douglas R. Webster. "Urban Growth in Chengdu, Western China: Application of Remote Sensing to Assess Planning and Policy Outcomes". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 32, n.º 3 (junio de 2005): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b31142.
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The majority of studies on Chinese urbanization have been focused on coastal areas, with little attention given to urban centers in the west. Western provinces, however, will unquestionably undergo significant urban change in the future as a result of the ‘Go West’ policy initiated in the 1990s. In this paper the authors examine the relationship between drivers of urban growth and land-use outcomes in Chengdu, capital of the western province of Sichuan, China. In the first part of this research, remotely sensed data are used to map changes in land cover in the greater Chengdu area and to investigate the spatial distribution of development with use of landscape metrics along seven urban-to-rural transects identified as key corridors of growth. Results indicate that the urbanized area increased by more than 350% between 1978 and 2002 in three distinct spatial trends: (a) near the urban fringe in all directions prior to 1990, (b) along transportation corridors, ring roads, and near satellite cities after 1990, and, finally, (c) infilling in southern and western areas (connecting satellite cities to the urban core) in the late 1990s. In the second part of this paper the authors connect patterns of growth with economic, land, and housing market reforms, which are explored in the context of urban planning initiatives. The results reveal that, physically, Chengdu is following trends witnessed in coastal cities of China, although the importance of various land-use drivers differs from that in the east (for example, in the low level of foreign direct investment to date). The information provided by the land-use analysis ultimately helped tailor policies and plans for better land management and reduced fragmentation of new development in the municipality.
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Li, Ying Chao. "Research and Practice on Village Renovation in Central Plains - A Case Study of Lilin Town". Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (mayo de 2012): 2840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2840.
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The rural area in the central plain area in Henan province, China has problems such as inefficient land use and unplanned village setup. This study was performed in Lilin town to develop a pilot redevelopment system. Conservation of local characteristics and protection of the farmers’ interest are the high priority in the new rural development plan which aims to create a harmonious relationship among the land, water, road, forest, and the residence. By strategically redistributing local resources, the plan helped to resolve the fund shortage problem, and significantly promoted development of both urban and suburban areas.
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JEREMIAH, DAVID. "Motoring and the British Countryside". Rural History 21, n.º 2 (22 de septiembre de 2010): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331000004x.
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AbstractThe representation of the car in the countryside was central to selling the benefits of motoring and owning a car in the interwar period. Motor traffic was a key part of the debate and legislation on the countryside, in the context of land for building and food production, and scenery for pleasure and reassurance of what it meant to be English. This essay focuses on the impact of the motor car as it generated a new economy for rural Britain with new services, buildings and roads that changed the landscape and made the countryside more accessible. It shows how the motoring press and advertising campaigns exploited an imagined ‘Beautiful Britain’ and brought about a modernisation that set in place aspects of the use, values and culture of the British countryside that have remained to the present.
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Zeng, Chen, Zhe Zhao, Cheng Wen, Jing Yang y Tianyu Lv. "Effect of Complex Road Networks on Intensive Land Use in China’s Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration". Land 9, n.º 12 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120532.
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Coupled with rapid urbanization and urban expansion, the spatial relationship between transportation development and land use has gained growing interest among researchers and policy makers. In this paper, a complex network model and land use intensity assessment were integrated into a spatial econometric model to explore the spatial spillover effect of the road network on intensive land use patterns in China’s Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration. First, population density, point of interest (POI) density, and aggregation index were selected to measure land use intensity from social, physical, and ecological aspects. Then, the indicator of average degree (i.e., connections between counties) was used to measure the characteristics of the road network. Under the hypothesis that the road network functions in shaping land use patterns, a spatial econometric model with the road network embedded spatial weight matrix was established. Our results revealed that, while the land use intensity in the BTH urban agglomeration increased from 2010 to 2015, the road network became increasingly complex with greater spatial heterogeneity. The spatial lag coefficients of land use intensity were positively significant in both years and showed a declining trend. The spatially lagged effects of sector structure, fixed asset investment, and consumption were also significant in most of our spatial econometric models, and their contributions to the total spillover effect increased from 2010 to 2015. This study contributes to the literature by providing an innovative quantitative method to analyze the spatial spillover effect of the road network on intensive land use. We suggest that the spatial spillover effect of the road network could be strengthened in the urban–rural interface areas by improving accessibility and promoting population, resource, and technology flows.
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Vansintjan, Aaron, Nguyen Hong Van, Le Quynh Chi y Nguyen Thanh Tu. "Adaptation strategies used by low-income residents affected by land use changes in Hanoi, Vietnam". Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 13, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(1)-08.
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Since Vietnam shifted to a market-economy in the 1980s, Hanoi has seen rapid urban expansion similar to that of other South East Asian cities - involving megaprojects, luxury developments, rural-to-urban migration, informal housing construction, and escalating speculation. Researchers have considered how unemployment and the disruption of community life followed the urbanization of rural areas. However, little has been said about how people adjusted their everyday life to cope with the changes. Through in-depth interviews, focus groups, participatory observation, oral histories, and surveys, this research investigated the adaptation strategies of low-income residents in the face of land use changes that are beyond their control. The main research site is Tay Ho district - previously a conglomeration of agricultural villages that has, in the past 20 years, witnessed rapid transformation through large-scale infrastructures, luxury housing, and smaller lodgings built individually for migrant workers. Four main adaptation strategies used by residents have been identified. First, people turn to food as a safety net. Running small street stalls, selling goods in local markets, and delivering to restaurants are common. Second, as farms transform into roads and buildings, people take advantage of public space to garden and socialize with neighbours. Third, gender division is significant as women are often excluded from the male-dominated land inheritance system and the formal economy, so they turn to informal trade, which offers autonomy and helps to develop social connections. Fourth, as land is confiscated and compensated by a lump sum of cash, people build social capital to persevere. This paper suggests that, in the context of rising globalization, the urbanization of the countryside, and the need to ensure the sustainability and inclusivity of cities, urban planners and policy-makers should take into account the way by which low-income residents continue to rely on environmental and social capital to adapt to changes.
Keywords: urbanization; informality; adaptation; resilience; environmental capital; social capital; privatization.
Received 18 July 2018, Revised 09 September 2018, Accepted 18 December 2018
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Smekalova, Tatyana, Edgar Terekhin, Alexei Pasumanskiy y Fedor Lisetskii. "Using of historical cartography, remote sensing data and GIS for studying of land division system of Taurian Chersonesos". InterCarto. InterGIS 26, n.º 4 (2020): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-177-187.
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The article presents the results of work on the use of historical cartography data, German captured aerial photographs of Luftwaffe 1941–1944, a satellite image of 1966 and geographic information systems (GIS) for a detailed reconstruction and identification of the basic principles of the ancient land division system of the ancient chora (rural area) of Tauric Chersonesos in Crimea. Based on the integrated GIS, it was possible to reconstruct an ancient grid of 4- and 6-hecatogygos blocks linked to the terrain, separated by roads. The creation of plans for intra-unit land surveying was carried out on the basis of the analysis of multi-temporal aerial and satellite imagery in the ArcGIS geographic information environment. It was carried out by creating and further processing a group of vector layers, the main of which included a grid of roads, the rest — dividing blocks into plots and single hector modules. The analysis in the GIS of the mutual arrangement of the elements of this grid made it possible to determine the sequence of development and delimitation of the territory of the Heraclean Peninsula in the 4th century BC. The study of the internal surveying of blocks by mosaic of aerial photographs of 1941–1944, integrated into the GIS, made it possible to trace the dynamics of changes in the 3rd century BC of internal division of blocs from individual civil plots (hectators) to large land holdings, sometimes reaching and even exceeding the size of the whole block. As a result of a comprehensive study using historical cartography, archival aerial photographs of the 1940s and a satellite image of 1966, collected in a single geographic information system, it was possible to determine the basic principles and identify the modules of the Taurian Chersonesos land surveying: a single civil plots (hecatogygos) and a unit of measurement of areas (aroura).
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Wójcik-Leń, Justyna y Przemysław Leń. "Evaluation of the Symmetry of Statistical Methods Applied for the Identification of Agricultural Areas". Land 10, n.º 7 (23 de junio de 2021): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070664.
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The main priorities of the common agricultural policies of the European Union (EU) are improvement of the quality of life in rural areas for their inhabitants as well as the optimum utilisation of rural resources. The most efficient tools to improve the management conditions and utilise the potential of land are land consolidation works aimed at creating more favourable management conditions in agriculture and forestry through improving the territorial structure of farms, forests and forestland; the reasonable configuration of land, aligning the limits of real properties with the system of irrigation; and drainage facilities, roads and terrain. The development of agriculture in Poland and its production capacity are considerably differentiated in terms of space. At present, Poland has agricultural areas which, in many respects, have a chance of competing with agriculture in the other member states of the European Union. However, in some areas, agricultural production run by private farms owned by individuals is on the verge of falling below the limit of profitability or falls below the limit of profitability. Currently, Poland lacks tools (strategies) allowing identification of land for intensive agricultural production as well as information about agricultural land that should be developed for non-agricultural purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a methodology for identifying similar areas using available tools that can facilitate reliable identification of the areas relating to the indicated factors. Taxonomic methods can be used for clustering purposes. The study materials are data derived from real property register databases referring to one of the districts (poviats) situated in east-central Poland. As a final result, a method of clustering villages according to similar land-use categories was developed. It was created using two independent statistical methods: Ward’s method and the complete-linkage method. The highest consistency was observed in two groups of identified types of areas sharing very similar characteristics. A high index of similarity of both methods—the so-called Rand index—testified to the reliability of the results of calculations. The results of clustering corresponded to a large extent to actual features defining the use of land in the analysed villages as well as the terrain relief.
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Senetra, Adam, Agnieszka Szczepańska y Monika Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska. "Analysis of changes in the land use structure of developed and urban areas in Eastern Poland". Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 24, n.º 24 (1 de junio de 2014): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0024.
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Abstract The development of housing, services and industry as well as the accompanying infrastructure leads to the intensification of urbanisation processes and changes in land use structure. The area of land characterised by urban use is increasing. The above trend is also observed in Eastern Poland despite its predominantly rural character and the absence of metropolitan areas exerting great pressure on the local landscape, contributing to regional development and enhancing the region’s competitiveness. The paper discusses changes in land use structure in developed and urban areas in Eastern Poland. The analysis includes five Polish voivodeships (Lubelskie, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Świętokrzyskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie) characterised by the lowest GDP per capita in the EU-25. For this reason, Eastern Poland will receive aid as part of the ‘Development of Eastern Poland’ Operational Program 2007-2013. This is the only supra-regional program in the European Union which promotes social and economic growth in underdeveloped regions by co-financing projects in urban development, road construction and tourism promotion. The analysis of changes in the share of developed and urban areas in total land area as well as changes in local land use structure (subgroups) covers the period of 2007-2013. The data relating to land use structure was supplied by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. It was used to determine the scale and rate of urbanisation in the analysed voivodeships (regions) and their constituent poviats (counties) with special emphasis on suburban areas. The results were presented in the form of cartograms and thematic maps with the use of GIS tools. The GIS tools support the visualisation of the spatial distribution of the analysed phenomena.
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Honfoga, Barthelemy G. "Modeling Fertilizer Demand in Cotton-Producing Villages of Benin: Does Price Matter in a Centralized Distribution System?" European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 36 (31 de diciembre de 2016): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n36p245.
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Cotton is a strategic crop in Benin's economy and fertilizer is a crucial necessity for its development. Fertilizer supply is awkwardly cotton-oriented and depends totally on imports. Spurious liberalization, characterized by partial state withdrawal combined with a rigid distribution agreement between the state, fertilizer traders and farmers’ cooperatives, led to a drastic decline in fertilizer use and cotton production. Although fertilizer consumption resumed timidly with reforms, the supply system remained centralized (importers’ licensing, distribution quotas, price administration). This study inquired whether price is relevant in fertilizer demand in such a business environment. Randomly-selected 577 cotton farmers from purposively-chosen 191 cotton-producing villages, were interviewed about fertilizer use and distribution using structured questionnaires. Determinants of average villagelevel fertilizer demand, elicited using a multiple regression model with a joint agronomic and marketing perspective, included at 5% or 1% significance level: the region’s dummy, share of cotton in cultivated area, rural roads’ density, distance ‘village store - farmer’s fields, and off-farm income. Other non-negligible factors included: estimated cost price, soil degradation rate, diffusion rate of water and soil conservation techniques, proportion of leased land area and distance ‘farmer’s house - local agricultural market’. Despite an administered pan-territorial district-level price, fertilizer demand was still sensitive to the actual farm-gate prices. However, the business environment had a stronger influence. The policy levers to increase fertilizer use intensity include the development of road and market infrastructures, promotion of market orientation of farming and off-farm activities, wise liberalization of fertilizer retail market, and reform of the licensing system.
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Dinsberga, Jolanta y Valdis Savickis. "Legal and practical aspects of establishing servitude of right of way by court judgment within the framework of urban and rural development and changing global conditions". SHS Web of Conferences 68 (2019): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196801024.
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As a result of urban and rural development new land areas are being acquired. However, many proprietors face challenges in terms of inability to access their immovable properties due to the reason that they are not adjacent to public roads. One of the ways how a person can acquire the right to use his or her property is to request a court to determine servitude of right of way to access the property. The goal of this study is as follows: to identify the problems of the described topic, to draw conclusions and to offer solutions to solve the identified problems by studying the legal framework of establishing servitude of right of way and the specific features of the application thereof. Methodology applied in the study: 1) general scientific – descriptive, analytical, modelling, dogmatic, deductive, and inductive; 2) interpretation of legal norms – grammatical, systematic, and teleological. Issues covered in the study: jurisdiction of the disputes over servitude of right of way; time limits for dispute resolution by courts; and impact of the initiation of insolvency proceedings on the progress of cases related to establishing servitude of right of way by a court. The following conclusions were drawn by the authors at the end of the study: global changes generate the necessity to facilitate urban and rural development in Latvia, inter alia, to tackle the issues of property accessibility.
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Yang, Bin, Zhanqi Wang, Xiaowei Yao y Ji Chai. "Assessing the Performance of Land Consolidation Projects in Different Modes: A Case Study in Jianghan Plain of Hubei Province, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 4 (21 de febrero de 2020): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041410.
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Land consolidation is essential in China for improving land use efficiency and supporting rural public space governance. Previously, the implementation of land consolidation projects (LCPs) had been mainly led by governments in China. In recent years, the Chinese government vigorously promoted land consolidation, and land consolidation in the corporation-leading mode (CLM) has emerged. This study focused on investigating the performance of CLM projects and the difference in performance levels between the CLM projects and the government-leading mode (GLM) projects. Based on the improved extensible matter–element model, the performance levels of 14 LCPs in GLM and CLM of Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province and related impact factors were analyzed. A set of evaluation indices was selected based on the “process-based thinking and logic”. Results showed that: (1) performance levels of the 14 LCPs are different, most of the projects in the GLM have ordinary or poor performance, while most of the projects in the CLM have excellent or good performance; (2) factors affecting the performance levels of LCPs are also different in the two modes. The main influencing factors in the CLM were the poor access to field roads, insufficient shelterbelt planting, and low land reclamation efficiency, while the insufficient shelterbelt planting, low annual output value of farmland and grain production capacity, low increase rate of agricultural labor production, and low land reclamation efficiency were the main influencing factors in the GLM; (3) comparative analysis of the two modes revealed that LCPs in the CLM have clear investment directions, high output benefits, and obvious advantages in the development of modern agriculture when compared with the GLM. To achieve improving the performance levels of LCPs, policy makers should actively innovate the implementation mode of LCPs and encourage all kinds of agricultural corporations to participate in land consolidation.
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Leaf, M. "Building the Road for the BMW: Culture, Vision, and the Extended Metropolitan Region of Jakarta". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1996): 1617–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281617.
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Recent writings on Asian urbanization have stressed how the continuing outward expansion of the largest metropolitan regions has been eroding the long-standing distinction between rural and urban, particularly in terms of land use and economic structure. In this paper I examine the cultural implications of this phenomenon by looking at recent changes in the extended metropolitan region of Jakarta, Indonesia. Over the course of the 1980s, urbanization trends in Jakarta's periphery have resulted in a greatly expanded interface between urban and rural components of Indonesian society. Although this has created the opportunity for much broader popular participation in the urban economy, it may also be fostering a new perception within Indonesian society—that the primary social dichotomy lies not between the city and the countryside but between socioeconomic classes.
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Shrestha, Bijaya K. "Implementing the proposed outer ring road in Kathmandu Valley". Journal of Management and Development Studies 25, n.º 1 (25 de junio de 2013): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmds.v25i1.24935.
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The proposed 72 kilo meter long Outer Ring Road (ORR) project for the Kathmandu valley constitutes the construction of 50 meter wide road (eight lane highway) and development of 250 meter of land on either side through land pooling technique. It has a vision of developing the valley as a ‘national capital region’ and managing the population growth in the next 15-20 years through planned urban development. This ambitious project covers forty village development committees, three municipalities and one metropolitan city. Numerous stated objectives of the proposed ORR project such as decentralisation of commercial and office activities to the peripheral new areas through development of new 'business centres' with mixed land use and coordinated infrastructure development at different nodal points are difficult to achieve in the present situation. The reasons are due to inadequate legal and institutional framework, poor capacity of the implementing agency, lack of master plan of the Kathmandu valley and absence of planning standards and urban design guidelines at city level. The overall results are formation of urban sprawl of residential use in the peripheral areas with traffic congestion in the existing urban centres and historic cores, acute shortage of drinking water, electricity and other basic amenities and destruction of traditional settlement in the rural areas including intensification of earthquake vulnerability. However, this mega project can be successfully implemented after improving in the existing legal and institutional framework, coordinating with the public utility providing agencies and promoting urban design approach including formulation of urban design guidelines with incentives in the form of tax cut and floor area bonus.
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BANU, Vijaya, Swati UNIYAL y R. NAGARAJA. "SPACE BASED INPUTS FOR HEALTH SERVICE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN RURAL AREAS USING GIS". Geodesy and cartography 43, n.º 1 (27 de marzo de 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2017.1302049.
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The use of Geospatial Techniques for quick decision making is the demand of the time. Geospatial techniques play a very important role to help decision makers, stakeholders and citizens for planning at various levels of governance. Geospatial technology is fast and accurate enough to make analysis and derive the useful results to help the decision makers in planning process. This has augmented the need for development of a model utilising the geospatial datasets to automatize the process which can aid in quick decision making for effective planning and development at village level. The objective of this research work is to build a spatial model for identifying suitable sites for hospital in rural areas. A pilot study has been carried out which aims to identify and prioritize the potential sites for hospitals/Clinic utilizing the 1:10 k scale database with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Hisar, Harayana, India. This study identifies the following factors as indicators of suitability for landscape: road connectivity, demography and location of existing facilities. The evaluating process for suitable hospital/clinic sites have been carried out based on five chosen criteria including land use/cover type, road network and settlement location, proximity to existing facilities and population. The outcome of the model has been further used as input to Location-allocation tool in GIS to select the suitable location for medical and health facilities. The adopted methodology identifies the 10 new suitable sites for medical and health facilities by putting all the criteria with the actual resources of the region. The proposed approach can be effectively utilized by the Government for Health Service Development Planning in Rural areas where medical and health facilities are poor.
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Kurniawan, Andri y Bambang Sriyanto Eko Prakoso. "The Influence of Spatial Urbanization to Regional Condition in Periurban Areas of Yogyakarta". Forum Geografi 22, n.º 1 (20 de julio de 2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v22i1.4924.
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It is interesting to study periurban areas because of its transitional characteristic. Periurban areas undergo dynamic changes as a result of spatial urbanization. This study is aimed at: (1) examining the development pattern of spatial urbanization in Yogyakarta and finding out the influential determinant factors; (2) examining the dynamics of land use changes in periurban areas and finding out the resultant impacts; (3) examining the pattern and development of services (infrastructures) and finding out the determinant factors supporting the development of services (infrastructures) in periurban areas; (4) examining the role of the development of periurban services (infrastructures) as magnetic forces for periurban development; and (5) making policies concerning periurban development and management in order to achieve optimal development and to balance the functions of urban and rural areas. The methods used in this research are secondary data analyses and aerial photo interpretation. This study applies secondary data analysis by comparing the data to find out the extent of the changes. Descriptive statistics, scaling, and discri-minant analysis are used as the analytical techniques to find out the determinant factors of urban growth in periurban areas. Spatially, urbanization in Yogyakarta periurban areas tends to move toward the western part (Ngestiharjo village), northern part (Catur Tunggal village) and eastern part (Banguntapan village). Besides centrifugal forces, the development of built land and urban characteristics in the western, northern and eastern parts are also influenced by the main roads (corridors) from Yogyakarta to Kaliurang, from Yogyakarta to Wates, and from Yogyakarta to Solo. The existence of the corridors prompts the functions of trade and services which, in turn, trigger the development of the surrounding housing complex. On the contrary, in the southern and south-east part of Yogyakarta the activities of service have not yet well-developed and neither have the new housing complex. The development of number and density population are variables determining urban development in Yogyakarta periurban areas. The dynamics of land use changes in Yogyakarta periurban areas are characterized by the decrease in agricultural land (6.46 % per year) and the increase in built land. The decrease in agricultural land reduces the sustainability of agricultural environment. Agricultural production can no longer satisfy periurban people’s needs for food. The different strength in interaction results in the difference in the facilities of service (infrastructure) between periurban areas. The periurban dynamics in Yogyakarta are also characterized by the increase in function and sustainability of services. The development of service (infrastructure) in Yogyakarta periurban areas have a lot of impacts especially those related to the increase in urban characteristics. In some parts of periurban areas, there is a relation between the increase in service provision and the development of urban characteristics.
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Klepacka, Anna Maria, Wojciech Florkowski y Monika Bagińska. "CHANGES IN LAND USE: ILLUSTRATION OF THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL PROGRAM SUPPORT IN INCREASING THE FORESTED AREA IN PODLASKIE VOIVODSHIP". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n.º 5 (30 de noviembre de 2017): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6215.
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Achieving goals of the national reforestation program for 2020 is threatened by its slow implementation despite financial support provided through the EU rural development programs. This study attempts to examine association between the increase in the forest cover and they are of agricultural land in Poland between 2010 and 2015 and the indirect association between the forest cover and regional migration, and residents seeking employment outside agriculture by registering microenterprises focusing only on Podlaskie Voivodship. The description of the observed developments has been supplemented by calculations of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the key indicators considered in this study. The calculated correlations coefficients suggest strong association between the EU funding and the reforested area in three districts surrounding the major cities in the region. Strong correlations were found between regional migration and the entrepreneurial activity reflected in the number of registered micro-enterprises in the case of Białystok and Łomża districts, but somewhat weaker associations in the case of Suwałki district. The transfer of land away from agriculture to reforestation is affected by the local technical infrastructure expansion, e.g., road construction, and influences the obtained correlation coefficients.
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Proctor, Kyle W., Ganti S. Murthy y Chad W. Higgins. "Agrivoltaics Align with Green New Deal Goals While Supporting Investment in the US’ Rural Economy". Sustainability 13, n.º 1 (25 de diciembre de 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010137.
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Agrivoltaic systems combine solar photovoltaic energy production with agriculture to improve land-use efficiency. We provide an upper-bound reduced-order cost estimate for widespread implementation of Agrivoltaic systems in the United States. We find that 20% of the US’ total electricity generation can be met with Agrivoltaic systems if less than 1% of the annual US budget is invested into rural infrastructure. Simultaneously, Agrivoltaic systems align well with existing Green New Deal goals. Widescale installation of Agrivoltaic systems can lead to a carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction equivalent to removing 71,000 cars from the road annually and the creation of over 100,000 jobs in rural communities. Agrivoltaics provide a rare chance for true synergy: more food, more energy, lower water demand, lower carbon emissions, and more prosperous rural communities.
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Zhuravleva, Lyudmila Anatol'evna. "Agroindustrial complex: problems and instigating trends". Сельское хозяйство, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2021.1.36191.
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The article analyzes the current problems, functional strategies and instigating trends of the agroindustrial complex. The author describes the possible ways of solving problems and considers the prospects for the development of small-scale enterprises based on the existing government support programs for rural areas. Among the most acute problems for the successful development of farms, the author identifies the following groups of problems: 1. Economic problems: rising prices for fuels and lubricants; the volatility of the ruble exchange rate; the constant increase in tariffs for gas, electricity, fertilizers, machinery for agricultural production; the disproportion of prices of products and resources spent on their production; the lack of long-term supportive programs of preferential lending and leasing services; low level of innovation and investment activity; low level of solvency of the population; unsatisfactory state of telephone and Internet communications, roads and transport links; monopolization of sales markets by large agricultural holdings; insufficient development of marketing and logistics issues; weak image advertising of farm products and the lack of integrated marketing communications, which reduce the profitability and profitability of agricultural production. 2. Technological problems: technical and technological lagging behind the developed countries; low technological efficiency of agricultural production of peasant farms; a high degree of deterioration of the equipment and machinery. 3. Ecological problems: industrial and agricultural enterprises impacting on the environment; the inrease in land fertility; the use of pesticides leading to soil and water pollution; the lack of effective control over the quality and safety of food. 4. Social problems of rural areas: the lack of educational institutions with educational services of high quality and developed infrastructure; the lack of jobs for the adult population and youth's low interest in farming as a way of life; domestic problems.
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Mariathasan, Vincent, Enrico Bezuidenhoudt y K. Raymond Olympio. "Evaluation of Earth Observation Solutions for Namibia’s SDG Monitoring System". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 13 (7 de julio de 2019): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131612.
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In recent years, with more open data platforms and tools available to store and process satellite imagery, Earth Observation data have become widely accessible and usable especially for countries previously not in the possession of tasking rights to satellites and the needed processing capacity. Due to its ideal scanning and acquisition conditions for low cloud coverage imagery, Namibia aims to make use of this new development and integrate Earth Observation data into its national monitoring system of sustainable development goals (SDG). The purpose of this study is to assess the potential of open source tools and global datasets to estimate the national SDG indicators on Change of water-related ecosystems (6.6.1), Rural population with access to roads (9.1.1), Forest coverage (15.1.1) and Land degradation (15.3.1). The results are set into perspective of existing information in each particular sector. The study shows that, in the absence of in-situ measurements or data collected through surveys, the Earth Observation-based results represent a high potential to supplement the national statistics for Namibia or to serve as primary data sources once validated through ground-truthing. Furthermore, examples are given for the limitations of the assessed Earth Observation solutions in the context of Namibia. Hence, the study also serves as valuable input for discussions on a consensus on national definitions and standards by all stakeholders responsible for releasing official statistics.
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Ren, Yanjiao, Yihe Lü, Bojie Fu, Alexis Comber, Ting Li y Jian Hu. "Driving Factors of Land Change in China’s Loess Plateau: Quantification Using Geographically Weighted Regression and Management Implications". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030453.
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Land change is a key topic in research on global environmental change, and the restoration of degraded land is the core component of the global Land Degradation Neutrality target under the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this study, remote-sensing-derived land-use data were used to characterize the land-change processes in China’s Loess Plateau, which is experiencing large-scale ecological restoration. Geographically Weighted Regression was applied to capture the spatiotemporal variations in land change and driving-force relationships. First, we explored land-use change in the Loess Plateau for the period 1990–2015. Grassland, cropland and forestland were dominant land cover in the region, with a total percentage area of 88%. The region experienced dramatic land-use transitions during the study period: degraded grassland and wetland, expansion of cropland and built-up land and weak restoration of forestland during 1990–2000; and increases in grassland, built-up land, forestland and wetland, concurrent with shrinking cropland during 2000–2015. A Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) analysis revealed altitude to be the common dominant factor associated with the four major land-use types (forestland, grassland, cropland and built-up land). Altitude and slope were found to be positively associated with forestland, while being negatively associated with cropland in the high, steep central region. For both forestland and grassland, temperature and precipitation behaved in a similar manner, with a positive hotspot in the northwest. Altitude, slope and distance to road were all negatively associated with built-up land across the region. The GWR captured the spatial non-stationarity on different socioeconomic driving forces. Spatial heterogeneity and temporal variation of the impact of socioeconomic drivers indicate that the ecological restoration projects positively affected the region’s greening trend with hotspots in the center and west, and also improved farmer well-being. Notably, urban population showed undesired effects, expressed in accelerating grassland degradation in central and western regions for 1990–2000, hindering forestland and grassland restoration in the south during 2000–2015, and highlighting the long-term sustainability of the vegetation restoration progress. Such local results have the potential to provide a methodological contribution (e.g., nesting local-level approaches, i.e., GWR, within land system research) and spatially explicit evidence for context-related and proactive land management (e.g., balancing urbanization and ecological restoration processes and advancing agricultural development and rural welfare improvement).
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Zhu, Xiaoqing, Tiancheng Zhang, Weijun Gao y Danying Mei. "Analysis on Spatial Pattern and Driving Factors of Carbon Emission in Urban–Rural Fringe Mixed-Use Communities: Cases Study in East Asia". Sustainability 12, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2020): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083101.
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Urban-intensive areas are responsible for an estimated 80% of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. The urban–rural fringe areas emit more greenhouse gases than urban centers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern and driving factors of carbon emissions in urban–rural fringe mixed-use communities, and to develop planning methods to reduce carbon emissions in communities. This study identifies mixed-use communities in East Asian urban–rural fringe areas as industrial, commercial, tourism, and rental-apartment communities, subsequently using the emission factor method to calculate carbon emissions. The statistical information grid analysis and geographic information systems spatial analysis method are employed to analyze the spatial pattern of carbon emission and explore the relationship between established space, industrial economy, material consumption, social behavior, and carbon emission distribution characteristics by partial least squares regression, ultimately summing up the spatial pattern of carbon emission in the urban–rural fringe areas of East Asia. Results show that (1) mixed-use communities in the East Asian urban–rural fringe areas face tremendous pressure to reduce emissions. Mixed-use community carbon emissions in the late urbanization period are lower than those the early urbanization. (2) Mixed-use community carbon emission is featured by characteristics, such as planning structure decisiveness, road directionality, infrastructure directionality, and industrial linkage. (3) Industrial communities produce the highest carbon emissions, followed by rental-apartment communities, business communities, and tourism communities. (4) The driving factor that most affects the spatial distribution of carbon emissions is the material energy consumption. The fuel consumption per unit of land is the largest driver of carbon emissions. Using the obtained spatial pattern and its driving factors of carbon emissions, this study provides suggestions for planning and construction, industrial development, material consumption, and convenient life guidance.
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Kirillov, Pavel L., Alla G. Makhrova y Tatiana G. Nefedova. "Current Trends in Moscow Settlement Pattern Development: A Multiscale Approach". GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 12, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-69.
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The article studies current trends in Moscow population in context of socio- economic polarization strengthening between the capital city and other regions of the country. The study applies multiscale approach covering Moscow influence on Central Russia and other regions, interaction with the Moscow oblast and the level of internal population distribution within Moscow and particular settlements and villages in New Moscow territories. The gap in development is significantly noticeable for expanding Moscow and Moscow oblast against the background of depopulation in Central Russia regions and cities. Within the boundaries of Moscow the continuing model of extensive spatial growth of population has led to the most rapid growth of its periphery zone. Areas similar to bedroom communities in Old Moscow are forming in the municipalities of New Moscow located along the Moscow ring road (MKAD) and main radial highways, while large part of the new territories remain a typical countryside with villages and summer residents. Analysis of New Moscow suburban areas reveals the actual land use mosaics obscured by the official delimitation of Moscow and Moscow oblast and the formal division of population into urban and rural.
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Gita Junika Pasaribu y Dwi Lindarto Hadinugroho. "Arrangement of Special Region in Corridor Dr. Mansyur". International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 4, n.º 2 (27 de agosto de 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v4i2.4522.
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Medan is one of the largest cities in Indonesia after the metropolis of Jakarta also experienced strip development that has shown symptoms in the suburbs. The symptoms can identified from the aspect of land use on the outskirts of Medan in this case usually rural regions are characterized by agrarian areas switching functions to non-agrarian land, seen from the qualities of buildings in the suburbs, almost all buildings distinguished by urban or non-sectoral agrarian in a review of the building characteristics also added about the density of buildings and the number of buildings in a particular area. One of them is the problem that occurred in the corridor Dr. Mansyur. The original road capacity for calm residential traffic can no longer accommodate the dynamics of commercial activities. Traffic congestion, parking vandalism, pedestrian route malfunctioning by street vendors, the emergence of portable stands, and tent stalls on the edge of the road. The consideration will be based on predetermined variables, namely, elements of the city image, specifically paths, boundaries, regions, vertices, and landmarks. For this reason, mixed research carried out through observation and interviews and documentation studies. The results obtained from this study will show how the model of regional arrangement in anticipating the development strip of the city of Medan.
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Zhang, Jun Jie, Si Ru Chen y Zhong Hai Jiang. "Empirical Analysis of New Urban Rail Transit System of Planning Convergence". Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (enero de 2014): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.512.
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Rail transit is one of the most important public transport facilities to achieve new urbanization and promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, and is the most effective and feasible method to solve traffic problems of largest urban region in our country. This article exemplified by developed areas of the mega-cities of Foshan III rail transportation planning, general requirements have been put forward based on the convergence of demand forecasting from four aspects —rail traffic levels, differentiation, systematization and standardization; At the same time it also propose convergence countermeasures for land-use development, road network system, public transportation systems, cars, slow traffic systems, transport policy; What’s more, this article summarizes features of large urban rail transit convergence planning and provides guidance and reference on China's mega-cities’ construction of an integrated public transport system planning.
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Wulandari, Elysa Wulandari, Burhan Nasution, Masdar Djamaludin y Farisa Sabila. "PROSES TUMBUH KEMBANG PERMUKIMAN PERDESAAN MUARA SUNGAI DI PESISIR BARAT ACEH DAN ADAPTASI BERKELANJUTANNYA Kasus: Gampong Geulanggang Batee, Kabupaten Aceh Barat Daya". Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 3, n.º 3 (20 de octubre de 2020): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v3i3.27873.
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Abstract: Related research on the growth and development process of rural settlement areas, with a case study in the Geulanggang Batee village area, which is located at the mouth of a river on the west coast of Aceh, is vulnerable to natural hazards. The development of the parts of the area is not the same which can be traced from the time of the Aceh kingdom to the 21st century. The aim of this research is to find out the causes of differences in the development of the region and the patterns of sustainable adaptation in the community. This study is important to carry out to determine the potential sustainability of a rural settlement that is prone to disasters. Qualitative research approach interpretative phenomenology in case studies. Physical data is obtained from satellite imagery looking at the potential location and changes in land use in the area. Non-physical data is obtained by interviewing community leaders about the dynamics of changes that have occurred. The data is analyzed with a dynamic system, looking at the cause and effect of changes. The results of the research are related to two things: a) the part of the area whose development has retreated due to the threat of natural disasters, adapting patterns by moving away from disasters, so that settlements become empty, improving disaster-prone areas by engineering land techniques and modifying livelihoods to survive: b) parts of the area whose development is progressing as a new place for people to live from the coast, modernizing agriculture, seems to have implemented the smart village concept, has high accessibility to the main roads of the area. The conclusion of this research is that the development of a rural area can synergize with geographical conditions, respond to the demands of modern life by transforming knowledge values that are in line with local values. Keywords: Growth and Development, Sustainable Adaptation, Rural Settlements, River Estuaries, Aceh West Coast Abstrak: Penelitian terkait tentang proses tumbuh kembang kawasan permukiman perdesaan, dengan studi kasus pada kawasan gampong Geulanggang Batee, yang berlokasi di muara sungai pesisir Barat Aceh serta rentan terhadap bahaya alam. Perkembangan bagian kawasan permukiman tersebut tidak sama yang dapat ditelusuri sejak masa kerajaan Aceh hingga abad 21. Tujuan kajian untuk menjelaskan sebab perbedaan perkembangan kawasannya dan pola adaptasi berkelanjutan dalam masyarakatnya. Kajian ini penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi keberlanjutan suatu permukiman perdesaan yang rentan bencana. Pendekatan penelitian secara kualitatif fenomenologi interpretative pada studi kasus. Data fisik di peroleh dari citra satelit melihat potensi lokasi dan perubahan penggunaan lahan kawasan. Data non fisik diperoleh dengan wawancara tokoh masyarakat tentang dinamika perubahan yang terjadi. Data di analisa dengan sistem dinamis, melihat sebab akibat perubahan. Hasil penelitian terkait dua hal: a) bagian kawasan yang mundur perkembangannya karena ancaman bencana alam, melakukan pola adaptasi dengan menjauh bencana, perbaikan kawasan rawan bencana dengan rekayasa teknik lahan dan modifikasi sumber kehidupan untuk dapat bertahan: b) bagian kawasan yang maju perkembangannya sebagai tempat bermukim baru masyarakat tersebut, melakukan modernisasi pertanian, tampak telah menerapkan konsep smart village, memiliki aksesibilitas tinggi ke jalan utama kawasan. Kesimpulan penelitian bahwa perkembangan suatu kawasan perdesaan dapat bersinergis dengan kondisi geografis, menjawab tuntutan kehidupan modern dengan mentransformasi nilai-nilai pengetahuan yang sejalan dengan nilai setempat. Kata Kunci: tumbuh Kembang, Adaptasi Berkelanjutan, Permukiman Perdesaan Muara Sungai, Pesisir Barat Aceh
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Pienaar, Wessel. "A proposed regulatory framework for road and rail freight transport in South Africa". Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, n.º 4 (22 de septiembre de 2007): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i4.140.
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The increase in the number of freight vehicles on South Africa’s rural road network has received substantial attention. Insinuations persist that long-distance road freight haulage is of a somewhat unsavoury economic nature, and that strict economic re-regulation of the land freight transport is necessary. During the 1970s road transport replaced rail carriage as the dominant form of long-distance freight transport (excluding minerals and ore) in South Africa. On long hauls road freight carriers transport certain primary products of an organic nature (such as timber, fish and agricultural produce), some semi-finished goods, many finished goods and most consumer goods. Road freight carriers are continuously gaining market share on long-distance links where rail transport is the more cost efficient mode. The greater value added by road freight carriers in comparison with rail transport through service effectiveness is often more than the cost premium paid for utilising their service rather than making use of rail transport. Throughout history, governments have involved themselves in transport. A diverse range of arguments have been advanced for this involvement in transport, including the following:Control of excessive competition, co-ordination of transport, integration of transport with economic policy, maintenance of safety, security, and order, provision of costly infrastructure, provision of public goods, recovery of the true resource cost of transport inputs, regulation of harmful conduct and externalities, restraint of monopoly power, and social support. A set of nine instruments can be identified that governments apply to influence the performance of the freight transport industry: Legislation, direct supply, fiscal measures, monetary measures, moral appeal and persuasion, policies relating to strategic commodities, procurement policy, provision of information, and research and development. The best prospects for a sound development of land freight transport activity in South Africa will be offered within the framework of a free-functioning freight transport market.
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Orzechowska-Szajda, Iwona Dominika, Robert Krzysztof Sobolewski, Joanna Lewandowska, Paulina Kowalska y Robert Kalbarczyk. "The Influence of Urban Conditions on the Phenology of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Using the Example of Wroclaw (Poland)". Forests 11, n.º 12 (26 de noviembre de 2020): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121261.
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The differences in plant phenology between rural and urban areas are the subject of research conducted all over the world. There are few studies aimed at assessing the impact of the urban heat island on plant vegetation only in urban areas. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the distance from the city center and the form of land cover on the phenological development of trees using the example of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). The research area covered the entire city of Wrocław. In order to best capture the impact of the distance from the city center on the rate of changes of individual phenophases, 3 areas were designated—at a distance of 1 km, 2 km and 5 km. The study assessed the average duration of individual phenological phases along with the variability characteristics for leafing, flowering and fruiting in relation to the designated zones and classified forms of land cover based on mean value (x¯) and standard deviation (±SD) in individual weeks of the year. For the leafing and flowering phases, the frequency of the occurrence of phases in individual weeks of the year was analyzed in relation to the designated zones and classified land use methods. The results obtained on the basis of phenological observations carried out in 2017 in Wrocław confirmed the extension of the period of vegetation in the city center in relation to its peripheries. Trees growing in road lanes entered the vegetation period later and defoliated faster, which confirms the negative impact of street conditions on the development of trees in urban space. Thus, the growing season in road lanes is shorter and due to the 1-year observation period, it is justified to conduct further observations.
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Prins, Herbert H. T. "The Pastoral Road to Extinction: Competition Between Wildlife and Traditional Pastoralism in East Africa". Environmental Conservation 19, n.º 2 (1992): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030587.
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In some developing countries there is a call to open-up protected areas and even National Parks for low-intensity use by the local population to alleviate the pressure of the rapidly increasing human population, or because conservationists have been able to ‘take’ too much land according to others. This conflict in land-use has been noted by conservation authorities, and proposals have been formulated to give way to such pressure. Moreover, it has been suggested that there can be a harmonious coexistence between wildlife and livestock, so that opening-up of protected areas would not necessarily be to the detriment of wildlife, and also that the indigenous populations were able to manage wildlife and their habitats in the past (so why not again in the future). The last point in the concerted attack on the status of the protected areas is that ‘conservation is an alien concept in Third World countries’.In this paper is reviewed the question as to whether there ever has been such a harmonious coexistence between wildlife and pastoral Man in East Africa, and aerial census data from a number of districts in Tanzania and Kenya have been used to demonstrate that livestock outcompetes wildlife. At present ‘prestige overstocking’ is not the case any more, due to the fact that the human population outgrows the livestock population. Apparently, a very high rate of population growth is at the root of the call for more land, and even if, for example, the whole of the Serengeti were to be handed over to the local Masai, this enormous, relatively undisturbed ecocomplex could absorb the growth of the Masai population for only some forty years.Finding the key to increased development should not be sought in an opening-up of protected areas but in payment of in absentia benefits by the rich western countries. This money should be used for developing programmes aimed at population limitation, increased income for the rural poor, and increased sustainable human densities in areas outside the protected areas.
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Andrade-Núñez, María José y T. Mitchell Aide. "The Socio-Economic and Environmental Variables Associated with Hotspots of Infrastructure Expansion in South America". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010116.
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The built environment, defined as all human-made infrastructure, is increasing to fulfill the demand for human settlements, productive systems, mining, and industries. Due to the profound direct and indirect impacts that the built environment produces on natural ecosystems, it is considered a major driver of land change and biodiversity loss, and a major component of global environmental change. In South America, a global producer of minerals and agricultural commodities, and a region with many biodiversity hotspots, infrastructure expanded considerably between 2001 and 2011. This expansion occurred mainly in rural areas, towns, and sprawling suburban areas that were not previously developed. Herein, we characterized the areas of major infrastructure expansion between 2001 and 2011 in South America. We used nighttime light data, land use maps, and socio-economic and environmental variables to answer the following questions: (1) Where are the hotspots of infrastructure expansion located? and (2) What combination of socio-economic and environmental variables are associated with infrastructure expansion? Hotspots of infrastructure expansion encompass 70% (337,310 km2) of the total infrastructure expansion occurring between 2001 and 2011 across South America. Urban population and economic growth, mean elevation, and mean road density were the main variables associated with the hotspots, grouping them into eight clusters. Furthermore, within the hotspots, woody vegetation increased around various urban centers, and several areas showed a large increase in agriculture. Investments in large scale infrastructure projects, and the expansion and intensification of productive systems (e.g., agriculture and meat production) play a dominant role in the increase of infrastructure across South America. We expect that under the current trends of globalization and land changes, infrastructure will continue increasing and expanding into no-development areas and remote places. Therefore, to fully understand the direct and indirect impacts of land use change in natural ecosystems studies of infrastructure need to expand to areas beyond cities. This will provide better land management alternatives for the conservation of biodiversity as well as peri-urban areas across South America.
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Syahza, Almasdi. "The potential of environmental impact as a result of the development of palm oil plantation". Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, n.º 5 (5 de agosto de 2019): 1072–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2018-0190.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop strategies for potential environmental impacts as a result of institutional arrangement and development of oil palm downstream industry both regionally and nationally. Design/methodology/approach The research location is in the areas potential for oil palm plantation development, either by plasma through BUMN and BUMS or self-supporting by the society. The research location will be divided into two parts, namely, the land area and the coastal area. The Riau land areas are Regency of Kampar, Rokan Hulu, and Kuantan Singingi, while Riau coastal areas are Regency of Pelalawan, Siak, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hilir, Indragiri Hulu and Rokan Hilir. Both research areas have different productivity due to the different soil fertility levels. The sustainability level of oil palm plantation from the socio-economic and environmental aspects is analyzed using the multi-dimensional scaling approach modified into Rapid Appraisal-Index Sustainability of Palm Oil Management. Findings In Riau Province, the development of oil palm is quite rapid. This is reasonable for several reasons which include the following supporting factors: the geographical condition of the Riau region is very supportive; the high demand for palm oil derivative products; the existence of market guarantee for oil palm farmers; the higher income oil palm generates than other plantation crops; and the relatively flat area. Most of the problems faced by oil palm farmers are the use of less good seeds, the length of the fruit laying at the location of the plantation, the inadequate production road, the relatively far distance to palm oil mill (POM) (National Agency of Drug and Food Control), the tendency of determining the unilateral revenue of the POM, the collectively measurement of revenue and the general revenue information. The development of oil palm plantations has created an entrepreneurial capability for farmers who are able to capture business opportunities in the agricultural sector, especially the plantation sub-sector. Originality/value The originality of this paper shows the comprehensively control strategy, potential of environmental impact and palm oil plantation. The method used for data collection was rapid rural appraisal method because accurate information is needed in a limited time as it relates to decisions related to village development that must be taken immediately. The study area was conducted in Riau Province because Riau Province is one of the biggest palm oil producers in Indonesia. The study sites will be divided into two, namely, the land area and the coastal area.
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Togia, Harrison, Oceana P. Francis, Karl Kim y Guohui Zhang. "Segment-Based Approach for Assessing Hazard Risk of Coastal Highways in Hawai‘i". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, n.º 1 (enero de 2019): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821679.
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Hazards to roadways and travelers can be drastically different because hazards are largely dependent on the regional environment and climate. This paper describes the development of a qualitative method for assessing infrastructure importance and hazard exposure for rural highway segments in Hawai‘i under different conditions. Multiple indicators of roadway importance are considered, including traffic volume, population served, accessibility, connectivity, reliability, land use, and roadway connection to critical infrastructures, such as hospitals and police stations. The method of evaluating roadway hazards and importance can be tailored to fit different regional hazard scenarios. It assimilates data from diverse sources to estimate risks of disruption. A case study for Highway HI83 in Hawai‘i, which is exposed to multiple hazards, is conducted. Weakening of the road by coastal erosion, inundation from sea level rise, and rockfall hazards require adaptation solutions. By analyzing the risk of disruption to highway segments, adaptation approaches can be prioritized. Using readily available geographic information system data sets for the exposure and impacts of potential hazards, this method could be adapted not only for emergency management but also for planning, design, and engineering of resilient highways.
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Ghimire, Krishna B. "Land-use options for rural development". Development in Practice 7, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1997): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529754224.
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