Artículos de revistas: "Salmonella enteritidis Genetics"

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Wu, Daichao, Da Teng, Xiumin Wang, Changsong Dai, and Jianhua Wang. "Saccharomyces boulardii prevention of the hepatic injury induced by Salmonella Enteritidis infection." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 10 (October 2014): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0259.

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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) is the predominant cause of serovar-associated food-borne outbreaks in many countries and causes significant clinical symptoms of liver injury, enteritis, and diarrheal diseases. Saccharomyces boulardii is used in clinical application for prophylaxis and the treatment of a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection. We used a mouse model of Salmonella Enteritidis infection, which included pretreatment with S. boulardii, to reveal the protection mechanisms of S. boulardii against Salmonella Enteritidis infection, including the translocation of Salmonella Enteritidis to the liver 10 days after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge, and the colonisation of Salmonella Enteritidis and the formation of hepatic tissue lesions in mice after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge on the 10th day. Compared with Salmonella Enteritidis infection in mice, S. boulardii decreased Salmonella Enteritidis translocation to the liver by 96%, and 99% of Salmonella Enteritidis colonised the cecum on the 10th day. Saccharomyces boulardii also abated hepatic tissue injury caused by the infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and plasmocytes by decreasing the translocation of Salmonella to the liver. These findings demonstrated that S. boulardii is an effective agent in the prevention of the hepatic injury induced by Salmonella Enteritidis infection in a mouse model.

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Desin, Taseen S., Claudia S. Mickael, Po-King S. Lam, Andrew A. Potter, and Wolfgang Köster. "Protection of epithelial cells from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis invasion by antibodies against the SPI-1 type III secretion system." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 6 (June 2010): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-034.

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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) is one of the major causes of bacterial food-borne illness in humans. During the course of infection, Salmonella Enteritidis uses 2 type III secretion systems (T3SS), one of which is encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). SPI-1 plays a major role in the invasion process. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of sera against the SPI-1 T3SS components on invasion in vitro using polarized human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Antisera to SipD protected Caco-2 cells against entry of wild-type Salmonella Enteritidis. On the other hand, sera against InvG, PrgI, SipA, SipC, SopB, SopE, and SopE2 did not affect Salmonella Enteritidis entry. To illustrate the specificity of anti-SipD mediated inhibition, SipD-specific antibodies were depleted from the serum. Antiserum depleted of SipD-specific antibodies lost its capacity to inhibit Salmonella Enteritidis entry. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that antibodies against the SPI-1 needle tip protein (SipD) inhibit Salmonella Enteritidis invasion and that the SipD protein may be an important target in blocking SPI-1 mediated virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis.

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Nadin-Davis, S., L. Pope, D. Ogunremi, B. Brooks, and J. Devenish. "A real-time PCR regimen for testing environmental samples for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars of concern to the poultry industry, with special focus on Salmonella Enteritidis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 2 (February 2019): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0417.

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A real-time PCR (qPCR) regimen, using up to six genetic targets, was developed to rapidly detect Salmonella and in particular identify Salmonella Enteritidis. The test regimen was first evaluated using a reference culture collection of Salmonella to confirm the appropriateness of the selected targets, which included up to three genetic markers for discrimination of Salmonella Enteritidis from other Salmonella serovars commonly found in poultry facilities. The qPCR procedure was then compared with culture methods used to detect Salmonella using a collection of enrichment broths previously generated from 239 environmental samples collected from a large number of hatchery facilities across Canada over several years. The qPCR regimen facilitated specific detection of Salmonella Enteritidis, and on a sample basis, it showed excellent agreement with the culture methods. Moreover, in many cases, qPCR detected Salmonella earlier in the culture process than did the culture method. Application of this method will significantly shorten test times and allow more timely identification of infected poultry premises, thereby improving present programmes aimed at controlling Salmonella Enteritidis at the environmental source.

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Fandiño, Luz Clemencia, and Noel Verjan. "A common Salmonella Enteritidis sequence type from poultry and human gastroenteritis in Ibagué, Colombia." Biomédica 39 (May 1, 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v39i1.4155.

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Introducción. Salmonella Enteritidis es una de las mayores causas de salmonelosis en el mundo, siendo los huevos contaminados y la carne de pollo cruda sus principales fuentes de infección. En Ibagué, Colombia, se identificaron los principales serovares circulando en granjas, superficies de huevos y canales de pollo, sin embargo, se desconoce si esos serovares son responsables de gastroenteritis. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación genética entre aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis de aves de corral y humanos con gastroenteritis mediante multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Materiales y métodos. Se aisló Salmonella spp., de casos clínicos de gastroenteritis (n=110). Se realizó test de sensibilidad antibiótica, seguido de serotipificación y tipificación por medio de MLST y se comparó S. Enteritidis de humanos frente a S. Enteritidis de granjas ponedoras y de huevo comercializado (n=6). Resultados. Se aislaron 10 cepas de Salmonella spp., a partir de heces de humanos con gastroenteritis. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de Salmonella spp. de 9.09%, siendo S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1) y S. Braenderup (n=1) los serotipos presentes en pacientes con gastroenteritis. El MLST indico que un tipo de secuencia común (ST11) de S. Enteritidis estuvo presente en todas las tres fuentes y mostraron el mismo patrón de resistencia antibiótica. Conclusión. S. Enteritidis ST11 constituye un vínculo entre el consumo/manipulación de huevos contaminados y gastroenteritis humana en Ibagué. Son necesarios estudios complementarios para conocer si otros serovares de Salmonella aislados de carne de pollo cruda también se asocian con la gastroenteritis humana.

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Elgueta, Estefanía, Javier Mena, and Pedro A. Orihuela. "Hydroethanolic Extracts of Haplopappus baylahuen Remy and Aloysia citriodora Palau Have Bactericide Activity and Inhibit the Ability of Salmonella Enteritidis to Form Biofilm and Adhere to Human Intestinal Cells." BioMed Research International 2021 (January 27, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3491831.

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We analysed whether the hydroethanolic extracts from leaves of Haplopappus baylahuen Remy (bailahuen) and Aloysia citriodora Palau (cedron) inhibit the growth and ability of Salmonella Enteritidis to form biofilms and to adhere to human intestinal epithelial cells. Herein, we first determined the total phenolic content and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts. Then, Salmonella Enteritidis was treated with the extracts to analyse biofilm formation by scanning electronic microscopy and the violet crystal test. We also measured the efflux pump activity of Salmonella Enteritidis since biofilm formation is associated with this phenomenon. Furthermore, the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 was infected with Salmonella Enteritidis pretreated with the extracts, and 30 min later, the number of bacteria that adhered to the cell surface was quantified. Finally, we determined by qPCR the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation, namely, the diguanilate cyclase AdrA protein gene (adrA) and the BapA protein gene (bapA), and genes associated with adhesion, namely, the transcriptional regulator HilA (hilA). The phenolic content and antioxidant and bactericide activities were higher in bailahuen than in the cedron extract. Biofilm formation was inhibited by the extracts in a dose-dependent manner, while the activity of efflux pumps was decreased only with the cedron extract. Adhesion to Caco-2 cells was also inhibited without differences between doses and extracts. The extracts decreased the expression of adrA; with the cedron extract being the most efficient. The expression of hilA is affected only with the cedron extract. We concluded that hydroethanolic extracts of bailahuen and cedron differentially inhibit the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis and affect its the ability to form biofilms and to adhere to human intestinal epithelial cells. These results highlight the presence of molecules in bailahuen and cedron with a high potential for the control of the Salmonella Enteritidis pathogenesis.

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Zhao, Shaohua, Cong Li, Chih-Hao Hsu, Gregory H. Tyson, Errol Strain, Heather Tate, Thu-Thuy Tran, Jason Abbott, and Patrick F. McDermott. "Comparative Genomic Analysis of 450 Strains of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Diseased Animals." Genes 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091025.

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Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial infections in animals and humans. We sequenced a collection of 450 Salmonella strains from diseased animals to better understand the genetic makeup of their virulence and resistance features. The presence of Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) varied by serotype. S. Enteritidis carried the most SPIs (n = 15), while S. Mbandaka, S. Cerro, S. Meleagridis, and S. Havana carried the least (n = 10). S. Typhimurium, S. Choleraesuis, S. I 4,5,12:i:-, and S. Enteritidis each contained the spv operon on IncFII or IncFII-IncFIB hybrid plasmids. Two S. IIIa carried a spv operon with spvD deletion on the chromosome. Twelve plasmid types including 24 hybrid plasmids were identified. IncA/C was frequently associated with S. Newport (83%) and S. Agona (100%) from bovine, whereas IncFII (100%), IncFIB (100%), and IncQ1 (94%) were seen in S. Choleraesuis from swine. IncX (100%) was detected in all S. Kentucky from chicken. A total of 60 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), four disinfectant resistances genes (DRGs) and 33 heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) were identified. The Salmonella strains from sick animals contained various SPIs, resistance genes and plasmid types based on the serotype and source of the isolates. Such complicated genomic structures shed light on the strain characteristics contributing to the severity of disease and treatment failures in Salmonella infections, including those causing illnesses in animals.

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Wilson, Catherine N., Angeziwa Chunga, Clemens Masesa, Brigitte Denis, Niza Silungwe, Sithembile Bilima, Heather Galloway, Melita Gordon, and Nicholas A. Feasey. "Incidence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Blantyre, Malawi between January 2011-December 2019." Wellcome Open Research 7 (April 29, 2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17754.1.

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Background: The Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (MLW) has undertaken sentinel surveillance of bloodstream infection and meningitis at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi for 20 years. Previously, three epidemics of Salmonella bloodstream infection have been identified. Here we provide updated surveillance data on invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease from 2011 – 2019. Methods: Surveillance data describing trends in invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease and associated antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are presented for the period January 2011 – December 2019. Results: Between January 2011-December 2019, 128,588 blood cultures and 40,769 cerebrospinal fluid cultures were processed at MLW. Overall, 1.00% of these were positive for S. Typhimurium, 0.10% for S. Enteritidis, and 0.05% positive for other Salmonella species. Estimated minimum incidence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease decreased from 21/100,000 per year in 2011 to 7/100,000 per year in 2019. Over this period, 26 confirmed cases of Salmonella meningitis were recorded (88.5% S. Typhimurium). Between 2011-2019 there was a substantial decrease in proportion of S. Typhimurium (78.5% to 27.7%) and S. Enteritidis (31.8% in 2011 to 0%) that were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation generation cephalosporins (3GC) remained uncommon, however 3GC increased amongst Salmonella spp. and S. Typhimurium in the latter part of the period. Conclusions: The total number of iNTS bloodstream infections decreased between 2011-2019. Although the number multidrug resistance (MDR) S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates has fallen, the number of MDR isolates of other Salmonella spp. has increased, including 3GC isolates.

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Rychlik, Ivan, Renata Karpiskova, Marcela Faldynova, and Frantisek Sisak. "Computer-assisted restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid DNA in field strains of Salmonella enteritidis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-112.

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Computer-assisted restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid DNA in field strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) is described. The procedure consists of plasmid DNA purification, its digestion with restriction endonuclease TaqI, electrophoresis, charge-coupled device camera scanning of the gels, and an analysis of the restriction patterns with the software Gel Manager. The system allowed us to analyse, in detail, results of plasmid profiling in more than 600 field strains of S. enteritidis. In addition to plasmid-free and virulence plasmid only containing strains, 15 additional plasmid types were detected. All the images and detailed protocols are available at the Web site http://www.clark.cz/vri/salmon.htm.Key words: computer analysis, plasmid type, Salmonella, DNA fingerprinting, epidemiology.

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Portrait, V., S. Gendron-Gaillard, G. Cottenceau, and A. M. Pons. "Inhibition of pathogenicSalmonellaenteritidisgrowth mediated byEscherichia colimicrocin J25 producing strains." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-106.

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For the first time, microcin-producing strains showing inhibitory activities against enteropathogen Salmonella enteritidis were isolated from poultry intestinal contents. Among the numerous strains isolated, two strains of Escherichia coli, named J02 and J03, showing the greatest activities against S. enteritidis, were studied. Biochemical tests and purification identified the main antagonist compound produced as microcin J25. In order to evaluate the protective potential of E. coli J02 and J03 against S. enteritidis infection, the ability of these strains to inhibit growth of S. enteritidis was investigated in mixed culture. A strong antagonist activity was obtained with a preculture phase of the active strain in minimal medium before incubation with S. enteritidis. In a bioreactor experiment simulating the chicken gastric and intestinal tract environment, a mixture of the two strains E. coli J02 and J03, provided an enhanced inhibitory effect. Microcinogenic strain activities were not affected by bile, pancreatic enzymes addition, or acidic conditions. These results suggest the relevant role of microcin-producing microorganisms in microbial intestinal ecology. To conclude, this study shows that microcin J25 strains could exert a beneficial protective effect against S. enteritidis growth in situ.Key words: microcin J25, Salmonella, mixed cultures.

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Lan, Dan, XinYu Xun, YaoDong Hu, NianZhen Li, ChaoWu Yang, XiaoSong Jiang, and YiPing Liu. "Research on the Effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus on Salmonella enteritidis-Infected Chicken." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 10, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6416451.

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Salmonella enteritidis can cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and economic loss in the animal industry. Improving the innate immunity is an effective method to prevent S. enteritidis infection. Pediococcus pentosaceus is a Gram-positive coccus which had probiotics properties. Numerous previously published studies reported that probiotics were beneficial to gut microbiota by changing the intestinal flora structure and inhibiting the harmful microbial growth to enhance the innate immunity. We investigated the immunological effects of P. pentosaceus on Salmonella-infected chickens by the following experiment. A total of 120 broilers from AA line were fed and divided into 2 groups (treated and control groups) for the experiment from day 1. The control group was fed with the basic diet, while the treated group was fed with the basic diet adding P. pentosaceus microcapsule with the bacterial concentration of 1 g/kg in the feed and bacterial counts 2.5 × 10 9 CFU/g. All the birds were given with 0.5 ml of S. enteritidis bacterial suspension (109 CFU/ml) through oral cavity at day 9. The number of dead birds was recorded and used in the analysis. The bacterial culture method and quantitative real-time PCR analysis were used to evaluate the effects of P. pentosaceus on chickens infected with S. enteritidis and to ascertain the mechanism of the effect. The results showed that the P. pentosaceus could restrain the pathogenicity of S. enteritidis and reduce the death rate from 44.4% to 23.3%. The flora in the caecum exhibited “rising-declining” trends, and the gene (TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 NF-κB, IFN-β, TNF-a, IL6, and IL8) expression pattern was different between the experimental and control group. P. pentosaceus as a probiotic may competitively inhibit the growth of S. enteritidis and control the inflammatory response through regulating the gene expression which involved in the toll-like receptor pathway and inflammation pathway.

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Veljic, M., Aleksandra Djuric, Marina Sokovic, Ana Ciric, Jasmina Glamoclija, and P. D. Marin. "Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of Fontinalis antipyretica, Hypnum cupressiforme, and Ctenidium molluscum." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 2 (2009): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0902225v.

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Antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanol extracts of the moss species Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. var. antipyretica, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., and Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt. were analyzed. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram (+) (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram (-) (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) bacteria. Antifungal activity of extracts was tested using the following micromycetes: Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, P. ochrochloron, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. The methanol extract of Fontinalis antipyretica showed the strongest activity against the tested bacteria and micromycetes. The antibacterial effect of methanol extracts was higher against the G (-) (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) than against the G (+) bacteria tested.

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Wang, Yang, and Wei Zhang. "Clinical Characteristics and Drug Resistance Analysis of 90 Cases of Children with Salmonella Enteritis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5091945.

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Objective. To summarize the clinical characteristics and drug sensitivity analysis of children with Salmonella enteritis in our hospital, explore the characteristics and drug resistance of Salmonella infection, and guide the rational clinical use of drugs. Methods. The clinical data of 90 pediatric Salmonella enteritis patients treated in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2020 were selected as the observation group of this retrospective study, and 90 patients with non-Salmonella enteritis were selected at the same time as a control group. Discuss the clinical characteristics of Salmonella, drug sensitivity analysis, infection characteristics, and drug resistance and guide the rational clinical use of drugs. Results. The susceptibility rates of 15 antibiotics from high to low were imipenem and meropenem, piperacillin, cefoperazone, compound trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and ceftazidime. Salmonella strains were both resistant to imipenem and meropenem. Salmonella is sensitive and has a low rate of resistance to quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and a high rate of resistance to cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazime, and cefpiramide), both reached more than 28%. Salmonella has the highest resistance to penicillin and erythromycin, both at 85.00% and above. Among 90 children with Salmonella enteritidis food poisoning, 32 were hospitalized, 21 cases were hospitalized less than 7 days, and 11 cases were 7-14 days. The longest hospital stay was 12 days, the shortest was 1 day, and the average was 6.1 days. Seven people stayed for observation and 51 people were discharged after treatment. All the children recovered without death. Conclusion. In clinical practice, antibiotics should be used rationally based on drug susceptibility results. In the case of poor efficacy of cephalosporins, amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate, piperacillin, tazobactam, or imipenem, cephalosporin antibiotics can be considered the first choice for clinical empiric medication.

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Mustafa, Amina, Muhammad Nawaz, Masood Rabbani, Muhammad Tayyab, and Madiha Khan. "Characterization and evaluation of anti-Salmonella enteritidis activity of indigenous probiotic lactobacilli in mice." Open Life Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 978–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0100.

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Abstract Lactobacilli (n = 24), isolated from human infants and yogurt, showed variable in vitro activity against Salmonella enteritidis (8.0 ± 1.0 to 16.6 ± 0.5 mm) and other gut pathogens (9.0 ± 1.0 to 15.3 ± 0.5 mm), as determined by a well diffusion assay. The isolates were identified as Limosilactobacillus fermentum (FY1, FY3, FY4, IL2, and IL5), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (FY6 and FY7), Lactobacillus sp. (IL7), and Lactobacillus gasseri (IL12). All isolates showed variable in vitro tolerance to acidic pH for 3 h and visible growth at pH 4 and in the presence of 0.3% ox-bile. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of Lactobacillus isolates indicated resistance against vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and lincomycin. Isolates had variable auto-aggregation and showed variable capabilities to co-aggregate with S. enteritidis. Based on all tested parameters, L. fermentum IL2, L. fermentum IL5, and L. gasseri IL12 were selected for co-culture experiments, followed by in vivo evaluation in Balb/c mice. All the selected isolates resulted in a 100% reduction in S. enteritidis in broth. Lactobacillus isolates efficiently colonized mouse guts and inhibited S. enteritidis colonization. Overall, there was ≥99.06% and ≤4.32 Mean log10 reduction in Salmonella counts in mice feces within 7 days. The study, thus, provided characterized lactobacilli that could be considered as potential ingredients for probiotic formulations intended to prevent S. enteritidis infection in humans.

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Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed, Luisa Zanolli Moreno, Luis Ricardo Castellanos, Marie Anne Chattaway, Jim McLauchlin, Martin Lodge, Justin O’Grady, et al. "Dynamics of Salmonella enterica and antimicrobial resistance in the Brazilian poultry industry and global impacts on public health." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): e1010174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010174.

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Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a common cause of diarrhoeal disease; in humans, consumption of contaminated poultry meat is believed to be a major source. Brazil is the world’s largest exporter of chicken meat globally, and previous studies have indicated the introduction of Salmonella serovars through imported food products from Brazil. Here we provide an in-depth genomic characterisation and evolutionary analysis to investigate the most prevalent serovars and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Brazilian chickens and assess the impact to public health of products contaminated with S. enterica imported into the United Kingdom from Brazil. To do so, we examine 183 Salmonella genomes from chickens in Brazil and 357 genomes from humans, domestic poultry and imported Brazilian poultry products isolated in the United Kingdom. S. enterica serovars Heidelberg and Minnesota were the most prevalent serovars in Brazil and in meat products imported from Brazil into the UK. We extended our analysis to include 1,259 publicly available Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota genomes for context. The Brazil genomes form clades distinct from global isolates, with temporal analysis suggesting emergence of these Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota clades in the early 2000s, around the time of the 2003 introduction of the Enteritidis vaccine in Brazilian poultry. Analysis showed genomes within the Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota clades shared resistance to sulphonamides, tetracyclines and beta-lactams conferred by sul2, tetA and blaCMY-2 genes, not widely observed in other co-circulating serovars despite similar selection pressures. The sul2 and tetA genes were concomitantly carried on IncC plasmids, whereas blaCMY-2 was either co-located with the sul2 and tetA genes on IncC plasmids or independently on IncI1 plasmids. Long-term surveillance data collected in the UK showed no increase in the incidence of Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Minnesota in human cases of clinical disease in the UK following the increase of these two serovars in Brazilian poultry. In addition, almost all of the small number of UK-derived genomes which cluster with the Brazilian poultry-derived sequences could either be attributed to human cases with a recent history of foreign travel or were from imported Brazilian food products. These findings indicate that even should Salmonella from imported Brazilian poultry products reach UK consumers, they are very unlikely to be causing disease. No evidence of the Brazilian strains of Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Minnesota were observed in UK domestic chickens. These findings suggest that introduction of the Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine, in addition to increasing antimicrobial use, could have resulted in replacement of salmonellae in Brazilian poultry flocks with serovars that are more drug resistant, but less associated with disease in humans in the UK. The plasmids conferring resistance to beta-lactams, sulphonamides and tetracyclines likely conferred a competitive advantage to the Salmonella Minnesota and Salmonella Heidelberg serovars in this setting of high antimicrobial use, but the apparent lack of transfer to other serovars present in the same setting suggests barriers to horizontal gene transfer that could be exploited in intervention strategies to reduce AMR. The insights obtained reinforce the importance of One Health genomic surveillance.

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Revajová, Viera, Terézia Benková, Viera Karaffová, Martin Levkut, Emília Selecká, Emília Dvorožňáková, Zuzana Ševčíková, Róbert Herich, and Mikuláš Levkut. "Influence of Immune Parameters after Enterococcus faecium AL41 Administration and Salmonella Infection in Chickens." Life 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020201.

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Immune response of day-old chicks infected with Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 and preventive administration of Enterococcus faecium AL41 were studied using hematology and flow cytometry of immunocompetent cells in blood, cecum, bursa and spleen for 11 days, and included 220 animals divided into four groups (n = 55). E. faecium AL41 was administered for 7 days to EF and EFSE groups and on day 4 SE and EFSE groups were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Values of monocytes at 4 dpi significantly increased in EFSE and lymphocytes at 7 dpi in EF groups. Blood CD3, CD4, CD8 and IgM lymphocytes improved in EF and EFSE groups and IgA in EF group at 4 dpi. Phagocytic activity of probiotic groups was improved in both samples. Cecal IEL and LPL lymphocytes showed at 7 dpi stimulation of CD3, CD4 and CD8 subpopulations in probiotic groups, especially in EFSE group, IgA IEL and IgA with IgM LPL in EF groups. Bursa Fabricii at 7 dpi presented overstimulation of IgG subpopulation in SE group, spleen CD3 and CD8 in EF and EFSE groups. E. faecium AL41 revealed the protective effect and positive influence on the local and systemic immune response in Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 infected chickens.

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Heymans, Raymond, Amir Vila, Caroliene A. M. van Heerwaarden, Claudia C. C. Jansen, Greetje A. A. Castelijn, Menno van der Voort, and Elisabeth G. Biesta-Peters. "Rapid detection and differentiation of Salmonella species, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis by multiplex quantitative PCR." PLOS ONE 13, no. 10 (October 25, 2018): e0206316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206316.

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Chen, Yibao, Erchao Sun, Jiaoyang Song, Yigang Tong, and Bin Wu. "Three Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis bacteriophages from the Siphoviridae family are promising candidates for phage therapy." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 11 (November 2018): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0740.

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Salmonella is a common and widely distributed foodborne pathogen that is frequently implicated in gastrointestinal infections. The emergence and spread of Salmonella strains resistant to multiple antibiotics poses a significant health threat, highlighting the urgent need for early and effective therapeutic strategies. We isolated a total of 32 phages from water samples and anal swabs from pigs. Of these, three phages that produced large, clear plaques were selected for further study using the following methods: electron microscopy, analysis of the life cycle parameters, genetic analysis, inhibition of bacterial growth, and activity against biofilms. The three Salmonella phages (vB_SenS_CSP01, vB_SenS_PHB06, and vB_SenS_PHB07) were assigned to the family Siphoviridae on the basis of their morphology. All showed polyvalent infectivity, and individual phages or phage cocktails could inhibit the growth of host Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strains or reduce biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In summary, these three phages merit further research as biocontrol agents for Salmonella infection.

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Fenske, Gavin J., Anil Thachil, Patrick L. McDonough, Amy Glaser, and Joy Scaria. "Geography Shapes the Population Genomics of Salmonella enterica Dublin." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2019): 2220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz158.

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Abstract Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) is a bovine-adapted serotype that can cause serious systemic infections in humans. Despite the increasing prevalence of human infections and the negative impact on agricultural processes, little is known about the population structure of the serotype. To this end, we compiled a manually curated data set comprising of 880 S. Dublin genomes. Core genome phylogeny and ancestral state reconstruction revealed that region-specific clades dominate the global population structure of S. Dublin. Strains of S. Dublin in the UK are genomically distinct from US, Brazilian, and African strains. The geographical partitioning impacts the composition of the core genome as well as the ancillary genome. Antibiotic resistance genes are almost exclusively found in US genomes and are mediated by an IncA/C2 plasmid. Phage content and the S. Dublin virulence plasmid were strongly conserved in the serotype. Comparison of S. Dublin to a closely related serotype, S. enterica serotype Enteritidis, revealed that S. Dublin contains 82 serotype specific genes that are not found in S. Enteritidis. Said genes encode metabolic functions involved in the uptake and catabolism of carbohydrates and virulence genes associated with type VI secretion systems and fimbria assembly respectively.

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., A. Nalbantsoy, O. Akpolat ., I. Karaboz ., and S. I. Deliloglu-Gurha . "Production and Kinetics of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in Vibrofermentor." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 6, no. 4 (September 15, 2007): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2007.593.596.

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Haider, Muhammad Zulqarnain, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Tahir Yaqub, Adeel Sattar, Muhammad Kashif Maan, Sammina Mahmood, Tahir Mehmood, and Hassaan Bin Aslam. "CRISPR-Cas System: An Adaptive Immune System’s Association with Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis." BioMed Research International 2022 (March 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9080396.

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Several factors are involved in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pose a serious threat to public health safety. Among them, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) Cas system, an adaptive immune system, is thought to be involved in the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The current study was aimed at determining not only the presence of antibiotic resistance and CRISPR-Cas system but also their association with each other in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from the commercial poultry. A total of 139 samples were collected from poultry birds sold at the live bird markets of Lahore City, and both phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to determine antimicrobial resistance. The presence of the CRISPR-Cas system was determined by PCR, followed by sequencing. All isolates of S. enteritidis (100%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, whereas 95% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Five multidrug-resistant isolates (MDR) such as S. enteritidis isolate (S. E1, S. E2, S. E4, S. E5, and S. E8) were found in the present study. The CRISPR-Cas system was detected in all of these MDR isolates, and eight spacers were detected within the CRISPR array. In addition, an increased expression of CRISPR-related genes was observed in the standard strain and MDR S. enteritidis isolates. The association of the CRISPSR-Cas system with multiple drug resistance highlights the exogenous acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer. The information could be used further to combat antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Salmonella.

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21

Chevenon, Marie, Mayss Naccache, Megan M. Eva, Rabia T. Khan, and Danielle Malo. "Functional validation of the genetic architecture of Salmonella Enteritidis persistence in 129S6 mice." Mammalian Genome 24, no. 5-6 (April 16, 2013): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-013-9453-3.

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22

Garkavenko, T. O., O. I. Gorbatyuk, S. M. Dybkova, T. G. Kozytska, V. O. Andriiashchuk, M. D. Kukhtyn та Y. V. Horiuk. "Screening of Epidemiologically Significant Mechanisms of Antibiotics to β-Lactams in Enterobacteriaceae - Pathogens of Zoonoses". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, № 3 (28 червня 2021): 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.3.14.

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Among the acquired mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics of microorganisms, the production of beta-lactamases, enzymes that inactivate penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, is widespread. Most often, such beta-lactamases, in particular ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases), are capable of destroying III and IV generations of cephalosporins. One of the important ESBL producers is Escherichia coli and, to a lesser extent, Salmonella enteritidis, which are clinically significant in animals and humans. The purpose of the study was to screen ESBL DDM using cephalosporin markers and screening of mobile extrachromosomal factors of bacterial heredity – plasmids (potentially dangerous factors of genetic transport) in isolates of E. coli and S. enteritidis, polyresistant to aminoderms, from environmental objects, patho- and biological material, raw materials and products of animal origin. Results of our studies have shown the level of their distribution among animals, poultry, since from 13 field isolates of E. coli isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis and pathological material from pigs, ESBL production was found in 3 strains (23.1%) and from 18 field isolates of S. enteritidis isolated from pathological material from poultry, ESBL production was found in 2 strains (11.1%). Based on the results of molecular genetics studies, the presence of resistance plasmids (R-plasmids) in 9 field E. coli isolates was confirmed, 4 of which produced acquired beta-lactamases, incl. ESBL and 8 field isolates of S. enteritidis, 7 of which confirmed the presence of acquired carbapenemases.

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23

Fei, Xiao, Qiuchun Li, John Elmerdahl Olsen, and Xinan Jiao. "A bioinformatic approach to identify core genome difference between Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Enteritidis." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 85 (November 2020): 104446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104446.

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Belousov, Mikhail V., Anastasiia O. Kosolapova, Kirill S. Antonets, and Anton A. Nizhnikov. "OmpA Porin of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis Possesses Aamyloid‐Forming Properties." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00268.

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25

Rojas, Fernando, and Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga. "A forecast model for prevention of foodborne outbreaks of non-typhoidal salmonellosis." PeerJ 8 (November 10, 2020): e10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10009.

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Background This work presents a forecast model for non-typhoidal salmonellosis outbreaks. Method This forecast model is based on fitted values of multivariate regression time series that consider diagnosis and estimation of different parameters, through a very flexible statistical treatment called generalized auto-regressive and moving average models (GSARIMA). Results The forecast model was validated by analyzing the cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Sydney Australia (2014–2016), the environmental conditions and the consumption of high-risk food as predictive variables. Conclusions The prediction of cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infections are included in a forecast model based on fitted values of time series modeled by GSARIMA, for an early alert of future outbreaks caused by this pathogen, and associated to high-risk food. In this context, the decision makers in the epidemiology field can led to preventive actions using the proposed model.

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26

Ibáñez, Magdalena, Isabel Álvarez, José Manuel Rodrı́guez-Peña, and Rafael Rotger. "A ColE1-type plasmid from Salmonella enteritidis encodes a DNA cytosine methyltransferase." Gene 196, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00220-5.

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Gregorova, Daniela, Jitka Matiasovicova, Alena Sebkova, Marcela Faldynova, and Ivan Rychlik. "Salmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Enteritidis harbours ColE1, ColE2, and rolling-circle-like replicating plasmids." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-113.

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Using DNA hybridization, at least three distinct groups of low molecular mass plasmids were identified in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis. After sequencing representative plasmids from each group, we concluded that they belonged to ColE1, ColE2, and rolling-circle-like replicating plasmids. Plasmid pK (4245 bp) is a representative of widely distributed ColE1 plasmids. Plasmid pP (4301 bp) is homologous to ColE2 plasmids and was present predominantly in single-stranded DNA form. The smallest plasmids pJ (2096 bp) and pB (1983 bp) were classified as rolling-circle-like replicating plasmids. Both encoded only a single protein essential for their own replication, and they must have existed in an unusual molecular structure, as (i) they were capable of hybridization without denaturation, (ii) their DNA could be linearized with S1 nuclease, and (iii) even after such treatment, the ability to hybridize without denaturation did not disappear.Key words:Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, ColE1, ColE2, RCR, plasmid, rolling-circle replication.

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Tankouo-Sandjong, Bertrand, Hailu Kinde, and Isha Wallace. "Development of a sequence typing scheme for differentiation of Salmonella Enteritidis strains." FEMS Microbiology Letters 331, no. 2 (April 27, 2012): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02568.x.

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Chart, Henrik, Jennifer A. Frost, and Bernard Rowe. "Expression of a new porin âOmpEâ by strains of Salmonella enteritidis." FEMS Microbiology Letters 109, no. 2-3 (May 1993): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06165.x.

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Allen-Vercoe, Emma, Mike Dibb-Fuller, Christopher J. Thorns, and Martin J. Woodward. "SEF17 fimbriae are essential for the convoluted colonial morphology of Salmonella enteritidis." FEMS Microbiology Letters 153, no. 1 (January 17, 2006): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10460.x.

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Rakov, A. V., and F. N. Shubin. "Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Virulence Plasmid from Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica Serovar Enteritidis." Russian Journal of Genetics 55, no. 2 (February 2019): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s102279541902011x.

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Le, Hong Thia, Thao Nguyen Luu, Huynh Mai Thu Nguyen, Dang HoaiTrang Nguyen, Pham Tan Quoc Le, Ngọc Nam Trịnh, Van Son Le, Hoang Dung Nguyen, and Thien Hong Van. "Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different fractions of acetone extract from flowers of Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer (Dipterocarpaceae)." Plant Science Today 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.2.1086.

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This study has shown for the first time the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of 3 fractions of acetone extract, including hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate from flowers of Dipterocarpus intricatus. Antibacterial test using disc diffusion method showed that the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited the growth of all the tested bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus while the hexane fraction showed the antibacterial activity against B. cereus and S. enteritidis. Antioxidant activity and cancer cell resistance of those extracts were conducted using DPPH and MTT methods respectively. As a result, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were determined with the IC50 values of 0.508, 0.22 and 0.075 mg/mL respectively while the cytotoxicity to HepG2 cell line of those fractions was 163.3 ppm, 106.7 ppm and 459.3 ppm. These results suggested the potential application of these fractions isolated from D. intricatus flowers as the natural antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents for medicine.

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Rakov, A. V., A. A. Yakovlev, and N. A. Kuznetsova. "Interaction of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in Microbial Association Formed by Them in In Vitro Experiment." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 168, no. 1 (November 2019): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-019-04649-z.

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Vidovic, Liu, An, Mendoza, Abrahante, Johny, and Reed. "Transcriptional Profiling and Molecular Characterization of the yccT Mutant Link: A Novel STY1099 Protein with the Peroxide Stress Response and Cell Division of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis." Biology 8, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology8040086.

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Uncharacterized protein STY1099, encoded by the yccT gene, was previously identified as the most altered (i.e., upregulated) protein among the ZnO nanoparticle (NP) stimulon of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Here we combined various stress response-related assays with functional genetics, global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to characterize the yccT gene and its STY1099 product. Exposure of S. enterica Enteritidis to H2O2 (i.e., hydrogen peroxide) resulted in a significant (p < 0.0001) upregulation of the yccT gene, whereas exposure to paraquat (i.e., superoxide) did not alter the expression of the yccT gene. The ∆yccT mutant of S. enterica Enteritidis exposed to 0.75 mM H2O2, showed significantly reduced (p < 0.05) viability compared to the wild type strain. Further, comparative transcriptome analyses supported by Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay revealed that STY1099 protein plays a role in redox homeostasis during the peroxide stress assault via involvement in the processes of respiratory nitrate reductase, oxidoreductase activities, cellular uptake and stress response. In addition, we found that the STY1099 protein has the monopolar subcellular location and that it interacts with key cell division proteins, MinD, and FtsH, as well as with a rod shape-determining protein MerB.

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Ganguly, Arpeeta, and Rolf D. Joerger. "Sugar sulfates are not hydrolyzed by the acid-inducible sulfatase AslA from Salmonella enterica Enteritidis NalR and Kentucky 3795 at pH 5.5." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 8 (August 2017): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0059.

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The open reading frames SEN0085 and SeKA_A4361, from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis NalR and serovar Kentucky 3795, respectively, corresponding to the acid-inducible sulfatase gene aslA from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, were previously suggested by microarray analysis to be differentially expressed under acid conditions. However, growth and enzyme activity tests in the present study demonstrated that both wild-type strains exhibited sulfatase activity with 4-nitrophenyl sulfate and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3 indolyl sulfate at pH 5.5. The acid sulfatase does not appear to be involved in sugar sulfate, tyrosine sulfate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol sulfate, heparin sulfate, or chondroitin sulfate hydrolysis at pH 5.5. Adhesion and invasion assays did not reveal differences between the serotypes and their corresponding aslA deletion mutants. Thus, the role and substrate(s) of AslA, a protein unique to salmonella and encoded in all sequenced Salmonella strains, remain elusive.

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Park, Si Hong, Hyun Joong Kim, Woo Hee Cho, Jae Hwan Kim, Mi Hwa Oh, Sung Hun Kim, Bok Kwon Lee, Steven C. Ricke, and Hae Yeong Kim. "Identification ofSalmonella entericasubspecies I,Salmonella entericaserovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Typhi using multiplex PCR." FEMS Microbiology Letters 301, no. 1 (December 2009): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01809.x.

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Cui, Luqing, Xiangru Wang, Yue Zhao, Zhong Peng, Pan Gao, Zhengzheng Cao, Jiawei Feng, et al. "Virulence Comparison of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Isolates from Chicken and Whole Genome Analysis of the High Virulent Strain S. Enteritidis 211." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112239.

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Background: Salmonellaenterica is one of the common pathogens in both humans and animals that causes salmonellosis and threatens public health all over the world. Methods and Results: Here we determined the virulence phenotypes of nine Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica (S. enterica) isolates in vitro and in vivo, including pathogenicity to chicken, cell infection, biofilm formation and virulence gene expressions. S. Enteritidis 211 (SE211) was highly pathogenic with notable virulence features among the nine isolates. The combination of multiple virulence genes contributed to the conferring of the high virulence in SE211. Importantly, many mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were found in the genome sequence of SE211, including a virulence plasmid, genomic islands, and prophage regions. The MGEs and CRISPR-Cas system might function synergistically for gene transfer and immune defense. In addition, the neighbor joining tree and the minimum spanning tree were constructed in this study. Conclusions: This study provided both the virulence phenotypes and genomic features, which might contribute to the understanding of bacterial virulence mechanisms in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The first completed genomic sequence for the high virulent S. Enteritidis isolate SE211 and the comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses provided a preliminary understanding of S. enterica genetics and laid the foundation for further study.

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Mahfuz, Abdullah, Mathew Jones, Mohan Dasari, Roy Berghaus, and Charles L. Hofacre. "PSXI-19 Evaluation of Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) Cecal Excretion and Ovary Infection Rates After SE Challenge in Commercial Layer Pullets fed with Feed Energy Company Product R2." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.405.

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Abstract Salmonella enteritidis is one of the leading bacterial causative agents of acute human gastroenteritis from poultry. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of the patent pending low pKa, lipid-based natural R2 product of Feed Energy on commercial layer pullets using a Salmonella enteritidis challenge model. One-day-old HyLine W-36 layer pullets were placed in two separate rooms (116 sq.ft.) at 48 birds per pen. At 10 weeks of age, pullets were placed in individual cages of an A-Frame layer cage with a plastic wall between the R2 treatments (48 cages) and 48 cages for the challenge control. All birds were orally gavaged S.E. at 17 weeks with 5.2x108 CFU/bird. The dietary treatments from day 1: Control: Basal Diet + Distiller corn Oil (DCO), Treatment: Basal Diet + R2 product. The birds were fed a starter feed from day 1 to 12 weeks of age with 2.5% added fat and grower diet from 12 to 20 weeks with 1% added fat. Salmonella prevalences in ceca, ovaries, and cloacal swabs were compared between treatments and weeks using logistic regression. Salmonella CFUs in culture-positive samples were compared using linear regression. All statistical testing assumed a two-sided alternative hypothesis, and P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Ceca and ovary samples were evaluated from one-half of the birds at 1 week and 3 weeks post challenge. At both sample times, the birds fed the R2 product had numerically less S.E. prevalence in ceca, ovaries, and cloacal swabs. Although there was not a statistical difference for each individual tissue tested, there was an obvious trend in reduction over time that would indicate the R2 product may be helping hens to more rapidly clear S.E. colonization and long-term benefits in preventing and/or reducing S.E. colonization of the ceca and ovaries.

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Rodrı́guez-Peña, José M., Miguel Buisán, Magdalena Ibáñez, and Rafael Rotger. "Genetic map of the virulence plasmid of Salmonella enteritidis and nucleotide sequence of its replicons." Gene 188, no. 1 (March 1997): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00776-7.

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Ma, Teng, Guobin Chang, Rong Chen, Zhongwei Sheng, Aiqin Dai, Fei Zhai, Jianchao Li, et al. "Identification of Key Genes in the Response toSalmonella enterica Enteritidis,Salmonella enterica Pullorum, and Poly(I:C) in Chicken Spleen and Caecum." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/154946.

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Salmonella enterica Enteritidis(S. Enteritidis) andSalmonella enterica Pullorum(S. pullorum) are regarded as a threat to poultry production. This study’s aim is to characterize the expression profiles in response to three different challenges and to identify infection-related genes in the chicken spleen and caecum. Groups of the Chinese chicken breed Langshan were challenged with eitherS. Enteritidis,S. pullorum, or poly(I:C). The concentrations of cytokines and antibodies and theSalmonellacolonization level of the caecum and liver were detected in each group at 7 days postinfection. Expression microarray experiments were conducted using mRNA isolated from both spleen and caecum. Crucial differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with immunity were identified. Four DEGs were identified in spleen of all three challenge groups (RBM16, FAH, SOX5, and RBM9) and different four genes in caecum (SOUL, FCN2, ANLN, and ACSL1). Expression profiles were clearly different among the three challenged groups. Genes enriched in the spleen of birds infected withS. pullorumwere enriched in lymphocyte proliferation related pathways, but the enriched genes in the caecum of the same group were primarily enriched in innate immunity or antibacterial responses. The DEGs that appear across all three challenge groups might represent global response factors for different pathogens.

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41

Aruta, Maria Grazia, Daniele De Simone, Helen Dale, Esmelda Chirwa, Innocent Kadwala, Maurice Mbewe, Happy Banda, et al. "Development and Characterization of a Luminescence-Based High-Throughput Serum Bactericidal Assay (L-SBA) to Assess Bactericidal Activity of Human Sera against Nontyphoidal Salmonella." Methods and Protocols 5, no. 6 (December 16, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps5060100.

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Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are leading causative agents of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which represents one of the major causes of death and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, still partially underestimated. Large sero-epidemiological studies are necessary to unravel the burden of disease and guide the introduction of vaccines that are not yet available. Even if no correlate of protection has been determined so far for iNTS, the evaluation of complement-mediated functionality of antibodies generated towards natural infection or elicited upon vaccination may represent a big step towards this achievement. Here we present the setup and the intra-laboratory characterization in terms of repeatability, intermediate precision, linearity, and specificity of a high-throughput luminescence-based serum bactericidal assay (L-SBA). This method could be useful to perform sero-epidemiological studies across iNTS endemic countries and for evaluation of antibodies raised against iNTS vaccine candidates in upcoming clinical trials.

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Rodenburg, Wendy, Ingeborg M. J. Bovee-Oudenhoven, Evelien Kramer, Roelof van der Meer, and Jaap Keijer. "Gene expression response of the rat small intestine following oralSalmonellainfection." Physiological Genomics 30, no. 2 (July 2007): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00190.2006.

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Data on the molecular response of the intestine to the food-borne pathogen Salmonella are derived from in vitro studies, whereas in vivo data are lacking. We performed an oral S. enteritidis infection study in Wistar rats to obtain insight in the in vivo response in time. Expression profiles of ileal mucosa (IM) and Peyer's patches (PP) were generated using DNA microarrays at days 1, 3, and 6 postinfection. An overview of Salmonella-regulated processes was obtained and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR on pooled and individual samples. Salmonella-induced gene expression responses in vivo are fewer and smaller than observed in vitro, and the response develops over a longer period of time. Few effects are seen at day 1 and mainly occur in IM, suggesting the mucosa as the primary site of invasion. Later, a bigger response is observed, especially in PP. Decreased expression of anti-microbial peptides genes (in IM at day 1) suggests inhibition of this process by Salmonella. Newly identified target processes are carbohydrate transport (increased expression in IM at day 1) and phase I and phase II detoxification (decreased expression at days 3 and 6). Increase of cytokine and chemokine expression occurs at later time points, both in PP and IM. Pancreatitis-associated protein, lipocalin 2, and calprotectin, potential inflammatory marker proteins, showed induced expression from day 3 onward. We conclude that the in vivo gene expression response of the ileum to Salmonella differs to a large extent from the response seen in vitro.

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Yu, Yi-Gang, Hui Wu, Yuan-Yuan Liu, Su-Long Li, Xiao-Quan Yang, and Xing-Long Xiao. "A multipathogen selective enrichment broth for simultaneous growth ofSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis,Staphylococcus aureus, andListeria monocytogenes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 2010): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-040.

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A selective enrichment broth (SSL) was formulated to allow concurrent growth of 3 prominent food-borne pathogens: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus , and Listeria monocytogenes . Nalidixic acid, lithium chloride, and potassium tellurite were added as the selective agents, while sodium pyruvate and mannitol were employed as the supplemented elements. In the individual growth trial, the target pathogens were capable of growing in SSL to as high as 7–8 log10colony-forming units (CFU)/mL after 24 h incubation at 37 °C when being inoculated at 50–100 CFU/mL. In the simultaneous growth trial, the 3 combined target pathogens showed similar growth rates. The results show that SSL could support the successful simultaneous enrichment of 3 pathogens; however, SSL inhibited the growth of nontarget bacteria. In the artificial contaminated raw beef and ready-to-eat chicken, a high recovery of these 3 target pathogens was obtained in SSL. Finally, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and L. monocytogenes were detected from 710 suspicious food samples by SSL with real-time PCR, and no false-positive or -negative results were reported. In summary, SSL has been shown to be a suitable broth for the simultaneous detection of the 3 prominent food-borne pathogens by multipathogen detection on a single-assay platform.

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Maripandi, A., Suresh S. S. Raja, P. Ponmurugan, and G. Gurusubram. "Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of Salmonella enteritidis Isolated from Chicken Samples." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 6, no. 2 (March 15, 2007): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2007.278.282.

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Allard, Marc W., Yan Luo, Errol Strain, James Pettengill, Ruth Timme, Charles Wang, Cong Li, et al. "On the Evolutionary History, Population Genetics and Diversity among Isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis PFGE Pattern JEGX01.0004." PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): e55254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055254.

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Collighan, Russell J., and Martin J. Woodward. "Sequence analysis and distribution of an IS3-like insertion element isolated from Salmonella enteritidis." FEMS Microbiology Letters 154, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12645.x.

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Imre, Ariel, Ferenc Olasz, and Béla Nagy. "Site-directed (IS30-FljA) transposon mutagenesis system to produce nonflagellated mutants of Salmonella Enteritidis." FEMS Microbiology Letters 317, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02210.x.

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Stepanova, Hana, Jiri Volf, Marcela Malcova, Jan Matiasovic, Martin Faldyna, and Ivan Rychlik. "Association of attenuated mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with porcine peripheral blood leukocytes." FEMS Microbiology Letters 321, no. 1 (May 31, 2011): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02305.x.

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Bennett, Alexis M., Daniel C. Shippy, Nicholas Eakley, Ogi Okwumabua, and Amin A. Fadl. "Functional characterization of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis." Archives of Microbiology 198, no. 6 (March 26, 2016): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-016-1212-x.

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Parker, Craig T., and Jean Guard-Petter. "Contribution of flagella and invasion proteins to pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicks." FEMS Microbiology Letters 204, no. 2 (November 2001): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10899.x.

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