Tesis sobre el tema "Salut reproductiva de la dona"
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Huertas, Zurriaga Ariadna. "Comprender la toma de decisiones reproductivas en mujeres con VIH, un reto para la mejora de los cuidados". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671170.
Texto completoINTRODUCCIÓN El diagnóstico de VIH supone un cambio de vida para las personas que lo sufren, las cuales entran en un mundo totalmente desconocido donde reina el miedo y la incertidumbre. Además, el estigma presente en la sociedad les puede llevar a tener falsas creencias. En el caso de las mujeres supone un gran obstáculo a la hora de tomar decisiones reproductivas, a pesar de que la maternidad, tradicionalmente, ha sido uno de los roles que ha dado sentido a la vida de las mujeres. Gracias a la Terapia Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad el VIH es comparable a una enfermedad crónica y las posibilidades de transmisión vertical disminuyen por debajo del 1%. Pese al favorable escenario reproductivo, el temor por transmitir el VIH a la descendencia es un hecho común entre las mujeres, las que deben afrontarse a una sociedad que cree que no deberían de tener hijos/as. Explicar cómo las mujeres con VIH gestionan la toma de decisiones reproductivas se trata del objetivo principal de esta investigación, generando teoría sustantiva explicativa del fenómeno. METODOLOGÍA Se ha utilizado la Teoría Constructivista de Charmaz, para la recolección de datos, se ha recurrido a las entrevistas semiestructuradas y a la reinterpretación de las evidencias disponibles mediante la elaboración de una metasíntesis. El reclutamiento de las participantes se ha realizado en la Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA del Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol. Los datos han sido recogidos una vez obtenidos los permisos del Comité de Ética de Investigación, informadas las participantes y firmados los respectivos consentimientos, siempre respetando los requisitos éticos y legales. RESULTADOS La toma de decisiones reproductivas en las mujeres con VIH se presenta como un fenómeno apresado y mediado por los otros, por los ideales de feminidad y por las estructuras imperantes e impuestas por el orden patriarcal, por los que las mujeres deciden dejarse llevar. Los ideales de feminidad y maternidad predominantes en la sociedad, contribuyen a la construcción de la identidad de las mujeres. La construcción del “Yo Ideal” es irrumpida por el diagnóstico del VIH, produciéndose una fragmentación de la identidad. Este nuevo “Yo” está muy manchado por la propia enfermedad, el estigma relacionado, los propios prejuicios y la mirada de los otros. Consecuentemente, las mujeres con VIH se sitúan de forma inesperada en un escenario reproductivo muy complejo tras el diagnóstico. Para poder hacer frente al hostil contexto reproductivo, las mujeres con VIH van a desarmar todo su repertorio de mecanismos de afrontamiento, respaldándose en las redes de apoyo, las profesionales sanitarias, las figuras de afecto, la religión o la esperanza depositada en la maternidad. Asimismo, van a utilizar estrategias de autocuidado para proteger a sus seres queridos, y es que la transmisión de la infección es su temor más acuciante. CONCLUSIONES La complejidad del proceso de decisión reproductiva en las mujeres con VIH sugiere adoptar un enfoque integral de asesoramiento multidisciplinario con el fin de satisfacer las necesidades específicas en la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres con VIH. Las profesionales sanitarias deberían facilitar las herramientas necesarias y empoderar a las mujeres para que tomaran decisiones reproductivas de forma informada, reflexiva, autónoma y libre y se sintieran acompañadas en este difícil proceso. Asimismo, estas decisiones se deberían tomar en un entorno sanitario de soporte con un enfoque humanizado basado en el asesoramiento, la atención centrada en la persona y las decisiones compartidas.
INTRODUCTION HIV entails a change of life for people who suffer from it, who enter a totally unknown world where fear and uncertainty reign. Furthermore, the stigma present in society can lead them to have wrong beliefs. In the case of women, it supposes a great challenge when making reproductive decisions. Motherhood is an important role that gives meaning to a woman’s life. Thanks to Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy, HIV is comparable to a chronic disease and mother-to-child transmission is less than 1%. Despite the favorable situation for pregnancy, the fear of mother-to-child transmission is a common fact among women, who must face a society that believes that they should not have children. The main objective of this dissertation is to explain how women with HIV manage reproductive decision making, generating an emergent theory from empirical data. METHODS A qualitative methodological approach based on the Constructivist Grounded Theory of Charmaz has been used. In order to collect the data, semi-structured interviews and the reinterpretation of the available evidence have been selected. Participants were recruited at Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA from Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol. The data was collected once the permits of the Health Care Ethics Committee were obtained, the participants were informed and the respective consents were signed, always respecting the ethical and legal requirements. RESULTS Reproductive decision-making in women with HIV is presented as a phenomenon which is shaped by others and social constructs, including the ideals of femininity and the prevailing structures imposed within a patriarchal structure of society. The prevailing ideals of femininity and motherhood in society contribute to the construction of women's identity. The construction of this “Ideal Self” is interrupted by the diagnosis of HIV, which shatters women’s identity. This new identity is very stained by the disease itself, the HIV-related stigma, women’s own prejudices and the perception of others. Consequently, women with HIV are unexpectedly placed in a very complex reproductive scenario after diagnosis. The general lack of knowledge and wrong beliefs about HIV, doubts and uncertainties, socio-economic barriers and marginalizing situations, biological and health barriers and the absence of one or more affective figures, make even more difficult women’s reproductive decisions. In order to cope with this hostile reproductive context, women with HIV will disarm their entire repertoire of coping mechanisms, relying on supportive figures, support networks, health professionals, religion or the hope deposited in motherhood. Likewise, women with HIV use self-care strategies to protect their loved ones since the transmission of the infection is their most pressing fear. All these circumstances will sway the reproductive decisions of women with HIV, which will allow them let go by events and / or people. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive decision making is a complex process that women living with HIV have to face, so their coping strategies and resilience are essential ingredients in this multifaceted work. This complexity suggests a need for integrated care and a comprehensive multidisciplinary counseling approach to meet the specific sexual and reproductive health needs of women with HIV. Health professionals should provide the necessary tools and empower women to make reproductive decisions in an informed, reflexive, autonomous and feel supported in this difficult process. Furthermore, these decisions should be made in a caring healthcare environment with a humanized care approach based on counseling, person-centered care and shared decision-making.
Suy, Franch Anna. "Patologia específica de la salut reproductiva de la dona infectada pel virus de la immunodeficiència humana adquirida:de la concepció al part". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2333.
Texto completoLes persones infectades tenen dificultats per trobar parelles amb qui desenvolupar el seu projecte familiar, limitacions a l'hora de la seva sexualitat que obliguen a l'ús de preservatiu i limiten, per tant, la capacitat de tenir fills. En el cas de tenir-los, el risc d'infecció del nadó ha esdevingut un autèntic repte per als professionals de la sanitat dedicats a l'atenció dels pacients afectes de la infecció VIH.
En els darrers anys, el control relatiu de la malaltia, la no-evolució a la mort i la possibilitat d'un ple desenvolupament personal ha fet sorgir nous problemes associats a la infecció, a l'estil de vida i al propi tractament.
Partim de la hipòtesi que la dona infectada pel virus de la immunodeficiència humana adquirida té unes característiques particulars, condicionades tant pel fet d'estar infectada pel VIH com pel tractament de la malaltia, que repercuteixen en el maneig del seu procés reproductiu. Per conèixer en cada esgraó del procés reproductiu quins són els trets diferencials de la dona infectada pel VIH hem creat les següents hipòtesis:
A) Abans de la concepció:
La resposta immunològica que es produeix en els individus exposats no infectats al virus de la immunodeficiència adquirida, respon al nivell exposat de virus. Existeixen paràmetres capaços de predir la reducció de fertilitat de la dona infectada pel VIH.
B) En el moment de la concepció:
La pacient infectada pel VIH té una fertilitat reduïda inherent a la pròpia malaltia o al tractament.
La dotació de DNAmt dels oòcits de la dona infèrtil infectada pel VIH, que rep tractament altament efectiu, és menor que la de la dona no infectada.
C) En el maneig de l'embaràs:
La dona infectada pel VIH pot accedir a tècniques de diagnòstic d'aneuploïdies en un marc concret d'actuació sense que això impliqui un risc important de iatrogènia.
La dona infectada tractada amb tractaments antirretrovirals de gran activitat té un risc superior a la població de dones no infectades de presentar complicacions obstètriques severes tals com la mort fetal intrauterina o la preeclàmpsia.
D) En el moment del part:
La dona infectada pel VIH pot optar per un part vaginal quan rep TARGA i té una resposta virològica excel·lent de forma sostinguda.
Llobera, Cifre Rosa. "Atenció respectuosa a la dona en procés reproductiu. Prevenció i detecció de la Violència Obstètrica". Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671249.
Texto completo[spa] El proceso de institucionalización del seguimiento de embarazo, parto y puerperio, derivó en una sobremedicalización de los procesos fisiológicos, y en ocasiones supuso una atención obstétrica deshumanizada. En las últimas décadas los movimientos a favor de la atención obstétrica respetuosa han propiciado que organismos internacionales y estatales reconozcan el problema y se lleven a cabo cambios legislativos, elaboración de recomendaciones, guías, protocolos, así como otras iniciativas para garantizar los derechos de las mujeres, favorecer la humanización de la atención al procesos reproductivos, y concretamente en los últimos años, para la visualización y eliminación de la Violencia Obstétrica (VO). Para avanzar en esta línea, hay que analizar la práctica clínica, las tasas de determinadas técnicas, estudiar el punto de vista de los/las profesionales, y de las mujeres. La tesis que se presenta se ha realizado por compendio de artículos. En ella se plantean tres objetivos, y para alcanzarlos se llevan a cabo tres estudios, posteriormente publicados. En ellos se realiza un análisis de la atención al proceso reproductivo, valorando los datos sobre cumplimiento de los estándares, la opinión profesional, y la perspectiva de las mujeres que la han sufrido VO. En relación al primer objetivo, para conocer en profundidad el grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones que plantea la Estrategia de atención al parto normal (Ministerio de Sanidad, 2007), en los centros hospitalarios públicos de Baleares, se analizaron los datos (2012 -2015) referentes a la atención y su adecuación a los estándares, mediante un estudio descriptivo de la información cuantitativa del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD). Se detectó que la tasa de cesárea, partos instrumentados, episiotomías o uso de epidural, presentaban diferencias importantes entre centros, así como que en general existía margen de mejora, y carencias en cuanto a los contenidos y actualización de algunos protocolos. En cuanto al segundo objetivo, la opinión de los / las profesionales sobre la atención obstétrica en referencia al trato ofrecido, adecuación de la práctica clínica, y respeto a los derechos de autonomía, información e intimidad, se analizó con un estudio descriptivo transversal, que recogía la opinión de las matronas de atención primaria y hospital, que trabajaban en el sistema sanitario público de Baleares. En él se alcanzó una elevada tasa de participación, que denota implicación para el análisis y mejora de la atención obstétrica. De la opinión recogida destaca el reconocimiento de una atención obstétrica sobremedicalizada, y en algunas ocasiones deshumanizada y/o irrespetuosa. En relación al tercer objetivo, con el fin de explorar en profundidad las percepciones, opiniones y experiencias de las mujeres que han sufrido VO, poniendo atención en las dimensiones propias que la definen, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico, que enfatiza la experiencia individual y descripción de los significados de las vivencias de la atención recibida. Así, se concluye que: El primer estudio resolvía el problema de la escasez de datos sobre la atención obstétrica en las Islas, permitiendo cuantificar determinados aspectos de mejora de la atención obstétrica, poniendo el foco sobre esta, hecho imprescindible para evaluar la situación y emprender estrategias de mejora. El segundo estudio nos permite conocer la opinión del/las matronas, profesionales de referencia en el seguimiento de embarazo parto y puerperio normales, e implicados/as también en la atención y cuidado de las mujeres en cuanto el proceso está asociados a patología o complicaciones y, por lo tanto, agentes esenciales en el análisis de la atención obstétrica, y en este caso, críticos con la atención en ocasiones prestada. El tercer estudio ha permitido, dar voz a las mujeres que han sufrido VO, conocer en profundidad su perspectiva sobre el efecto de la atención obstétrica no respetuosa, o deshumanizada, establecer las dimensiones y ver qué destacan en sus relatos, conocer las implicaciones de la práctica clínica y el acompañamiento durante los procesos reproductivos, y visualizar y contextualizar la VO, dentro de un marco de género.
[eng] The institutionalization of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum follow up processes generate an overmedicalization of physiological processes, and sometimes dehumanized obstetrical care. Over the past decades, movements in favor of respectful obstetric care have arisen, which led to a need for international and state bodies to recognize the problem. As a result, legislative changes, recommendations, guides, and protocols were carried out, as well as other initiatives to guarantee women's rights, the humanization reproductive processes care, and more recent, for the awareness and elimination of obstetric violence (OV). Along the same line, it might be necessary to analyze the clinical practice, the ratios of certain techniques, and to study the point of view of healthcare professionals and women. This thesis has been carried out by a compendium of articles, with three proposed objectives. In order to achieve them, three studies were carried out and later published. We performed an analysis of the reproductive processes care, evaluating data on standards compliance, the opinion of the professionals and the perspective of the women who have suffered it.Regarding the first objective, an in-depth evaluation of the degree of compliance with the Strategy for Normal Birth Attention (Ministry of Health, 2007) recommendations, a descriptive study was carried out, with quantitative data regarding the care and its adequacy to standards, from the Minimum Basic Data Set of the public hospitals from the Balearic Islands. Important differences between healthcare centers were detected in terms of cesarean rates, instrument-assisted deliveries, episiotomies or epidural use. A general room for improvement was observed, as well as deficiencies on the content and the update of some protocols. The second objective was to evaluate the opinion of primary care and hospital healthcare professionals, working in the Balearic public health system, on the obstetric care related to the offered treatment, appropriateness of the clinical practice, and the respect for the autonomy rights, information and intimacy. A descriptive study was conducted, with a high rate of participation and therefore, pointing out the involvement of the participants in the analysis and the improvement of obstetric care. The gathered opinions highlighted the recognition of the overmedicalized obstetric care, and sometimes also dehumanized and/or disrespectful. For the third objective, an in-depth analysis of the perceptions, the opinions and the experiences of the women who have suffered obstetric violence, a qualitative study was performed using a phenomenological approach, with emphasis on the individual experiences and the description of the meanings of the endured experiences during the care. Therefore, it concludes that: The first study unravels the data scarceness of the obstetric care in the Balearic Islands, and allows to quantify certain aspects of improvement for the obstetric care, placing a clear focus on it, which is essential to assess the situation and undertake improvement actions. The second study allows us to be aware of the midwifes opinion, as the reference professional attendant for the pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum follow up, but also involved in the care of the women with pathology associated or complicated processes, and therefore, essential agents for the analysis of the obstetric care, and in this case, they are critical of the attention that is sometimes provided. The third study enabled the voices of the women who have suffered obstetric violence to be heard and also, to apprehend theirs in-depth perspectives on the effects of nonrespectful or dehumanized obstetric care, to establish the dimensions and to see which on them are prominent in their narratives, to learn about the implications of the clinical practice and the support during reproductive processes, and to visualize and contextualize the obstetric violence, within a framework of gender.
Ballester, Casals Juan. "Efectes del tractament amb tungstat sòdic sobre la funció reproductiva en rates diabètiques induïdes amb estreptozotocina". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3733.
Texto completoTenint-ne en compte aquestes indicacions, s'ha estudiat les alteracions reproductives lligades a una diabetis tipus I, induïda per estreptozotocina, durant un període de tres mesos, alhora que s'ha observat la capacitat del tungstat sòdic per a contrarestar les alteracions reproductives lligades a la diabetes i si aquesta substància és capaç d'alterar la funció reproductiva "per se".
Els resultats en mascles i femelles mostren com el tungstat té un efecte normoglucemiant. En els mascles, s'observa com el tractament amb tungstat causa una pèrdua de pes, més marcat en els animals diabètics. Els nivells sèrics de totes les hormones estudiades (insulina, FSH, LH i testosterona) cauen amb la diabetis, i el tractament amb tungstat aconsegueix recuperar-los a nivells normals. Els animals diabètics tractats mostren una aturada en mosaic de l'esparmatogènesi deguda a una potenciació dels efectes tòxics de l'estreptozotocina. Amb aquest resultat es plantejaria l'ús de models animals diferents als diabètics STZ.
La cèl·lula de Leydig és la més afectada amb la diabetis, presentant acumulació de lípids, precursors dels andrògens, la síntesi dels quals està disminuïda, implicant una alteració en els nivells de testosterona, situació que afectarà negativament a la libido, la fertilitat i la prolificitat. Així mateix, aquestes cèl·lules tenen una disminució en l'expressió de diferents marcadors de funcionalitat reproductiva, com l'SCF i els receptors d'andrògens. Un altre paràmetre afectat és l'expressió del receptor d'IGF-I, el qual disminueix amb la diabetis. Amb aquests resultats es pot comprovar com hi ha efectes directes sobre el testicle i altres d'indirectes, via eix hipotàlam-hipòfisi.
L'epiteli epididimari s'ha mostrat resistent a qualsevol canvi causat per la diabetis amb els paràmetres avaluats en aquest treball.
En les femelles també s'observa una pèrdua de pes deguda al tractament amb tungstat. Els paràmetres més afectats són els hormonals. Tots cauen amb la diabetis. El tractament amb tungstat els recupera, llevat de la progesteronèmia. Aquestes alteracions hormonals condicionaran els cicles estrals i les possibles gestacions.
Les femelles diabètiques control no han obtingut descendència. El tractament amb tungstat aconsegueix millorar molt la libido, comparant amb les diabètiques control, però la prolificitat està marcadament disminuïda. Aquesta caiguda de la prolificitat estarà causada per la suma de diferents etiologies, sobretot de tipus hormonal. En el cas dels mascles, la prolificitat dels animals diabètics disminueix respecte als sans, i entre els diabètics, els tractats amb tungstat tenen menys cries, per efecte de l'aturada parcial de l'espermatogènesi que presenten aquests animals. Finalment, l'estudi del pas del tungstat al fetus durant la gestació mostra com hi ha una acumulació molt marcada en les cries de mares que han estat tractades durant la gestació.
This work is framed inside the study of the sodium tungstate as an antidiabetic agent , which its normoglycemic capacity has been studied as well as the not desired potential effects which can be derived of the treatment.
Considering these indications, we have studied the alterations associated to a diabetes type I induced with estreptozotocin (STZ) in rats, during a period of three months, observing the capacity of the sodium tungstate counteracts these reproductive alterations. Moreover, we have studied the effect of this compound on the reproductive function by itself. The results in male and female rats show us that tungstate has a normoglycemic effect. In the males, one can observe as the treatment with tungstate causes a loss of weight, more evident in the diabetic animals. The serum levels of the studied hormones (insulin, FSH, LH and testosterone) fall in the diabetic rats, and the treatment with tungstate is able to recover them until normal levels. The treated diabetic animals suffer an interruption in mosaic of the spermatogenesis, probably, to an increase of the toxic effects of the STZ. Acording to these results we suggest to use another animal model, different to the STZ diabetic.
Leydig cells are the most affected cells by the diabetes, presenting a vacuolized cytoplasm for lipid accumulation (androgen precursors), also the synthesis is diminished, implying an alteration in testosterone levels, situation which will affect negatively to the libido, fertility and prolificity. Likewise, these cells show a decrease in the expression of different markers of reproductive function, as SCF and androgen receptors. Another affected parameter is the expression of the IGF-I receptor, which diminishes in diabetic rats. These results show that there are direct and indirect effects on the testicle, via hypophysis.
The epydidimis structure has been shown resistant to any change caused by the diabetes in all parameters evaluated in this work.
In the female rats, a loss of weight is also observed due to the treatment with tungstate. However, the partameters affected by diabetes as the decrease of hormonal levels are recovered by the treatment with tungstate except progesterone levels in serum. These hormonal alterations will condition the oestrous cycles and the possible gestations.
Diabetic females did not have descendant. We have also observed that the treatment with tungstate is able to improve the libido, comparing with the diabetic control animals, but the prolificity is diminished markedly. This fall of the prolificity would be caused by the sum of different aetiologies, mainly of hormonal type. In the case of the males, the prolificity of the diabetic animals diminishes regarding the healthy ones, and between the diabetic animals, the tungstate treated animals have less breedings, for effect of the partial interruption of the spermatogenesis on these animals. Finally, the study of the across of the tungstate to the fetus during the gestation shows that there is accumulation in the breedings of mothers that have been treated during the gestation.
Díez, Marcet Dominica. "Dona i addiccions conductuals: joc patològic i compra compulsiva". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399296.
Texto completoThis thesis has been carried out by compendium of articles, consisting of an article on Pathological Gambling (PG) of retrospective type, made with clinical population comparing men and women with pathological gambling; a monographic review about compulsive buying disorder (CBD) and the chapter on compulsive buying online in a popular book about addiction to new technologies. There is also an empirical study that compares women with PG or CBD pending to send to be published. All the work has been done on the basis of the experience gained in the Pathological Gambling and Other Not Toxic Addictions Unit of Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa. There are still few studies published on pathological gambling in women, as compared to the number of studies using male samples and literature on compulsive buying population in clinical and specifically in women is very limited. We wanted to delve into gender differences in terms of pathological gambling, taking the woman as a focus. In addition, we compare their socio-demographic characteristics of addictive behaviour and clinics with the woman with compulsive buying disorder. The research part of the thesis consists of a study published on pathological gambling comparing a sample of male players and female players with PG and a study pending to send to be published about PG comparing women with CBD; the results of the first study indicate that men and women with PG have the same socio-demographic features, differing in gambling behaviour. In a clinical level, it has also been observed that they present significantly more affective and personality disorders, as well as anxiety, compared to men. The results of this study are consistent with most publications on the subject, as well as the finding that in this study the telescope effect remains on hold. This phenomenon, in relation to the game, as observed previously in PG, the alcoholism and opiate addiction, consists on women initiating gambling later than men and so developing a faster progression of the disorder compared to men. In the second research study, women with CBD or PG are compared and a similar profile is found with regard to the age of onset of behavioural problem, to the years to develop addiction and to the age they ask for help. The same level of overall psychiatric comorbidity in women with CBD and PG is also noticed, although women with CBD present more mood disorder and anxiety and higher alcohol consumption, whether women with PG have more personality disorders and have a higher tobacco consumption. We believe that, these matching variables have possibly more to do with the fact of being a woman rather than the kind of addiction they have. However, it would be convenient to compare men and women with CBD in order to confirm it. Both the prevalence of women with PG as women with CBD who get specialized treatment, so they can address their addiction, is very low compared to the prevalence in the general population. On the other hand, there is a high comorbidity in psychiatric disorders of mood, anxiety, personality or substance use disorder. Behavioural addiction is often masked behind these disorders, risking to be overlooked by clinicians unless you ask specifically. We believe that this thesis provides information about woman with PG or CBD with the purpose of refining her detection, as well as more focused treatment programs to be implemented on the differential characteristics of women.
Viñas, Llebot Mª Helena. "Necessitats de formació de les llevadores per a l'atenció de la salut sexual de la dona". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665928.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: In Catalonia, sexual and reproductive health care services (ASSIR) include counselling on affective and sexual health. The midwives are the referring professionals of the health team at ASSIR. It is of interest to detect and analyse their training needs in matters of sexuality and sexual health, in order to formulate the lines, actions and resources to develop training processes that revert to the maintenance and improvement of professional competencies and, consequently, in the sexual health of women. OBJECTIVE: Detect the training needs of the midwives based on the professional practice in the attention to sexual health in Catalonia. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative and interpretative study. Descriptive-comprehensive method, and focus on the Grounded Theory. Theoretical and intentional sampling. Participants: midwives of the ASSIR units of the primary care health areas of Catalonia. Data collection: three discussion groups that fulfilled the attributes of expert care, novice care, and gestors; all the groups fulfilled the attribute of territorial diversity. Interviews conducted to four midwives that complied with the trainer's attribute. Analysis of the data: method of the Grounded Theory, performing the constant comparison of the emergent categories until the saturation of concepts. Computer support with NVivo program, version 10 and version 12. RESULTS: The concept of sexuality influences in the type of attention and there is a lack in the knowledge of sexual rights rather than reproductive. It highlights the need to attend sexuality in situations of vulnerability and risk, cultural diversity, sexual diversity, and attention to man. The priority competential dimensions are: professional values, attitudes and behavioural aspects; communicative and interpersonal skills and abilities; management and organization skills; teamwork competence. Learning needs are identified in the search for scientific information. Differences are detected based on the territory both in access to training and in the availability of resources. CONCLUSIONS: Training must include social demands and new sexual health needs, and it is crucial for its success to plan it based on the needs that midwives perceive in their practice. It is recommended that the central axis be sexuality and from this, organize modules on different health processes. Otherwise, it is recommended that the general programs in sexual and reproductive health integrate aspects of sexuality.
Benet, Blasco Marta. "Micropolítica de las prácticas de producción de cuidado en torno a la maternidad". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/587105.
Texto completoEsta tesis por compendio de artículos se centra en el estudio de la micropolítica de la producción de cuidado a lo largo del embarazo, parto y posparto. La investigación focaliza en el proceso de transformación de las prácticas en torno a la maternidad impulsado por la publicación e implementación de la Estrategia de Atención al Parto Normal (2007) y la Estrategia Nacional en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (2011). Se investiga el proceso de transformación desde una aproximación cartográfica orientada a visibilizar cómo estos cambios se expresan y manifiestan en la vida cotidiana, desde la asunción de que todas las personas implicadas (mujeres, personas de su red, profesionales, gestores) incorporan y articulan la política de manera singular. La producción de cuidado, desde una perspectiva micropolítica, permite explorar los espacios de relación entre profesionales y usuarias, y de esta manera, revelar cómo construyen sus acciones de forma singular y en sus interacciones.
This thesis consists of a compendium of articles that focus on the study of care production from a micropolitical perspective during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. Specifically, this research has focused on the process of transformation of practices around motherhood as a result of the publication and implementation of the Strategy for Assistance at Normal Childbirth (2007) and the National Strategy for Sexual and Reproductive Health (2010). A cartographic approach was adopted to carry out this research and the process of transformation is explored by focusing on how these changes are expressed and manifested in everyday life, on the understanding that all the people involved (women, their close contacts, professionals, and managers) assimilate and organize the strategies in their own particular way. Care production viewed from a micropolitical perspective allows us to explore the areas of relationship involving professionals and users, revealing how they specifically construct their actions in their interactions.
Martínez, Orduna Miguela. "Evaluación de un programa de intervención en salud sexual y reproductiva en grupos seleccionados". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/525867.
Texto completoINTRODUCCIÓN. Los cambios sociales y el nuevo tipo de vida son causa del aumento de infecciones de transmisión sexual entre los jóvenes, de embarazos no planificados y de interrupciones voluntarias de embarazo. OBJETIVOS. Conocer antes/después de la intervención la prevalencia de conocimientos, actitudes de riesgo, mitificación, valores, actitudes saludables y comportamiento saludable en relación a la salud sexual y reproductiva. Valorar la efectividad del programa en función del nivel educativo, y número de sesiones y conocer la satisfacción de los jóvenes, la prevalencia de hábitos tóxicos y su opinión respecto al uso del preservativo y al aborto. MÉTODOS. Estudio comparativo antes-después de una intervención educativa no aleatorio, abordándolo tanto como por datos independientes como para datos apareados. En el primer abordaje se utilizó la prueba de ji cuadrado y en el segundo la prueba de McNemar. A todos los jóvenes se les impartieron 4 sesiones educativas de hora y media por sesión y con metodología colaborativa a excepción de un grupo al que se le realizó solo una intervención de una hora media con la clásica charla magistral. RESULTADOS. En la mayoría de los encuestados se observa que el nivel de información es alto. Llama la atención que todavía crean en la marcha atrás y en las cremas espermicidas como métodos para evitar embarazos y ITS. El riesgo de embarazos no planificados e ITS es alto por la falta de protección en las relaciones sexuales y por tener un conocimiento basado en el mito. Identifican la sexualidad como diversión y son poco tolerantes con la homosexualidad, sobre todo en los alumnos/as de 3º de ESO y adaptación escolar. Además se observa una actitud y un comportamiento en las relaciones sexuales no saludable. El programa de intervención tiene el mejor momento de receptividad, de y de reflexión en los adolescentes con nivel de escolarización normal, aunque hay significación estadística en todos los grupos a los que se les ha impartido todo el programa. Aquellos alumnos que recibieron 4 sesiones educativas había significación estadística respecto a la mejora de conocimientos, de discriminación del riesgo, de desmitificación, estaban más receptivos a cambios de opinión y había una mejora de la actitud y comportamiento saludable en la práctica de la salud sexual y reproductiva, no sucediendo así en aquellos alumnos a los que se impartió 1 sesión con clase magistral. La satisfacción ha sido alta y destacan que las dinámicas les han servido para reflexionar y unirse al grupo. Llama la atención el bajo porcentaje que contesta en el cuestionario haber consumido alguna droga, posiblemente por no considerar ni al tabaco ni al alcohol como drogas, ya que dicen haberlo consumido mayoritariamente. Respecto a la opinión que tienen los jóvenes sobre el preservativo y el aborto es buena en la mayoría de los participantes aunque hay mejora en la opinión del preservativo, tanto en hombres como en mujeres con significación estadística después de la intervención, en aquellos alumnos/as a los que se les realizaron 4 sesiones educativas , manteniendo la opinión que tenían sobre el aborto. CONCLUSIONES. Se confirma la utilidad del programa en todos los centros estudiados a los que se le realizaron 4 sesiones educativas. El resultado de este estudio confirma la utilidad de las dinámicas grupales y el trabajo cooperativo. También alerta de los hábitos tóxicos de la población estudiada. y sobre la importancia de una rigurosa evaluación para prevenir los potenciales gastos de recursos ineficaces.
INTRODUCTION: Social changes and the lifestyle are some of the causes that increase sexually transmitted diseases among youth, unwanted pregnancies and voluntary interruptions of pregnancy. AIMS: To identify before / after intervention the prevalence of knowledge, risk attitudes, myth, values, healthy attitudes and healthy behavior in relation to sexual and reproductive health. To assess the effectiveness of the program in terms of educational level, and number of sessions and to know the satisfaction of youth, the prevalence of toxic habits and their views on condom use and abortion. METHODS: Comparative study before and after a non-randomized educational intervention was done, approaching it with both unpaired and paired data. For the first approach chi-square test was used, and then McNemar test for the second approach. All youth had four educational sessions of one hour and a half per session and collaborative methodology with an exception of a group that underwent only one session of hour and a half with a master class. RESULTS: In most surveyed it is shown that the level of information is high. Striking that still believe in the withdrawal or Pull-Out Method and in spermicidal creams as methods to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. The risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is high due to lack of protection during sex and having a knowledge based on the myth. They identify sexuality as just fun and are little tolerant to homosexuality, particularly alumni / ae in the 3rd year of Compulsory Secondary Education and school adjustment. In addition there is an unhealthy attitude and behavior in sexual relationships. The interventional program has its best time of receptivity, and reflection in adolescents with normal schooling level, although there is statistical significance in all groups that have been taught throughout the program. Those students who received four educational sessions had statistical significance concerning the improvement of knowledge, risk discrimination, demystification, were more receptive to change their minds and had an improved attitude and healthy behavior in the practice of sexual and reproductive health, not happening thereby in those students who were taught only with the master class. Satisfaction has been high, highlighting that the dynamics have helped to think and join the group. Of note is the low percentage answering the questionnaire that had consumed any drugs, possibly for not considering neither to snuff or alcohol as drugs, as they say having done mostly. Regarding the opinion that young people have about condoms and abortion is good in most of the participants although there is a statistically significantly improvement in the opinion of condoms, both men and women after the intervention, in those alumni / ae who underwent four educational sessions, hold the view that they had on abortion. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the usefulness of the program in all the schools studied where four educational sessions were performed. The result of this study confirms the usefulness of group dynamics and teamwork. Also warns about the toxic habits of the study population and the importance of a thorough assessment to prevent potential ineffective resource expenditures.
Mejía, Silva William José. "Epidemiología de la salmonelosis porcina en granjas de Cataluña y determinación de los factores de riesgo de la infección". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5596.
Texto completoA total of 141 pig farms of Catalonia were analysed to determine the prevalence of carriers of Salmonella spp. and the factors can influence the entrance and maintenance of this microorganism in the farms. To achieve these goals, an epidemiological survey was carried out. Sampling was done by collection of faecal samples of sows and pooled faecal samples in finishing pens. Faeces were inoculated in Rapapport-Vassiliadis broth and subcultures were performed onto XLT4 agar at 24 and 48 hours of incubation. Bacterial colonies suspected to be Salmonella were further confirmed by serotyping and phagetyping and were also tested for its susceptibility against a panel of 18 antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, 141 fattening units of Osona county were examined serologically by means of an ELISA. Three hundred and sixty-one of these serum samples were further used to compare two ELISAs commercially available for the diagnosis of swine salmonellosis by using the kappa value. The bacteriological analysis yielded 39 farms (28%) with one or more positives samples to Salmonella. The isolated strains belonged to 17 different serotypes. The most frequent was Salmonella Anatum in the sows and Salmonella Typhimurium in the fattening pigs. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the highest level of resistance was against tetracicline (68.8%), sulphonamides (67.7%) and their combination with trimethoprim (53.1%). Sixty-two percent of the strains showed resistance to three or more antimicrobial agents. None of the strains was resistant to colistin or ceftriaxone. With regards to the serological analysis, we found a seroprevalence of 77.3% of positives farms. The epidemiological factors that were related to the presence of carriers of Salmonella in sows (p<0,05) were to have census of adult females >250 heads, the presence of open drainages of sewage and the absence of rodent control programmes. In fattening pigs, risk factors were: the number of present pigs (> 1600) and presence of other species of livestock in the farm were significant factors of risk. In the serological study, two factors were significantly associated with the infection status: the lack of measures to avoid the entrance of birds and the use of water obtained from wells. Comparison of serological tests, showed a poor agreement (kappa = 0.191) between both ELISA. Of these results we can conclude that a considerable percentage of farms pig of Catalonia have animals with active excretion of Salmonella and that there is a great diversity of serotypes all of which can have multidrug resistance profiles. The epidemiological study showed that, in the pigs, infection by Salmonella is closely related to elementary factors of biosafety.
Obregón, Gutiérrez Noemí. "Desigualdades en el acceso a los Programas Preventivos en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Análisis en el área de Sabadell". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133404.
Texto completoOMS considers as health inequalities, the differences, unjust and avoidable, between population groups defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically. Bibliography brings out that socioeconomic status and gender are the two more influential factors of inequality over the health of the population, and can generate inequality even from prevention. From these inequalities arises the question that guides this dissertation: Are there, in the field of Prevention in Sexual and Reproductive Health, barriers to access which would cause most vulnerable groups of women to gynecologic pathology? To answer this issue, this study has set two objectives, one observational and another one exploratory. Therefore the dissertation has been divided into two methodological axes: a quantitative one and a qualitative one: 1 On the first one, we have tried to "Know the degree of access and use of the Care for Sexual and Reproductive Health Program ", by a descriptive and cross-sectional study to estimate the frequency of non-attendance or inadequate monitoring of the preventive activities 2 The second methodological focus of the work has sought to respond to the target "Exploring the factors that can favor or hinder the access to the preventive activities of the Care for Sexual and Reproductive Health Program, in the health area of Sabadell ", using a qualitative methodology for a better understanding of the reasons for non-participation of certain women in prevention programs . The results of this study show the existence of disparities in the access and utilization of preventive programs in Sexual and Reproductive Health in the area of Sabadell, based on socioeconomic status. Through the qualitative analysis, both barriers and facilitators of prevention in gynecology are identified. The use of both methods provides a global analysis of the access and use of preventive programs, and explores from the perspective of the women themselves, the causes and mechanisms that influence the lack of access or misuse of the programs. These results can be used to generate new research hypotheses and to obtain results that allow designing preventive activities to improve the access of vulnerable populations to such programs.
Suárez, Llobregat Anna. "Desempleo femenino, discriminación positiva y rol de género: el desencuentro entre política y experiencia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5435.
Texto completoEl objetivo principal de esta obra es profundizar en la experiencia personal de las mujeres ante el desempleo, teniendo presente el rol de género.
Concretamente se pretende identificar los autoesquemas estereotipados de género, evaluar la aplicación del rol de género en el empleo de la mujer, explorar el conflicto del rol de género laboral y la aplicación de dicho rol en el desempleo femenino.
Partiendo de una metodología cualitativa, se realizaron varias entrevistas en profundidad, a 11 mujeres con características sociológicas diferentes, con la intención de abordar la heterogeneidad de la mujer. Durante el análisis de contenido, se tuvieron en cuenta, principalmente, el estado civil y las cargas familiares.
Siguiendo el modelo de Interacción Sociocognitiva, se analizó la información obtenida sobre cinco aspectos psicosociológicos:
1. Autoesquema estereotipado sobre el rol de género: es interesante observar el discurso que realiza la misma mujer sobre su identidad de género, sus roles familiares, sus autoobligaciones y automotivaciones hacia el empleo.
2. Rol de género en el empleo femenino: al conjugar la relación familiar con el empleo, destaca el sentimiento de culpa y de malestar que aparece en el discurso analizado. Por otra parte, la obligatoriedad de la mujer ante el empleo se reduce, de manera importante, cuando se aborda el tema de la familia.
3. Rol de género ante el desempleo: las mujeres entrevistadas en esta investigación consideran diferente la manera que tienen los hombres y las mujeres de afrontar el desempleo. Según estas, el hombre se siente moralmente peor que la mujer, afrontando de forma más negativa la misma situación. El discurso analizado muestra como la mujer considera que ella, como mujer, ante una situación de desempleo, tiene más opciones en las que ocupar el tiempo que el hombre.
4. Autoconducta hacia el desempleo: la información recogida parece mostrar la incoherencia entre el discurso y la conducta, aunque al mismo tiempo recoge la coherencia entre la conducta manifestada y el rol de género.
5. Roles de género en un entorno familiar: en el discurso destacan claramente los dos roles, el de proveedor, como rol masculino, y el de cuidadora, como rol femenino.
Del análisis de contenido realizado en este estudio, se pueden extraer diferentes conclusiones, que conducen principalmente a indicar que el estereotipo actual de mujer desempleada, que está buscando empleo de manera activa, no recoge a toda la heterogeneidad de mujeres. Por lo tanto, hay un grupo de estas que no se ven beneficiadas de los proyectos de intervención sociolaboral.
The women continue getting up themselves with slowness to the labor market. The active policies of social intervention do not seem to be accelerating this incorporation. From the contrast observed between this policy and the daily experience with the women, the question arises: what is making difficult really the labor presence of the woman?
The primary objective of this work is to deepen in the personal experience of the women unemployed, remembering the gender role.
Concretely it is tried to identify self-scheme stereotyped of gender, to evaluate the application of the gender role in the employment of the woman, to explore the conflict of the gender role labor and the application of this role in feminine unemployment.
Starting off of a qualitative methodology, several interviews were made in depth, to 11 women with different sociological characteristics, the intention to approach the heterogeneity of the woman. During the content analysis, they considered, mainly, the civil state and the familiar loads.
Following the model of Sociocognitive Interaction, the data obtained on five psicosociology aspects was analyzed:
1. Self-scheme stereotyped on the gender role: it is interesting to observe the speech that the same woman about her identity of gender, her familiar roles, her self-obligations makes and self-motivations towards the employment.
2. Gender role in the feminine employment: when conjugating the familiar relation with the employment, emphasizes the feeling of fault and malaise that appears in the analyzed speech. On the other hand, the obligatory nature of the woman before the employment is reduced, of important way, when the subject of the family is approached.
3. Gender role before unemployment: the women interviewed in this investigation consider the way different who have the men and the women to confront unemployment. According to these, the man feels morally worse than the woman, confronting of more negative form the same situation. The speech analyzed sample as the woman considers that she, like woman, before an unemployment situation, has more options in those than to occupy the time that the man.
4. Self-behaviour towards unemployment: collected seems to show to the incoherence between the speech and the conduct, although at the same time it compiled the coherence between the showed conduct and the gender role.
5. Gender role in familiar surroundings: in the speech they emphasize role clearly both, the one of provider, like masculine role, and the one of nursemaid, like feminine role.
Of the analysis of content made in this study, different conclusions that can be extracted: they mainly lead to indicate that the present stereotype of unemployed woman, who is looking for employment of active way, does not compiled to all the heterogeneity of women. Therefore, there is a group of which beneficiaries of the projects of sociolaboral intervention do not see themselves.
Mayor, Aparicio Pedro Ginés. "Fisiología reproductiva y desarrollo de métodos diagnósticos del estado reproductivo de la hembra de pécari de collar (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus 1758) de la Amazonía". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5599.
Texto completoEl examen anatomohistológico del aparato genital femenino de 24 hembras de pécari de collar procedentes de la caza en la Amazonía peruana nos ha permitido observar que la hembra de pécari de collar presenta características morfométricas y estructurales diferentes en oviductos, útero y vagina de acuerdo con la fase sexual de la hembra. Hembras no gestantes en fase folicular presentaron una menor hiperplasia endometrial y un mayor grosor del epitelio vaginal respecto a hembras no gestantes en fase luteal y hembras gestantes. Se realizó la descripción macroscópica y microscópica de los ovarios de pécari de collar. La tasa de ovulación fue de 2.3 ± 0.6 folículos y la mortalidad embrionaria fue de 0.4 ± 0.6 oocitos o embriones por hembra gestante. La hembra de pécari de collar presentó oleadas de crecimiento folicular que implican el crecimiento sincrónico de un grupo de folículos. Finalmente, se ha observado la presencia de folículos antrales grandes en hembras gestantes, lo que sugiere la existencia de crecimiento folicular durante el transcurso de la gestación. La inmunohistoquímica mostró que las células luteales del cuerpo lúteo activo presentan una intensa actividad de 3b-HSD en estado avanzado de gestación.
El estudio de 47 ciclos estrales de 14 hembras de pécari de collar mantenidas en cautividad en Belém (Estado de Pará, Brasil) ha permitido demostrar la utilidad del examen citológico de la vagina y de los signos externos de los genitales como métodos diagnósticos de detección del periodo de estro y de aceptación de la monta de la hembra de pécari de collar mantenida en cautividad en la Amazonía. Teniendo como punto de referencia las medidas séricas de 17b-estradiol, se observó que la citología vaginal y la observación de los genitales externos detectaron de forma correcta el 80.8% y 88.4% del total de los periodos de estro, respectivamente. El estro se caracterizó por la presencia de moco vaginal, y la apariencia rojiza y tumefacta de los genitales externos. Las hembras en estro mostraron una elevada densidad de células superficiales e intermedias en la citología vaginal. Se observaron signos de monta en el último tercio de la duración del estro.
Este estudio presenta el primer trabajo realizado mediante ecografía en tiempo real en el pécari de collar. El estudio ecográfico de 10 hembras gestantes permitió determinar el período medio de diagnóstico precoz de gestación a los 22 días de gestación (n=10). No obstante, el diagnóstico de gestación más temprano se realizó a los 18 días de gestación. La sensibilidad de la prueba en el día 26 fue del 100%, y la especificidad en el día 28 fue del 100%. Consecuentemente, se determinó que, a efectos prácticos, el diagnóstico ecográfico precoz de gestación en pécari de collar es preciso a los 28 días de gestación. Se obtuvieron medidas fetales lo largo de la gestación del pécari de collar con la finalidad de estimar la edad gestacional y predecir el momento del parto. Las medidas fetales que presentaron una mayor correlación con la edad gestacional fueron la longitud total, y el diámetro y la longitud torácica del feto. Sin embargo, debido a que las medidas torácicas sólo pueden ser calculadas a partir del día 40 de gestación, se asumió que la longitud total del feto es la medida de elección ya que puede ser obtenida desde la primera detección del embrión.
El estudio del perfil hormonal de progesterona y de 17b-estradiol de 10 hembras gestantes del pécari de collar, nos permitió observar que las concentraciones de progesterona sérica se incrementaron a partir del 4° día tras la fecundación, llegando a concentraciones de 33.4 ± 5.6 ng/ml en el día 10 de gestación. En el periodo comprendido entre los 10 y 130 días de gestación las concentraciones de progesterona se mantienen entre 20 y 60 ng/ml. En la última semana previa al parto se produjo un descenso de las concentraciones de progesterona hasta niveles de 15 ng/ml. Los valores de 17_-estradiol se mantuvieron en niveles no detectables durante las dos primeras semanas de gestación. A partir del primer mes de gestación se produjo un incremento considerable de los niveles de 17_-estradiol hasta alcanzar concentraciones comprendidas entre 20 y 70 pg/ml que se mantuvieron entre los días 20 y 115 de gestación. A partir del día 120 de gestación los niveles de 17b-estradiol se incrementaron de forma regular hasta llegar a niveles máximos (131.4 ± 40.8 pg/ml) en el día del parto. El examen citológico del epitelio vaginal de 4 hembras gestantes permitió observar que entre los días 25 y 115 de gestación, la hembra gestante presentó un patrón de cambio del epitelio vaginal. No se observaron cambios en los signos externos de los genitales a lo largo de la gestación.
El estudio del periodo post-parto de 20 hembras de pécari de collar permitió confirmar que esta especie puede presentar un celo ovulatorio y fértil en el período post-parto temprano. En 16 hembras se observó un pico de 17b-estradiol a los 7 ± 1.5 días post-parto se observó un pico de 17b-estradiol, llegando a valores de 53.4 pg/ml. En las hembras que presentaron pico de estradiol, se observó un patrón de cambio de las células del epitelio vaginal compatible con una citología de celo. Los niveles séricos de progesterona se incrementaron a partir del día 10 post-parto, llegando a niveles de 30. 8 ± 4.9 mg/ml en el día 18 después del parto. Nueve (45%) hembras fueron montadas por el macho el día 8.8 ± 1.3 post-parto, y 6 (30%) hembras resultaron gestantes. Cuatro (20%) hembras no mostraron sintomatología de celo post-parto y presentaron bajos niveles medios de progesterona y estradiol séricos
En este estudio se presentan los parámetros reproductivos resultantes del seguimiento de una explotación de Belem (Estado de Pará, Brasil), y de una explotación de Iquitos (Perú). Los partos se distribuyeron homogéneamente a lo largo del año. La duración media de gestación fue de 138 días (n=12). El tamaño promedio de la camada fue de 1.9 crías por parto (n=53), con una tasa de sexos de 1:1.07 (machos:hembras). La edad media al primer parto fue a los 595 días (n=19), sin embargo el primer parto más temprano se observó en una hembra a los 381 días de edad. La edad media a la primera cópula fértil fue de 453 días (n=19), y la fecundación más temprana fue estimada a los 239 días. El celo post-parto fue observado a los 8.6 días tras el parto (n=18). El intervalo estimado de parto-concepción fue de 41 días (n=32). El intervalo medio entre partos fue de 179 días (n=32). La producción media en 14 hembras de Belém fue de 2.3 camadas/hembra/año, y de 4.4 crías/hembra/año (n=32). La producción media en 8 hembras de Iquitos fue ligeramente inferior con 2.1 camadas/hembra/año, y de 3.3 crías/hembra/año (n=8). Este estudio sugiere que el pécari de collar mantenido en condiciones de cautividad presenta una productividad reproductiva interesante para el desarrollo zootécnico de esta especie.
The aim of this study is to provide more knowledge on the reproductive physiology and the establishment of diagnostic methods of reproductive events which occur in the female of collared peccary from the Amazon region.
The anatomicohistological observations of genital organs of 24 wild adult collared peccary females showed different histological features of the uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in accordance with the reproductive state of the female. Pregnant females and females in luteal phase showed a more developed hyperplasia of the endometrial simple tubular glands than females in the follicular phase. Females in follicular phase presented a thicker vaginal epithelium than pregnant females and females in luteal phase. A description of the macroscopic and microscopic features of the ovaries is presented. Observations indicate that the female collared peccary has a mean ovulation rate of 2.3 ± 0.6 follicles and the mean ovum mortality was 0.4 ± 0.6 oocytes or embryo per pregnancy. The female presented a follicular wave involving the synchronous growth of a group of follicles from which several seem to attain dominance over the others. The presence of antral follicles in pregnant females suggests that a follicular turnover could be taking place during pregnancy. Immunohistochemistry showed that luteal cells from active corpora lutea presented intensive 3b-HSD activity at advanced stages of pregnancy.
The study of a total of 47 oestrous cycles of 14 captive collared peccary females allowed to determine the utility of vaginal cytology and external genitalia features as diagnosic method for predicting the oestrus and the period of sexual receptivity. Based on serum oestradiol-17b measurements, we have observed that vaginal smears have detected the 80.8% of the total oestruses and, appearance of external genitalia detected the 88.4% of the total oestrus. The oestrus was characterised by presence of vaginal mucus, and reddish and tumefacted appearance of external genitalia. Females in oestrus showed increased density of superficial and intermediate cells in vaginal smears. Mating was located on the last third of the oestrous length.
This study presents the first work through real-time ultrasonography in captive collared peccary females. The ultrasonographic study of 10 pregnant females allowed to diagnose pregnancy, based on the detection of the embryo, on Day 22 in average (n=10). Nevertheless, the earliest definitive pregnancy diagnosis could be performed on Day 18. Sensitivity of the pregnancy diagnosis on Day 26 was 100%, and specificity on Day 28 was 100%. Consequently, from a practical point of view, we determined that pregnancy diagnosis through ultrasonography could be performed on Day 28 of pregnancy. Foetal measurements of collared peccary were collected in order to estimate gestational age and predict parturition day. The foetal measurements which presented higher correlations with the gestational age were crown-rump-length (CRL), thoracic length and diameter. CRL was assumed to be the most practical measurement because, contrary to thoracic foetometry, it was available since the first embryo detection.
The study of progesterone and oestradiol-17b serum profiles in 10 pregnant females of collared peccary, allowed to determine an increase in progesterone levels by Day 4 after conception, reaching levels of 33.4 ± 5.6 ng/ml on Day 10 of pregnancy. Serum levels of progesterone between Days 10 and 130 of pregnancy were maintained at values between 20 and 60 ng/ml. Three or six days before parturition a decrease in progesterone levels (15 ng/ml) was detected. During the two first weeks of pregnancy, serum estradiol-17_ concentrations showed no detectable levels. From Day 15 of pregnancy onwards, the females showed an increase of concentration, reaching levels of 70 pg/ml between Days 20 and 115. From Day 120 onwards, oestradiol-17b levels regularly increased, reaching levels of 131.4 ± 40.8 pg/ml on parturition Day. The examination of vaginal cytology in 4 collared peccary females showed a pattern of change of the cells of vaginal epithelium between Day 25 and 115 of pregnancy. The external genitalia features showed no pattern of change along pregnancy of collared peccary.
The study of the post-partum period of 20 collared peccary females allowed confirming the occurrence of an ovulatory and fertile oestrus in the early post-partum period. Sixteen out of the 20 collared peccary females presented a serum oestradiol-17_ peak (53.4 pg/ml) on Day 7 ± 1.5 of post-partum period. Serum progesterone levels increased from Day 10 to 18 post-partum, reaching levels of 30.8 ± 4.9 mg/ml. In these cycling females, a pattern of change on the cells of vaginal epithelium it was observed. Nine (45%) females presented sperm cells through vaginal cytology on Day 8.8 ± 1.3 of the post-partum period, and 6 (30%) became pregnant. Four (20%) females showed no oestrous signs and progesterone and oestradiol-17_ levels presented basal values.
Reproductive parameters of two collared peccary farms located in Iquitos (Peru) and Belém (State of Pará, Brazil) were analysed. Parturitions occurred throughout the year. The mean duration of the gestation was 138 days (n=12). The average litter size was 1.9 newborns per parturition (n=53). Collared peccary females had a newborn sex ratio of 48.2% males and 51.8% females. The mean age at first parturition was 615 days. Nevertheless, the earliest first parturition occurred at 381 days old. Mean age at first conception was 453 days (n=19), and the earliest estimated first conception was 239 days. First post-partum estrus was observed at 8.6 days (n=18). The estimated parturition-conception interval was 41 days (n=32). The mean farrowing interval was 179 days (n=32). Mean production was 2.35 litters per female and year. Taking into account the prolificacy and number of births per female and year, the reproductive production was 4.4 newborns per female and year (n=32). Production in Iquitos was 2.1 litters per female and year, and 3.3 newborns per female and year (n=8). This study suggests that collared peccary raised in captivity presents interesting reproductive parameters for the zootechnical development of this species.
Fernando, Gauna Diego. "Evaluación de la implementación del Programa de cribado y diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas en mujeres embarazadas latinoamericanas en una muestra de unidades de Atención a la Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Catalunya, 2010-2012". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284351.
Texto completoAccording to the Permanent Observatory of Immigration from the year 2000 there has been an increase of immigrant population from Latin-America to different countries of the European Community and, specially, Spain, thus producing the increment of the number of cases of Chagas disease. The control of the different forms of transmission is a constant worry inside the sphere of Public International Health. In Catalonia the control of the congenital transmission of the disease has been promoted from the year 2010 through a program coordinated by the Public Health Agency of Catalonia (known as ASPCAT as per its initials in Spanish) and destined to be part of routine activities of Primary Health Care , as a strategy to approach the problem. The present study consists of two parts. The first one is an observational descriptive study consisting of an evaluation of a before-after, non experimental or reflexive model, where the same indicators before and after the intervention can be observed that is sought to evaluate. The second part of the study consists of a qualitative study of the performance of the Screening Program, obtained by means of a perception survey to professionals and to pregnant Latin-American women. It has been observed that the number of pregnant Latin-American women in control decreases by 10 % along the analyzed period. The 100 % of the units ASSIR applies the screening protocol of Chagas disease, 67 % of these units there were realized formation workshops and 83 % of the polled professionals he said to have received information and formation about the new program. The coverage of Screening Program in the set of the units ASSIRs in the year 2012 was 84 %, and 3 % in the year before the implementation. The professionals (n=106) demonstrate a good perception it brings over of the new program and they consider it to be necessary; they demand of major feedback of the information of the program. The Latin-American polled women (n=95) showed interest in the new program and they indicate positively to the aspects of “empathy” and the “capacity of response of the health care system; those women who realized complete follow-up of the pregnancy they mention a better valuation of the program (p=0,026). The surveillance and control of the vertical transmission of Chagas's disease in Catalonia, he is now in a strategic and operative way inside of the primary health care; constituting the point of item to the actions of the Screening Program, in the population reveille and the origin for the rest of actions foreseen by the program that culminate with the treatment of the sick child and his brothers if it was necessary. This new strategy of Public Health structured as program for the Primary Health Care, is the distinctive stamp of the program in Catalonia and constitutes the key to reach the universal, sustainable coverage and of high impact.
Pérez, Rivasés Andrea. "Dones en l’esport: Factors que influeixen a seguir en la pràctica i la gestió". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663983.
Texto completoThis thesis is about women in sport in the Spanish context. Sport has been and remains a masculine context. And the study of women in sport has been limited. This is a doctoral thesis consisting of a compendium of three publications. Its objective is to identify and describe factors that influence women to continue in sport, both in practice (as elite sportswomen) and in management (sports organization managers). This thesis is organized in three different and complementary studies: (a) The dual career of female athletes during the transition to the university, (b) Competences for dual career of female athletes, and (c) Women in sports organizations. The first two studies help identify what factors may influence female athletes to continue in sport during their dual career, that is, while combining their sports career with academics. In the third study, we identify factors that can influence women's continuing to hold positions in sports organizations. A mixed method approach was used in this thesis. It has 83 participants, of which 75 are active high performance female athletes who were performing a dual career at the time of the investigation and eight were women managers of high level sports organizations, being former elite athletes five of them. The study " The dual career of female athletes during the transition to the university " is a qualitative and longitudinal study. Four phases are proposed from the transition from the baccalaureate to the university (i.e., preparation, immersion, learning and adaptation) and we explain the main characteristics of each phase. It was found that the most stressful and complicated phases for female athletes were those of preparation (final baccalaureate) and immersion (entrance to the university). It is proposed that competences for the dual career be carried out preventively. The study of " Competences for dual career of female athletes " is a cross-sectional and quantitative study. We identify six key competencies to develop with the female athletes in order to help them to be more prepared during the transition to the university. These competences are: Ability to use your time efficiently", "Assertiveness (being self-assured and acting with confidence)", "Belief in your own ability to overcome the challenges in sport and study”, "Ability to cope with stress in sport and study", “Dedication to succeed in both sport and study” and "Willingness to make sacrifices and choices to succeed in sport and study". Finally, in the study "Women in Sports Organizations", which is a qualitative and crosssectional study, we explore factors influencing women to remain in managerial positions in sports organizations. It proposes factors that can promote women managers continuation through the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relation (e.g., democratic meetings where all opinions are respected), as well as factors that can hinder it (e.g., lack of respect, often manifested through sexist comments) through frustration of needs. They also explore what their motivations are. In conclusion, this thesis provides a holistic vision of women in sport, discussing factors that may influence women's continuation both in practice and in management. In this thesis we make proposals so that measures can be taken to take into account gender specificities and promote that the needs of women in sport are considered by sports organizations at all levels and structures, from practitioners to directives taking the values of equality and diversity as a vertebral axis of the organization.
Gea, Sánchez Montserrat. "The Law of the State against the Law of Nurses: a study on the access to and utilization of health and social services by undocumented immigrant women in Spain". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/382632.
Texto completoOBJETIVO. Explorar el acceso y utilización de las mujeres inmigrantes indocumentadas de los servicios sociales y de salud en España desde distintas perspectivas. METODOLOGÍA. Revisión de alcance de la literatura científica (Estudio I); metodología cualitativa mediante entrevistas personales a 7 matronas de un área rural de Segovia (Estudio II) y 12 inmigrantes indocumentadas en Lleida (Estudio III); y Análisis Crítico del Discurso de la Ley sanitaria y los Códigos Éticos enfermeros (Estudio IV). RESULTADOS/CONCLUSIONES. En la literatura científica no hay estudios sobre el acceso y utilización de los servicios sociales y de salud específicos con mujeres inmigrantes indocumentadas en España. Estas mujeres infrautilizan los servicios de sociales y de salud, incluyendo los servicios de matronería, debido a unas condiciones laborales precarias y a barreras específicas por ser mujeres inmigrantes indocumentadas. Las enfermeras se enfrentan a un dilema entre su compromiso ético y profesional y la aplicación de la ley sanitaria.
OBJECTIU. Explorar l’accés i ús que fan dels serveis socials i de salut les dones immigrants indocumentades en Espanya des de diverses perspectives. METODOLOGIA. Revisió d’abast de la literatura científica (Estudi I); metodologia qualitativa amb entrevistes personals a 7 llevadores d´una àrea rural de Segovia (Estudi II) i 12 dones immigrants indocumentades a Lleida (Estudi III); i Anàlisi Crític del Discurs de la Llei sanitària i els Codis Ètics infermers (Estudi IV). RESULTATS/CONCLUSIONS. En la literatura científica no hi ha estudis sobre l´accés i utilització dels serveis socials i de salut específics amb dones immigrants indocumentades a Espanya. Aquestes dones infrautilitzen els serveis socials i de salut, incloent els serveis de llevadora, per raó d´unes condicions laborals precàries i per enfrontar-se a barreres específiques vinculades a ser dones immigrants indocumentades. Les infermeres tenen que triar entre el seu compromís ètic i professional o l´aplicació de la llei sanitària.